Your English Supplement

Volume 2
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02
22 pages of
EXERCISES

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THE PSYCHOLOGY OF FOOD
Thinking with your stomach
YOU ARE FOOD ADULTERATION
Hope its only horsemeat!
WHAT
YOU EAT HEALTH
10 secrets to losing weight
FAT CATS & FAT TAX
The politics of food
COMPETITIVE EATING
THE GRAMMAR OF FOOD
Word building, false friends,
phrasal verbs, confusing words
and more

BURMA
Paradise Lost
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GENERAL
YES Volume No. 2
4 How to Use Your English Supplement

CONTENTS
This page should help you to navigate the magazine in
6
7
10
Current Affairs Contents
News, Anecdotes and Language News
Science News: archaeology, food and health,
fitness and health and animal psychology
general. Notice that on pages 6, 21, 64, 87 and 111 there 14 Internet News
are more details for each section of the magazine. 16 Politics: fat taxes, sugar taxes and fat cats
18 Economics

21 Culture Contents
22 Feature: how to lose weight sensibly
24 Health: the adulteration of food
26 Psychology: how food affects
your mind and your mood
28 Ecology: the future of meat
30 Sports: competitive eating
32 History: a potted history of food
36 Music: story-telling songs
38 Travel: Burma
42 Art: Still Life
22 28 46 Society: the Profumo Affair
50 Poetry: Wordsworths Daffodils
54 Biography: Mrs Beetons Secrets
56 Life: all about pigs
58 Explorers & Adventurers: Ney Elias
60 Cinema: ethnicity & the movies

64 Grammar Contents
65 US vs. UK: illustrated food words
68 Word building and semantic fields
38 42 70 English in Context: cutting and cooking terms
72 False Friends: confusing culinary cognates
74 Confusing words: food, meal, plate,
dish and course
75 Phrasal verbs: food-related multi-word verbs
78 Translation: correcting broken English
80 Idioms: euphonic alternatives
84 Etymology: everyday food terms

85 Subscription Information
86 Picture Description
46 56
87 Audio Scripts Contents
88 Audio Scripts
Audio Download Code: Yes2_b52k_05
To download the audio files for this issue, please go to the 111 Exercises Contents
'Downloads' page on www.yes-mag.com for instructions. 112 Exercises
You will need the code given above to access the files.
134 Staff and contact addresses
www.yes-mag.com // facebook.com/YesZine // @yeszine 135 In next months issue

YES 2 | 3
 of the Dead
The Tube can also be macabre...

How to Use Death on the Tracks

Your English Supplement

Metro systems the world over1 attract the suicidal.
Underground workers use the euphemism a one-under
to refer to someone who has thrown himself or herself
under a Tube train. 2 Kings Cross and Victoria stations
attract the most suicides.
The Grea
There was
SYMBOLS in North L
Each page-long article in the magazine has been ging4 unde
created to be used more or less independently hundred
so that you can learn and practise even if Black Deat
you only have five or ten minutes free.
Spectral
At the same time, the symbols below allow you to Meanwhil
develop a theme you are interested in more extensively. ghosts. Th
Teachers can use these symbols to instantly prepare at Farringd
a class or classes around a common theme. pieces by h
Sarah Whi
Philip, was
Photo by Tzortzis searching
said to vis
death11 in
a noisy bu
Exercise (at the end Speaking extension.
of the magazine). Test A question aimed at Follow
and consolidate what provoking a group
you have learned. discussion of the 1
the world
topic in question. the world
2
in New Yo
macabre;
track pizz
3
to be mea
posed to b
4
to dig (dig
5
to run into
encounter
Downloadable audio This arrow directs you 6
plague pi
file (see also audio to other related articles Photo by Sunil060902

scripts). There are in the magazine.

69-70 23 6
recommendations on
how best to use the
audio files on p. 87.

ABBREVIATIONS KEY
These are the only
abbreviations you
have to know to use
Listening extension this magazine:
(Internet). Once youve sb. = somebody
learned the basic sth. = something
vocabulary of a topic, swh. = somewhere
why not listen to [U] = uncountable noun
further discussions? [C] = countable noun

4 | YES 2
Metro systems the world over attract the suicidal.
Underground workers use the euphemism a one-under
to refer to someone who has thrown himself or herself
under a Tube train. 2 Kings Cross and Victoria stations
attract the most suicides.
FOOTNOTES
The superscript numbers in the text
refer to the footnotes at the bottom
or at the side of the same page. The
footnotes explain the difficult vocabu-
lary as determined by our non-native
proofreaders. Like you, these proof-
readers are learners so they are able
to identify the exact words you need
to know to understand the sentence.
Definitions are given in English, so that
you learn to think in English and these
definitions are then checked by the
non-native proofreaders to ensure that
you will understand them. Some words
are defined by pictures: we use these
visual stimuli when that is the best way
to fix an idea in your memory. Read
the definition or look at the illustration
and then re-read the sentence in ques-
tion. By working with English-language
footnotes you will rapidly increase
your vocabulary and learn how Eng-
lish words relate to each other, all of
which will have a dramatic impact on
1
your fluency and self-confidence .
Some readers find it useful to put
their finger next to the word in the
article that they are looking for in the
footnotes to make it easier to return Photo by Sunil060902
to the text afterwards. Either way, it
69-70 shouldnt
23 be6 difficult to find your place
because the footnotes are numbered
and the words are highlighted in bold.
Notice that the syllables and words that
should be stressed2 are underlined.
Red footnotes give extra cultural
(rather than linguistic) information,
or they refer you to other articles.
Photo by Fish Gravy
The Great Pestilence
There was meant to be3 a Tube station at Muswell Hill
in North London. Unfortunately, when they started dig-
ging4 underground they ran into5 a massive plague pit6
hundreds of skeletons of people who had died of the
Black Death.
Spectral Stations
Meanwhile7, four stations are all said to be haunted8 by
ghosts. The Screaming Spectre of Anne Naylor appears
at Farringdon Station. She was murdered and cut into
pieces by her mistress9 in 1758. Bank Station is home to
Sarah Whiteheads ghost. She was a nun10 whose brother,
Philip, was executed in 1811. Her phantom is supposedly
Photo by Tzortzis searching for him. The spirit of actor William Terriss is
said to visit Convent Garden Tube. He was stabbed to
death11 in 1897. Finally, Elephant & Castle is said to have
a noisy but invisible ghost.
Follow-on: www.underground-history.co.uk
1
the world over all around for victims of the Bubonic
the world Plague
2
in New York they are more 7
meanwhile at the same time
macabre; the term there is 8
to haunt (of ghosts) frequent
track pizza! 9
mistress (in this case)
3
to be meant to be be sup- female boss, lady in whose
posed to be house one works as a servant
4
to dig (dig-dug-dug) excavate 10
nun religious woman who
5
to run into (run-ran-run) typically lives in a convent
encounter 11
to stab sb. to death kill sb.
6
plague pit common grave with a dagger/knife
YES 1 | 37
1
self-confidence self-assurance (opposite of self-doubt, hesitancy)
2
to stress sth. emphasize, underline

Consonants Pure Vowels Dipthongs

PHONEMIC // as in church, watch
SYMBOLS // as in wash, sure, action
// as in judge, gesture
// as in cat /i/ as in ear, here
// as in cut
// as in occur, supply,
/e/ as in air, there

Here are the phonemic // as in measure, vision aroma

symbols that we use /j/ as in yes /:/ as in first, turn, earn
which might cause you // as in thick, path /:/ as in court, warn
problems. // as in this, breathe
// as in sing

YES 2 | 5
CURRENT AFFAIRS
SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION
7 For more on potato parties
watch http://goo.gl/013dX
This section of the magazine offers short - Should potato parties be banned
news stories organized thematically: by the Ministry of Health?

11 For more on the relationship between hunger

and obesity, watch: http://goo.gl/KdpQr

7 Anecdotes 16 An 11-year-old lays out the facts on the

- several humorous anecdotes associated with some food system at: http://goo.gl/4HzuL
of the themes developed later in the magazine.
8 News
- a couple of serious news stories
associated with some of the themes
developed later in the magazine.
9 Language News
- news from the world of linguistics
and language learning.
10 Archaeology News
- keep up with the past
11 Science News: Food & Health
- the results of the latest medical research
12 Science News: Fitness & Health
- the results of the latest medical research
13 Science News: Animal Behaviour
- the most recent discoveries from
the world of animal psychology
EXERCISE 2

14 Internet News
- the latest stories from the Net
15 Internet: The Humble Hashtag
- the secret life of #

16 Politics: White Death

- the case against sugar
17 Politics: Fat Taxes vs. Fat Cats
- the food corporations that provoke diabetes

18 Economics: The Dangers of

High-frequency Trading
- Can machines be trusted to run
the financial markets?
19 Economics: Rational Investment is Stupid
- crazy markets are no place for reasonableness
20 Behavioural Economics:
Confessions of a Shopaholic
- the machinations of marketing
EXERCISE 4

6 | YES 2
Anecdotes

FRENCH CUISINE
IN CRISIS?
For the first time the French are spending more on fast
food than in traditional restaurants. McDonalds is on a
major drive1 to conquer the French market; they have
begun to use Camembert and Comt cheeses as top-
pings2 for their burgers in an attempt3 to Frenchify
the taste. Worse still, this year an Englishman, Matthew
Feroze, became the first foreigner4 ever to win the
Concours National des Fromagers (the National Cheese-
mongers5 Competition). Given the Anglo invasion, no
wonder6 71% of French people want Britain to leave the
European Union, according to a recent poll7 in Le Figaro.

Photo by Matthew Woitunski

Photo by Alexander Chupryna
HONESTY
PAYS
Sarah Darling quickly dropped15 a few coins16 in to the
homeless mans outstretched17 cup in Kansas City,
Missouri, and hurried on to work. After she had disap-
peared Billy Ray Harris, the homeless man in question,
realized18 that Sarah had inadvertently dropped her
diamond engagement ring19 into the cup along with

FAST FOOD the coins. Harris was tempted to pawn20 the ring but
he resisted the urge21 and waited for Sarah to pass by

HARA-KIRI
The young people of South Korea and Japan have
worked out8 a way of turning American fast food into
a deadly9 activity: potato parties. These involve going
into a McDonalds (or similar) ordering large10 quanti-
ties of French fries, pouring them out11 onto commu-
nal plastic trays12 and guzzling13 them. At one such
party in Okayama, a group of youngsters14 bought
60 large10 cartons of fries containing 30,000 calo-
ries and consumed them over a three-hour period.
the next day. Sarahs fianc22 was so grateful to Billy
Ray that he set up23 an online appeal24 hoping to
raise $1000 for the homeless man. However, the story
went viral25 and the account accumulated $150,000.
Mr Harris will now be able to buy himself a house.
SPOILT FOR CHOICE26
In 1955 a Sainsburys supermarket in the UK sold 700
different products. Today it sells over 30,000. Incredibly,
there are 172 different varieties of coffee on sale in Tesco.

