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COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
K.Abhigna
P.Karuna Sree.
email id: konaabhigna@yahoo.com
email id:karu_pola@yahoo.com
contact no : 9985947827
contact no : 9985046012
III/IV Btech, ECE.
III/IVBtech,ECE.
JNTU,Anantapur.
JNTU,Anantapur
1.Abstract : This paper gives a brief idea of how the mobi le communication has evolved,its generations. Different
generations have been developing since then each generation coming out overcoming previous generation
drawbacks.One such technology in fourth generation is OFDM. OFDM based technique looks more promisi ng as
a 4G standard surpassing the 3G standards .So,a complete review of OFDM is provided explaining its spectrum
utilization,transmitter,receiver,its mathematical description,advantages and disadvantages.This paper presents
how signals are multiplexed usi ng OFDM and transmitted using MIMO technology.We discussed MIMO
technology,its transmission,advantages and disadvantages. Different multiple access techniques like
TDMA,FDMA,CDMA,SDMA are discussed.and finally the various fields that are being explored to improve the
utility of 4G systems.
2.Introduction to mobile communication : 3.3 Third generation (3G) :These systems provide faster
There is tremendous growth in mobile communication since 1980. communication services which include: voice ,fax
Digital services started replacing the analog services ones. The ,internet.Momentous capacity , Broadband capabilities to
evolution began with the first radio ph one service which was support greater numbers of voice and data customers .
introduced in the 1940s. It is not efficient for data Transfer Why Did 3G fail ?
applications like mobile communication because of the low data 1.High input fees for the 3G service licenses;
rates provided by 2G technology.The data rates worsen at 2.Current high debt of many telecommunication companies;
inappropiate weather condtions. Due to this disadvantage new 3.Challenge to build the necessary infrastructure for 3 G
technologies which have come into picture have increased speed. The 4. Expense and bulk of 3G phones
first is 2.5G (GPRS) technology it allows data transfer at a faster rate 5.Lack of coverage because it is still new service;
than GSM . Further enhancements to GSM networks are provided by 6.High prices of 3G mobile services in some countries
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (E DGE) technology. EDGE 3.4 Fourth generation:
provides up to three times the data capacity of GPRS .This 1.support Interactive services like Video Conferencing (with
technology is being launched in india for the first time by vodofone more than 2 sites simultaneous ly), Wireless Internet,etc.
corporation for its users .There after 3G (WCDMA/UMTS) 2.The bandwidth would be much wider (100 MHz) and data
technology has come into existence. The maximum data transfer would be transferred at much higher rates.
which can be done with 3G technology is 2Mbps. The 4G 3. The cost of the data transfer would be comparatively very
technology promises data transfer of up to 100Mbps to 1Gbps . less and global mobility would be possible.
Switching Packet domain. These symbols are used as the inputs to an IFFT
Circuit/Packet block that brings the signal into the timedomain.The IFFT
Mobile top 200 takes in N symbols at a time where N is the number of
200 kmph
speeds kmph subcarriers in the system. Each of these N input symbols has a
symbol period of T seconds. T he basis functions for an IFFT
4.OFDM: are N orthogonal sinusoids. These sinusoids each have a
4.1 Introduction: different frequency and the lowest frequency is DC. Each
OFDM uses the technique in which the data is spread over number of input symbol acts like a complex weight for the corresponding
carriers which are at specific predefined frequencies. Orthogonal sinusoidal basis function. Since the input symbols are
means the perpendicular nature of the signal, where in the modulate complex, the value of the symbol determines both the
frequencies are perpendicular to each other. This reduces or amplitudeamplitude and phase of the sinusoid for that
eliminates the cross talk .But if the transmitter or the receiver is in subcarrier. The IFFT output is the summation of all N
motion, or in a vehicle there is one problem of intersymbol sinusoids. Thus, the IFFT block provides a simple way to
interference, since the frequency changes as per the motion between modulate data onto N orthogonal subca rriers. The block of N
the transmitter and the receiver. Thus the performance is poor due to output samples from the IFFT make up a single OFDM
the forward Fourier transform . valued. Real-valued low-pass equivalent signals are typically
transmitted at
Peak to average power ratio (PARA) is high channel input and output relationship is
linear transmission ‘H’ is a ‘t’ x ‘r’ matrix which describes the fading
Power and Capacity is wasted due to the guard band gain, ‘z’ is the Gaussian noise.The difference between single -
user and multi-user communications is, in a single -user, the
Guard band can consume up to 20% of transmitted power
multiple inputs and outputs of a vector channel may be
and bandwidth
correspond to be different i.e. transmitting and receiving
5.MIMO:
antennas, carrier frequencies and time slots. Due to the fact
5.1 Introduction:
that the data stems from a single user, intelligent signaling at
MIMO means multiple input and multiple output transmission.
