Instantaneous Power

The instantaneous power (watts) is the power at

any instant of time
AC Power Analysis
p (t ) = v(t )i (t )

EEE105 Electric Circuits

v(t ) = Vm cos( t + v )
Anawach Sangswang i (t ) = I m cos(t + i )
Dept. of Electrical Engineering
KMUTT

Average Power
The average power, P, is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period.
1 T 1
P= p (t ) dt = Vm I m cos ( v i )
T 0 2

p (t ) = v(t )i (t ) = Vm I m cos( t + v ) cos( t + i )

1 1
= Vm I m cos( v i ) + Vm I m cos(2 t + v + i )
2 2
1. P is not time dependent.
p(t) composes of 2 parts 2. When v = i , it is a purely resistive load case.
Constant component 3. When v i = 90o, it is a purely reactive load case.
Sinusoidal component of frequency 2 4. P = 0 means that the circuit absorbs no average power.
p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is absorbed by the source. 3 4
Phasor Notation Example 11.1, 11.2
Let V = Vm v , I = I m i Example: Given v(t ) = 120 cos(377 t + 45), i(t ) = 10 cos(377t 10)
1 1 1 Find the instantaneous power and the average power
VI = Vm I m ( v i ) = Vm I m cos( v i ) + j sin( v i )
2 2 2 Instantaneous power
This means P = 1 Re VI = 1 Vm I m cos(v i ) p = vi = 120 cos(377 t + 45) 10 cos(377t 10)
2 2
[cos 55 + cos(2 377t + 35)] = 344.2 + 600 cos ( 754t + 35)
1200
A purely resistive load R =
2
1 1 1 1 2 Average power
P = Vm I m cos( v i ) = Vm I m = I m2 R = I R
2 2 2 2 Example: Find average power for Z = 30 j 70, V = 1200
1 1200 1200
A purely reactive load P = Vm I m cos(90) = 0 The current I=
V
= = = 1.57666.8
2 Z 30 j 70 76.16 66.8
A resistive load (R) absorbs power at all times,
The average power
while a reactive load (L or C) absorbs zero 1 1
average power P = Vm I m cos ( v i ) = 120 1.576 cos(0 66.8) = 37.24W
2 2
5 6

Maximum Average Power Transfer Maximum Average Power Transfer

Thevenin equivalent circuit Real part
VTh ( RTh + RL )2 + ( X Th + X L )2 2 RL ( RTh + RL )
2
ZTh = RTh + jX Th P =0
=
RL 2 ( RTh + RL )2 + ( X Th + X L ) 2
2

RL = RTh
Z L = RL + jX L
Maximum average power transfer:
VTh VTh
Current I= = The load impedance ZL must be equal to the
ZTh + Z L ( RTh + jX Th ) + ( RL + jX L )
complex conjugate of the Thevenin impedance ZTh
2
Average power 1 2 VTh RL / 2
P = I RL = The maximum average power can be transferred to the load
2 ( RTh + RL ) 2 + ( X Th + X L )2
To find maximum power if XL = XTH and RL = RTH 2
VTH
2 Pmax =
P VTh RL ( X Th + X L ) X L = X Th 8 R TH
=
X L ( RTh + RL ) 2 + ( X Th + X L )2
2
7 8
 Example 11.5 Effective (RMS) Value
Determine ZL that maximizes The effective of a periodic current is the dc current
the average power that delivers the same average power to a resistor as
ZTh the periodic current.

ZTh = j 5 + 4 //(8 j 6)

4(8 j 6)
= j5 + = 2.933 + j 4.467
4 + 8 j6
VTh
8 j6
VTh = (10) = 7.454 10.3 The total power dissipated by R is given by:
4 + 8 j6

Z L = ZTh = 2.933 j 4.467
T
1 T R T 2 1
P= i 2 Rdt = i dt = I rms I eff = i dt = I rms
2 2
R
2 T 0 T 0 T 0
VTH 7.4542
Pmax = = = 2.368W
8 R TH 8(2.933) The rms value is a constant itself which depending on the shape of the function10
i(t).
9

