4.1 Zigbee

ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL
Comunicaciones Inalmbricas
ZIGBEE
Dra. Martha Cecilia Paredes
SEMESTRE: 2015-B
OUTLINE
ZIGBEE AND APPLICATIONS
ZIGBEE PROTOCOL
ZIGBEE ALLIANCE
ZIGBEE APPLICATIONS
IEEE 802.15.4 PROTOCOL
PHYSICAL LAYER
MAC LAYER
ZIGBEE SPECIFICATION
NETWORK LAYER
SECURITY IN ZIGBEE
ZDO AND APPLICATION SUB-LAYER
IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 2

SENSOR NETWORK REQUIREMENTS
Networks form by themselves, scale to large sizes
and operate for years without manual intervention
Extremely long battery life
low infrastructure cost (low device & setup costs)
low complexity and small size
Low device data rate and QoS
Standardized protocols allow multiple vendors to
interoperate

WHAT IS ZIGBEE PROTOCOL?
The IEEE 802.15.4 covers the physical layer and the MAC layer of Low-
Rate WPAN.
The ZigBee is an emerging standard that is based on the IEEE 802.15.4

and adds network construction (star networks, peer-to-peer/mesh
networks, and cluster-tree networks), application services, and more.

ZIGBEE ALLIANCE
Organized as an independent, neutral, nonprofit corporation in 2002
Open and global
Anyone can join and participate
Membership is global
Activity includes
Specification creation
Certification and compliance programs
Branding, market development, and user education

ZIGBEE ALLIANCE
Is a growing community of companies
~200 members vs. 35 Dec. 2002 (5+X Growth)
Includes major names in the Semiconductor, Software
Developer, End Product Manufacturer, and Service Provider
Industries including major Telecom Carriers
Has made its specification publicly available
ZigBee is open to all-ZigBee 2006 now available
38,000+ downloads to date
Has over 30 compliant platforms
Many certified vendors make choosing ZigBee a safe choice
No dominating elements or companies.

WHY ZIGBEE?
Standards based
Low cost
Can be used globally
Reliable and self healing
Supports large number of nodes
Easy to deploy
Very long battery life
Secure

The IEEE 802 Wireless Space
WWAN IEEE 802.22
IEEE 802.20
WMAN
Range
WiMax
IEEE 802.16
WLAN WiFi
ZigBee 802.11
802.15.4 802.15.3
Bluetooth
WPAN 15.4c 802.15.3c
802.15.1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Data Rate (Mbps)

ZIGBEE PROMOTERS

ZIGBEE APPLICATIONS
security TV
HVAC VCR
AMR DVD/CD
remote
lighting control
access control
ZigBee
Wireless Control that
Simply Works
patient
monitoring
fitness
monitoring PC &
PERSONAL
PERIPHERALS
HEALTH CARE
TELECOM
SERVICES
asset mgt security
process m-commerce HVAC
control info services lighting control
environmental object interaction access control
energy mgt (Internet of Things) irrigation

SOME APPLICATION PROFILES
Home Automation [HA]

Defines set of devices used in home automation
Light switches
Thermostats
Window shade
Heating unit
etc.

SOME APPLICATION PROFILES
Industrial Plant Monitoring

Consists of device definitions for sensors used in industrial
control
Temperature
Pressure sensors
Infrared
etc.

MORE APPLICATION PROFILES
Multiple profiles at various stages of completion
Commercial Building Automation
Building control, management, and monitoring
Telecom Services/M-commerce
Automated Meter Reading
Addresses utility meter reading
Wireless Sensor Networks
Very low power unattended networks
Vendors may form new profile groups within ZigBee

and/or propose private profiles for consideration
400+ private profile IDs issued

In-Home Patient Monitoring
Patients receive better care at reduced cost with more freedom and
comfort
Patients can remain in their own home
Monitors vital statistics and sends via internet
graphic
Doctors can adjust medication levels
Allows monitoring of elderly family member
Sense movement or usage patterns in a home
Turns lights on when they get out of bed
Notify via mobile phone when anomalies occur
Wireless panic buttons for falls or other problems
Can also be used in hospital care
Patients are allowed greater movement
graphic
Reduced staff to patient ratio

Commercial Lighting Control
Wireless lighting control
Dimmable intelligent ballasts
Light switches/sensors anywhere
Customizable lighting schemes
Quantifiable energy savings
Opportunities in residential, light
commercial and commercial
Extendable networks
Lighting network can be integrated with
and/or be used by other building control
solutions

DEFINITION OF IEEE 802.15.4
STANDARD
IEEE Std 802.15.4 defines the physical layer (PHY) and medium access
control (MAC) sublayer specifications for low-data-rate wireless
connectivity with fixed, portable, and moving devices with no battery or
very limited battery consumption requirements typically operating in
the personal operating space (POS) of 10 m. It is foreseen that,
depending on the application, a longer range at a lower data rate may
be an acceptable tradeoff.

