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45
KoG122008 A. Bayar: On the Trigonometric Functions in Maximum Metric
y
Since the slope of radial line passing through point (x, y)
does not change, tangent function does not depend on the 1
Also, one can obtain easily msine function by using the 1 in Euclidean metric. Clearly, The Pythagorean iden-
identity (3) as tity follows simply from equation of the m unit circle
max{|x| , |y|} = 1, giving us
tan , 4 6 < 4 max{|cosm x| , |sinm x|} = 1,
4 6< 4
3
1,
sinm = (4) and applying the tangent identity (2), we have
tan , 4 6 < 5
3
4
4 6< 4 .
5 7
1
max{1, |tanm x|} = |secm x| .
The graphs of mcosine and msine are presented in Fig- Since the tangent function does not change in the maxi-
ure 2 and Figure3. mum metric, the Euclidean identity
y tan u tanv
tan(u v) =
1
1 tanu tan v
holds in the maximum metric. Applying (2) to both sides,
this equation can be rewritten and simplified as
0 x
sinm u sinm v
sinm (u v) cosm u cosm v sinm u cosm u sinm v cosm v
= sinm u sinm v
=
cosm (u v) 1 cos u cos v
cosm u cosm v sinm u sinm v
m m
-1
and since the fractions on both sides are in the lowest
Figure 2: The graph of y = cosm x terms, we can equate numerator and denominator. So, the
46
KoG122008 A. Bayar: On the Trigonometric Functions in Maximum Metric
positive direction of the x- axis on m unit circle, we can and by using the identity
define the general cosine and sine functions as follows:
cos2m +sin2m = 1 + tan2 = sec2 ,
mcos = cosm ( + ). cosm sinm ( + ). sinm max{|cos( + )| , |sin( + )|}
msin = sinm ( + ). cosm + cosm ( + ). sinm . k0 = k.
max{|cos )| , |sin |}
(6)
is obtained in terms of the Euclidean sine and cosine func-
In these definitions, since + and are in standard po- tions.
sition, the value of mcos( + ),mcos,msin( + ) and The following corollary shows how one can find the max-
msin are calculated by using (3) and (4). If = 0, then imum length, after a rotation of a line segment through an
mcos = cosm and msin = sinm since is in standard angle in standard form.
position. The general definitions for other trigonometric
functions for the angles which are not in standard position Corollary: Let OA be a line segment on the x-axis. If OA0
can be given similarly. is the image of OA under the rotation through an angle
Consequently, the general definitions of trigonometric then
functions can be given by defining angles with the ref-
k
erence angle in maximum metric. dm (O, A0 ) = p = k max{|cos | , |sin |}.
cos + sin2
2
It is well known that all rotations and translations preserve
the Euclidean distance. But , if a line segment is rotated ,
P ROOF : Using the value = 0 in the theorem, the corol-
the length of it changes in non-Euclidean metrics. Thus,
lary is obtained.
the change of a line segment length after rotation is given
by the following theorem: Consequently, this paper on the trigonometric functions in
maximum metric provides good facilities for further works
on the subjects as norm, inner product, cosine theorem and
Theorem 1 Let OA be a line segment, not on the x-axis
area of triangles in maximum metric.
with reference angle and dm (O, A) = k. If OA0 is the im-
age of OA under the rotation through the angle , then
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KoG122008 A. Bayar: On the Trigonometric Functions in Maximum Metric
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