1
drive (in this case) campaign determine 16
coins shop and exchange it for
2
topping filling, accompani- 9
deadly lethal 17
outstretched held money
ment, garnish 10
large (false friend) big, great out in front of sb. 21
urge impulse
3
attempt effort 11
to pour sth. 18
to realize (false 22
fianc future husband
4
foreigner (in this case) non- out tip sth., friend) become 23
to set up (set-set-set) create,
French person spread sth. conscious establish
5
cheesemonger sb. who sells out 19
engagement ring ring a man 24
appeal campaign to receive
cheese 12
tray gives to a woman donations of money
6
no wonder it is not surprising 13
to guzzle devour, eat greedily when she agrees to 25
to go viral (go-went-gone)
that 14
youngster young person, marry him propagate through the internet
7
poll questionnaire youth 20
to pawn take sth. 26
to be spoilt for choice have
8
to work out discover, 15
to drop sth. let sth. fall to a (pawnbrokers) too much to choose from

YES 2 | 7
2 p. 6 p. 6
News

WHITE FLIGHT, WHITE FRIGHT13

English speakers have an irresistible urge to create phrases that chime14
because they are easier to remember. However, they are often inaccu-
rate15 and sometimes downright misleading16. Britain is currently in
a stew17 about immigration. The latest buzzword18 is white flight. For
instance 5, Graeme Archer recently wrote in The Daily Telegraph, Imag-
ine if in the next 10 years, the entire population of Glasgow moved out
of the city. Some 600,000 residents all gone. Thats how many white
British people moved out of London between 2001 and 2011. Alarm-
ists say that white Britons now constitute less than half the population
of the British capital. Archer links19 this fact to an increase in very un-
British activities, such as violent attacks on gay people or the election

LET THEM of a mayor20 supported21 by misogynist Islamists in Tower Hamlets.

Lets recapitulate. The term being used is white flight, yet22 the

EAT HORSE
The horsemeat scandal in Europe has a
statistic refers to white Britons. Thats a very narrow23 group which,
incidentally includes people of Irish and Jewish origin (major immi-
grant groups in the past) but excludes the tens of thousands of
long history. Horsemeat was forbidden French, Polish, Spanish and other white EU residents in London.
for Christians by Pope Gregory III in the It excludes the American CEOs24 and Russian oligarchs who keep
8th Century because pagan Germans ate it London prosperous. It also excludes third-generation black Brit-
in ritual sacrifices. Christian Europe then ish people, who are just as British as the rest of us. And anyway,
largely1 rejected horsemeat until the when was gay-bashing25 un-British? Homophobia is prevalent
French Revolution. Napoleon, however, amongst Islamists, ultra-Catholics and... oh, yes, (white) skinheads.
promoted the meat saying that it was
irrational to avoid2 such a useful source3
of protein. Horsemeat was eaten albeit4
by a minority in Britain in the 19th Cen-
tury when horses were work animals.
However, most of Britains horses were
killed in the First World War and after
that surviving horses were considered
pets. A billion people around the world
knowingly eat horsemeat. It is popular
in Italy, for instance 5. The real problem
is not that people may have been eating
horse mince6 but rather7 powdered8
horse. Processed meat is often bulked
up9 with protein powders made from
waste animal tissue10. It is impossible
to know where this powder comes from
unless the supply11 process is properly12
controlled. Enjoy your hamburgers! Photo by Marina Carresi

1
largely (false friend) generally, contrast it is 13
fright fear, alarm, panic 19
to link associate, connect
mostly 8
powdered converted into dry 14
to chime create euphonic 20
mayor /me/ municipal leader
2
to avoid (in this case) not eat particles figures of sound 21
to support back, approve of
3
source (in this case) way of 9
to bulk sth. up increase the 15
inaccurate imprecise, inexact 22
yet (in this case) however, but
obtaining volume of sth. 16
downright misleading 23
narrow restricted, limited
4
albeit even if only 10
animal tissue soft bits of clearly tendentious 24
CEO chief executive officer,
5
for instance for example animals other than meat 17
in a stew anxious, agitated managing director
6
mince ground, triturated 11
supply (adj.) provisioning 18
buzzword newly popular 25
gay-bashing violent
7
but rather (in this case) by 12
properly adequately, correctly expression homophobia

8 | YES 2
2
Language news

NEURONAL
PHONETICS
Researchers at the University of
California in San Francisco have
mapped8 the neuronal activity asso-
ciated with formation of sounds in
English. Creating the sound of each
letter involves controlling the move-
ment of ones tongue, lips9 and vocal
cords, each vowel5 or consonant
requiring different combinations.
Interestingly, the neurons respon-
sible for pronouncing consonants
and vowels are far away from each
other in the brain. The researchers
believe this may explain why slips
of the tongue 10 tend to involve
confusing one vowel sound with
another but not with a consonant.
UN ANGLAIS
IMMORTAL
In 1635 Cardinal Richelieu set up16
the Acadmie Franaise to defend
the purity of the French language.
For decades the unofficial role of the
Acadmie has been to defend French
from the invasion of English words.
Now in a move that might have sur-
prised the Cardinal, an Englishman
from London, Michael Edwards, has
been elected to the Acadmie. The
new immortal is a thorough17 fran-
cophile; he is married to a French-
woman, translates French, writes
poetry in both French and English
and is an expert on Molire, Racine
and Rimbaud. So, vive la diffrence!

Photo by Marc St. Gil

THE DEATH BABEL IN

OF THE CAMBRIDGESHIRE
A school in Peterborough has been

TEXAN DRAWL
Regional accents are on the retreat1
everywhere in the Anglosphere and
the USA is no exception. Researchers-
from the University of Texas in Austin
have found that the Texan drawl2
is in decline. Back in the 1980s 80%
of Texans had a traditional accent.
Now only about 30% do. The cause
is the influx of people from outside
the state and above all3 mass media.
Traditionally, Texans pronounce
declared the first in Britain without a single
pupil who speaks English as a mother
tongue11. The 440 children at Gladstone
primary school have 20 different first
languages including Czech, Portuguese
and several African languages. However,
the linguistic situation is not the calam-
ity many doomsayers12 would expect. Its
academic results were rated13 as good
by Ofsted14. Teachers have been apply-
ing creative solutions such as a buddy
system15 with local English children.
Photo by Mario Herrera

pen as a homophone of pin and

stretch4 their vowels5 so that cat 1
to be on the retreat be in decline 10
slip of the tongue parapraxis, lapsus
2
drawl slow speech with long vowels5 linguae
and trap become /kei t/ and / 3
above all especially 11
mother tongue first language
trei p/. Moreover, traditional Texan 4
to stretch sth. lengthen sth., extend sth. 12
doomsayer (UK English) doomster (US
phrases such as thank you kindly, 5
vowel sound typically represented by a, English), alarmist
fixin to6 and howdy yall7 are e, i, o and u 13
to rate assess, evaluate
also disappearing. The traditional
6
to be fixin to be going to 14
Ofsted the Office for Standards in
7
howdy yall hello Education
Texan accent was the result of the
everyone 15
buddy system pairing of two people so
Southern accent being influenced by 8
to map chart, that one helps the other
Mexican and German immigrants. register 16
to set up (set-set-set) create, establish
9
lips 17
thorough (in this case) profound, total

YES 2 | 9
2
Science | ARCHAEOLOGY

HOW THE DARK

AGES GOT DARKER
There has been a lot of speculation recently about a
massive burst1 of radiation that struck2 the earth back
in 775CE3. The event is not in doubt as it is recorded
both in chronicles, in tree rings and in ice cores4. Previ-
ous options such as a supernova and solar flares5 have
already been ruled out6. Now scientists at the University
of Jena in Germany believe that the cause was the col-
lision between two neutron stars, or possibly between
a neutron star and a black hole. The collision occurred
over 3000 light years away. If it had been closer it would
have had a serious impact on the biosphere and could
have exterminated life on Earth. As it is, the event is
tantalizingly7 close in time to a mini-Ice Age that has
been linked to8 the demise9 of Mayan civilization and
the expansion of the Vikings. The first Norse10 attack on
Britain was in 792, just 17 years after the radiation blast11.
Photo by Marina Carresi Researchers say that if such an event took place12
today it could play havoc with13 the electronic systems
MODERN MAN we depend on. Fortunately, such collisions are very rare.

MANAGED ON14
ROAST RABBIT
One of the great unanswered questions of archaeol-
ogy is why we, Homo sapiens sapiens, survived when
our cousins, Homo sapiens neanderthalis, did not.
Now research from the Durrell Wildlife Conserva-
tion Trust suggests that the bunnies15 might have
made the difference between prosperity and extinc-
tion. Researchers have found that rabbit remains16
are suddenly found in greater abundance than those
of larger17 game18 in prehistoric caves from around
the time the Neanderthals went extinct. They con-
clude that, faced with19 a scarcity of20 larger17 ani-
mals, Cro-Magnon humans turned to21 trapping22
and eating rabbits. For some reason Neanderthals
werent able to do this and therefore23 starved24.
Photo montage by Nick Franklin

1
burst (n.) discharge, blast 11, of the sun occur, happen confronting
salvo, explosion 6
to rule sth. out reject sth., 13
to play havoc with devastate 20
a scarcity of a shortage
2
to strike (strike-struck-struck) refute sth. 14
to manage on survive by of, few
hit, afflict, affect 7
tantalizingly intriguingly, eating 21
to turn to take up, involve
3
CE Common Era, Anno Domini fascinatingly 15
bunny (informal) rabbit oneself in, begin to [+ infinitive]
(AD) 8
to link to associate with 16
remains remnants, detritus 22
to trap catch, capture
4
ice core cylindrical sample of 9
demise decline, end 17
larger (false friend) bigger 23
therefore for this reason
polar ice that can be dated 10
Norse (adj.) Viking 18
game [U] animals that are 24
to starve go hungry, suffer
5
solar flare the release of a 11
blast (n.) detonation, surge hunted malnutrition
lot of energy from the surface 12
to take place (take-took-taken) 19
faced /feist/ with

10 | YES 2
2
Science | FOOD & HEALTH

BURGERS LEAVE KIDS

SHORT OF BREATH
Another problem associated with modern lifestyles
is asthma and other allergies. These have also been
linked to diet. An international study found that six
and seven year olds are 27% more likely to7 suffer
from asthma, severe eczema and rhinitis if they eat
fast food three times a week or more. The figure10
for 13 to 14 year olds is a staggering11 40%. Asthma
may be associated with certain fatty acids12, however
no causal link has been demonstrated and it may be
that children who eat a lot of junk food13 simply have
less healthy lifestyles in general. Eating more fresh
Photo by Fina Fahey
fruit and vegetables counteracts the allergic effect.

