Group4 Report

Design and Implementation of a Programmable Smart Stick
for Visually Impaired using ARM7
A Project Work submitted to
Visvesvaraya Technological University

in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
Submitted by
Rajesh C S 1KG13EC084
Suhas R M 1KG13EC101
Sunil Kumar S 1KG13EC104
Suresh J 1KG13EC107
Under the Guidance of
Dr Girish. V. Attimarad
Professor and HOD
Department of ECE
KSSEM, Bangalore
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

K.S. School of Engineering and Management
No. 15, Mallasandra, off Kanakapura Road, Bangalore-560062
2016-2017
Certificate
This is to certify that the project work entitled Design and Implementation of a
Programmable Smart Stick for Visually Impaired using ARM7 is a bonafide work
carried out by
Suresh J 1KG13EC107
in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and

Communication Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum,
during the year 2016-2017. It is certified that all the suggestions indicated during
internal assessment have been incorporated in the report and this thesis satisfies
the academic requirement in respect of project work prescribed for the degree.
_____________________ ______________________ __________________

Dr. Girish V Attimarad Dr. Girish V Attimarad Dr. S N Sridhara
Professor and HOD Professor and HOD Principal and Director
Internal Guide
University Examiners:
______________________________ ______________________________
Name and Signature of Examiner-1 Name and Signature of Examiner-2
Declaration
We,
Suresh J 1KG13EC107
the students of eight semester BE (Electronics and Communication Engineering)

declare that the project entitled Design and Implementation of a Programmable
Smart Stick for Visually Impaired using ARM7 is carried out by us at K.S. School of
Engineering and Management as a partial fulfilment of academic requirement of
BE in Electronics and Communication Engineering under Visvesvaraya
Technological University. The content in the thesis are original and are free from
plagiarism and other academic dishonesty and are not submitted to any other
University either partially or wholly for the award of any other degree.
Sl. No. Reg. No. Name of Student Signature with Date
1 1KG13EC084 Rajesh C S
2 1KG13EC101 Suhas R M
3 1KG13EC104 Sunil Kumar S
4 1KG13EC107 Suresh J
Date:
Place: Bangalore
Acknowledgement
The successful completion of task would be incomplete without complementing
those who made it possible, whose guidance and encouragement made our efforts
successful.
With deep sense of gratitude, we acknowledge the help and encouragement of our
internal guide Dr Girish. V. Attimarad, Professor and HOD, Department of ECE,
KSSEM, Bangalore, for his exemplary guidance valuable suggestion, expert advice and
encouragements.
We take great pleasure in expressing our sincere thanks to Dr S. N. Sridhara,

Principal/Director, KSSEM, Bangalore, for his valuable support.
Last but not the least, we take this opportunity in expressing our gratitude and
respect to all those who directly helped and encouraged us during the course of this project.
RAJESH C S 1KG13EC104
SUHAS R M 1KG13EC101
SUNIL KUMAR S 1KG13EC104
SURESH J 1KG13EC107
i
Abstract
The smart stick helps the visually impaired people and the blind to find obstacles in
front of them, while walking in the street, in new unknown places which makes it safe. The
smart stick comes as a proposed solution to enable them to identify the world around them.
Earlier can guides used active RFID for navigation. In this device we use ultrasonic sensor
and infrared sensor to detect obstacles in front of the user and also for navigating the visually
impaired.
The vibration motor is activated when water presence is detected. Two wires from
the circuit are extended from the circuit board and connected at the bottom. Whenever the
stick is placed in the water the circuit becomes closed and the motor starts vibrating. The
person can be located with the help of GPS if lost. ARM7 is programmed with the care
takers mobile number. Any number of caretakers can be added into the program.
When impact is found on the sensor, GPS gets activated and sends accident detected
message through GSM to the care taker.
This proposed system uses ARM7, Arduino UNO, vibration motor, infrared sensor,
ultrasonic sensor, impact sensor, water detector circuit, speaker, LCD display, GPS and
GSM. The stick is capable of detecting all obstacles and gives a suitable respective message
empowering visually impaired to move twice his normal speed because the person feels safe.
The smart stick is of low cost, fast response and low power consumption.
ii
Nomenclature
Abbreviations:
ARM Advanced Risk Machine
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
ICs Integrated Circuits
IR Infrared
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer
SIM Subscriber Identification Module
UART Universal Asynchronous Receive and Transmit
USB Universal Serial Bus
iii
Contents
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................ i
Abstract ................................................................................................................................ ii
Nomenclature .....................................................................................................................iii
Contents .............................................................................................................................. iv
List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... vi
List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vii
Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................................. 1
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Existing Problem ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Proposed Solution to the Problem ................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Scope of the Project ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 Summary ......................................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Organization of the Report .............................................................................................................. 4
Chapter 2 .................................................................................................................................. 5
Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Literature on Earlier Cane Guides ................................................................................................... 5
2.2 Literature on ARM7 ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.3 Literature on Arduino ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.4 Literature on GPS ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.5 Literature on GSM System for Mobile ............................................................................................ 7
2.6 Literature on Sensors ....................................................................................................................... 9
2.7 Literature on Voice Recognition Kit (APR33A) ........................................................................... 11
2.8 Aim, Objectives and Methodology ................................................................................................ 12
Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................................ 14
Design and Implementation ............................................................................................. 14
3.1 System Requirement and Block Diagram ..................................................................................... 14
3.2 ARM7 LPC2148 ........................................................................................................................... 15
3.3 LPC2148 Microcontroller ............................................................................................................. 16
3.4 Arduino design .............................................................................................................................. 19
3.5 Arduino Platform........................................................................................................................... 21
3.6 Arduino hardware .......................................................................................................................... 21
3.7 Sensors .......................................................................................................................................... 22
3.8 Infrared Sensor .............................................................................................................................. 22
3.9 Water sensor .................................................................................................................................. 24
3.10 Ultrasonic sensor ........................................................................................................................... 28
3.11 Liquid Crystal Diode ..................................................................................................................... 29
3.12 Power Supply Unit ........................................................................................................................ 34
3.13 Buffer, Driver and Relay ............................................................................................................... 35
3.14 Software Implementation for LPC2148 ........................................................................................ 38
iv
Chapter 4 ................................................................................................................................ 42
Results and Discussions .................................................................................................... 42
4.1 Infrared Sensor .............................................................................................................................. 43
4.2 Water sensor .................................................................................................................................. 43
4.3 GPS and GSM ............................................................................................................................... 44
4.4 Vibrator Sensor ............................................................................................................................. 45
4.5 Buzzer ........................................................................................................................................... 46
Chapter 5 ................................................................................................................................ 47
Conclusion and Future Scope .......................................................................................... 47
5.1 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 47
5.2 Future Scope .................................................................................................................................. 47
References .......................................................................................................................... 48
Annexures .......................................................................................................................... 50
v
List of Figures
Figure 2.1: Mechanism of IR Sensor ...................................................................................... 10
Figure 2.2: Principle of Water Pit Sensing ............................................................................. 10
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of the Proposed System .............................................................. 15
Figure 3.2: LPC2148 .............................................................................................................. 17
Figure 3.3: Pin Diagram of LPC2148 Microcontroller .......................................................... 19
Figure 3.4: Block Diagram of Arduino................................................................................... 20
Figure 3.5: Arduino uno Board ............................................................................................... 20
Figure 3.6: Circuit Diagram of IR module ............................................................................. 23
Figure 3.7: PIN OUT DIAGRAM OF TIMER IC 555 .......................................................... 25
Figure 3.8: Circuit Diagram of Water Detector ...................................................................... 27
Figure 3.9: Circuit Diagram of Obstacle Detection ................................................................ 28
Figure 3.10: Timing Diagram of Ultrasonic Sensor ............................................................... 29
Figure 3.11: LCD 162 .......................................................................................................... 30
Figure 3.12: LCD Pin Diagram .............................................................................................. 33
Figure 4.1: Project Module ..................................................................................................... 42
Figure 4.2: Infrared Sensor ..................................................................................................... 43
Figure 4.3: Water Sensor used in Arduino ............................................................................. 43
Figure 4.4: LCD Display ........................................................................................................ 44
Figure 4.5: GSM ..................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 4.6: GPS ...................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 4.7: Vibrator Sensor .................................................................................................... 45
Figure 4.8: Buzzer .................................................................................................................. 46
Figure 4.9: Working Model .................................................................................................... 46
vi
List of Tables
Table 3.1: Command to LCD Instruction Register ................................................................. 31
Table 3.2: Pin Configuration of LCD 162 ............................................................................ 32
vii
Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
In todays world the population and vehicular density has been rapidly increasing and
the number of accidents have also increased so it is very difficult for visually impaired
people to navigate from one place to another. The normal cane guides and dogs used earlier
were not safe and effective for guiding visually impaired people. Due to the advancements in
technology and reduction of costs of components it is cheaper to build sticks in built with
sensors and navigation systems. The navigation system in this project focuses on designing a
device for visually impaired people that help them to travel independently. The proposed
device is used for guiding individuals who are blind or partially sighted.
The stick is linked with ultrasonic sensor and water detector to identify the obstacle
and sense through the buzzer and vibrator respectively.
GSM is used to send the present location of the visually impaired person from the
GPS to the authorized people. The whole device is designed to be compact, light and also
affordable for everyone.
1.1 Existing Problem
There are many devices available in the market for higher prices. In todays metro
cities these available smart sticks are not efficient and accurate. They are bulky and
heavy.
1.2 Proposed Solution to the Problem
Although there are various technologies available to the blind community to help
them to navigate, they all either limit the freedom of the user or too expensive. Current
technologies that aim to help the blind person to navigate usually consist of vibrator or voice
feedback. The feedback technology should be more pertinent and the feedback from the
device should be trusted by the person. So our goal is to build a device which gives more
accurate feedbacks in any environment which is compact and more durable.
Dept. of ECE, K.S. School of Engineering and Management Page 1

