1.

1 Background of Problem
Acid and alkali are very important environment parameters in the daily life.
Water, soils, wastes, as well as foods, such as fruits and vegetables, can contain acid nor
alkali. The concentration of acid can be known using alkali as the titrant would also the
otherwise. The concentration of alkali can be known using acid as the titrant. Those
things can be learned in the acidy-alkalimetry or in the equilibrium of acid and alkali
learning material. The purposes of this experiment is to analyze the concentration of the
samples and also the acidity and alkalinity of the samples. The benefit that can be
gotten from this experiment is knowing the concentration of a substance in the samples.

1.2 Titration
Titration is a way to determine the concentration of a sample volumetrically using
another solution which the concentration is already known. Acidy Alkalimetry is one of
titration methods based on neutralization reaction between titrant and titrated substance.
Acidimetry is a determination of the alkalis concentration in a solution using acid
solution which the concentration is already known as the titrant. Whereas alkalimetry is
a determination of the acids concentration in a solution using alkali solution which the
concentration is already known. In a solution, the presence of NaOH, NaCO, and
NaHCO can be single substance. But often exist together. Those things can be
identified after the substances is titrated by HCl. Indicator is a substance used to
determine when the titrations end point is reached that showed by the color change.
The indicators that will be used in acidy-alkalimetry titration are PP (Phenolphtalein)
and MO (Methyl Orange).
1.3 Types of Titration
1.3.1 Acid-Base Titration
To determine the content of a specific acid such as hydrochloric acid or a
base, such as sodium hydroxide, in a liquid, chemists opt for acid-base titration.
When analyzing a solution for acid, the process is called acidimetry; when
analyzing for a base it is called alkalimetry. In this type of titration a reagent is
added until the sample solution reaches a specified pH level. This type of
titration relies on a pH meter or a dye to track the change in pH. Like litmus
paper, the dye will change to a certain color once the correct pH has been
reached.

1.3.2 Oxidation-Reduction Titration

Also known a redox titration, this form of titration relies on a gain or loss
of electrons within a sample to find out what is in the sample. Redox titration
can be used to study contamination in drinking water or the concentration of
metals within a solution. This type of titration has many names depending on the
substance used to cause the observable change during titration. For example, in
permanganate titrations, potassium permanganate -- a form of salt -- causes a
reaction that can show how much hydrogen peroxide is in a sample.

1.3.3 Precipitation Titration

In precipitation titration, a reagent is added to a sample until a reaction
occurs that causes a solid to precipitate from -- or "fall out" -- of the sample.
Precipitation titration can determine the amount of salts in a solution, how much
chloride is in drinking water and the amount of specific metals within a sample.
This is a another form of titration that can have different names depending on
the reagent being used. For example, argentometric titrations use silver nitrate --
silver's Latin name is "argentum." When the silver nitrate is added to a sample
that contains sodium chloride, a reaction occurs causing white solids of silver
chloride to precipitate from the solution.
 1.3.4 Complexometric Titrations
This type of titration is similar to precipitation titration in that a solid
precipitates out of the sample when a reagent is added. The difference is that in
complexometric titration, the solid is formed more quickly and more completely
than in precipitation titration, which reduces errors in measurement.
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, an acidic powder better known as EDTA, is
commonly used in this type of titration because it readily bonds with metals.
This type of titration can be used to measure the ingredients within soaps and
detergents.

1.4 Acid-Base Titration

An acidbase titration is the determination of the concentration of an acid or base
by exactly neutralizing the acid or base with an acid or base of known concentration.
This allows for quantitative analysis of the concentration of an
unknown acid or base solution. It makes use of the neutralization reaction that occurs
between acids and bases. Acidbase titrations can also be used to find percent purity of
chemicals.

1.4.1 Alkalimetry and Acidimetry

Alkalimetry and acidimetry are a kind of volumetric analysis in which the
fundamental reaction is a neutralization reaction. Alkalimetry is the specialized
analytic use of acid-base titration to determine the concentration of a basic
(synonymous to alkaline) substance. Acidimetry, sometimes spelled acidometry,
is the same concept of specialized analytic acid-base titration, but for an acidic
substance.