IEEE 802.15.4 DEVICE TYPES
The IEEE 802.15.4 standard (2003) defines the device types that can be
used in a LR-WPAN which are
Full Functional Device (FFD)
Reduced Functional Device (RFD).
The RFD can be used in simple applications in which they do not need to
transmit large amounts of data and they have to communicate only with
a specific FFD
The FFD can work as a PAN coordinator, as a coordinator, or as a simple
device. It can communicate with either another FFD or a RFD.

LR-WPAN TOPOLOGIES
In keeping with the application requirements, the LR-
WPAN operates in a star or peer-to-peer topology.
The star topology the RFD communicates with a single

controller, the PAN coordinator.
The PAN coordinator can perform the same function as

the RFD, but it is also responsible for controlling the
PAN; it initiates, terminates, or routes communication
around the network

LR-WPAN TOPOLOGIES
Peer-to-peer topology supports ad-hoc mesh multi-hop
networking.
Any device in the peer-to-peer topology can communicate with

any other device within its communication range; however, this
topology also has a PAN coordinator.
All the devices in a LR-WPAN have a unique 64-bit address. This

or a short address, allocated by the PAN coordinator, can be used
inside a PAN.
Each PAN has a unique identifier. The combination of the PAN

identifier and the sort addresses allows communication across
different PANs

LR-WPAN TOPOLOGIES
Star and Peer-to-Peer topologies in LR-WPAN

PHYSICAL LAYER
The 802.15.4 standard specifies two different services
that the Physical Layer(PHY) provides.
The PHY data service controls the radio, and thus, the
transmission and reception of the PPDUs.
The management service performs Energy Detection in

the channel, Clear Channel Assesment before sending
the messages and provides LQI for the received
packets.

IEEE 802.15.4 BANDS
868/868.6 MHz for Europe
902/928 MHz for North America
2400/2483.5 MHz worldwide

PPDU PACKET FORMAT
The LSB is always transmitted and received first
The PPDU size can be up to 127 bytes

MAC LAYER
Interface between the SSCS and the PHY layer.
Similar to the PHY layer, the MAC layer supports

two services.
The MAC data service is responsible for the

transmission and reception of the MPDUs through
the PHY data service.

MAC LAYER
The MAC management service, if the device is a
coordinator, manages the network beacons. It is also
responsible for PAN association and disassociation,
frame validation, and acknowledgment providing a
reliable link between two peer MAC entities.
Uses the CSMA/CA for channel access and handles and

maintains the GTS mechanism.
Supports device security.

MAC LAYER FRAME FORMATS
The IEEE 802.15.4 standard defines four different
frame types: the beacon, data, acknowledgment,
and MAC command frame.
All frame types are based on the general MAC

frame format.
The frame control field describes and specifies the

above different frame types.

MAC LAYER FRAME FORMATS
Every MAC frame comprises a MHR,
which consists of a frame control,
sequence number, and the information
field. It also contains the MAC payload.
Different frame types have different MAC

payload fields.

GENERAL MAC LAYER FRAME
FORMAT
Each frame includes a MFR, which contains a FCS.
The data in the MPDU follows the same order as the PPDU: the
least significant bits are left in the frame and are transited first.

BEACON FRAME FORMAT
The beacon frame is transmitted periodically by the PAN coordinator.

It provides information about the network management through the
super frame and GTS fields.
It also synchronizes the network devices and indicates the proper
communication period for them.

DATA FRAME FORMAT
Encapsulates data from the higher layers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT FRAME
FORMAT
Does not have a payload.
When a device receives a packet, it is not obliged to

response with an acknowledgement packet

COMMAND FRAME FORMAT
Useful for communication between the network devices.
The command identifier specifies actions like association,

disassociation, and data, GTS or beacon request.

SUPER FRAME
In the LR-WPAN, every PAN has its own coordinator. The
PAN coordinator manages the communication in the local
area; it has two options, to use or not use the super frame
structure.
The super frame uses network beacons.
If the coordinator does not want to use a super frame

structure, it suspends the beacon transmission.

SUPER FRAME
The beacon is important for device association and disassociation.
If the coordinator wishes to maintain close communication control in

the PAN, and to support low-latency devices it usually uses the super
frame.
A super frame determines a specific time period, beacons bound it.

SUPER FRAME STRUCTURE

DATA TRANSFER TYPES
Three different types of data transfer exist.
Data transfer from a device to the PAN coordinator.
Data transfer from the PAN.
Peer-to-peer Data Transfer
The types differ if the coordinator uses or does not

beacons

DATA TRANSFER FROM A DEVICE TO
THE PAN COORDINATOR

DATA TRANSFER FROM THE PAN
COORDINATOR

PEER-TO PEER DATA TRANSFER
The devices are free to communicate with any
other device within their communication range.
In a peer-to-peer PAN the devices can either

receive constantly or synchronize with each other.
If they are receiving constantly, to transmit data

they use un-slotted CSMA-CA. In the second case,
synchronization must be achieved first.

SECURITY IN IEEE 802.15.4
Provides a security baseline, including the ability to
maintain an ACL and use symmetric cryptography for
data encryption.
The algorithm that is used for encryption is the AES.
The higher level layers decide when security is need.
The upper layers are in general responsible for device

authentication and key management.