Introduction
GPS (Global Positioning System) and GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication) is used for navigation purpose. Infrared and water sensors are used for anti-
collision and water detection in the walking path.
The decreasing cost of GPS unit coupled with recent growth in the availability of
voice recognition services, presents an opportunity to create a low cost solution. The system
can advise the user where he or she is currently located, and provides spoken direction to
travel to the destination.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) networks operate in a number of
different carrier frequency ranges, with most 2G GSM networks operating in 900 MHz or
1800 MHz bands. For 3G networks in Europe operate in 2100 MHz GSM modem is
specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over a subscription from
a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. When a GSM modem is connected to a
computer, this allows the computer to use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile
network.
Infrared sensors have greater advantage over the ultrasonic sensors. The main
concept of operation is a pulse of IR signal is transmitted by the transmitter, and then the
signal travels out in the environment. In case of no obstacle, the signal is never reflected.
The IR transmitter contains: IR photodiode and an optical lens while the IR receiver contains
an optical lens and a linear Charge Coupled Device (CCD) array detector. When the
transmitter emits IR wave, it goes through the transmitter's optical lens and hits the obstacle
then reflects back. The intensity of reflected wave varies according to the obstacle surface
and the distance of obstacle from sensor. Then, the reflected wave is bundled by receiver
optical lens and the receiver store information about obstacle surface and distance.
A water detector is a small electronic device that is designed to detect the presence of
water. By using water sensor, as soon as it touches the water, it will short the circuit and this
will cause a closed circuit then obtain the output that we desired. The water sensor is useful
in a normally occupied area near any appliance that has the potential to leak water.
Vibrator is connected to water detector. When an obstacle or water is detected in the
path the vibratory circuit vibrates. The intensity of the vibration is proportional to the
distance of the obstacle.
Voice or speech recognition is the ability of a machine or program to receive and
interpret dictation or to understand and carryout spoken commands. A speech analysis is
done after the user speaks in a microphone and inputs are thus taken. The manipulation of
input audio signal is done at the system level. The speech recognition consists of two
Introduction
distinguished faces. The first one is training session, while the second one is referred to as
operation session. During training phase, speaker has to provide samples of their speech to
train the system. During the recognition phase speaker has to give samples of his speech to
match existing database and provides exact match.
ARM7 LPC2148 is the microcontroller which is the heart of the device. ARM7 is a
group of older 32-bit RISC ARM processor cores licensed by ARM
Holdings for microcontroller use. The most widely used ARM7 designs implement the
ARMv4T architecture, but some implement ARMv3 or ARMv5TEJ. All these devices
use Von Neumann architecture. Some ARM7 cores are obsolete. One historically significant
model, the ARM is notable for having introduced JTAG based on-chip debugging; the
preceding ARM6 cores did not support it. The original ARM7 was based on the earlier
ARM6 design and used the same ARMv3 instruction set. The ARM710 variant was used in a
CPU module for the Acorn RISC PC, and the first ARM based System on a Chip designs
ARM7100 and ARM7500 used this core. We are using Arduino ,ultrasonic and water
detector on the stick.
1.3 Scope of the Project
Whenever the matter of integration of systems comes to mind, we think of a system

having the following important features viz.
Accuracy: GPS navigates accurately in both indoor and outdoor environments.
Efficiency: The whole system should work under all circumstances and on a long run it
should work efficiently.
Cost-Effectiveness: Hardware and software implementations used here cost less when
compared to present devices.
Reliability: Applications used in this stick perform well in the long run without any
upgrades required regularly.
1.4 Summary
With the proposed system, if developed with at most accuracy, the blind people will
able to move from one place to another without others help. If such a system is developed, it
will act as a basic platform for the generation of more such devices for the visually impaired

Introduction
in the future which will be cost effective. And as far as the localization is concerned it will
be able to provide accurate details of the location of the blind if in case they are lost with
help of the impact. The present location of the user is sent to the authorized people using
GSM. It will be real boon for the blind. The developed prototype gives good results in
detecting obstacles placed at distance in front of the user.
1.5 Organization of the Report
Chapter 1: This chapter gives the definitions of the basic terms required for the report.
Chapter 2: This chapter gives the literature survey and methodology of the project.
Summary of the literature survey and also the problem statement and objectives are given in
this chapter.
Chapter 3: The block diagram is represented and the different blocks are explained in this
chapter. This chapter completely deals with the ARM7 controller and Arduino uno.
Architecture and features explanation of all parts include in this chapter.
Chapter 4: This chapter deals with different results obtained after dumping and discussion
regarding those obtained results.
Chapter 5: This deals with the final conclusion and the future scope of project.
References: This section deals with the various papers referred for the development of the
project.
Annexure: This gives description about hardware and software components of the project.

Literature Review
Chapter 2
Literature Review
Literature survey is an important part of the project. The chapter elaborates the
fundamental concepts pertaining to the background of the work in this thesis and reviews of
previous works and related topics. Literature survey enables assimilation of knowledge
required for the project right from the problem definition, finding a solution for the same and
its execution. The following sections summaries the literature survey carried out for the
project.
2.1 Literature on Earlier Cane Guides
The earlier solutions to guide the visually impaired people used dogs. Later smart
sticks with infrared sensor and ultrasonic sensors were used which were able to detect
obstacles and staircases in front of the user within a four meter range. To avoid puddles and
other water present surfaces, another sensor was placed at the bottom of the stick. The
feedback to the user was given through voice and vibration depending upon the range of
obstacle. The smart sticks used microcontroller 18F46K80 along with ISD1932 flash
memory and vibration motor. The stick detected all obstacles in the range of 4 meter during
39ms and gave a suitable respective message empowering blind to move twice his normal
speed. These were low cost, fast response, low power consumption, light weight and ability
to fold [1].
In this thesis we are implementing navigation systems like GPS for navigation and
infrared sensors and water sensors. These sensors help to detect any obstacle and water
presence in front of the user. Voice commands of directions are fed through ear piece. The
person is alerted through vibration if any obstacle is present, intensity of vibration increases
depending upon the range of the obstacle. This stick is more safe and effective in guiding the
visually impaired person.
2.2 Literature on ARM7
The improved versions of the various ARM processor is the ARM7 processor which
is used for the implementation of various sensors and modules. The ARM7 design use Von
Literature Review
Neumann architecture, having separate CPU and memory. ARM6 cores did not support
JTAG based on-chip debugging. It is a versatile processor designed for mobile devices and
other low power electronics. This processor architecture is capable of up to 130 MIPS on a
typical 0.13 m process. The ARM7 which we are using is ARM architecture v4T. The
processor supports both 32-bit and 16-bit instructions via the ARM and Thumb instruction
sets. The ARM7TDMI (ARM7+Thumb tag Debug fast Multiplier enhanced ICE) processor
is a 32-bit RISC CPU designed by ARM, and licensed for manufacture by an array of
semiconductor companies. In 2009 it remains one of the most widely used ARM cores, and
is found in numerous deeply embedded system designs [2] [3].
2.3 Literature on Arduino
Arduino is an open source physical computing platform based on a simple

input/output (I/O) board and a development environment that implements the Processing
language. Arduino simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, it offers some
advantages as it is simple and easier to learn over other systems.
Inexpensive: Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other
microcontroller platform. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be
assembled by hand.
Cross platform: The Arduino software (IDE) runs on windows, Mac OSX, linux
operating system. Most of the microcontroller systems are limited to windows.
Simple, clear programming environment: The Arduino software (IDE) is easy to use
for beginners yet flexible enough for advanced users to advantage as well. For
teachers its conveniently based on the processing programming environment, so
students learning to program in that environment will be familiar with how the
Arduino IDE works.
Open source and extensible software: The Arduino software is published as open
source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language
expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical
details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR-C programming language on
which it is based. Similarly an instruction AV-C goes directly into the Arduino
programs.
Arduino UNO is the microcontroller board used in this application. It has easy to use
hardware for prototyping, low cost and has simple software development interface. It

Literature Review
contains ATmega328 microcontroller chip with a clock speed of 16 MHz, which

accelerates the system response time. ATmega328 is a low power AVR 8-bit
microcontroller with 2 KB SRAM. It has 23 programmable I/O lines of which
Arduino UNO provides 12 digital I/O pins (2 - 13) and 6 analog I/O pins (A0 - A5)
[4].
2.4 Literature on GPS
GPS receiver calculates its position by the timing the signals sent by the GPS
satellites above the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages containing the time
the message was sent, through the GPS satellites. Geometric trilateration is used to combine
these distances with the location of the satellites to determine the receiver's location. The
position is displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude.
It might seem three satellites are enough to solve for position, since space has three
dimensions.
The GPS is actually a constellation of 27 Earth-orbiting satellites (24 in operation
and three extras in case one fails). The U.S. military developed and implemented this
satellite network as a military navigation system A GPS receiver's job is to locate four or
more of these satellites, figure out the distance to each, and use this information to deduce its
own location. This operation is called trilateration. [2] [5] [6].
2.5 Literature on GSM System for Mobile
A GSM network consists of several functional entities, whose functions and

interfaces are defined. The GSM network can be divided into following broad parts shown in
the figure.
The Mobile Station (MS)
The Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
Mobile equipment/terminal (ME)
The Network Switching System (NSS)
Network Management System (NMS)
GSM treats the equipment and the user in different ways. Some of the known ones
are phone numbers, Subscribers and equipment identifiers.
The range of the service that are provided in telephony section are used to transport
the data in the following ways

Literature Review
Voice calls for users.