BACON
LIMITATIONS
A report from the European Prospective Investiga-
tion into Cancer and Nutrition has found that eating
small amounts1 of processed meat raises2 the risk of
heart disease3. Eating as little as one rasher of bacon4
a day can increase the risk of an early death. Eating
larger5 quantities of processed meat for example
three sausages a day increases the risk of dying of
heart disease by 72% and that of dying of cancer by
11%. While sausages6, bacon and salami are associ-
ated with an unhealthy lifestyle people who eat pro-
cessed meat are more likely to7 smoke and less likely Photo by Marina Carresi
to eat fruit and vegetables the impact remains8 even
after the risk is adjusted for these factors. It is postu-
lated that the salt and the chemicals used to preserve
processed meat are what is doing the harm9. The
study involved 450,000 people in 10 EU countries.
ITS THE FAULT OF SALT
Too much salt in food aggravates autoimmune condi-
tions14, including multiple sclerosis and psoriasis at least in
1
amount quantity 11
staggering shocking mice15 according to the Yale School of Medicine. Research
2
to raise increase 12
fatty acid a carboxylic continues to see if a similar mechanism affects humans.
3
heart disease coronary acid that forms part of a lipid For more on the dangers of salt, see. pp. 16-17.
problems molecule
4
rasher of bacon 13
junk food food of little nutri-

5
piece of bacon
larger (false friend)
bigger, greater
14
tional value
condition (in this case) medi-
cal problem
RED IN MEAT AND WINE
OK, OK, thats enough making you gourmands16 suffer.
6
sausages 15
mouse (plural mice) small
7
to be more likely to rodent Heres some good news. According to research done at
have a greater prob- 16
gourmand sb. who enjoys the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, when eating meat
ability of (+ -ing) eating too much the healthiest thing you can do is wash it down with17 red
8
to remain continue to exist 17
to wash sth. down with X
wine. Antioxidants in the red wine called polyphenols
9
to do harm (do-did-done) eat sth. while drinking X
have a negative effect 18
to reach get to, arrive in seem to reduce some of the unhealthy effects of meat.
10
figure (in this case) 19
the bloodstream the system Specifically, they seem to stop cholesterol-forming com-
percentage of veins and arteries pounds in the meat from reaching18 the bloodstream19.

YES 2 | 11
2 p. 6
Science | HEALTH & FITNESS

SKIPPING1
AND
SLIMMING2
If you want to lose weight, take
up3 skipping1. A study from
Waseda University in Japan
has found that skipping not
only burned calories, like all
exercise, but it also repressed
hunger4. In an experiment vol-
unteers who skipped felt less
hungry than those who cycled;
both groups felt less hungry
than those who did nothing.
For nine more ways to
lose weight, see p. 23.
Photo by MC2 (AW/SW) Leah Stiles

DIABETES
PANDEMIC
Rates of diabetes in the West are reaching10 epi-
demic proportions. In the UK, for instance11, 5% of
the population is now diabetic. As recently as 2005
there were only two million people suffering from the
condition12 in Britain but in the last eight years that
figure13 has jumped to14 over15 three million, accord-
ing to Diabetes UK. The main16 reason is obesity and
other lifestyle factors. 10% of British children are now
obese when they start school, 20% by the age of 11.
For more on the diabetes pandemic, see pp. 16-17.

Photo by Rolf Unterberg

GRANDPA 1
skipping 7
nearly almost, just under

NEEDS A HOBBY slimming goal (in this case) objective

2 8

trying to 9
to encourage stimu-
lose weight, late, provoke
Older people are significantly less likely to5 suffer from an effort 10
to reach get to, attain
strokes6 if they have a purpose in life. A study involv- to become 11
for instance for example
ing nearly7 7000 people over 50 from the University less fat 12
condition (in this case)
of Michigan found that those with goals8 were 22%
3
to take up (take-took- medical problem
taken) start, begin 13
figure (in this case) number
less likely to suffer from strokes than those who were 4
hunger the desire to eat 14
to jump to increase
directionless. The researchers postulate that having a 5
to be less likely to have a dramatically to
purpose in life encourages9 a healthier lifestyle. How- lower probability of (+ -ing) 15
over more than
ever, positive thinking may also have beneficial effects. 6
stroke thrombosis, embolism 16
main principal, primary

12 | YES 2
2
Science | ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

read Shakespeares Henry IV, Part II he might have

saved his throne and his life: Be it thy course17 to
busy giddy minds18 with foreign quarrels19.

FEARLESS
FISH
There has been ample evidence for some time that we
are poisoning1 our rivers and seas with fertilizers from
agriculture (see p. 28). What is less well known is that
we are also altering the behaviour2 of aquatic creatures
as a result of behavioural drugs. A study from Ume
University in Sweden has found that anti-anxiety medi-
cines are making river fish bolder3. We flush huge4
Photo by Frank Wouters
quantities of behaviour-altering medicines made from

ET TU, synthetic chemicals into5 rivers, where they accumulate

in fish. The study concentrated on just one pharmaceuti-

BONZO?
The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars but in our-
cal product an anti-anxiety drug called oxazepam. The
researchers found that at concentrations typically found
in rivers oxazepam made perch6 considerably bolder.
selves, that we are underlings7. With this phrase Cas-
sius convinces Brutus to help murder his friend and
mentor in Shakespeares Julius Caesar. The play may be THIEVES
one of the high points of human culture but it describes
a scene uncannily8 like that recreated by a group of
wild chimpanzees. Researchers from the University of
IN THE NIGHT
Dogs are able to empathize, according to a study from the
Kent in Canterbury have spent years studying a group of University of Portsmouth. 28 dogs were presented with
chimps9 living near Lake Tanganyika in Tanzania. From a bowl of food and then
2007 until October 2011 the alpha male10 of the group told not to eat it. When
was Pimu. It seems that the chimp king was beginning the lights were turned
to show dictatorial tendencies and on the fateful11 morn- off20 the dogs were four
ing in October 2011 he started a fight with the second- times more likely to steal
ranking12 male10, who fled13. However, something the food than when the
surprising then happened. A group of four other males lights were switched
charged Pimu and attacked him, biting and beating him. on21. The implication
The attack resulted in the death of the alpha male. is that the dogs infer
It is rare for chimps to kill their leaders. Aggression that we cant see them
between males who compete for females within14 when the lights are off.
a group tends to depend on the threat15 of attacks In other words they
from rival groups; the more likely16 a war, the more are able to see things
supportive of each other the males are. If Pimu had from our perspective. Photo by Leonardo L Carresi

1
to poison sth. make sth. toxic 8
uncannily strangely, 10
male your strategy should be
2
behaviour conduct curiously, bizarrely 11
fateful decisive, crucial 18
to busy giddy minds to
3
bolder more intrepid, 9
chimp (colloquial) 12
second-ranking second distract impulsive people
more audacious chimpanzee most important 19
with foreign quarrels in
4
huge vast, enormous 13
to flee (flee-fled- wars overseas (= abroad)
5
to flush A into B cause A fled) run away 20
to turn off switch
to go from our WCs into B 14
within inside, in off, deactivate
6
perch (Perca) 15
threat risk, danger 21
to switch on turn
7
underling (archaic) 16
likely probable on, activate
subordinate 17
be it thy course (archaic)

YES 2 | 13
2
Internet

NET NEWS
by Douglas Jasch
douglasjasch@douglasjasch.com // @douglasjasch

What happens to our Facebook and Twitter accounts

after we die? Well fear not1, there is a company that, for
a fee2, will write your digital will3, a database for your
digital log-ons and passwords. When a person dies, the
company passes on his or her information with his or her
instructions to the next of kin4. One of the most common
requests5 is the removal6 of Facebook photos.

A third of smartphone users in Britain check their social-

network updates and emails in bed before saying good
morning to their partner7 each morning. Research also
suggests that 26% of 18-to-24-year-olds sleep with their
phones.

Amazon has stated8 that its e-book sales now outstrip9

printed books for the first time in the UK. It is selling 114
e-books for every 100 in paper version.
Facebook has admitted that around 83 million accounts
are false. In most cases they are set up10 for pets11 or
companies. About 14 million are considered undesirable
profiles created in order to send spam.
About a third of under 18-year-olds say they are put off12
camping by the lack of13 power points to charge their
gadgets14. 42% say that they would enjoy a stay in15 the
outdoors more if they had internet access.
The Sunday Times has reported that Twitter users are
increasingly buying followers to improve their online repu-
tations. Several companies have started offering phantom
followers16 with fake17 accounts for a few pounds.
Photo by Marina Carresi
Almost18 a third of the world is now online, according to
a report by The Broadband Commission. Iceland is the
country with the highest percentage of internet users
95% were online in 2011. East Timor has the lowest with
only 0.9%. The UK is ranked 1519 with 82%.
A British IT expert helped his friend retrieve20 his laptop
from over 3000 kilometres away. He used the laptops
webcam to take a picture of the thief. His laptop had been
stolen while he was on holiday and his friend accessed it
remotely to turn the camera on21. He took photos of the
thief and gave them to police who recognized the cul-
prit22 and arrested him.

1
fear not dont worry 7
partner (in this case) signifi- from, not want to go 19
to be ranked 15 be in 15th posi-
2
for a fee in exchange for a cant other, boyfriend, girlfriend 13
lack of absence of tion in a list
payment or spouse 14
gadget electronic device (e.g. 20
to retrieve sth. get sth. back,
3
will (n.) (in this case) testament 8
to state say, declare tablets or cellphone) recover sth.
4
the next of kin the closest 9
to outstrip be greater than, 15
a stay in a visit to 21
to turn sth. on activate sth.
relative, (in this case) the desig- surpass 16
phantom follower follower 22
culprit guilty person, wrong-
nated family member 10
to set up (set-set-set) create that is not a real person doer (in this case) thief
5
request act of asking for sth. 11
pet domestic animal 17
fake imitation
6
removal elimination 12
to be put off be dissuaded 18
almost nearly, just under

14 | YES 2
Internet

THE HUMBLE
HASHTAG #
by Douglas Jasch
douglasjasch@douglasjasch.com // @douglasjasch

A decade ago the humble1 hashtag2 was a little

used curiosity3 on the bottom right hand corner
of the telephone keypad. These days the hashtag
has gone from a neglected4 computer key to
being a part of everyday conversations.
Across Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr, Google+
and, according to rumours, soon Facebook, the Photo by Slastic

hashtag helps us cope with5 the information

deluge6 by serving as a categorizing symbol, a get a list of tweets related to the TV show called Lost.
tagging device7. What you wont get are tweets that say I lost my wallet
yesterday because lost isnt preceded by the hashtag.
This helps us to find and follow topics13 on Twitter that we
are interested in.

HOW HASHTAGS WORK8 AN EVOLVING LANGUAGE

Once someone starts using Twitter, it doesnt take long Hashtags had experienced limited use in some chatrooms
before they come across9 whats known as a hashtag. around 2007. However, their widespread14 use on Twit-
Thats when you see some- ter began in 2009. In June of that year hashtags became
thing in a tweet that has a tool15 of citizen journalism16 during the protests fol-
a # prefix. (The # is a hash lowing the Iranian election, and in July Twitter linked17 all
symbol, hence10 the term hashtags to a search page containing tweets featuring18
hashtag.) that tag. This was a pivotal moment giving hashtags their
The website Tech for current use.
Luddites 11 explains that Hashtags have now also strayed19 beyond20 the inter-
the most common use net. We see them appear on billboards21, television show
of the hashtag is to help titles and product packaging. On the British reality show
people to search for tweets Geordie Shore the word hashtag is often used in casual
on Twitter. For example, if conversation.
you search for #LOST (or With the developing use of hashtags as part of lan-
#Lost or #lost, because its guage, we are fortunate enough to be seeing an example
not case-sensitive12), youll of how the English language evolves and grows.