1.4.2 Equipment
The key equipment used in a titration are:
Burette
White tile used to see a colour change in the solution
Pipette
pH indicator (the one used varies depending on the reactants)
Erlenmeyer flask/ Conical flask
Titrant or titrator (a standard solution of known concentration, a common one

is aqueous sodium carbonate)

Analyte or titrand (solution of unknown concentration)
1.4.3 Method
Before starting the titration a suitable pH indicator must be chosen.
The equivalence point of the reaction, the point at which equivalent amounts of
the reactants have reacted, will have a pH dependent on the relative strengths of
the acid and base used. The pH of the equivalence point can be estimated using
the following rules:
A strong acid will react with a strong base to form a neutral (pH = 7) solution.
A strong acid will react with a weak base to form an acidic (pH < 7) solution.
A weak acid will react with a strong base to form a basic (pH > 7) solution.
When a weak acid reacts with a weak base, the equivalence point solution
will be basic if the base is stronger and acidic if the acid is stronger. If both are
of equal strength, then the equivalence pH will be neutral. However, weak acids
are not often titrated against weak bases because the colour change shown with
the indicator is often quick, and therefore very difficult for the observer to see
the change of colour.
The point at which the indicator changes colour is called the end point. A
suitable indicator should be chosen, preferably one that will experience a change
in colour (an end point) close to the equivalence point of the reaction.
First, the burette should be rinsed with the standard solution, the pipette
with the unknown solution, and the conical flask with distilled water.
Secondly, a known volume of the unknown concentration solution should
be taken with the pipette and placed into the conical flask, along with a small
amount of the indicator chosen.
The known solution should then be allowed out of the burette, into the
conical flask. At this stage we want a rough estimate of the amount of this
solution it took to neutralize the unknown solution. The solution should be let
out of the burette until the indicator changes colour and the value on the burette
should be recorded. This is the first (or rough) titration volume and should be
excluded from any calculation.
At least three more titrations should be performed, this time more
accurately, taking into account roughly where the end point will occur. The
initial and final readings on the burette (prior to starting the titration and at the
end point, respectively) should be recorded. Subtracting the initial volume from
the final volume will yield the amount of titrant used to reach the end point. The
end point is reached when the indicator just changes colour permanently.
Acidbase titration is performed with a bromthymol blue indicator, when
it is a strong acid strong base titration, a phenolphthalein indicator in weak
 acid strong base reactions, and a methyl orange indicator for strong acid
weak base reactions. If the base is off the scale, i.e. a pH of >13.5, and the acid
has a pH >5.5, then an Alizarine yellow indicator may be used. On the other
hand, if the acid is off the scale, i.e. a pH of <0.5, and the base has a pH <8.5,
then a Thymol Blue indicator may be used.

1.5 Used of Acid-Base Titration

Pharmacists use titration to achieve a desired mix of compound drugs. Doctors will
often employ titration to determine the correct proportion of different medicines in
an intravenous drip. Titration is also used to monitor blood glucose levels in
patients with diabetes, as well as in pregnancy tests and other applications of
urinalysis.

Titration can be used to define oils, fats and similar substances. Specific titration
procedures exist to test free fatty acid content, unsaturated fatty acids and trace
amounts of water. Titration is also used to determine the estimated chain length of
fatty acids in a fat. Other uses of titration in the food industry include tests for the
amount of salt or sugar, and the concentration of vitamin C or E, in a product.
Titration is also used in wine and cheese production to test the product's readiness
for consumption.
 Titration can be employed in biology labs, where it is used to determine the proper
concentration of chemicals to anesthetize test animals. Anesthetic agents are mixed
and tested until the desired compound appropriate to a given animal is achieved. In
high school chemistry classes, titration is often used as a test of students' practical
aptitude. It is a standard procedure, requiring adherence to instructions and proper
handling of substances, and its easily measurable results can quickly indicate
whether or not the procedure was followed according to instructions.
 Titration is used in the production of biodiesel to determine the acidity of waste
vegetable oil, one of the primary ingredients in biodiesel production. By testing a
small sample with pH paper, the pH of the entire batch can be measured and the
amount of base needed to achieve the desired pH can be determined.

Titration is used to test the underwater environment in fresh water and marine
aquariums. Properties such as water pH and concentration of ammonia, nitrates and
nitrites are measured and then corrected to ensure the survival of marine life being
kept in the aquarium.