Videotext and Facsimile used for the video text access.
Short text messages which allows text messaging services (SMS).
The services that are provided in the bearer service used to send and receive the data
which is the essential block that leads to the wide spread mobile internet access and mobile
data transfer. New developments that pushed the data transfer rates for GSM users are GPRS
and HSCSD.
2.5.1 GSM ANTENNA

Using a suitable antenna can greatly improve your chances of success when trying to
detect weak radio signals. Unfortunately the range of suitable antennas for the GSM bands is
very limited and/or very expensive. The network is structured into a number of discrete
sections: Base Station Subsystem, Network and switching subsystem, GPRS Core Network,
Operations support system.
2.5.2 GSM/GPRS Modem Features:

High Quality Product.
Quad-Band 850/ 900/ 1800/ 1900 MHz
RS232 interface for direct communication with computer.
Configurable baud rate.
Wire Antenna (SMA connector with GSM Antenna Optional).
SIM Card holder.
Built in Network Status LED.
Inbuilt Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack for internet data transfer over GPRS.
Normal operation temperature: -20 C to +55C
Input Voltage: 3.4 to 4.5V.
2.5.3 REQUIREMENTS
Frequency Range: The antenna needs to cover the full Standard and Extended GSM-
900 bands, (800 MHz to 960 MHz).
Size: The antenna needs to be small and compact; the goal is to be easily portable
from one to place to another.
Gain: The antenna should have a reasonable gain.

Literature Review
Build: The antenna should be easy to build and require tools and materials that are
easy and cheap to acquire.
A little bit of maths: An important measurement in radio is the distance between the
same points on two consecutive Wave cycles, this distance is known as the
wavelength and is denoted with the symbol (lambda). To calculate the wavelength
of a radio signal we take the speed of light in a Vacuum and divide it by the
frequency in Hertz (the number of full wave cycles per second).
Wavelength () = Speed of Light / Frequency
The centre frequency for my antenna design is 920 MHz so the wavelength is:
Wavelength () = 2.99792458 / 920000000 = ~0.325861367 = ~0.3meters [7] [8].
2.6 Literature on Sensors
2.6.1 Infrared Sensor

The concept of distance measurement for obstacle avoidance using infrared sensors
can be applied for constructing electronic walking stick for blind people. An electronic white
stick can be produced by selecting an infrared sensor that enables to detect obstacles within a
range that is approximately equivalent to the length of white stick. Infrared beam is sent out
as it does for distance measurement. The IR value, the value returned by the infrared sensor,
is then sent to microcontroller and is converted to analog output voltage value. This voltage
value varies proportional to the distance between the obstacle and the sensor. The
mechanism of IR sensor is as shown in Figure 2.1. The various purposes of infrared sensors
are:
Light weight components integrated to the stick which makes it user friendly.
Fast response of obstacles in near range and up to 200 cm using IR sensors
Avoidance confusion by playing comprehensible speech message through an
earphone.
Detection of stairs and its direction stairs [9].

Literature Review
Figure 2.1: Mechanism of IR Sensor

(Source: https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/ir-sensor-circuit-diagram)
2.6.2 Water Sensor

In this system we are going to use the 555 timer for in which we are going to use this
timer and works as monostable multivibrator. Where one of the trigger pulse is given to any
system and other system is going to be grounded if both the system are shorted then there
will be a voice bank which is for its indication [10] [11]. The water detection mechanism is
as shown in Figure 2.2.
Figure 2.2: Principle of Water Pit Sensing

(Source- [9])

Literature Review
2.6.3 Ultrasonic Sensor

A sensor is a transducer whose purpose is to sense some characteristic of its environs.
It detects events or changes in quantities and provides a corresponding output, generally as
an electrical or an optical signal.
Ultrasonic sensor is used for obstacle detection, the ultrasound propagate through any
kind of media like solids, liquids and gases. The ultrasonic waves typically emitted are
mainly focused on obstacles so that useful reflection are based on interaction of ultrasonic
energy with the objects that are acquired as ultrasonic signals that are in the form of waves.
The principle of operation of ultrasound waves are generated by piezoelectric

crystals. Piezoelectric means is mainly dependent on "pressure electric" effect. When an
electric current is applied to a quartz crystal, it shape changes with polarity. Ultrasonic
ranging and detecting devices use high-frequency sound waves to detect the presence of an
object and its range. The systems either measure the echo reflection of the sound from
objects or detect the interruption of the sound beam as the objects pass between the
transmitter and receiver [12] [13].
2.7 Literature on Voice Recognition Kit (APR33A)
This device offers true single chip voice recording, non-volatile storage and playback
capability for 40 to 60 seconds. The device supports both random and sequential access of
multiple messages. Sample rates are user selectable, allowing designers to customize their
design for unique quality and storage time needs. Integrated output amplifier, microphone
amplifier.
Portable voice recorders, toys and many other consumer and industrial applications.
A differential microphone amplifier, including integrated AGC is included on chip for
application requiring its use. The amplified microphone signal is fed into the device by
connecting the analog out pin to the analog input pin through DC blocking capacitor,
however, the connection between analog in and analog out is still required for playback, in
between it is connected to ARM processor which analog is converted to digital by A/D
converter. The anti-aliasing filter is used to filter the high frequency signals which are noise
signals. The filter automatically adjusts its response according to the sampling frequency.
After anti-aliasing filtering is accomplished the signal is ready to be clocked into the
memory array. This storage is accomplished through a combination of the sample and hold

Literature Review
circuit and the analog write and read circuit. These circuits are clocked by either the internal
oscillator or an external clock source [8].
2.8 Aim, Objectives and Methodology
Aim:
The aim of the overall system is to provide a low cost and efficient navigation aid for
visually impaired which gives a sense of artificial vision by providing information about the
environmental scenario around them through voice and vibration feedback.
The thesis presents a theoretical model and a system concept to provide a smart
electronic aid for these people. The system is intended to provide overall measures object
detection, real-time assistance via global positioning system (GPS). The system consists of
Water sensor, Infrared sensor, GPS module, and voice feedback system as well as vibratory
circuit.
Objectives:
1. To study the earlier technologies used for smart stick implementation for visually
impaired people.
2. To arrive at the specific sensors and technical parameters of the hardware used in the
project.
3. To design the actual smart stick hardware and calibrate the sensors.
4. To detect the sensor responses for various purposes and design an appropriate
program.
5. To test and validate the smart stick sensors and other hardware.
Methodology:
Methodology for Objective 1:
1. Literature survey will be made to study the different commercially available smart
stick equipment available around the world, and the different technologies and
sensors used.
1. The technical specifications and data regarding of the types of sensors used in the
smart stick will be extracted from the available literature and hardware manuals.

Literature Review
2. Depending upon the advantages and limitations of the technologies, we will arrive at
the specific sensors and hardware components required, as well as their design
specifications along with the appropriate technical parameters.
1. Hardware components will be mounted upon the chosen stick.
2. Depending upon the usage of the stick, the thresholds and limits of the different
sensors will be determined.
1. The ARM7 processor is dumped with program to synchronise all hardware

operations and produce the respected output.
2. The finalized smart stick hardware will be used to record the movement and the
action of the person holding the stick.
1. Initial calibrations will be performed and the operation of the stick and the processing
hardware will be observed.
2. The performance of the designed hardware and the program will be compared with
the existing commercially available systems, and conclusions will be drawn based on
the validation studies.

Design and Implementation
Chapter 3
In this chapter, the design and the working procedure of the system is explained in
detail. All the details related to the proposed system such as the processors, controllers,
sensors and the modules are explained that are used in the proposed system.
3.1 System Requirement and Block Diagram
3.1.1 System Requirement

For successfully designing and implementing an algorithm it must be preceded by
well-defined selecting criteria for both software and hardware tools that have to be utilized
for implementing of the algorithm.
The requirement for implementing the smart stick for visually impaired are as
follows:
Hardware Requirements
ARM7 Controller
Arduino UNO
GPS Module
GSM Module
Voice Recognition Kit
Infrared Sensor
Ultrasonic Sensor
Water Detector
Vibrator Motor
LCD Display
Software Requirements
Programming Tool for ARM7: Keil Vision
Language for ARM7: Embedded C