1
humble modest, (in this case) survive 12
to be case-sensitive dis- people generating news
simple 6
deluge inundation, flood tinguish between capital and reports
2
hashtag # 7
tagging device identifier lowercase letters 17
to link connect
3
curiosity [C] surprising little 8
to work (in this case) function 13
topic (false friend) subject, 18
to feature (in this case) focus
thing 9
to come across (come-came- theme on
4
neglected little used, come) encounter 14
widespread generalized 19
to stray wander, digress
underutilized 10
hence this explains 15
tool instrument, utensil 20
beyond outside
5
to cope with handle, deal with, 11
Luddite technophobe 16
citizen journalism ordinary 21
billboard notice board

YES 2 | 15
Politics

WHITE DEATH
THE CASE AGAINST SUGAR
Sugar has long been considered one of lifes innocent
pleasures. However, recently nutritionists such as Dr
Robert Lustig, an expert in child obesity at the University

SAVING US FROM OURSELVES of California have been calling for12 sugar to be con-
trolled in the same way that tobacco and alcohol are. For
a substance to be controlled it must be addictive, toxic,
widespread13 and it must cause problems for people
other than those who use it. Despite what you might
think, sugar in fact satisfied all these criteria. Our brains
evolved to seek out14 food with high-sugar (and high-fat)
contents15, so we find sugar (and fat) naturally addictive.
Sugar causes obesity by making us resistant to the sati-
ety16 hormone, leptin. Refined, easily digestible carbo-
hydrates sugar in junk food17 cause insulin levels to
rise18, and this means that the body accumulates more
fat5. Obesity, leptin resistance and insulin resistance lead
to19 diabetes. Sugar is everywhere and it causes massive
Photo by Fritzs public health costs.

The White Death used to be a term applied to TB1.

These days you are more likely to2 hear it being
used (albeit3) facetiously4 to describe variously
sugar, salt or fat5. It might seem ludicrous6 to
compare something like sugar to an infectious
disease7 that has killed tens of millions. However,
non-communicable8 lifestyle-related diseases9 now
kill more people worldwide than infectious diseases.
The worlds diabetic population has doubled since Photo by Marina Carresi
1980 to 366 million. If current trends10 continue, one A POPULAR DELUSION20
in three Americans will suffer from diabetes in 2030. We buy fewer bags of sugar every year, yet we consume 21

In the USA economists estimate the cost of obesity- more and more. On average Britons eat a third more sugar
than they did just 25 years ago. We associate the white
related healthcare and lost productivity at between crystals as bad, and choose to ignore the fact that there
$147 billion and $190 billion a year. By and large11 is sugar added to almost all the processed food we eat.
Theres sugar in bread, in processed meat products, in
where the US goes, the rest of the world follows. smoked salmon and in fish fingers . 22

1
TB tuberculosis illness, sickness extensively used increase, augment
2
you are more likely to it is 8
non-communicable not 14
to seek out (seek-sought- 19
to lead to (lead-led-
more probable that you will contagious or infectious sought) try to find led) result in, cause
3
albeit even if, 9
such as diabetes, heart disease, 15
content proportion, quantity 20
delusion false impres-
4
facetiously playfully, as a joke obesity, cancer and Alzheimers 16
satiety feeling full (as sion, misconception,
5
fat grease-like material from 10
trend pattern, tendency opposed to hungry) misinterpretation
animals, adipose tissue 11
by and large in general 17
junk food fast food of 21
yet but, however
6
ludicrous absurd, ridiculous 12
to call for demand little nutritional value 22
fish fingers (UK English)
7
disease pathology, 13
widespread common, 18
to rise (rise-rose-risen) fish sticks (US English)

16 | YES 2
p. 6
Politics

FIGHTING FATS
The focus since the 1970s has been on dietary
fats. Dieticians told us that fats make you fat
and we all went low-fat. But reducing fats makes
food taste bland1, so the solution is to increase
the levels of sugar or salt, or both. For the last
40 years weve vilified2 fats, even though some
such as olive oil and oil from nuts3 are good
for your heart and reduce the risk of a stroke4.

ALZHEIMERS & DIABETES

There is growing evidence that Alzheimers is just5 another
form of diabetes. If this is confirmed, then the diabetes epi-
demic could be followed by a dementia epidemic in the
West. 25% of hospital beds in the UK are currently occupied
by people with dementia. It is predicted that in 35 years time
there will be 115 million Alzheimers sufferers in the world.
Alzheimers and diabetes are both related to insu-
lin resistance. Indeed6, some researchers now refer to
Alzheimers as type-3 diabetes i.e.7 diabetes of the brain.
Obesity is a big risk factor for both diabetes and dementia.
Around 98 million US citizens show some sign of insulin
resistance, suggesting a colossal problem with Alzheimers
in the future. The good news relating to this link is that
obesity, diabetes and Alzheimers can all be combated in
the same way: a low sat-fat8 and low sugar diet and exer-
cise. Indeed6, regular exercise is associated with a 40%
decrease in the risk of Alzheimers.
It is predicted that in 35 years time
there will be 115 million Alzheimers
sufferers in the world.
Photo by Marina Carresi
FAT TAXES
In 2011 Denmark introduced the worlds first fiscal mea-
sure against fats; a fat tax on food that contained more
than 2.3% saturated fats. The Danish government also
announced plans to introduce a similar tax on sugar. Then,
the powerful food industry counterattacked and under
public pressure the sugar tax was never introduced and
the fat tax was abolished in November.
Similar attempts9 to tax or otherwise control high-
sugar and high-fat food in the USA have also been scup-
pered10 by Big Food, corporations willing to11 spend
millions on advertising to tell consumers that their right
to choose is being taken away. Unless a popular politi-
cal movement can be built to fight these corporations we
are doomed to12 a public health crisis of unimaginable
proportions. The other option is to call in the lawyers13.
Attempts9 to sue14 food corporations for their role in cre-
ating the obesity epidemic have had some modest suc-
cess. Either way, we must find the means15 to ensure that
the greed16 for money of a few17 today does not cause an
unsustainable health crisis tomorrow.

1
bland (false friend) insipid, 4
stroke thrombosis, embolism 10
to scupper ruin, sabotage 14
to sue litigate against,
tasteless 5
just (in this case) simply 11
willing to ready take legal action against
2
to vilify 6
indeed (emphatic) in fact to, prepared to 15
the means the way
denounce, 7
i.e. (id est) that is 12
to be doomed to will 16
greed avarice, rapacity
discredit 8
sat-fat saturated fats inevitably suffer 17
a few (in this case)
3
nuts 9
attempt effort 13
to call in the lawyers litigate a few people

YES 2 | 17
p. 6
Economics

Photo by Michael Ermolenko Photo by AP Photo/Kathy Willens

THE DANGERS OF THE FLASH CRASH OF 2010

Buying and selling at such speeds and in an automatic

HIGH-FREQUENCY
fashion12, contributed to the flash crash13 of 6 May 2010.
$10 trillion were/was briefly knocked off14 the Dow
Jones Industrial Average when a firms high-frequency

TRADING trading algorithm went awry15 for a short time. Prices cor-
rected themselves after only a few minutes but damage
was done to stock prices around the globe.
by Douglas Jasch
This has led 16 governments around the world to
douglasjasch@douglasjasch.com // @douglasjasch
scramble17 to find ways to regulate the practice. The
European Parliament is currently considering legislation

H
igh-frequency trading1 (HFT) can result in serious
profit, but it can also result in serious problems. High-
frequency trading uses sophisticated technological
tools2 and computer algorithms to trade3 shares4 and
currencies on a very rapid basis.
According to Andrei Kirilinko, Chief Economist at the
US Commodity5 Trading Futures Commission, high-speed
traders have a distinct advantage over traditional inves-
tors. This is because high-frequency trading algorithms
can buy and sell stock at blistering6 speeds, a trade7
every 60 microseconds is usual.
These computers make automated decisions at far8
greater speeds than a person is capable of. If the market is
dropping9, they will automatically sell securities10, mean-
ing an investor can be among11 the first to sell as well as
being among the first to buy when the market is growing.
to force traders to increase trading intervals to a safer half
a second. However, generally governments have ruled
out18 limiting speeds because this would stop traders from
reacting to breaking19 financial news and therefore20
defeat21 the purpose of having HFT.
NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY
HFT now accounts for22 70% of the US stock market and
36% of the UKs. Instead of23 trying to slow down HFT,
researchers are seeking to24 develop a circuit breaker
that would kick in25 if a program is reacting in a rogue26
manner. They are trying to adapt software of the kind that
is used to prevent27 nuclear reactors from going hay-
wire28. However, successful software is still some way off.
Until then we will have to weigh up29 the benefits of HFT
against any potential losses.

1
trading buying and selling selling (go-went-gone) go wrong 23
instead of as opposed to,
2
tools instruments, software 8
far (in this case) much 16
to lead (lead-led-led) cause rather than
3
to trade buy and sell 9
to drop fall, descend, decline 17
to scramble (in this case) try 24
to seek to (seek-sought-
4
shares stocks, units into which 10
securities shares4 desperately sought) try to
the ownership of a company is 11
among amongst, (in this case) 18
to rule out exclude the pos- 25
to kick in be activated
divided one of sibility of 26
rogue (in this case)
5
commodity (false friend) 12
fashion (in this case) way, 19
breaking (in this case) the unpredictable
product that is bought and sold manner latest 27
to prevent stop, impede
by speculators 13
flash crash unexpected 20
therefore so, for this reason 28
to go haywire (go-went-gone)
6
blistering (in this case) collapse 21
to defeat beat, (in this case) become uncontrollable
incredible 14
to be knocked off be lost on invalidate 29
to weigh up consider,
7
trade (n.) act of buying or 15
to go awry /rai/ 22
to account for represent evaluate

18 | YES 2
4
Economics

RATIONAL INVESTMENT
IS STUPID
by Douglas Jasch
douglasjasch@douglasjasch.com // @douglasjasch

Economic theory has largely1 been built

upon the concept that consumers are
rational and, with the right information, they
will always seek to2 maximize their utility
(happiness). It has naturally followed that
investors also act rationally. Professor Meir Photo by Marina Carresi

Statment of the Santa Clara University

School of Business disagrees. He believes
that being rational in investment is stupid.
ROSE IS A ROSE IS A ROSE
Imagine its Valentines Day. Do you buy your beloved a
rose for $10 or should you give her $10. If we think about
it in economic terms, what good is a rose3 anyway? It
serves no practical purpose. She cant preserve it and its
beauty will quickly deteriorate.
But a $10 note is different. If you give your partner4
$10 she can use it to maximize her own utility. She is best
placed 5 to choose something to buy that she will like. If
you give the $10 rather than6 the rose, that would be
rational but it wouldnt be very smart7! This is because
you will have overlooked 8 the emotional benefits in
giving the rose.
THE IRRATIONAL INVESTOR
According to Professor Statman, investors dont only
consider risk/return economic principles when making
investments, they also make investments based upon
irrational emotional benefits. This adds to the unpredict-
ability of financial markets.
For example, there are investors who avoid 9 sin
stocks alcohol, tobacco, gambling10 due to11 moral
concerns12, even if they believe that sin stocks will pro-
vide good financial returns. Similarly, there are exclusive
funds that only allow13 investment by high-net-worth14
individuals. Investing in these funds is often undertaken
as a status symbol rather than6 an expectation that the
investor will necessarily get the best returns.
YOUR PORTFOLIO IN UNCERTAIN MARKETS
The financial crisis since 2008 has seen decreasing
returns on investments and consequently investors trying
to pick15 individual winning stocks instead of maintain-
ing a diversified portfolio16. However, the best way to
manage the uncertainty of financial markets, according to
Professor Statman, is to diversify our investments. Diversi-
fication will result in less potential for large17 returns, but
will also protect against considerable losses.
His final two pieces of advice18 at a recent interview
was to reinforce that investors are not rational, and,
he said, when the occasion calls for19 you to give your
beloved a rose, dont be fooled by20 utilitarian rationality.
Dont give her a $10 note, give her a rose!