ZIGBEE STANDARD
ZigBee, a new standard which became publicly available in June 2005, is
based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard.
It expands the IEEE 802.15.4 by adding the framework for the network
construction, security and application layer services.

ZIGBEE STACK

NETWORK LAYER
The ZigBee standard works on top of the IEEE 802.15.4 addressing
schema by using the standard 64-bit and the short 16-bit addressing.
Network layer responsibilities:
Establishment of a new network.
New device configuration, addressing assignment, network synchronization
Frames security
Message routing.

DEVICE TYPES
Uses notion of logical devices.
ZigBee Coordinator is the first type of logical devices.
It is responsible for initializing, maintaining, and managing the network.
Under the coordinator in the network hierarchy is the ZigBee router,
Responsible for controlling the message routing between the nodes.
ZigBee End Device acts as the end point of the network structure.

ZIGBEE NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

SECURITY IN ZIGBEE
Security services provided by ZigBee: key establishment, key
transport, frame protection, and device management.
The security mechanism covers the network and the application

layer.
The notion of end-to-end security is supported; the source and

destination devices have access and use the same share key.
In the MAC layer the 802.15.4 AES mechanism provides the

proper security.

SECURITY IN ZIGBEE
The mechanism protects the confidentiality, integrity, and
authenticity of the MAC frames
An auxiliary header field in front of the MAC payload

indicates if the frame is encrypted or not.
The MAC frames integrity is supported by calculating and

using a MIC at the end of the MAC payload.
Nonce is used to provide MAC confidentiality and

authenticity.

SECURITY IN ZIGBEE
For different security aspects the MAC layer uses different mode of the
AES:
For the encryption it uses the AES in Counter (CTR) mode.
For the integrity, the CBC-MAC.
Combination (CCM) of the above two modes.

SECURE MAC FRAME

NETWORK LAYER SECURITY
CCM (a modified MAC layer CCM mode) is used for
encryption.
Single key is used for all different security options.
The network layer security message format is similar

to the MAC frame.
Although the network layer is responsible for securing

its layer messages, the above layers specify the keys
and the CCM option for each frame.

SECURE NETWORK FRAME

APPLICATION LAYER SECURITY
Uses the link key or the network key to secure the
message.
Encapsulates it inside a set of fields similar to the

network format.
Other security responsibilities that the application layer

has are to provide the ZDO and the applications with
device management services, key establishment, and
key transport

SECURE APPLICATION LAYER FRAME

ZDO AND APPLICATION SUB-LAYER
The ZigBee application layer contains the manufacturer-
defined application objects, the ZDO and the application
sub-layer.
In addition to the security responsibilities, the application

sub-layer:
Binds devices based on their duties and needs.
Maintains the binding tables.
Forwards messages between them.
Discovers the neighbour devices for a given device.

ZDO
The ZDO is responsible for:
Determining the devices duty in the network.

Communicating using binding requests.
Supporting security
Sub-layer that implements the actual application is the manufacturer-

defined application object

CONCLUSION
Zigbee applications are in diverse areas
Zigbee Alliance works as a non-profit organization which has more
than 200 members.
IEEE 802.15.4 covers Physical Layer And Mac Layer.
Zigbee adds network construction,application services, and more.

4.1 Zigbee

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4.1 Zigbee

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ESCUELA POLITCNICA NACIONAL

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 2

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 3

The ZigBee is an emerging standard that is based on the IEEE 802.15.4

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 4

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 5

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 6

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 7

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 8

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 9

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 10

Home Automation [HA]

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 11

Industrial Plant Monitoring

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 12

Vendors may form new profile groups within ZigBee

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 13

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 14

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 15

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 16

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 17

The star topology the RFD communicates with a single

The PAN coordinator can perform the same function as

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 18

Any device in the peer-to-peer topology can communicate with

All the devices in a LR-WPAN have a unique 64-bit address. This

Each PAN has a unique identifier. The combination of the PAN

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 19

Star and Peer-to-Peer topologies in LR-WPAN

The management service performs Energy Detection in

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 21

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 22

The LSB is always transmitted and received first

The PPDU size can be up to 127 bytes

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 23

Similar to the PHY layer, the MAC layer supports

The MAC data service is responsible for the

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 24

Uses the CSMA/CA for channel access and handles and

Supports device security.

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 25

All frame types are based on the general MAC

The frame control field describes and specifies the

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 26

Different frame types have different MAC

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 27

Each frame includes a MFR, which contains a FCS.

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 28

The beacon frame is transmitted periodically by the PAN coordinator.

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 29

Encapsulates data from the higher layers.

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 30

Does not have a payload.

When a device receives a packet, it is not obliged to

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 31

Useful for communication between the network devices.

The command identifier specifies actions like association,

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 32

The super frame uses network beacons.

If the coordinator does not want to use a super frame

IEE-8J4 (@mcparedesp,2015) EPN 33

If the coordinator wishes to maintain close communication control in

A super frame determines a specific time period, beacons bound it.