3.1.2 Block Diagram
Figure 3.1: Block Diagram of the Proposed System
3.2 ARM7 LPC2148
Block diagram is shown in Figure 3.1. ARM is the core for both microcontroller and
microprocessor. It uses a 32-bit RISC processor. The ARM7TDMI-S is a general purpose
32-bit microprocessor, which offers a high performance and very low power consumption.
The architecture in ARM is based on Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) principles,
and the instruction set and related decode mechanism are much simpler than those of micro
programmed Complex instruction set computers. In simple word ARM is Processor
Architecture which stands for Advanced RISC Machine.
The simplicity in it results in a high instruction throughput and impressive real-time

interrupt response from a small and cost effective processor core. Pipeline techniques are
employed so that all parts of the processing and memory systems can operate continuously.
Typically, while one instruction is being executed, its successor is being decoded, and a third
instruction is being fetched from memory.
LPC2148 is the widely used IC from ARM-7 family. It is manufactured by Philips

and it is pre-loaded with many inbuilt peripherals making it more efficient and a reliable
option for beginners as well as high end application developer. Single 10-bit D/A converter
provide variable analog output. Two 32-bit timers/externals event counter (with four capture
and four compare channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watch dog. Low power real

time clock with independent power and dedicated 32 kHz clock input. Multiple serial
interfaces including two UARTs(16C550), two fast 12C-bus(400 Kbit/s),SPI and SSP with
buffering and variable data length capabilities.
Most commonly used ARM processor is ARM7LPC2148 processor has 16k bytes of
on chip RAM and 256k Bytes of on chip ROM. ARM processor can be operated in three
different modes:
1. Regular mode: In this mode ARM7 acts as a 32bit microcontroller with 32bit
instruction set.
2. Thumb mode: In this mode ARM7 acts as a 16bit microcontroller with 16bit
instruction set.
3. Jazelle mode: In this mode ARM7 acts as an 8bit microcontroller with 16bit
instruction set.
The ARM7TDMI-S processor also employs a unique architectural strategy known as

the THUMB, which makes it ideally suited to high-volume applications with memory
restrictions, or applications where code density is an issue.
The key idea behind THUMB is that of a super-reduced instruction set. Essentially
the ARM7TDMI-S processor has two instruction sets:
The standard 32-bit ARM instruction set.

A 16-bit THUMB instruction set.
The THUMB sets 16-bit instruction length allows it to approach twice the density of
standard ARM code while retaining most of the ARMs performance advantage over a
traditional 16-bit processor using 16-bit registers. This is possible because THUMB code
operates on the same 32-bit register set as ARM code. THUMB code is able to provide up to
65% of the code size of ARM, and 160% of the performance of an equivalent ARM
processor connected to a 16-bit memory system.
3.3 LPC2148 Microcontroller
The lpc2148 microcontroller is based on 32/16 bit ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-
time emulation and embedded trace support, that combines the microcontroller with
embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32kb to 512kb. A 128-bit wide memory

interface and unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the maximum
clock rate. For the critical code size applications, the alternatively 16-bit Thumb mode
reduces the code by more than 30% with minimal amount of performance penalty.
Due to the small size and low power consumption conditions, LPC2148 are ideal for
applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-
sale. A blend of serial communications interfaces ranging from usb 2.0 full speed device,
multiple UARTS, SPI,SSP to ICs and on-chip SRAM of 8Kb upto 40 Kb, make these
devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems,
voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing
power.
There are different types of 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit
DAC,PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external
interrupt pins make these microcontrollers particularly suitable for the industrial control and
the systems. Module is shown in Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2: LPC2148

(Source: http://www.justexecuteit.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/LPC2148-
Explained.png)
3.3.2 Features of ARM7 Microcontroller

The features of ARM7 microcontroller are described as follows:
16/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.

8 to 40 Kb of on-chip static RAM and 32 to 512Kb of on-chip flash program

memory. 128 bit wide interface/accelerator enables high speed 60MHz operation.
In-System/In-Application programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot-leader software.
Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of 256 bytes in 1
ms.
ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the on-chip
Real Monitor software and high speed tracing of instruction execution.
USB 2.0 full speed complaint device controller with 2Kb of endpoint RAM. In
addition, the LPC2146/8provides 8Kb of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by DMA.
One or two 10-bit A/D converters provide a total of 6/14 analog inputs, with
conversion time as low as 2.44 microsecond per channel.
Single 10-bit D/A converter provide variable analog output.
Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
channels each), PWM unit(six outputs) and watchdog.
Low power real-time clock with independent power and dedicated 32KHz clock
input.
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal in range from 1MHz to
30MHz and with an external oscillator up to 50MHz.
Power saving modes include idle and power-down.
Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock scaling
for additional power optimization.
Processor wake-up from power-down mode via external interrupt, USB Brown-Out-
Detect(BOD) or Real-Time-Clock(RTC).
Single power supply chip with power-on-reset (POR) and BOD circuits: CPU
operating voltage of 3.0V to 3.6V.
3.3.3 Architectural overview

The LPC2148 consists of an ARM7TDMI-S CPU with emulation support, the ARM7
local bus for interface to on-chip memory controllers , the AMBA or interface to the
interrupt controller, and the VLSI peripheral bus(VPB, is a compatible superset of ARMS
AMBA Advanced peripheral Bus) for the connection to the on-chip peripheral functions.
The LPC2141/24/6/8 configures the ARM7TDMI-S processor in little-endian byte order. Pin
diagram of LPC2148 microcontroller is shown in figure. The AHB peripherals are allocated

a 2 megabyte range of address at the very top of the 4 gigabyte ARM memory space. Each
AHB peripheral is allocated a 16Kb address space within the AHB address space. LPC2148
peripheral functions (other than the interrupt controller) are connected to the VPB bus. The
AHB to VPB bridge interfaces the VPB bus to the AHB bus.
Figure 3.3: Pin Diagram of LPC2148 Microcontroller

(Source: https://www.engineersgarage.com/arm-projects/introduction-to-arm-
microcontroller-lpc2148)
The VPB peripherals are also allocated a 2 megabyte range of address, beginning at
the 3.5gigabyte address point. Each VPB peripheral is allocated with a 16Kb address space
within the VPB address space. The connection of on-chip peripherals to device pins is
controlled by a pin connect block.
This must be configured by software to fit specific application requirements for the
use of peripheral functions and pins. The LPC2148 consists of ADC, SPI(serial
interfaces),DAC, general purpose I/O pin. The pin diagram is shown in Figure 3.3.
3.4 Arduino design
The Figure 3.4 Shows the block diagram of Arduino interfaced with other hardware
components.

Figure 3.4: Block Diagram of Arduino

Arduino is an open source physical computing platform based on a simple
input/output (I/O) board and a development environment that implements the Processing
language. Arduino can be used to develop standalone interactive objects or can be connected
to software on your computer such as Flash, Processing, or Max/MSP.
Figure 3.5: Arduino uno Board

(Source: https://sites.google.com/site/arduinoquadrocopter/contents/step-2/arduino-uno)
Arduino UNO is as shown in the Figure. It is different from other platforms on the
market because of these features:

It is a multiplatform environment; it can run on Windows, Macintosh, and

Linux.
It is based on the Processing programming IDE, an easy-to-use development
environment used by artists and designers.
You program it via a USB cable, not a serial port. This feature is useful,
because many modern computers dont have serial ports.
It is open source hardware and software. The hardware is cheap.
The Arduino Project was developed in an educational environment and is therefore

great for newcomers to get things working quickly.
3.5 Arduino Platform
Arduino is composed of two major parts:

Arduino board, which is a piece of hardware on which we work and build our
objects.
Arduino IDE, the piece of software you run on your computer. We use the IDE to
create a sketch (a little computer program) that we upload to the Arduino board.
The sketch tells the board what to do, working on hardware meant building circuits
from scratch, using hundreds of different components with strange names like resistor,
capacitor, inductor, transistor, and so on. The figure shows the circuit diagram of Arduino
UNO. Every circuit was wired to do one specific application, and making changes required
you to cut wires, solder connections, and more. With the appearance of digital technologies
and microprocessors, these functions, which were once implemented with wires, were
replaced by software programs Software is easier to modify than hardware. With a few key
presses, you can radically change the logic of a device and try two or three versions in the
same amount of time that it would take you to solder a couple of resistors.
3.6 Arduino hardware
The Arduino board is a small microcontroller board, (which is a small circuit). The
board that contains a whole computer on a small chip the microcontroller. This computer is
at least a thousand times less powerful than the MacBook and its a lot cheaper and very
useful to build interesting devices. The board has black chip with 28 pins and that chip is the
ATmega328, the heart of the board. The Arduino board is a small microcontroller board. The
board that contains a whole computer on a small chip is a microcontroller.

The Arduino manufacturer has placed on this board all the components that are
required for this microcontroller to work properly and to communicate with your computer.
There are many versions of this board; the one that is used here is Arduino Uno, which is the
simplest one to use.
3.7 Sensors
A sensor is a transducer whose main purpose is to sense the characteristic of its

environments. It detects events or changes in quantities and provides a corresponding output,
generally as an electrical or optical signal; for example, a thermo couple converts
temperature to an output voltage. But a mercury-in-glass thermometer is also a sensor; it
converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be
read on a calibrated glass tube.
Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons tactile
sensor and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, besides innumerable
applications of which most people are never aware. With advances in micro machinery and
easy-to-use micro controller platforms, the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the more
traditional fields of temperature, pressure or flow measurement, for example into MARG
sensors. Moreover, analog sensors such as potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still
widely used. Applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace,
cars, medicine and robotics.
3.8 Infrared Sensor
An IR is an electronic instrument which is used to sense certain characteristics of its

surroundings by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation. Infrared sensors are also
capable of measuring the heat being emitted by an object and detecting motion. The IR
Sensor used in the proposed system.
An IR sensor can measure the heat of an object as well as detects the motion. These
types of sensors measure only infrared radiation, rather than emitting. IR sensor is used to
detect objects and obstacles in front of sensor in a narrow angle useful in robotic
applications. The sensor keeps transmitting modulated infrared light and when any object
comes near, it is detected by the sensor by monitoring the reflected light from the object.