1
largely mostly, primarily best position 10
gambling casinos, etc. 16
portfolio selection of
2
to seek to (seek-sought-sought) 6
rather than instead of, as 11
due to because of investments
try to opposed to 12
concerns worries, 17
large (false friend) big,
3
what good is a rose? what 7
smart (in this case) clever, preoccupations substantial
purpose does a rose serve intelligent 13
to allow permit 18
piece of advice
4
partner significant other, (in 8
to overlook ignore 14
high-net-worth rich recommendation
this case) girlfriend 9
to avoid (in this case) not 15
to pick (in this case) choose, 19
to call for require
5
to be best placed be in the invest in select 20
to be fooled by be confused by

YES 2 | 19
4
Economics

CONFESSIONS
OF A SHOPAHOLIC
by Douglas Jasch
douglasjasch@douglasjasch.com // @douglasjasch

Everyone loves a bargain1 right? But

how much of our bargain hunting2 is the
product of our own good choices, and how
much is due to3 clever marketing?

THE MARKETING TOUCH

Behavioural4 economists have been studying the psy-
chology of what prompts 5 us to buy, how we choose,
and why we need to make sense of it all. According to a
study by Wolf, Arkes, & Muhanna (2008), getting consum-
ers to touch an item6 is important. The study found once
we touch an item it registers in our brain, and we con-
nect with it emotionally (even without realizing7 it). We
unconsciously claim8 it as ours and are far9 more likely
to10 buy it. This is why many stores encourage11 us to try
before you buy or to take a test drive.
TWO TYPES OF CONSUMERS
Its human nature to approach pleasure and avoid12 pain.
Research suggests that the way we approach these is dif-
ferent between people. There are two types of people,
those who have a promotion focus, which shows an
eagerness13 to get something, and those who have a pre-
vention focus, which is characterised by vigilance. Being
healthy, for example, can be achieved14 by either exercis-
ing hard (promotion focus) or refraining from unhealthy
habits (prevention focus).
Ramanathan and Dhar found that retailers15 can influ-
ence shoppers by the way they word16 their specials. A
sales promotion that is worded Get $$$ Off emphasizes
achieving a gain, and is compatible with promotion focus.
Photo by LIU
The wording17 Save $$$, emphasizes avoiding a loss,
which is in line with prevention focus. Therefore18, a pro-
motion-focused consumer should be persuaded to buy
more when exposed to Get $$$ Off than Save $$$, with
the opposite applying to19 prevention-focused individu-
als. Interestingly, the actual prices20 will be the same in
both cases.
EVERYONE LOVES CHOCOLATE
There is one important exception to the above21 rule. The
majority of people are more likely to10 buy hedonistic
products like chocolate when the advertising suggests you
will get something off the price of the item6 (promotion
focused), rather than22 when you are told that you will
save something (prevention strategy).

1
bargain discount 7
to realize (false friend) 12
to avoid try not to have 19
to apply to be relevant to
2
hunting act of trying to find sth. become conscious of 13
eagerness enthusiasm 20
actual prices (emphatic) the
3
due to because of 8
to claim (in this case) consider 14
to achieve accomplish prices themselves
4
behavioural relating to 9
far (in this case) much 15
retailer seller, shopkeeper, store 21
above (in this case) previously
conduct 10
to be more likely to have a 16
to word express, phrase mentioned
5
to prompt provoke, persuade greater probability of (+ -ing) 17
wording phrase, expression 22
rather than as opposed to,
6
item /aitm/ product 11
to encourage urge 18
therefore for this reason instead of

20 | YES 2
4
CULTURE
This section of the magazine offers...
DOSSIER: FOOD & YOU
22-23 Feature: How to lose weight sensibly
EXERCISES 5, 29
24-25 Health: You are what you eat
the adulteration of food
EXERCISE 5
26-27 Psychology: The interaction
between mind and food
EXERCISE 5
28-29 Ecology: Meat decision time
The meat you eat is about to change radically
EXERCISE 5
30-31 Sports: Competitive eating
death by gluttony
EXERCISE 5
32-35 History: Our relationship with
food over the ages
EXERCISE 5
36-37 Music: Story-telling songs
EXERCISE 7
38-41 Travel: Burma Paradise Lost?
Asias biggest secret is finally available
to the conscientious traveller
EXERCISE 30
42-45 Art: Still Life the secret art
of painting your lunch
EXERCISE 25
46-49 Society: The Profumo Affair sex,
lies, spies and politicians
EXERCISE 19
50-53 Poetry: Wordsworths Daffodils
EXERCISE 31
54-55 Biography: Mrs Beeton the most
influential British woman ever?
56-57 Life: Pigs how hogs have shaped our lives
EXERCISE 26
58-59 Explorers: Ney Elias the Great
Unknown Explorer of Asia
EXERCISE 6
60-63 Cinema: Ethnicity & Hollywood the strange
history of the movie industries attitude to race
EXERCISE 16
SPEAKING & LISTENING EXTENSION
24-25 Is the contents of our food sufficiently controlled?
Are people becoming more squeamish?
28-29 For more on how to grow meat,
watch: http://goo.gl/i9qTm
- Which alternative to conventional meat would
you prefer? Why?
For more on food waste,
watch: http://goo.gl/X5zWR
30-31 Is competitive eating a sport? If not, why not?
32-35 Do you agree that cooking is what differentiates
us from other animals? If not, what else makes
us unique?
35 For more on how food shapes our cities, watch:
http://goo.gl/GKGmC
36-37 Think of a song that tells a story (it doesnt matter
what language it is in). Tell the story in English.
Why is this storytelling song important for you?
38-41 We tend to romanticize certain cultures such as
Buddhism. BBC images from Myanmar in March
2013 show Burmese rioters orchestrated by
Buddhist monks behaving like Nazis (towards
the Muslim minority). How do you react to your
cultural stereotypes being contradicted?
46-49 Are the sexual peccadilloes of politicians
important in your country? Should they be
considered important? What causes political
scandal where you live?
60-63 Do you agree that film and television
play a central role in moulding our view
of people from other ethnic groups?
YES 2 | 21
 Feature

A Healthy
Attitude to
Losing Weight

Photo by Marina Carresi

The Gym Conspiracy
The basic story you know and the script doesnt change:
the best way to lose weight is to take more exercise and
to eat less sat-fats1 and carbohydrates. No amount2 of
scientific research is going to change the fundamentals
of that equation. So most urbanites sign up to3 a gym and
pay to play a bit of self-deception4 on themselves. The
fitness centre will accept your money on the understand-
ing that they never ask why you underuse their services.
In fact, they count on you only turning up5 infrequently;
if all their members came regularly their facilities 6
would be overwhelmed7. Meanwhile8, you can prove
to yourself that you are doing your best youve spent
money on exercise, after all.
The fundamental thing to taking regular exercise is
that someone will hold you to account9 if you do not
fulfil your commitment10. Group sports or collective
physical activities are the key to11 success: if you are
going to let a team down12 by not showing up13 you are
far more likely to14 take exercise. In the words of Matt
Roberts, personal trainer to the British Prime Minister,
Social contact is a huge15 part of it, so Im all for group
activities, whether16 its five-a-side football17 or mili-
tary fitness in the park whatever inspires you and cre-
ates a responsibility to turn up5. Use the internet to find
out18 what amateur sports and activities are available in
your area.

Dont Sweat It19

On the next page we offer a series of additional things
you can do to slim. However, if you are slightly20 over-
weight or even slightly obese dont beat yourself up
about21 it too much. In an article published in the Journal
of the American Medical Association in January this
year, Dr Steven B. Heymsfield found that people in these
categories 22 did not die any younger23 than slimmer
people. Those who were obese 24 did die younger than
others, however.
Photo by Brittany Carlson

1
sat-fats saturated fats, grease
from meat and milk products
2
amount quantity
3
to sign up to register with
4
self-deception self-deceit,
lying to oneself
5
to turn up come, appear
6
facilities establishment,
centre, (in this case) gym
7
to be overwhelmed be inun-
dated, (in this case) not be able
to satisfy everyone
8
meanwhile at the same time present discover, determine
9
to hold sb. to account 14
you are far more likely to it 19
dont sweat it dont worry
(hold-held-held) ask for an is much more probable that too much
explanation you will 20
slightly a little
10
to satisfy a commitment do 15
huge enormous, (in this case) 21
to beat oneself up about sth.
what one has said one is going very important (beat-beat-beaten) criticize
to do 16
whether (in this case) irre- oneself and feel bad about sth.
11
key to essential element for spective of whether 22
i.e. people with a body mass
12
to let sb. down (let-let-let) 17
five-a-side football a game index (BMI) between 25 and 35
disappoint sb., frustrate sb. based on soccer with five play- 23
any younger (emphatic)
13
to show up (show-showed- ers in each team younger
shown) appear, come, be 18
to find out (find-found-found) 24
i.e. having a BMI > 35

22 | YES 2
5
 Feature

The 9 Secrets
to Slimming
There are many factors that affect
your weight apart from diet and
exercise. Getting most of these other
things right may make a crucial
difference to your slimming1 success.

1 Leave the city. Polluted air is associated with insu-

lin resistance and type-2 diabetes, according to
research from Ohio State University. If thats not pos-
Photo by Sonia Crivillers

sible, try to take your exercise in the countryside.

6 Buy fresh food with minimal packaging. Not only
is it easier to control your consumption of satu-

2 Research from University College London shows

that homes in the West have been getting warmer
over the last three decades and that the warmer your
home, the more likely you are to be obese. Turn down
the thermostat; its greener and better for you.
rated fats, sugar and salt in fresh food, but it is also less
likely to interfere with your metabolism. Many of the
materials that processed food is wrapped5 in contain
endocrine disrupters6, which can leach into7 the
food and cause your body to store more fat, accord-
ing to research from Boston University. Be especially

3 A study from Pennington Biomedical Research

Center in Louisiana suggests that at least one variety
wary of8 type 3 packaging (containing PVC).

of the cold virus 2 is associated with the accumulation

of body fat. The logical remedy is to get vaccinated. 7 Work in the daytime and sleep at night maintaining
a regular timetable. Working at night under artificial
light tends to make you fatter, according to research

4 Research from the University of Westminster sug-

gests that watching scary movies is a good way to
burn off calories. The quickened heart beat and shal-
from Ohio State University. Above all9, dont be sleep
deprived. Sleep deprivation reduces leptin levels and
increases ghrelin levels, causing you to eat more.
low3 breathing mean that you use up nearly 200 calo-
ries as many as there are in a small chocolate bar.
8 Go teetotal10. Up to 10% of the calorie intake of
drinkers can come from alcohol, but few people are

5 Dont leave stress out of your fitness equation.

Dieting causes some people a lot of stress, which
may paradoxically mean that they end up eating more
aware of11 the link between drinking alcohol and obesity,
according to the World Cancer Research Fund. Going
on the wagon12 obviously offers other health benefits too.
unhealthy food. A study from The Yale Stress Center
showed that stress affects the ventral striatum, a region
of the brain associated with rewards4 and habits. In
other words trying to diet might make you eat more
9 Photograph your food. An easy way to slim1 is to
photograph everything you eat. According to a
study from the University of Wisconsin in Madison,
comfort foods. Stress-alleviation techniques such as keeping photographic evidence of your meals and
meditation may prove more effective for losing weight. snacks causes you to eat less and more healthily.

