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1-Although a few academic cartographers accord the map mystical powers, it is merely a
tool, useful for good, evil or both, which citizens can resist or render - up to a point. The
question is not whether e-maps will restrict where we go and what we do, but to what extent.
Property maps are at least as old as Roman times, and boundary maps no younger than
kingdoms and nation states. What is new, however, is the substantial increase in both the
number and diversity of restrictive maps.
2- Since 1900, we have used maps to exclude industry from residential
neighbourhoods, ban new construction on alluvial plains, to set boundariesthat constrain a
homeowner's choice of paint colour or replacement windows, restrict travel by foreign
diplomats and journalists, prevent sex offenders from living near schools and playgrounds,
and keep aircraft a nautical mile away from a vice-president's weekend retreat. The public
tolerates these cartographic restrictions because many, if not most, are not only benign but
essential. Environmental protection, for instance, relies on mapping as a regulatory
instrument to safeguard water resources and wildlife habitat. Property maps show rights of
way that might impede a buyer's plan to enlarge a home or re-configure an access road.
Government officials publish restrictive maps because they assume the boundaries will be
respected.
3- In 2012, however, restrictive cartography is close to more invasive applications, as
electronic technology replaces graphic lines requiring conscious interpretation with
invisible fences, erected by proactive, self-enforcing geographical restrictions. The most
impressive examples, and the most frightening, reflect the integration of geographical
information systems (GIS), the Global Positioning System (GPS), and wireless
telecommunications. A tracking device can instantly report its location to a GIS that
determines whether the person, car or ship under vigilance has entered a prohibited area.
Depending on circumstances and severity, a future system might be able to debit an
offender's bank account, transmit a vocal warning or electronic signal, notify the police or
military, disable an engine, or even release a soporific drug into the violator's bloodstream.
4- Because the public is willing to trade control over their lives for convenience, the cell phone
already doubles as a tracking device, and raises the possibility of "spatial
micromanagement": of employees by employers, of children by parents, of elderly parents
by grown children, and of suspected subversives by the authorities. Threats to privacy and
personal freedom are well known and obvious. However, geospatial tracking might be equally
efficient for enforcing restraining orders on those who abuse their partners, especially in the
name of public safety or national defence. Once in place, a national geospatial surveillance
administration can accommodate an wide variety of electronic boundary lines, and offer
unhappy taxpayers an alternative to costly incarceration. For many crimes, an electronic map
makes more sense than a prison, which may well reinforce antisocial behavior and allow
criminals to exchange tricks of the trade.
5- Efficient, but hardly fail-safe, electronic cartography is vulnerable to incompetent
technicians, malevolent hackers, cyber-terrorists and lobbyists for "special interests". Like
traditional maps, e-cartography invites manipulation by government or corporations, often in
the guise of national defence or free-market capitalism. While maps on the internet can
advertise prohibitions and justify new delineations, this apparent openness is easily
compromised. Particularly portentous is the way online mapping blursdetails presumed
useful to saboteurs but which are in fact easily viewable, after a little research, elsewhere on
the internet. Boundaries developed for one purpose are too easily adopted for another, as
when postal codes (designed merely to speed up mail delivery) are used to set rates for car
insurance.
6- More troubling are the discrepancies that might arise from mixing maps compiled from
different sources. For example, it's risky to transfer boundaries from a detailed
property survey into a generalised highway map on which curves have been smoothed out
or symbols shifted to avoidclutter. But restrictive mapping is a natural part of social, political
and cartographic evolution. In the end, then, we must hope that fear of litigation or other
pragmatic issues may prove more influential than concerns over privacy in limiting the growth
of restrictive cartography in an electronic age.
Glossrio
To ban: banir, proibir
Boundaries: limites, fronteiras
Fences: cercas
Tracking: rastreamento
Restraining: restritivo
Fail-safe: prova de falhas
To blur: embaar, tornar difcil de ver
Survey: pesquisa
Clutter: desordem, confuso
More troubling are the discrepancies that might arise from mixing maps
compiled from different sources. For example, it's risky to transfer boundaries
from a detailed property survey into a generalised highway map on which
curves have been smoothed out or symbols shifted to avoid clutter.
5) Na sentena Threats to privacy and personal freedom are well known and
obvious (pargrafo 4), a palavra threats tem o sentido de:
a) Ameaas
b) Tratamentos
c) Restries
d) Desejos
e) Receios
10) Na orao The most impressive examples, and the most frightening, (...), a
palavra frightening tem o sentido de:
a) Comum
b) Assustador
c) Inovador
d) til
e) Importuno
11) A qual das alternativas abaixo se refere a palavra its em destaque
?
a) Tracking device
b) Location
c) GIS
d) Person, car or ship
e) Prohibited area