IR is preferable to visible light in robotics applications because it suffers a bit less

from ambient interference, because it can be easily modulated, and simply because it is not
visible. Infrared waves are not visible to the human eye. In the electromagnetic spectrum,
infrared radiation can be found between the visible and microwave regions. The infrared
waves typically have wavelengths between 0.75 and 1000m. The wavelength region which
ranges from 0.75 to 3m is known as the near infrared regions. The region between 3m and
6m is known as the mid-infrared and infrared radiation which has a wavelength greater
higher than 6m is known as far infrared.
3.8.2 Working Principle of Infrared Sensors

All objects which have a temperature that is greater than absolute zero (0K)
possesses thermal energy and is sources of the infrared radiation as a result. Sources of
infrared radiation include blackbody radiators such as the tungsten lamps and the silicon and
silicon carbide.
Infrared sensors typically use infrared lasers and LEDs with specific infrared
wavelengths as sources. When an object is close to the sensor, the light from the LED
bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results in a large jump in the intensity,
which we already know can be detected using a threshold.
To avoid getting false detection the solution is to send pulses of IR light at a certain
frequency instead of a constant beam, and build a receiver that would only detect IR pulses
of the same exact frequency, cutting of all pulses of higher or lower frequency. The circuit is
as shown in Figure 3.6.
Figure 3.6: Circuit Diagram of IR module

(Source: http://www.electronicshub.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/5.-IR-Sensor-
Circuit.jpg)
3.8.3 Using the Sensor

Connect regulated DC power supply of 5 Volts. These wires are also marked on PCB
as +5V and GND. To test sensor you only need to power the sensor by connecting two wires
+5V and GND. You can leave the output wire as it is. When LED is off, the output is at 5V.
Bring any object nearby the sensor and the LED will lit up and output becomes 0V. The
output is active low and can be given directly to microcontroller for interfacing applications.
3.9 Water sensor
3.9.1 Using Monostable Multivibrator and 555 timer

The Water Sensor indicates the presence of water near the module, this is constructed
by making using use of 555 timer and a variable potentiometer connected to that system.
When the 555 IC comes in contact with the water where the pin1 and pin2 of 555 timer are
shorted together for which the vibrator is turned on as the circuit is completed. The output is
connected voice bank.
3.9.2 Monostable Multivibrator:

A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-
state systems such as oscillators, timers and flip-flops. Monostable, in which one of the
states is stable, but the other state is unstable (transient). A trigger pulse causes the circuit to
enter the unstable state. After entering the unstable state, the circuit will return to the stable
state after a set time. Such a circuit is useful for creating a timing period of fixed duration in
response to some external event. This circuit is also known as a one shot.
3.9.3 Internal Arrangement of 555 Timer IC

The timer comprises two operational amplifiers (used as comparators) together with
an RS Bi-stable element. In addition, an inverting output buffer is incorporated so that a
considerable current can be sourced or sunk to/from a load. A single transistor switch, TR1,
is also provided as a means of rapidly discharging the external timing capacitor.
The standard 555 timer is housed in an 8-pin DIL package and operates from supply
rail voltages of between 4.5V and 15V. This encompasses the normal range for TTL devices
and thus the device is ideally suited for use in conjunction with TTL circuitry.

The circuit diagram shows how the timer IC 555 can be used as a Rising Light Level
Switch. In Monostable pulse generator mode, pin 4 is connected to pin 8 and that to +Vcc.
The threshold pin 6 and the discharge pin 7 are connected together to +Vcc by a resistance
R3. The control pin 5 is connected to ground via capacitor C2. The trigger input pin 2 is
connected to +Vcc using a pull-up resistor R1.Here the Light Detector, R2 & C1 gives the
triggering pulse needed for Multivibrator. Pin diagram of monostable vibrator is shown
Figure 3.7.
GROUND 1 8 VCC
TRIGGER 2 7
DISCHARGE
555
OUTPUT 3 6 THRESHOLD
RESET 5 CONTROL
4
Figure 3.7: PIN OUT DIAGRAM OF TIMER IC 555
This sensor buffers a piezoelectric transducer. As the transducer is displayed from the
mechanical neutral axis, bending creates strain within the piezoelectric element and
generates voltages.
It works on the electromechanical principle. The vibration velocity sensors operate in

accordance with the electrodynamics principle and are used for measuring the bearing
absolute vibration based on the piezoelectric effect and change in resistance due to the force
acting on it to convert it into 4 20mA. They are used in measuring differences in
oscillations. The piezoelectric sensor detects the vibration which is created on the surface.
We can also use shock sensor to detect vibrations in some cases.
The three parameters representing motion detected by vibration monitors are

displacement, velocity, and acceleration. These parameters can be measured by a variety of
motion sensors and are mathematically related. Selection of a sensor proportional to

displacement, velocity or acceleration depends on the frequencies of interest and the signal
levels involved.
3.9.4 Specifications
The Vibration Sensor Detector is designed for the security practice. When Vibration
Sensor Alarm recognizes movement or vibration, it sends a signal to either control panel.
Developed a new type of Omni-directional high sensitivity Security Vibration Detector with
Omni-directional detection:
Sensitivity: Height adjustable.

Consistency and Inter changeability: Good.
Reliability and Interference: Accurate triggering strong anti-interference.
Automatic Reset: Automatic reset is strong.
Signal Post-processing: Simple.
Output Signal: Switch signal.
No external vibration analysis of plates: product design vibration analysis of
the internal amplifier circuit.
Detection direction: unidirectional.
Operating Voltage: 12V DC (red V+ shield V-).
Sensitivity: greater than or equal to 0.2g.
Frequency range: 0.5Hz ~ 20Hz.

3.9.5 Using Arduino Uno
Figure 3.8: Circuit Diagram of Water Detector

(Source: http://www.instructables.com/id/Water-Level-Alarm-Using-Arduino/)
Pin 12 is made as an OUTPUT pin in this setup, which is connected to one terminal
of the LED. The other terminal of the LED is connected to GND. So whenever the state of
Pin 12 is HIGH, the LED glows as shown in Figure 3.8.
Now, whenever the water is in contact with both the wires immersed in the container,
the circuit gets completed, and pin 4 (INPUT pin in the setup) reads HIGH.
In the Arduino code, the logic is that whenever pin 4 reads HIGH, Pin 12 is given a
digital output of HIGH too. In summary, whenever the water circuit gets complete, pin 4
reads high, which makes pin 12 HIGH, and this glows the LED.
The 100 K Ohm resistor connected between pin 4 and GND acts as a pull down
resistor. If 100 K Ohm resistor is not available, any other resistor of high value can be used,
but make sure that it is not very high too.

3.10 Ultrasonic sensor
Ultrasonic ranging module HC-SR04 provides 2cm-400cm non-contact measurement

function, the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm. The module includes ultrasonic
transmitter, receiver and control circuit.
The basic principle of work involves IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal.
The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there is a pulse signal
back. Depending upon the time taken to receive the signal back, it detects how close the
object is
Test distance = High level time x Velocity of sound
Pin Specifications:
5V supply
Trigger pulse input
Echo pulse output
0V ground
The circuit diagram connections is shown in Figure 3.9.
Figure 3.9: Circuit Diagram of Obstacle Detection

(Source: http://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/ultrasonic-sensor-hc-sr04/)

3.10.1 Timing Diagram

The Timing diagram is shown below. You only need to supply a short 10uS pulse to
the trigger input to start the ranging, and then the module will send out an 8 cycle burst of
ultrasound at 40 kHz and raise its echo. The Echo is a distance object that is pulse width and
the range in proportion .You can calculate the range through the time interval between
sending trigger signal and receiving echo signal. Formula: uS / 58 = cm or uS / 148 =inch;
or: the range = high level time * velocity (340M/S) / 2; we suggest to use over 60ms
measurement cycle, in order to prevent trigger signal to the echo signal.
Figure 3.10: Timing Diagram of Ultrasonic Sensor
3.11 Liquid Crystal Diode
A LCD is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating
properties of LCs. LCs do not emit light directly. They are used in a wide range of
applications, which includes computer monitors, television, instrument panels, aircraft
cockpit displays, etc. They are common in consumer devices such as video players, gaming
devices, clocks, watches, calculators, and telephones.
LCDs have displaced CRT displays in most applications. They are usually more
compact, lightweight, portable, less expensive, more reliable, and easier on the eyes. They
are available in a wider range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they
do not use phosphors, they cannot suffer image burning. LCDs are more energy efficient and
offer safer disposal than CRTs. Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in
battery-powered electronic equipment. It is very important to keep a track of the working of
almost all the automated and semi-automated devices, be it a washing machine, an

autonomous robot or anything else. This is achieved by displaying their status on a small
display module as shown in Figure 3.11.
Figure 3.11: LCD 162

(Source: http://binaryupdates.com/interface-lcd-with-lpc2148-arm7/)
LCD 162 screen is shown in Figure 3.11 is a commonly used display module. These
modules are replacing seven segments and other multi segment LEDs for these purposes.
The reasons being: LCDs are economical, easily programmable, have no limitation of
displaying special and even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so
on. LCD can be easily interfaced with a microcontroller to display a message or status of a
device.
The LCD can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD
each character is displaced in 57 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers.
Command/Instruction Register stores the command instructions given to the

LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like
initializing, clearing the screen, setting the cursor position, controlling
display.
Data Register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD.
ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD.
The LCD consists of 14 pins totally in which the 8 pins are dedicated for the data to
be transferred from the controller for the display purpose. The power supply is provided
through the VDD, VEE and VSS are used for adjusting the brightness in back light and the
contrast respectively.
Table 3.1: Command to LCD Instruction Register
Hex Code Command to LCD Instruction Register
1 Clear screen display
2 Return home
4 Decrement cursor
6 Increment cursor
E Display ON cursor NO
80 Force the cursor to the beginning of the 1st line
C0 Force the cursor to the beginning of the 2nd line
38 Use 2 lines and 57 matrix

Table 3.2: Pin Configuration of LCD 162
Pin Symbol Description
1 VSS Ground 0V
2 VCC Main Power Supply +5V
3 VEE Power Supply to Contrast adjustment by providing a variable resistor

Control Contrast through Vcc
4 RS Register Select RS=0, select Command register

RS=1, to select Data register
5 R/W Read/Write R/W=0, write to the register

R/W=1, read from the register
6 EN Enable A high to low pulse(minimum 450ns wide) is given

when data is sent to data pins
7 DB0 I/O 8 bit Data pins
15 Led+ Backlight VCC +5V
16 Led- Backlight Ground 0V

VEE pin is meant for adjusting the contrast of the LCD display and the contrast can
be adjusted by varying the voltage at this pin. This is done by connecting one end of a POT
to the VCC (5V), other end to the GND and connecting the centre terminal (wiper) of the
POT to the VEE pin. See the circuit diagram for better understanding. Pin configuration of
LCD 162 is shown in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2.
High logic at the RS pin will select the data register and Low logic at the RS pin will
select the command register. If we make the RS pin high and put the data in the 8 bit data
line (DB0 to DB7), the LCD module will recognize it as a data to be displayed. If we make
RS pin low and put a data on the data line, the module will recognize it as a command. R/W
pin is meant for selecting between read and write modes.
High level at this pin enables read mode and low level at this pin enables write mode.
E pin is for enabling the module. A high to low transition at this pin will enable the module.
DB0 to DB7 are the data pins. The data to be displayed and the command instructions are
placed on these pins. LED+ is the anode of the back light LED and this pin must be
connected to VCC through a suitable series current limiting resistor. LED- is the cathode of
the back light LED and this pin must be connected to ground as shown in the Figure 3.12.
Figure 3.12: LCD Pin Diagram

(Source: http://circuits4you.com/2016/05/15/arduino-lcd-display/)

3.12 Power Supply Unit
This section needs two different voltages +5V & +12V to work. These dual voltages
are supplied by this specially designed power supply is constructed to get regulated power
supplies. The circuit diagram of full wave regulated power supply is shown in the Figure
3.13.
Figure 3.13: Power Supply Design
3.12.1 Step-down Transformer:
The transformer rating is 230V AC at primary and 12-0-12V, 1Amperes across

secondary winding. This transformer has a capability to deliver a current of 1Ampere, which
is more enough to drive any electronic circuit or varying load. The 12VAC appearing across
the secondary is the RMS value of the waveform and the peak value would be 12 x 1.414 =
16.8 volts. This value limits our choice of the rectifier diode as 1N4007, which is having PIV
rating more than 16 volts.
3.12.2 Rectifier stage:

The two diodes D1 and D2 are connected across the secondary winding of the
transformer as a full-wave rectifier. During the positive half-cycle of secondary voltage, the
end A of the secondary winding becomes positive and end B negative. This makes the diode

D1 forward biased and D2 reverse biased. Therefore diode D1 conducts and D2 does not.
During the negative half-cycle, end A of the secondary winding becomes negative and the
end B positive. Therefore diode D2 conducts and D1 does not. Note that current across the
centre tap terminal in the same direction for both half-cycles of input A.C. voltage.
Therefore, pulsating D.C. is obtained at point C with respect to ground.
3.12.3 Filter Stage:

Here the capacitor C1 is used for filtering purpose and connected across the rectifier
output. It filters the A.C. components present in the rectified D.C. and gives steady D.C.
voltage. As the rectifier voltage increases, it charges the capacitor. The discharge period is of
very small duration. Due to this continuous charge-discharge-recharge cycle very little ripple
is observed in the filtered output. Moreover, output voltage is higher as it remains
substantially near the peak value of the rectifier output voltage. This phenomenon is also
explained in other form as: the shunt capacitor offers a low reactance path to the A.C.
components of current and open circuit to D.C component. During the positive half cycle the
capacitor stores energy in the form of electrostatic field. During the negative half cycle, the
filter capacitor releases stored energy to the load.
3.12.4 Voltage Regulation Stage:

Across the point D and Ground there is rectified and filtered D.C. In the present
circuit KIA 7812 three terminal voltage regulator IC is used to get +12V and KIA 7805
voltage regulator IC is used to get +5V regulated D.C. output. In the three terminals, pin 1 is
input i.e., rectified and filtered D.C. is connected to this pin. Pin 2 is common pin and is
grounded. The pin 3 gives the stabilized D.C. output to the load.
The circuit shows two more decoupling capacitors C2 & C3, which provides ground
path to high frequency noise signals. Across the point E and F with respect to ground +5V
and +12V stabilized or regulated D.C. output is measured, which can be connected to the
required circuit.
3.13 Buffer, Driver and Relay
Buffers do not affect the logical state of a digital signal (i.e. a logic 1 input results in
a logic 1 output whereas logic 0 input results in logic 0 output). Buffers are normally used to

provide extra current drive at the output but can also be used to regularize the logic present
at an interface.
This section is used to drive the relay where the output is complement of the input which is
applied to the drive but current will be amplified.
When the user programs the schedule for the automation using GUI software, it actually
sends 5-bit control signals to the circuit. The present circuit provides interfacing with the
Microcontroller and the controlling circuitry. The circuit takes the 5-bit control signal,
isolates the CONTROLLER from this circuitry, boosts control signals for required level and
finally fed to the driver section to actuate relay. These five relays in turn sends RC5 coded
commands with respect to their relay position.
First the components used in this Module are discussed and then the actual circuit is
described in detail.
3.13.1 Hex Buffer / Controller [Non-Inverter] IC 4050:

Buffers do not affect the logical state of a digital signal. Buffers are normally used to
provide extra current drive at the output, but can also be used to regularize the logic present
at an interface. And inverters are used to complement the logical state. Also inverters are
used to provide extra current drive and like buffers are used in interfacing applications. This
16-pin DIL packaged IC 4050 acts as Buffer as-well-as a Converter. The input signals may
be 2.5 to 5V digital TTL compatible or DC analogue the IC acts as a buffer and provides
isolation to the main circuit from varying input signals. The working voltage of IC is 4 to 16
Volts and propagation delay is 30 nanoseconds. It consumes 0.01 milli watt power with
noise immunity of 3.7 V and toggle speed of 3 Megahertz.
3.13.2 ULN 2003:

Since the digital outputs of some circuits cannot sink much current, they are not
capable of driving relays directly. So, high-voltage high-current Darlington arrays are
designed for interfacing low-level logic circuitry and multiple peripheral power loads. The
series ULN2000A/L ICs drive seven relays with continuous load current ratings to 600mA
for each input. At an appropriate duty cycle depending on ambient temperature and number
of drivers turned ON simultaneously, typical power loads totalling over 260W [400mA x 7,
95V] can be controlled. Typical loads include relays, solenoids, stepping motors, magnetic
print hammers, multiplexed LED and incandescent displays, and heaters. These Darlington
arrays are furnished in 16-pin dual in-line plastic packages (suffix A) and 16-lead surface-

mountable SOICs (suffix L). All devices are pinned with outputs opposite inputs to facilitate
ease of circuit board layout.
The input of ULN 2003 is compatible open-collector outputs. As each of these
outputs can sink a maximum collector current of 500 mA, miniature Controller relays can be
easily driven. No additional free-wheeling clamp diode is required to be connected across the
relay since each of the outputs has inbuilt free-wheeling diodes. The series ULN20x4A/L
features series input resistors for operation directly from 6 to 15V CMOS or PMOS logic
outputs.
1N4148 signal diode: Signal diodes are used to process information (electrical
signals) in circuits, so they are only required to pass small currents up to 100mA. General
purpose signal diodes such as the 1N4148 are made from silicon and have a forward voltage
drop of 0.7V. The whole circuit of buffer, driver and relay is shown in Figure 3.14.
Figure 3.14: Buffer Driver and Relay
The Hex Buffer/Inverter IC1s working voltage of +5V is applied at pin-1 and five
control signals are applied at input pins 3, 5, 7, 9 & 11. Thus the signal supplying circuit [i.e.
CONTROLLER] is isolated from this buffer & driver circuit. Further the grounding resistors
R1 to R5 prevents the abnormal voltage levels passing inside the IC1. The buffered outputs
are acquired at pins 2, 4, 6, 10 & 12. Thus the varying input is further stabilized and fed to
signal diodes [D1 to D5]. As the load is inductive, there is a chance of providing back
E.M.F, signal diodes are used. But this signal level is not strong enough to drive the low
impedance relay. So, IC2 Darlington driver is used. Its working voltage is +12V and only

five input/output pins are used. The output signal from the Darlington driver IC is strong
enough to actuate five relays.
These relays with +12V working voltage can be used to produce five command
signals with RC5 format, the normally open contact of each relay produces one command
signal with the help of RC5 Transmitter circuit.
It is an electromagnetic device which is used to drive the load connected across the
relay and the output of relay can be connected to controller or load for further processing.
3.14 Software Implementation for LPC2148
The Software implementation plays an important role in designing an embedded