1
to slim become attractively 4
reward recompense 7
to leach into filter into, enter drinking alcohol
thinner 5
to wrap package, cover 8
wary of cautious about 11
to be aware of be conscious
2
adenovirus-36 6
endocrine disrupters sub- 9
above all most importantly of
3
shallow light, (opposite of stances that interfere with 10
to go teetotal (go-went-gone) 12
to go on the wagon stop
deep) endocrines become abstemious, stop consuming alcohol

YES 2 | 23
5, 29
 Health

The
Adulteration
of Food
You are what you eat!
People on board The Good Ship Dope throwing boxes of adulterated
and unhealthy food products over the sides into the harbor

P arts of Europe have been rocked1 recently by revela-

tions that many beef products contain horsemeat.
Some countries, where eating horses is traditional, may
say Et alors?2 but in others, such as Britain, this is a huge3
scandal. 31% of the British public stopped eating ready
meals4 and 7% stopped eating meat altogether5 as
a result of the scandal. It is, however, just the latest case
in a long history of food adulteration that no doubt goes
back to the first market place in the first town.
An early case of adulteration was mentioned by John
Aubrey in his Brief Lives (1650). He claimed6 that ale-
wives7 added the ashes8 of deadmens bones9 to beer to
improve the flavour10.
The Golden Age of Adulteration
In the following two centuries cities grew faster than
the infrastructure for transporting food, so those who
sold food found inventive solutions for extending their
products. In the 18th and early 19th Century milk was rou-
tinely diluted to 50% with water. Indeed11, babies from
poor families were often given flour12 mixed with water
instead of13 milk in Georgian times14 . Unsurprisingly,
up to15 90% of such infants died. In the mid-19th Century
Henry Thoreau claimed6 milk was diluted with river
water on such a scale that a trout16 had been found in a
milk churn17! Meanwhile, chalk18, sawdust19, ground-
up20 stone21, alum 22 and bone 9-ashes8 were added to
bread to extend the flour and candle-grease 23 was
mixed in with butter to increase its volume. None of
which is as terrifying as the fact that sulphuric acid was
added to vinegar to augment it.
There was even a popular 19th-century rhyme cele-
brating the adulterators art:

Little drops24 of water,

Little grains of sand25,
Make the milkman wealthy26,
Photo by Frank Vincent
And the grocer27 grand28.
1
to rock (in this case) shock, 10
flavour taste (traditionally used made from
horrify 11
indeed (emphatic) in fact for writing on animal fat used
2
so what? (in French) 12
flour dry (white) particles of blackboards) in candles
3
huge enormous, great ground-up20 grain 19
sawdust particles 24
drop very
4
ready meals convenience 13
instead of as opposed to, of wood small quantity
food rather than 20
ground-up of liquid
5
altogether completely 14
in Georgian crushed, pulverized, 25
sand parti-
6
to claim say, state, declare times the triturated cles of silicon (e.g. on
7
alewife (plural alewives) 1700s, the 18th 21
stone rock a beach or in a desert dune)
(historical) woman who Century 22
alum a double sulphate of 26
wealthy rich, affluent,
manages an alehouse (= 15
up to as many as aluminium and potassium, a prosperous
pub) 16
trout (Salmo trutta) white mineral salt used in medi- 27
grocer sb. who manages a
8
ashes dry (white) parti- 17
milk churn cine and in dyeing (= colouring) shop that sells food
cles of burnt material 18
chalk calcareous clothes 28
grand (in this case) rich and
9
bone white substance 23
candle-grease tallow, wax respected

24 | YES 2
5 p. 21
 Health

The Fight
Against Food
Adulteration
Accum & Wakley
A landmark1 in the war against food adulteration was
Friedrich Accums Treatise on the Adulteration of Food
and Culinary Poisons2 (1820). Accum pointed out that red
lead3 was added to cayenne pepper to intensify its colour,
white pepper was extended with floor dust4 and copper5
coins were added to pickle6 to produce a lively green.
The food industry counterattacked by trying to frame7
Accum with false evidence and he had to flee back8
to Germany.
The adulterators were safe for a generation until
Thomas Wakley, editor of The Lancet, came along in the
1850s and published a new expos on the adulteration
of food. All the samples of bread he analyzed contained
alum9. 96% of the samples of coffee he analyzed had
Thomas Wakely Friedrich Accum
been adulterated, including things like dried horse blood.
Similarly, tea was routinely extended with leaves from
other plants. Cocoa, meanwhile, was bulked out 10 with
brick dust11. Pepper contained sand12 and mustard13 was
extended with flour14 and turmeric15.
By this time British society had matured and Wakley
was not framed7. By contrast, manufactures reacted by
selling pure and unadulterated products in sealed16 pack-
ets. In 1860 the first food-purity law was enacted17 and
the 1872 Adulteration of Food, Drink and Drugs Act set
up18 the routine public analysis of products to ensure they
were safe. Similar laws followed throughout19 the West.
Food Today
So, for almost a hundred and fifty years our food has
been safe and pure, right? Well, safe yes, pure... not
exactly. A study from Ohio University found that the
average American eats almost two kilos of insect parts
a year. In the USA, the Food and Drugs Administration
(which is stricter than most similar authorities in other
countries) permits an average of 30 insect fragments
and one rodent hair per 100g of peanut butter. Chocolate
can contain 60 insect fragments and one rodent hair per
100g. A similar amount20 of pasta can contain 100 insect
fragments and two rodent hairs. Popcorn is admissible
with one pellet21 of rodent excreta22 in a sample and 40
grains per kilo gnawed23 by rodents. Finally, citrus juice
can contain one maggot24 or five fly eggs per 250ml.
What conclusions should be drawn25 from this? Well,
on the one hand, we have to get over26 our squea-
mishness 27 about food. On another more cynical
level, pray28 that horsemeat is the most exotic thing in
your hamburgers!

1
landmark turning point, criti- escape, run back 14
flour dry (white) particles of 22
excreta shit, faeces
cal moment 9
alum a double sulphate of ground-up grain 23
to gnaw /n:/ bite,
2
poison toxin aluminium and potassium, a 15
turmeric yellow condiment masticate
3
red lead /led/ minium, a white mineral salt used in medi- used in curry 24
maggot larva of a fly
bright-red toxic insoluble oxide cine and in dyeing (= colouring) 16
sealed hermetically closed 25
to draw a conclusion (draw-
of lead (Pb.) clothes 17
to enact pass, bring into drew-drawn) come to/reach a
4
dust dry particles of dirt 10
to bulk sth. out increase effect conclusion
5
copper (Cu.) a metal sths volume 18
to set up (set-set-set) create, 26
to get over (get-got-got)
6
pickle sauce made of vegeta- 11
brick dust dry particles from establish overcome, conquer
bles and vinegar bricks 19
throughout all over, in every 27
squeamishness tendency
7
to frame sb. falsely incrimi- 12
sand particles of part of to be nauseated easily
nate sb. silicon 20
amount quantity 28
to pray (in this case) hope
8
to flee back (flee-fled-fled) 13
mustard 21
pellet dropping, little ball

YES 2 | 25
p. 21 5
 Psychology
Painting by Barbora Balkova Babicky

Nobody will be very surprised that smell and taste

are linked. Almost 200 years ago the Frenchman Jean
Anthelme Brillat-Savarin said that taste and smell func-
tioned together as a single sense. Indeed7, on receiving a
plate of food the first thing that many of us do is to take a
good sniff8 at it.
Sound can also enhance 9 food. If you eat seafood10
while listening to a recording of the sea (crashing waves11
and seagulls12) the food tastes more intense and
more authentic.

Food Enters Through Your Eyes

Moreover, any good chef knows that presentation is
almost as important as taste since13 food enters through
the eyes. However, it has only recently been proven
that the colour of food and of the crockery14 we eat it
off15 influences our perception of taste. Red food tastes
sweeter than green food, irrespective of its sugar con-
tent16. The contrast between the colour of the plate and
the food accentuates the foods perceived taste. Drinks
served in blue glasses taste more refreshing than those

The served in yellow glasses. And water served in a plastic

cup tastes cheaper than water served in a glass. More

Psychology
surprisingly, food served on star-shaped17 plates tastes
bitterer18 than the same food on round plates. Yoghurt
served in a heavier19 bowl tastes thicker than the same

of Food yoghurt served in a lighter one. The heavier bowl even

makes you feel full sooner.

H ave you ever considered the paradox that we have

constructed the complex world of gastronomy
around our least perceptive sense: taste? Humans can
distinguish five tastes sweetness, sourness1, bitter-
ness2, saltiness3 and umami4; thats nothing compared
to our ability to perceive sound or colour. Yet 5 cuisine
is infinitely varied. The answer to this dichotomy is that
we dont only appreciate food through taste. When we
eat a complex interplay of all our senses synaesthesia
comes into play6. In recent years scientists have been
taking this more seriously and demonstrating how our
other senses influence our enjoyment of food. Photo by Irene Sanz

1
sourness having an acidic 5
yet (in this case) however, and molluscs served
taste (like lemon juice or nevertheless 11
waves 16
its sugar content how much
vinegar) 6
to come into play (come-came- 12
seagull sugar it contains
2
bitterness an unpalatable come) be involved, be used 13
since (in this 17
star-shaped having the form
taste, pungency 7
indeed (emphatic) in fact case) given that of a star
3
saltiness salinity 8
to take a good sniff (take-took- 14
crockery plates, 18
bitterer more pungent,
4
umami the pleasant savoury taken) smell sth. carefully dishes, etc. having a more upalatable taste
taste of glutamates (like in 9
to enhance improve, enrich 15
we eat off on 19
heavier weightier, (in this
mature tomatoes) 10
seafood fish, crustaceans which our food is case) more robust