Effective (RMS) Value Example 11.7

For a sinusoid signal i (t ) = I m cos t , the RMS value is Obtain the rms value of i(t)
T I m2 2
1 1 5t , 0 < t < 2
0 ( I m cos t ) dt = 2
(1 + cos 2t ) dt
I rms =
2 Im
I rms = i (t ) =
T 2
10, 2 < t < 4
0
2

Similarly, Vm
Vrms =
2 2
1 2 4 1 t3
0 ( 5t ) + 100 t 2 = 8.165A
2 4
I rms = dt + (10) dt =
2
25
4 2 4 3
The average power 0
1 V I
P = Vm I m cos (v i ) = m m cos (v i ) = Vrms I rms cos (v i ) If the current is passed through a 2- resistor, find
2 2 2
V 2 the average power
or P = I rms
2
R = rms
R
P = I rms
2
R = (8.165)2 (2) = 133.3W
Note: If you express amplitude of a phasor source in rms, then all the
answer as a result of the phasor source must also be in rms value.
11 12
Apparent Power & Power Factor Apparent Power & Power Factor
Apparent Power, S, is the product of the RMS values Summary
of voltage and current.
It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it Purely resistive v i = 0, P/S = 1, all power are
from the average or real power which is measured in load (R) p.f. = 1 consumed
watts. Purely reactive v i = 90o, P = 0, no real power
P = Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) = S cos ( v i ) load (L or C) p.f. = 0 consumption
Resistive and v i > 0 Lagging - inductive load
Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf reactive load v i < 0 Leading - capacitive load
(R and L/C)
Power factor (p.f.) is the cosine of the phase
difference between the voltage and current. It is also
the cosine of the angle of the load impedance.
13 14

Example 11.10 Complex Power

Determine p.f., apparent and
average powers Complex power S is the product of the voltage
Impledance and the complex conjugate of the current:
(4)( j 2)
Z = 6 + 4 // j 2 = 6 + = 6.8 j1.6 = 7 13.24
4 j2
Power factor p.f. = cos(13.24) = 0.9734 V = Vm v I = I m i
Current I rms = Vrms = 300 = 4.28613.24
Z 7 13.24
The apparent power 1
V I = Vrms I rms v i
S = Vrms I rms = 30 4.286 = 128.58 2
The average power
P = Vrms I rms cos( v i ) = 30 4.286 0.9734 = 125
15 16
Complex Power Complex Power
1
S= V I = Vrms I rms v i
2
S = Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) + j Vrms I rms sin ( v i ) S = Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) + j Vrms I rms sin ( v i )

S = P + j Q S = P + j Q

P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load

and it is the only useful power.
Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P 2 + Q 2
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the
source and the reactive part of the load. It is Real power, P = Re(S) = S cos(v i)
measured in VAR Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(v i)
Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf). Power factor, p.f. = P/S = cos(v i)
Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).
17 18

Complex Power Example 11.12

A load Z draws 12 kVA at a 0.856 p.f. lagging from a
S = Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) + j Vrms I rms sin ( v i ) 120Vrms source. Find a) average and reactive powers
to the load, b) peak current, c) load impedance
S= P + j Q Power angle = cos1 0.856 = 31.13
Average power P = S cos = 12k 0.856 = 10.27kW
Reactive power Q = S sin = 12k 0.517 = 6.204kVAR
Peak current
I rms = S / Vrms = 12k /120 = 100 I m = 100 2 = 141.4
Impedance
Vrms 120
Z = = = 1.2 Z = 1.231.13
Power Triangle Impedance Triangle I rms 100
Power Factor
19 20
 Conservation of AC Power Conservation of AC Power
The complex real, and reactive powers of the For series connection:
sources equal the respective sums of the
S = VI = (V1 + V2 )I =V1I + V2 I = S1 + S 2
complex, real, and reactive powers of the
individual loads.
All V and I are RMS values
For parallel connection: The complex, real, and reactive powers of the
source equal the respective sums of the complex,
real, and reactive powers of the individual loads
S = VI = V (I1 +I 2 )=VI1 + VI2 = S1 + S 2
S = S1 + S 2 + + S N