system as equal as the hardware implementation. In the software implementation the
programming of microcontroller is done which is to achieve the required behaviour of an
embedded system. In the others words an embedded system can be described as the software
controlled system where the complex functionalities of a system are designed by a user
friendly software interface.
3.14.1 Embedded C
It is a set of language extensions for the C Programming language by the C standards
committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for different
embedded system. Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard extensions
to the C language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple
distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations.
In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended the C language to address these issues
by providing a common standard for all implementation to adhere to. It includes a number of
features not available in normal C, Such as, fixed point arithmetic, named address spaces,
and basic I/O hardware addressing. Embedded C uses most of the syntax and semantics of
standard c. e.g., main() function, variable definition, data type declaration, conditional
statements (if, switch, case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and strings, structures and
bit operations, macros, etc.
3.14.2 Necessity
During infancy of microprocessor based system, programs were developed using
assemblers and fused into the EPROMs. There used to be no mechanism to find what the

programs were doing. LEDs, switches, etc., were used to check for correction of extension of
the program. Some very fortunate developers had In-Circuit but they were too costly and
were not quite reliable as well. As time progressed, use of microprocessor specific assembly
only as the programming language reduced and embedded system moved onto C as the
embedded programming language of choice. C is the most widely used programming
language for embedded processors.
Assembly is also used but mainly to implement those portions of the code where very
high timing accuracy, code size efficiency are the prime requirements. To overcome this
disadvantage, several high level languages, including C, came up. Some other languages like
PLM, module 2, also came but couldnt find wide acceptance. Among those, C got wide
acceptance for not only embedded systems, but also for desktop applications. Even though C
might have lost its sheen as mainstream language for general purpose applications, it still is
having a strong hold in embedded programming. Due to the wide acceptance of C in the
embedded systems, various kinds of support tools like compilers and cross compilers, ICE,
came up and all facilitated development of embedded systems using C.
Assembly language seems to be an obvious choice for programming embedded

devices. However, use of assembly language is restricted to developing efficient codes in
terms of size and speed. Also, assembly codes lead to higher software development costs and
code portability is not there. Developing small codes are not much a problem, but large
programs become increasingly difficult to manage in assembly language. Finding good
assembly programmers has also become difficult nowadays. Hence high level languages are
preferred for embedded systems programming.
3.14.3 Advantages of Embedded C

It is small and simpler to learn, understand, program and debug.
Compared to assembly language, C code written is more reliable and scalable, more
portable between platforms.
C compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today, and there is a
large pool of experienced c programmers.
Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor independence and is not specific to
any particular microprocessor/microcontroller or any system. This makes it
convenient for a user to develop programs that can run on most of the systems.
It is fairly efficient.
It supports access to I/O and provides ease of management of large embedded

projects.
Java is also used in many embedded systems but Java program requires JVM which
consumes lot of resources, hence it is not used for smaller embedded systems.
Compared to assembly language, C code written is more reliable and scalable, more
portable between different platforms.
3.14.4 Keil Compiler

Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language yo object code.
Desktop compilers produce an output object code for underlying microprocessor, but not for
other microprocessors. i.e., the programs written in one of the HLL like C will compile the
code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86.
Compiler is a program that translates source code into object code. The compiler
derives its name from the way it works, looking at the entire piece of source code and
collecting and reorganising the instruction. See there is a little difference between compiler
and interpreter, Interpreter just interprets whole program at a while compiler analyses and
execute each line of source code in succession, without looking at the entire program.
The advantage of interprets is that they can execute a program immediately. Second
programs produced by compilers run much faster than the same programs executed by an
interpreter. However compilers require some time before an executable program emerges.
Now as compilers translate source code into object code, which is unique for each type of
computer, many compilers are available for the same language.
The Kiel C Compiler for the microcontroller is the most popular C Compiler in the
world. It provides more features than any other C compiler available today. It allows you to
write 8051microcontroller applications in C that, once compiled, have efficiency and speed
of assembly language. The C51 Compiler translates C source files into re-locatable object
modules which contains full symbolic information for debugging with the micro Vision
debugger or an in circuit emulator. In addition to object file, the compiler generates a listing
file which may optically include symbol table and cross reference.

3.14.5 Flow Chart

Results and Discussions
Chapter 4
The following section details the result of the surveys, knowledge gained from this process
of setting up, discussion of the focus groups and further includes an overview of the success
of the experiment.
The system consists of following components:
ARM7 LPC2148 controller

Arduino UNO
GPS Module
GSM Module
Voice Recognition Kit
Infrared Sensor
Water detector
Ultrasonic Sensor
Vibratory Circuit
LCD Display
Figure 4.1: Project Module

Project module of the system is as shown in the Figure 4.1. The complete implemented
system is shown in figure the system consist of ARM7, GPS, GSM, Sensors.
4.1 Infrared Sensor
Figure 4.2: Infrared Sensor
Infrared sensor is as shown Figure 4.2. Infrared sensor is used to navigate the person with the
directions.
4.2 Water sensor
Figure 4.3: Water Sensor used in Arduino

The water sensor is as shown in Figure 4.3. It is used to detect the presence of water and it is
detected through vibrator.
4.3 GPS and GSM
This technology is used to track the location and when vibration is detected longitude
and latitude values is displayed on the Lcd screen as shown in Figure 4.4.
Figure 4.4: LCD Display
Figure 4.5: GSM

Figure 4.6: GPS
4.4 Vibrator Sensor
Figure 4.7: Vibrator Sensor
The vibrator sensor is as shown in Figure 4.7. It detects the presence of water.

4.5 Buzzer
Figure 4.8: Buzzer
The final implementation on the stick is as shown in Figure 4.8. This makes the sound when
there is presence of any obstacle.
Final Stick: The final stick with ultrasonic sensor and the water detector is as shown in
Figure 4.9.
Figure 4.9: Working Model

Conclusion and Future Scope
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Future Scope
5.1 Conclusion
The working model was designed and tested.

Ultrasonic sensor and infrared sensors detect obstacles.
The buzzer rings when the obstacle is detected.
If water presence is found by the detector then vibrator motor is rotated.
GPS and GSM track the present location and the message ACCIDENT
DETECTED is sent to the relevant person.
The implementation brought about here finds its application in making a stick and it
is useful for the visually impaired people and old age people.
5.2 Future Scope
The further applications can be implemented in future as follows:
RFID
Using active RFID indoor navigation can be implemented.
Gyroscope
It is useful in the detection of orientation of the stick.
Antitheft detection
It is used to detect the presence of stick in and around if misplaced.
Accelerometer
An accelerometer is an electromechanical device that will measure acceleration
forces. These forces may be static, like the constant force of gravity pulling at your
feet, or they could be dynamic - caused by moving or vibrating the accelerometer.
Heat Detection
If any heat object is detected it can be sensed and it can be given instructed to the
person for his cautious about the heat.

References
References
[1] Ayat Nada, Ahmed Farag Seddik, Samia Mashali, and Mahmoud A. Fakhr, "Effective
Fast Response Smart Stick for Blind People," in Proceedings of the Second
International Conference on Advances in Bio-Informatics and Environmental
Engineering (ICABEE), Rome, 2015, pp. 1-7.
[2] Pankaj Patil, Kunal Bonage, Bhimsen Gire, and Pranjali R Phirke, "Voice Navigation
Stick for Blind," International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, vol. 7,
no. 1, pp. 302-309, January 2015.
[3] P. A. Silpa and Anoop Thomas, "Realization of Image Processing Platform on ARM9
for Face Recognition," , Cochin, 2014, pp. 80-83.
[4] Pushkar Singh and Sanghamitra Saikia, "Arduino-Based Smart Irrigation Using Water
Flow Sensor, Soil Moisture Sensor, Temperature Sensor and ESP8266 WiFi Module,"
in Humanitarian Technology Conference (R10-HTC), Noida, 2016, pp. 1-4.
[5] Jie Yang, Weiyi Yang, Matthias Denecke, and Alex Waibel, "Smart Sight: A Tourist
Assistant System," in The Third International Symposium Digest of Papers, San
Francisco, 1999, pp. 73-78.
[6] Juthamas Punwilai, Tamotsu Noji, and Hiroyuki Kitamura, "The Design of a Voice
Navigation System for the Blind in Negative Feelings Environment," in 9th
International Symposium on Communications and Information Technology, Icheon,
june 2009, pp. 53-58.
[7] Vaishali Adagale and Sanjivani Mahajan, "Route Guidance System for Blind People
using GPS and GSM," International Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
and Telecommunications, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 16-21, April 2015.
[8] A. Sangami, M. Kavithra, K. Rubina, and S. Sivaprakasam, "Obstacle Detection and

Location Finding for Blind People," International Journal of Innovative Research in
Computer and Communication Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 119-123, March 2015.
[9] Ayat A. Nada, Mahmoud A. Fakhr, and Ahmed F. Seddik, "Assistive Infrared Sensor
Based Smart Stick for Blind People," in Science and Information Conference (SAI),
London, UK, July 2015, pp. 1149-1154.
[10] Harsh Singhal and Dr. Rahul Dayal, "Development of Low Cost Stick for Blind using
Smart Sensors giving Protection from Water and Fire," International Journal of
Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 196-199, July/August

References
2016.
[11] Daniel Busuttil, Glenn Camilleri, and Mario Farrugia, "Mechatronics for Water
Injection in SI Engine," in Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on
Mechatronics , Brno, 2014, pp. 308-313.
[12] Ananth Noorithaya, Kishore Kumar M, and Dr. Sreedevi A, "Voice Assisted Navigation
System for the Blind," in Proceedings of International Conference on Circuits,
Communication, Control and Computing, Bangalore, 2014, pp. 177-181.
[13] Shruti Dambhare and Prof. A.Sakhare, "Smart stick for Blind: Obstacle Detection,
Artificial vision and Real-time assistance via GPS," in 2nd National Conference on
Information and Communication Technology (NCICT), Nagpur, 2011, pp. 31-33.