26 | YES 2
5
 Psychology

Your Thinking
Stomach
If you find something upsetting1 it
turns2 your stomach; if you are
nervous before a performance you
get butterflies3 in your stomach;
if you arent courageous enough to
do something you have no stom-
ach for it; when something is intui-
tive we talk about a gut4 feeling.
English and many other languages
recognize that our alimentary tracts5
are intimately linked to our emotions. The Enteric Nervous System
Similarly, when we are upset6 we all Your ENS stretches10 from your oesophagus to your
anus and is made up of11 500 million neurons thats
tend to guzzle7 our personal com- only 0.6% of the neurons in your brain but it is five times
fort food. However, recently many the number of neurons in a rats12. Indeed13, the ENS is
the older nervous system in evolutionary terms the
scientists have been postulating that brain probably grew out of14 the ENS in primitive organ-
the link8 between our feeling and isms. Moreover, the ENS is no mere slave15 to the brain.
It has been demonstrated that if the vagus nerve, which
the digestive system is much greater; connects the ENS to the brain is cut, the ENS can act
some even believe that the intestines autonomously, continuing to coordinate digestion. In fact,
around 90% of the signals sent along the vagus nerve go
enteric9 nervous system (ENS) effec- from the ENS to the brain and not the other way round16.
tively constitutes a second brain. Your gut17 seems to do as much as your brain to make
you happy or sad. About half of the dopamine18 pro-
duced in the human body comes from the ENS. More-
1
upsetting distressing, emo- 11
to be made up of consist of, over, 95% of the feel-good molecule, serotonin comes
tionally disturbing be composed of from the ENS. Serotonin prevents19 depression, regulates
2
to turn (in this case) twist, 12
in a rats (in this case) in a sleep, controls appetite and stabilizes body tempera-
contort rats brain ture. At the same time stress causes the ENS to produce
3
butterfly 13
indeed (emphatic) in fact
(literally) 14
to grow out of (grow-grew-
another hormone, ghrelin, which stimulates hunger20
4
gut (adj.) grown) develop/ evolve from and also reduces anxiety and depression. The ENS may
visceral 15
slave subordinate, servant in fact be the key to understanding the stress-depression-
5
tract (in this 16
the other way round diabetes-obesity-dementia pandemic.
case) canal, system vice-versa
Of course, there are limits to the second brain analogy.
6
to be upset be agitated, be 17
gut alimentary tract,
perturbed intestines For the moment there is little evidence that the ENS has
7
to guzzle eat without control 18
dopamine a molecule memory and it certainly isnt conscious, Religion, poetry,
8
link connection associated with pleasure and philosophy, politics thats all the business of the brain
9
enteric (adj.) intestinal recompense in the head, says ENS expert, Michael Gershon of the
10
to stretch (in this case) 19
to prevent stop, impede
extend 20
hunger the desire to eat
Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York.

YES 2 | 27
5
 Ecology

MEAT
Decision Time
T here is a growing recognition amongst1 the scientific
community that our present relationship with meat
is unsustainable. Currently, meat production causes 5%
Photo by Thomas Lehmann

of global CO2 emissions, 40% of methane 2 emissions and

40% of those3 of various nitrogen oxides. Our insatiable
demand for meat is a major cause of the destruction of Until now vegetarian substitutes for meat such as
rainforests and other irreplaceable wildernesses4 . In Quorn (made from fungus) or Seitan (made from wheat15
February 2013 a UN5 report revealed that 80% of the fer- protein) have only convinced vegetarians failing to
tilizer used in global farming was for meat production (to break into16 the carnivorous market. This is unsurpris-
fertilize pasture and fodder6). Over half of the fertilizer ing since17 in their simple form as steaks or hamburg-
used is not absorbed by crops7 but washes into8 rivers ers todays meat substitutes do not fully reproduce the
and seas, poisoning9 both. If that is the case with seven complex texture of meat. However, half of the total meat
billion people, how much more market in the West is in processed
destructive will the meat production foods mince18 in frozen lasagne,
for nine billion people be in 2050? sausages19, fish fingers20, etc. in
After all, European meat consump- which it is much more difficult to
tion per capita rose10 by 50% from identify real meat.
1961 to 2010 and demand for meat in Moreover, scientists at the cut-
China and India is now soaring11. ting edge 21 like Professor Patrick
Brown of Stanford University
Meat for Vegans believe that the problems are sur-
The meat industry has reached12 the mountable 22 and that one day
proportions of an animal holocaust. soon they will be able to offer
We slaughter13 1,600 mammals and cruelty-free meat made from plant
birds every second for food. That material that is cheaper than
adds up to14 half a trillion lives a animal parts and indistinguishable
year not to mention the trillions of from real meat. Brown believes that
fish, crustaceans and molluscs. Meat he can reduce the human foot-
production is not only cruel it is an print23 on this planet by 50% in
incredibly inefficient way of generat- other words his team will change
ing nutrient-dense food. how the Earth looks from space.

1
amongst among, (in this 7
crops plants grown for food equivalent to 19
sausages
case) by 8
to wash into filter into 15
wheat a cereal 20
fish fingers (UK
2
a much more potent green- 9
to poison kill through toxicity used for bread English) fish sticks
house gas than CO2 10
to rise (rise-rose-risen) 16
failing to break (US English)
3
those (in this case) the increase, augment into not entering 21
at the cutting edge
emissions 11
to soar increase exponentially 17
since (in this case) in the technological
4
wilderness uncultivated 12
to reach get to, attain given that, as vanguard
region, jungle 13
to slaughter butcher, kill (for 18
mince (UK English) 22
surmountable superable
5
UN United Nations meat) ground beef (US 23
footprint (in this case) nega-
6
fodder food for farm animals 14
to add up to amount to, be English) tive impact

28 | YES 2
p. 21 5 p. 21
 Ecology

Photo by Ian Francis Photo by Marina Carresi

if we respected our food and above all our meat. As it is

11

The Future between 30% and 50% of the food produced in the world
is wasted12 before it can be eaten.

of Meat Non-Traditional Protein

In-Vitro Meat
The alternative to conventional meat favoured by the
European Union is to grow animal muscle tissue1 in lab-
oratories. The basic idea is to take the stem cells2 out of a
piece of meat and encourage3 them to grow in a soup of
synthetic nutrients. As the muscle grows it is harvested4
and exercised using electricity.
It all sounds very artificial and a bit disgusting5 but
what we eat now is hardly6 natural. The meat industry
is periodically rocked7 by scandals relating to steroids,
antibiotics, hormones, mad-cow disease, horsemeat, etc.
Much of the natural meat you eat is stuffed with8 pre-
servatives9, emulsifying agents and flavour enhancers10.
The environmental impact of moving over to in-vitro
meat could be immense. A study from the University of
Oxford suggests that meat made in laboratories will use
99% less land, 95% less water and 40% less energy than
beef. Moreover, the greenhouse-gas emissions from in-
vitro meat will be almost 95% lower.
Of course, we could achieve many of the benefits now
If you insist on continuing to eat conventional meat like
most people there is an alternative. The idea is to feed
manure13 waste food and animal excrement to mag-
gots14 and then to feed the maggots to livestock15. Before
you get nauseous, just think how the compost commu-
nity16 turns putrid matter17 into plants that are eaten by
animals that are eaten by you. Feeding maggot cake to
livestock is really recycling taken to its logical extreme, a
fast way of producing the protein we are going to need to
feed nine billion people.
Lets try to break down your revulsion. Fish eat mag-
gots and you already eat fish. Free-range chickens eat
all kinds18 of insects and creepy-crawlies19 and you eat
that. Pigs are traditionally fed household organic waste.
Some people already eat maggots14 directly in Sardinian
cazu marzu cheese or Asturian cabrales cheese.
Of course, another alternative often cited, though
rejected by most Western consumers is eating larvae
and insects directly. Whatever the final solution, and it
will probably involve a combination of some of the alter-
natives, the meat of the future is likely to be20 very dif-
ferent from what it is now. Environmentally at least, thats
almost certainly a good thing.

1
muscle tissue flesh, meat
2
stem cell an undifferentiated
cell that can become a special-
ized cell
3
to encourage stimulate
4
to harvest collect, gather
5
disgusting (false friend)
repulsive, repugnant
6
hardly not really 11
above all especially microorganisms that decom-
7
to rock shake, agitate 12
to waste squander, throw pose organic matter
8
to be stuffed with be full of away, misuse 17
matter material, stuff
9
preservatives (false friend) 13
manure excrement, biode- 18
kind sort, type
chemicals added to food to gradable material 19
creepy-crawlies bugs,
inhibit decomposition 14
maggot larva of a fly insects and similar small
10
flavour enhancer substance 15
livestock farm animals creatures
that improves the taste of food 16
compost community 20
is likely to be will probably be

YES 2 | 29
p. 21 5 p. 21
 Sports

Competitive
Eating
There is something very wrong
with society when people can
earn $10,000s eating ridiculous1
quantities of food as a spectator
sport. I have tried to approach this
subject2 with an open mind and
a sense of fun, but the more I have Takeru Kobayashi Photo by Dumbonyc

read about it, the more offensive I 1

ridiculous (in this case/ 11
over (in this case) during
have found the whole matter3. false friend) ridiculously large, 251/8 twenty-five and an
12

excessive eighth /eit/

2
subject (false friend) theme, 13
to spread (spread-spread-
topic, matter spread) propagate, proliferate
3
matter subject2 14
to tuck in start eating
4
fair (n.) fte, annual celebra- 15
to tear apart (tear-tore-
Nathans Hot-Dog Contest tion, festival torn) devastate, change
Competitive eating has relatively innocent origins. It was 5
contest competition dramatically
originally something that happened at country fairs4 and 6
to hold (hold-held-held) (in 16
to turn up to appear at,
this case) organize, celebrate come to
involved amateurs you have no doubt seen scenes of 7
to fight (fight-fought-fought) 17
allotted designated
competitive eating in small-town America in movies. wage, plan 18
to remain continue to be
The urban equivalent was Nathans Hot-Dog Eating 8
just (in this case) simply, only 19
to be beaten by lose to, be
Contest 5 held6 on 4th July on Cony Island, New York 9
harmless inoffensive, innoc- defeated by
since 1916. The idea was simple: celebrate the Indepen- uous, unobjectionable 20
crowd multitude
10
to rise (rise-rose-risen) 21
live /laiv/ (adv.) in real time,
dence of the United States by seeing who could eat the
increase, augment with ones own eyes
most hot dogs in 12 minutes. This may not have been
why George Washington fought7 the Revolutionary War
but it was just8 a bit of harmless9 fun. The first winner
ate 13 hot dogs. The winning total gradually rose10 over11
the next eight decades until it had double to 251/812
hot dogs in 2000. By the beginning of the 21st Century
Nathans Hot-Dog Eating Contest5 was a televised event,
promoted since the 1990s as a sport along with around
a dozen similar eating competitions. Competitive eating
had also spread13 to Japan by 2000.