All V and I are values in RMS

21 22

Example 11.13 Example 11.13

Find real and reactive Power at the line
Start with the voltage then complex power
powers at the source, Vline = (4 + j 2)I = (4.47249.4 )(10.6722.83 ) = 47.7249.4
transmission line and
Sline = Vline I = (47.7249.4 )(10.67 22.83 ) = 509.226.57
load = 455.4 + j 227.7
Total impedance For the load
Z = (4 + j 2) + (15 j10) = 19 j8 = 20.62 22.83
Start with the load voltage
The current Vload = (15 j10)I = (18.03 33.7 )(10.6722.83 ) = 192.38 10.87
Vs 2200
I= = = 10.6722.83
Z 20.62 22.83 The complex power
Complex power at the source S L = VL I = (192.38 10.87 )(10.67 22.83 ) = 2053 33.7
S s = Vs I = 2200 10.67 22.83 = 2347.4 22.83 = 2163.5 j 910.8 = 1708 j1139
23 24
Power Factor Correction Power Factor Correction
Power factor correction is the process
of increasing the power factor without
altering the voltage or current to the
original load

Q
P = S cos , Q = S sin , = tan
P Adding a capacitor Qc = Q1 Q2
= P (tan 1 - tan 2)
= CV2rms

Q1 = S1 sin 1 Qc P (tan 1 tan 2 )

C = 2
= 2
= P tan 1 Vrms Vrms

P = S1 cos 1 Q2 = P tan 2

25 26

Example 11.15 Example 11.15

A 4kW 0.8 p.f. lagging load connected to a 120Vrms The required reactive power from the capacitor
60Hz line. Find the value of capacitance to raise the QC = Q1 Q2 = 3, 000 1,314.4 = 1, 685.6VAR
p.f. to 0.95 The capacitance
Original load @0.8 p.f. cos 1 = 0.8 1 = 36.87
Q 1, 685.6
Complex power S1 = P 4, 000 C= = = 310.5 F
= = 5, 000VA Vrms
2
2 60 1202
cos 1 0.8
The reactive power Note:
Q1 = S1 sin 1 = 5, 000sin 36.87 = 3, 000VAR 1) The capacitor also has a voltage rating. In this case,
The 0.95 p.f. cos 2 = 0.95 2 = 18.19 the capacitor will see 120*1.414 = 170V
Complex power P 4, 000 2) The current has been reduced from 5,000/120 =
S2 = = = 4, 210.5VA
cos 2 0.95 41.67A to 4,210/120 = 35.1A
The reactive power
3) Power utilities have the benefit of lower I2R loss
Q2 = S2 sin 2 = 5, 000sin18.19 = 1,314.4VAR
4) Users may reduce the wiring size due to less current
27 28
Power Measurement Modern Power Meter
The wattmeter is the instrument for measuring the
average power.

The basic structure Equivalent Circuit with load

If v(t ) = Vm cos(t + v ) and i (t ) = I m cos(t + i )
P = Vrms I rms cos ( v i ) = 1
2 Vm I m cos ( v i )
29 30

Example 11.16 Electricity Consumption Cost

Find the wattmeter reading

Current 1500 150

I rms = =
(12 + j10) + (8 j 6) 20 + j 4
Voltage (8 j 6)150
Vrms = (8 j 6)I rms =
20 + j 4
Power (8 j 6)150 150
S = Vrms Irms = = 423.7 j 324.6VA
20 + j 4 20 j 4
31 32
1.

1.1 150
:
: 8.19

15 () ( 1 -15) 1.8632
10 ( 16 - 25) 2.5026
10 ( 26 - 35) 2.7549
65 ( 36 - 100) 3.1381
50 ( 101 - 150) 3.2315
250 ( 151 - 400) 3.7362
400 ( 401 ) 3.9361

1.2 150
:
: 38.22

150 () ( 1 - 150) 2.7628
250 ( 151 - 400) 3.7362
400 ( 401 ) 3.9361
33 34