Annexures
Annexures
A.ARM7 LPC2148
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 microcontrollers are based on a 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S

CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combine the microcontroller
with embedded high-speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB. A 128-bit wide
memory interface and a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code execution at the
maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative 16-bit Thumb mode
reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty. Due to their tiny size
and low power consumption, LPC2141/42/44/46/48 are ideal for applications where
miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and point-of-sale. Serial
communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full-speed device, multiple UARTs,
SPI, SSP to I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB, make these devices very well
suited for communication gateways and protocol converters, soft modems, voice recognition
and low end imaging, providing both large buffer size and high processing power. Various
32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO
lines with up to nine edge or level sensitive external interrupt pins make these
microcontrollers suitable for industrial control systems.
Features and description
16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.

8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash memory.
128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.
In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot
loader software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming of
256 Bytes in 1 ms.
Embedded IC and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the
on-chip Real Monitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution.
USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM. In
addition, the LPC2146/48 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by
DMA.

Annexures
One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of 6/14
analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 ms per channel.
Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).
Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32kHz clock input.
B. Arduino:
Arduino is the controller used both at the transmitting and receiving end. Arduino
encodes and decodes signals at the transmitting and receiving end respectively for further
processing. It is a series of credit card sized single board computer. Arduino can be coded in
many different languages like python, C++, JAVA and there are many different versions of
this controller. It is a multiport device which is capable of handling audio, video,
transmitting and receiving data.
Arduino UNO
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board shown in above figure is based on the
ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM
outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an
ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-
to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Annexures
Technical Specifications
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Maximum supply voltage 20V
(not recommended)
Supply voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40mA
DC Current for 3.3V 50mA
Flash Memory 32KB (ATmega) of which 0.5KB used by boot loader
SRAM 2KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16Mhz
Power:
The Arduino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non- USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mmcentre-positive plug into the
boards power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and Vin headers of the
POWER connector.
The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7v,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become unstable. If
using more than 12v, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The
recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
Vin: The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when its using an external
power source(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated

Annexures
power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via
the power jack, access it through this pin.
5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can
be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7-12V), the USB connector
(5V),or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your board. We dont
advise it.
3.3V: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA
GND: Ground pins.
IOREF: this pin on the Arduino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin
voltage and select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the
outputs to work with the 5V or 3.3V.
Memory:
The ATMEGA 328 has 32KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also has 2
KB of SRAM and 1KB of EEPROM (which can read and written with the EEPROM
library).
Input and output:
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pin mode
digital write, and digital read functions. They operate at 5volts. Each pin can provide or
receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has internal pull-up resistor
(disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40 mA is the value that must not
be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.
In addition, some pins have specialized functions:
Serial-0(RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATMEGA 8U2 USB-to-
TTL serial chip.
External interrupts-2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.

Annexures
PWM-3, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 11: provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite()
function.
SPI-10 (SS),11(MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication using the SPI library.
LED-13: there is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, its off.
TWI-A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin: supports TWI communication using the
wire library.
Programming:
The Arduino Uno uses Arduino software IDE 1.8.2. The board comes pre-programmed
with an RTOS that handles USB connection and allows us to upload new code without the
use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the DFU software.
APR33a Audio Processor:
Todays consumers demand the best in audio/voice. They want crystal-clear sound
wherever they are in whatever format they want to use. APLUS delivers the technology to
enhance a listeners audio/voice experience. The aPR33A series are powerful audio
processor along with high performance audio analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and
digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The aPR33A series are a fully integrated solution
offering high performance and unparalleled integration with analog input, digital processing
and analog output functionality. The aPR33A series incorporates all the functionality
required to perform demanding audio/voice applications. High quality audio/voice systems
with lower bill-of-material costs can be implemented with the aPR33A series because of its
integrated analog data converters and full suite of quality-enhancing features such as sample-
rate convertor. The aPR33A series C2.0 is specially designed for simple key trigger, user can
record and playback the message averagely for 1, 2, 4 or 8 voice message(s) by switch, It is
suitable in simple interface or need to limit the length of single message, e.g. toys, leave
messages system, answering machine etc. Meanwhile, this mode provides the power-
management system. Users can let the chip enter power-down mode when unused. It can
effectively reduce electric current consuming to 15uA and increase the using time in any
projects powered by batteries.

Annexures
C.Audio Processor
Audio Processor (aPR33A)
Features:
Operating Voltage Range: 3V ~ 6.5V

Single Chip, High Quality Audio/Voice Recording & Playback Solution
No External ICs Required
Minimum External Components
User Friendly, Easy to Use Operation
Programming & Development Systems Not Required
170/ 340/ 680 sec. Voice Recording Length in aPR33A1/aPR33A2/aPR33A3
Powerful 16-Bits Digital Audio Processor.
Non-volatile Flash Memory Technology
No Battery Backup Required
External Reset pin.
Powerful Power Management Unit
Very Low Standby Current: 1uA
Low Power-Down Current: 15uA
Supports Power-Down Mode for Power Saving
Annexures
Built-in Audio-Recording Microphone Amplifier

No External OPAMP or BJT Required
Easy to PCB layout
Configurable analog interface
Differential-ended MIC pre-amp for Low Noise
High Quality Line Receiver
High Quality Analog to Digital, DAC and PWM module
Resolution up to 16-bits
Simple And Direct User Interface
Averagely 1,2,4 or 8 voice messages record & playback
Record Message:
During the REC pin drove to VIL, chip in the record mode. When the message pin (M0,
M1, M2 to M7) drove to VIL in record mode, the chip will playback beep tone and
message record starting. The message record will continue until message pin released or full
of this message, and the chip will playback beep tone 2 times to indicate the message
record finished. If the message already exist and user record again, the old ones message
will be replaced. The following fig. showed a typical record circuit for 8-message mode. We
connected a slide-switch between REC pin and VSS, and connected 8 tact-switches between
M0 ~ M7 pin and VSS. When the slide-switch fixed in VSS side and any tact-switch will be
pressed, chip will start message record and until the user releases the tact-switch.

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Design and Implementation of a Programmable Smart Stick

for Visually Impaired using ARM7

A Project Work submitted to

Visvesvaraya Technological University

Under the Guidance of

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and

_____________________ ______________________ __________________

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

the students of eight semester BE (Electronics and Communication Engineering)

Sl. No. Reg. No. Name of Student Signature with Date

3 1KG13EC104 Sunil Kumar S

We take great pleasure in expressing our sincere thanks to Dr S. N. Sridhara,

SUNIL KUMAR S 1KG13EC104

ARM Advanced Risk Machine

GPS Global Positioning System

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

ICs Integrated Circuits

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

LED Light Emitting Diode

RFID Radio Frequency Identification

RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer

SIM Subscriber Identification Module

UART Universal Asynchronous Receive and Transmit

USB Universal Serial Bus

1.1 Existing Problem

1.2 Proposed Solution to the Problem

Dept. of ECE, K.S. School of Engineering and Management Page 1

1.3 Scope of the Project

Whenever the matter of integration of systems comes to mind, we think of a system

Accuracy: GPS navigates accurately in both indoor and outdoor environments.

Dept. of ECE, K.S. School of Engineering and Management Page 3

1.5 Organization of the Report

Dept. of ECE, K.S. School of Engineering and Management Page 4

2.1 Literature on Earlier Cane Guides

2.2 Literature on ARM7

2.3 Literature on Arduino

Arduino is an open source physical computing platform based on a simple

Dept. of ECE, K.S. School of Engineering and Management Page 6

contains ATmega328 microcontroller chip with a clock speed of 16 MHz, which

2.4 Literature on GPS

2.5 Literature on GSM System for Mobile

A GSM network consists of several functional entities, whose functions and

Dept. of ECE, K.S. School of Engineering and Management Page 7

Voice calls for users.

2.5.1 GSM ANTENNA

2.5.2 GSM/GPRS Modem Features:

Dept. of ECE, K.S. School of Engineering and Management Page 8

Wavelength () = Speed of Light / Frequency

Wavelength () = 2.99792458 / 920000000 = ~0.325861367 = ~0.3meters [7] [8].

2.6 Literature on Sensors

2.6.1 Infrared Sensor

Dept. of ECE, K.S. School of Engineering and Management Page 9

Figure 2.1: Mechanism of IR Sensor

2.6.2 Water Sensor

Figure 2.2: Principle of Water Pit Sensing

Dept. of ECE, K.S. School of Engineering and Management Page 10

2.6.3 Ultrasonic Sensor

The principle of operation of ultrasound waves are generated by piezoelectric

2.7 Literature on Voice Recognition Kit (APR33A)

Dept. of ECE, K.S. School of Engineering and Management Page 11

2.8 Aim, Objectives and Methodology

Methodology for Objective 2:

_