112 A solution of washed, raw cane sugar, 48% sucrose by weight, is colored by the presence of small quantities of impurities. It is to be decolorized at 80°C by treatment with an adsorptive carbon in a contact filtration plant. The data for an equilibrium adsorption isotherm were obtained by ‘adding various amounts of the carbon to separate batches of the original solution and observing the ‘equilibrium color reached in cach case. The data, with the quantity of carbon expressed on the basis of the sugar content of the solution, are as follows: kg carbon /kg dry sugar 0.005 Color removed, % ar 0 B %” 95 ‘The original solution has a color concentration of 20, measured on an arbitrary scale, and it is desired to reduce the color to 2.5% of its original value. (@) Convert the equilibrium data to Y* = color units/kg sugar, X = color units/kg carbon. Do they follow the Freundlich equation? If so, what are the equation constants? (0) Calculate the necessary dosage of fresh carbon, per 1000°kg of solution, for # single-stage Process, (©) Caleulate the necessary carbon dosages per 1000 kg of solution for &t two-stage crosscurrent treatment, using the minimum otal amount of fresh carbon. (d) Calculate the necessary carbon dosage per 1000 kg of solution for a two-stage countercur- rent treatment. 113 The sugar refinery of Prob, 11.2 must treat also a raw cane suger solution, 48 wt % sucrose, of ‘original color 50, based on the same color scale used in Prob. 11.2. The color scale is such that colors are additive, ie,, equal weights of solution of color 20 and color 50 will give a solution of color (20 + 50)/2 = 35, The same adsorption isotherm describes the color removal of the darker solution. 485 that of Prob. 11.2. Equal quantities of the dark solution and that of Prob. 11.2 must both be decolorized to a color 0.5. (@) Ina single-stage process, will it be more economical of carbon first to blend the original solutions and to treat the blend, or to treat each separately to color 0.5 and to blend the finished products? (0) Repeat for a two-stage crosscurrent treatment, fresh carbon in each stage, arranged for the ‘minimum carbon in each case. (©) Repeat for a countercurrent two-stage treatment. (a) The following treating scheme was suggested. The light-colored solution fs to be treated in 1 two-stage countercurrent plant to the final desired color. The spent carbon from this operation is to be used to treat an equal weight of the dark solution, and the carbon is then revivified. The Light solution 10 ort Finisnee felution souttn =390— nos % % Fregh carbon Spent @ cerbon X=0 Figure 11.49 Flowsheet for Prob. 11.3e. residual dark solution is then finished to the desired final color with the necessary amount of fresh carbon. Sketch a flowsheet and an operating diagram (frechand) for the entire process, Determine whether there is any saving of carbon over that for the arrangement of part (c). (©) Determine whether the scheme of Fig. 11.49 offers any economies of carbon,115 For adsorption from dilute liquid solutions in stagewise countercurreat operations, where the Freundlich equation describes the adsorption equilibrium, derive analytical expressions in terms of n,m, Yo and Yy, for the minimum adsorbent/solvent ratio when fresh adsorbent is used. 116 A batch of water containing residual chlorine from a treating process, at a concentration 12 ppm, is to be treated with activated carbon at 25°C to reduce the chlorine Concentration to 0.5 ppm. The carbon consists of 30-mesh granules, density = 561 kg/m? (35 Ib/f) = mass of par- Aicle/gross volume of particle. Adsorbate diffusional resistance is expected to be small relative to that in the liquid. The equilibrium distribution coefficient = <*/X = 0.80 (kg Cl,/mm? liquid)/ (kg Cy /kg ©) = 0.05 lb Ch /10 liquid)/db Ch/Ib ©). (@) Calculate the minimum mass of carbon/unit vol water which can be used. Ans: 184 kg/m’. () A batch of 2 m’ (528 USS. gal) is to be contacted with 40 kg (88 Ib) of the carbon in an Agitated vessel. Specify the dimensions of the vessel, choose a suitable impeller and agitator speed, and estimate the required contact time for the concentration change specified above. 11.7 Refer to Illustration 11.5. (@) For the same concentration of Cu in the effluent, what is the minimum solids rate that could be used? Ans.: 7.56 x 10-* kg/s. (6) If 0.0025 kg/s (0.33 1b/min) resin were used in the vessel with the same agitator speed and the same effluent concentration of Cu2* in the water as in the illustration, what is the maximum volume rate of water that can be treated? Ans. 3.2 x 10-* m?/s.