the transmitter can be performed. Multiple antennas can also
MIMO is a method in which multiple antennas are used for wireless
be employed for increasing the system diversity degree and
communication over the channel. This is a technology in which
therefore they enhance the link performance. The reliability of
migrating the negative effect s of the wireless channel, providing
the link can also be improved by beam -forming, this enlarges
better link quality and /or higher data rate without consumin g extra
the signal to noise ratio. Due to this several data streams can
bandwidth or transmitting power.
be multiplexed over spatially separated channels in order to
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels or Vector channels,
multiply data rate without increasing the bandwidth.
these represent a wide range of applications. In some special cases
they also include MISO (Multiple -Input Single-Output), SISO
6. Multiple Access Techniques:It can be seen that transmission streams with a specific sequence called spreading codes
of multiple data streams which share a common medium are (Spread Spectrum technique). The signals can be distinguished
separated/or managed by multiplexing techniques in both single -user by assigning them individually which opens a third dimension,
or multiple access techniques in multi -user communications. To as seen in the below Figure. This would lead us to orthogonal
ensure reliable communication, most of the systems try to avoid codes, ensuring a parallel transmission for different users.
interference by choosing orthogonal acces s schemes so that there is
no multiple access interference (MAI) or disturbance in the
transmission. However, in many cases, orthogonality cannot be
maintained due to the influence of the mobile channel.
Fig.10 Multiple access according to code division
6.1.Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) and Multiple Ac cess
6.4.Space Division Multiplexing (SDM) and Multiple
(TDMA) : Data to be transmitted is divided into packets and each
Access (SDMA) This scheme exploits the resources in space.
data packet is assigned to a slot, users can also occupy several slots.
Data streams can simultaneously access the channel in the
Defined number “N” slots are build in a frame, which are
same frequency band, provided the location of transmit and
periodically repeated. So each user has access to the sha red medium
receive
in periodical manner. A guard interval of length ∆T is inserted in the
Principle of space division multiple access antennas are
slots to avoid interference between them.
appropriately chosen. This requirement is sometimes difficult
to fulfill in mobile environment, as the users change their
position during the connection.. Mutual interference is likely
to occur in Space division multiple access (SDMA) systems.
Fig.8 Multiple access according to timedivision The well-known (GSM) Communications and (DCS)
6.2.Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) and Multiple Access standards both combined with TDMA and FDMA. In UMTS
(FDMA) : In this frequency axis is divided into Nf sub-bands each or IMT-2000 systems, CDMA is used in connection with
of width B as shown in the Figure.T he data packets are distributed on TDMA and FDMA. While T DMA, FDMA, and CDMA have
different frequency bands .In mobile environments, the signal already been used for a fairly long time, SDMA and rather
bandwidth is spread by the Doppler Effect, so the gaps of an recent in comparison it is yet to be exploited in practical
appropriate width of are obtained. This effect is done at the expense purposes.
of reduced spectral efficiency which is required for Frequency
division multiple accesses (FDMA).
centric (GPS and more) capabilities as well. The OFDM technology Communication Technologies . : PHS.
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freedom to select their own style of services irrespective of network Michael Pugel