Takeru Tucks In14

The world of competitive eating was torn apart15 in 2001.
A 57kg Japanese man called Takeru Kobayashi turned
up to16 Nathans and consumed 50 hot dogs in the allot-
ted17 12 minutes. Takeru remained18 the king of com-
petitive eating until 2007 when he was beaten by19 Joey
Chestnut, who consumed 66 hot dogs in 12 minutes; thats
a hot dog every 11 seconds. By this time a crowd20 of
50,000 people came to watch the competition live21. Lit-
erally millions of Americans watched the contest5 on TV. Photo by Takeru Kobayashi

30 | YES 2
5 p. 21
 Sports

Photo by Dustin Ground Photo by Seattle Municipal Archives

A Sick8 Spectacle

The International As competitive eating has become

more bizarre and more dangerous for

Federation of
the health of the competitors many in
Japan have voiced9 criticism about
the events. In the USA, however, com-

Competitive Eating petitive eating still seems to be going

from strength to strength10 and this
despite the fact that a 32-year-old man
in Miami choked to death11 in a com-
The Fed 40 seconds. Patrick Bertoletti ate a petition. What was he eating? Cock-
It might be all right if it were one whole 2.18kg turkey in 12 minutes. roaches12 and worms13.
crazy event once a year. It isnt. The If you are already feeling nauseous,
International Federation of Com- do not read on 5. Oleg Zhornitskiy
petitive Eating recognizes over 200 ate four 907g bowls 6 of mayon-
competitions today. The hot-dog naise in eight minutes, while Don
contests are positively1 tame2 com- Lerman consumed 800g of butter
pared to other events. Joey Chest- in five minutes. Takeru even man-
nut ate 182 chicken wings3 in half aged to put down7 57 cow brains in
an hour, while Sonya Thomas ate 15 minutes.
65 hardboiled eggs4 in six minutes
1
positively (emphatic) really, rather 6
bowl
2
tame ordinary, 7
to put down (put-put-put)
prosaic consume, eat, devour
3
chicken wing 8
sick nauseous
4
hardboiled egg 9
to voice express
hens egg that has 10
to go from strength to strength (go-went-
been cooked in water gone) increase in popularity and importance
for over five minutes 11
to choke to death die from
so that it is solid asphyxia
5
to read on (read /ri:d/ - read /red/ - 12
cockroach
read /red/) continue reading 13
worm

YES 2 | 31
p. 21 5
 History

The engine8 of world

trade9 was food and
above all10 spices...

A Mediaeval Big Mac?

Fast food was invented way back
in the 12th Century. William FitzSte-
phen, who died in 1190 describes the
fast food area down by the Thames.
In A Description of London he tells
us how the public cook shops pro-
vided a great selection of hot food
for rich and poor. Fast food was still
so popular a century and a half later
that strict rules governed the price
and the quality of takeaway food in
London in the 14th Century. Indeed15,
the Thames cook shops survived
until the 18th Century. In the early

A Potted1 19th Century they were replaced by

hot-pie16 shops and by fish-and-chip

History of Food
shops in the late 19th Century.

Our Food Makes Us Human The engine 8 of world trade 9 was

Our relationship with food defines food and above all10 spices, the urge
us. For starters2 , cooking food is to eat something different.
the only thing we do that unam-
biguously no other animals do. The Confucian Confusion
great leaps3 in our history are also Around 400BCE11 Confucius
food-related. First we were hunter- recommended that his followers
gathers4 , i.e. 5 eaters of game 6 and should use chopsticks12 to
forage7; then we were pastoralists eat, consolidating them as the
eating only one or two species of cutlery13 of choice in China.
domesticated animals and consum- Confucius, a vegetarian, was
ing their milk. Finally, we developed against the use of knives
farming and changed our diet again; as they reminded him of
bread and soup became standard. the slaughterhouse14.

1
potted (in this case) abridged, short 7
forage naturally grow- 13
cutlery eating
2
for starters to begin with, in the first place ing food that one finds utensils
3
leap (in this case) substantial advance 8
engine motor, 14
slaughterhouse
4
hunter-gathers community that survives impetus abattoir, place
by killing wild animals and finding edible 9
trade commerce where animals
plants for subsistence 10
above all especially are killed for meat
5
i.e. (id est) that is 11
BCE before Common 15
indeed (emphatic)
6
game (U) animals that are hunted (in this Era, before Christ (BC) in fact
case) for food 12
chopsticks 16
hot pie

32 | YES 2
p. 21 5 p. 21
 History

Cooking:
the Books

Cooks & Books

People have been writing cookery books for thousands
of years. The oldest known cookbook is Hedypatheia 1
by Archestratus, written around 350BCE 2 . Books on
the health risks and benefits of certain foods have been
around for a long time. For instance3, Andrew Boorde
(1490-1549), Bishop of Chichester, wrote A Dyetary of
Helth in the 16th Century. In it he recommends lettuce4 to
calm sexual passions (Lettyse doth 5 extynct veneryous
actes6). Unfortunately, the churchman doesnt seem to
have eaten enough salads because he was defrocked7
for whoremongering8!
The first scientific cookbook was Jean Anthelme
Brillat-Savarins The Physiology of Taste (1825). This along
with Marie-Antoine Carmes The Art of French Cuisine
(1836) finally catapulted western cooking, with French
gastronomy at its heart9, into the modern age.
A Letter on Corpulence
The first international best-selling book on how to slim10
Photo by Marina Carresi

was William Bantings A Letter on Corpulence Addressed

Lettuce - curb your libido!
to the Public (1863). Banting had been to see the ear spe-
cialist, Dr William Harvey because he was going deaf11.
Harvey concluded that Bantings deafness was caused
by his obesity. The doctor told Banting to stop consum-
ing bread, butter, milk, sugar, pork, potatoes, beans and
beer and to eat more meat, fish and greens12. Bantings
girth13 declined by 30cm and he wrote his Letter as the
gospel14 of slimming. Banting is still used in Swedish to
mean slimming. Unfortunately, Dr Harvey was vilified
by his colleagues for trespassing15 outside his special-
ity and for providing no scientific proof16 of how his diet
worked17. After his death his ideas became the basis for
Marie-Antoine Careme standard dietary science.

1
meaning the life of luxury 5
doth (archaic) does 9
at its heart at the centre 13
girth circumference, waistline
2
BCE before Common Era (= BC, 6
= lettuce extinguishes ven- 10
to slim lose weight, become 14
gospel (in this case) founda-
before Christ) eral acts less fat tional text
3
for instance 7
to be defrocked have ones 11
to go deaf /def/ (go-went-gone) 15
to trespass intrude/infringe
for example ecclesiastical status taken away lose ones ability to hear another speciality
4
lettuce 8
to whoremonger /h:r,mgr/ 12
greens (colloquial) green 16
proof evidence
/letis/ use the services of prostitutes vegetables 17
to work (in this case) function

YES 2 | 33
p. 21 5 p. 21
 History

A Brief History of
1
conventionally but errone-
ously known as Genghis
Khan

Table Manners
2
rather surprisingly,
(in this case) very
3
punishment penalty,
sentence
4
rudeness impolite-
ness, discourtesy
5
a tad a little, some-
what, rather
Mongolian Manners Gaveston, was murdered in 1310, a fork 6
widespread
We tend to associate the Mongol Empire was discovered among his possessions; all generalized,
with barbarism in our Western view of the the proof14 the barons needed that poor extensive
7
fork
world but it should be remembered that Piers had unnatural inclinations. Forks 8
cutlery (UK
Chingis Khan 1 made it illegal to consume finally began to catch on15 in the 1600s, English)
food in front of another person without despite their associations with the effete16 silverware (US
offering him or her some, which I think is court of Louis 14th. 17 English)
9
knife (plural knives)
rather2 civilized. It has to be said, though 10
spoon
that the punishment3 for such rudeness4 Richelieu & the Russians 11
trouble
was death, which is a tad5 extreme! Meanwhile18, in the 17th Century the problem,
smart set19 in Western Europe started difficulty
eating their meals in courses20 rather
12
effeminacy
effeteness,
than21 all the dishes being brought
unmanliness
out at once. This revolutionary idea 13
knight
originally came from Russia. In 1637
Cardinal Richelieu ordered that the
points of all knives used at table
should be rounded; it was the easi-
est way to stop diners22 stabbing23
each other. As a result, by 1700 meals
began to look a lot like they do today
(except without the TV and the sofa).

14
proof evidence
15
to catch on (catch-caught-
caught) become popular
16
effete /ifi:t/ affected,
Photo by Ji-Elle unmanly
17
if Jamie Olivers Food Rev-
Forks & Effeminacy olution is to be believed, a
It is impossible to talk about anything generation of US children
is now growing up without
that we could recognize today as table
knowing how to use a
manners before the widespread 6 use knife and fork!
of the fork7. However, the history of the 18
meanwhile at the same
introduction of this piece of cutlery8 is a time
19
the smart set fashionable
sad series of failures. A fork along with
people
a knife 9 and a spoon10 was mentioned 20
courses separate sections
in Aelfric Batas Colloquies (c. 1005), so (e.g. starter/entre, then
people have been trying to introduce main course, then dessert/
them for over a thousand years. The pudding)
21
rather than as opposed to,
trouble11 was that forks were associated
instead of
with effeminacy12 real men use their 22
diner (in this context)
fingers as any mediaeval knight13 knew consumer of food
well. After King Edward IIs lover, Piers Cardinal Richelieu
23
to stab impale with a knife

34 | YES 2
p. 21 5 p. 21

The Last
Hundred Years
The Spinach Conspiracy
Several generations of children first
in the USA and then the world over
were sold the lie that spinach was the
perfect source1 of iron2 and would
make them grow up to be strong.
The central figure in this propaganda
campaign was, of course, Popeye
the Sailor3, who first appeared in
1929.4 The idea that spinach was the
supreme source of iron was based on
a paper5 written by Dr E. von Wolf in
1870. Unfortunately, a decimal point
had been displaced in Dr Wolfs paper,
suggesting that the iron levels in spin-
ach were ten times the real level. The
error was discovered in 1937 but by
1
source (in this case) way to obtain
2
iron /ain/ (Fe) an element that is essential
for health
3
sailor seaman, mariner
4
Why anyone would wish to grow up to be
like Popeye is a mystery!
5
paper [U] academic presentation
6
to bind (bind-bound-bound) trap, capture
7
plenty of more than enough
8
main principal, primary
9
to keep up with (keep-kept-kept) evolve
p. 21 5 p. 21
that time Popeye and his message
had gone global. Worse still, it was
later discovered that oxalic acid in
spinach binds6 most of the iron in an
insoluble salt, so you can absorb less
iron from spinach than many other
vegetables! There are plenty of7 nutri-
tional reasons for eating spinach, but
iron isnt one of them.
Gastronomic Infamy
Anglo cooking was probably the
worst in Europe in the Victorian
Age. The rapid urbanization that
followed the Industrial Revolution
was the main 8 cause. Food-trans-
portation technology did not keep
up with9 the growth of the cities, so
the majority10 isolated from their
traditional ingredients learned to
survive on tinned food11 and root
vegetables12 . The principle of boil13
everything till its soft was a rational
response to the threat14 of infection
but it was a catastrophe for English-
speaking gastronomy. The situation
did not improve much until after
the Second World War. Then, in the
Fifties, several pioneering women
notably, Fanny Cradock and Mar-
guerite Patten in the UK and Julia
Child in the USA used the televi-
sion to introduce the rudiments
as quickly as
10
the majority most people
11
tinned /tind/ food
12
root vegetables
potatoes, turnips,
carrots, etc.
13
to boil cook in
100C water
14
threat /ret/ risk,
danger
15
the locals the
History
Julia Child Photo by Elsa Dorfman
of French cuisine into the Anglo
home. When Britain and America
received immigrants from five con-
tinents the locals15 were prepared
to experiment with exotic foreign
food because they werent overly16
attached to local fare17. The Anglo-
sphere thus18 became the natural
melting pot19 for fusion gastronomy.
Improbably and ironically, in the
first decade of the third millennium
British celebrity chefs Jamie Oliver
and Gordon Ramsay conquered the
world thanks to cable television.
From 2003 to 2008 the Michelin
Guide had an English editor, Derek
Brown. Simultaneously, London, New
York and Tokyo 20 threaten21 Pariss
place as the culinary capital of the
world. Brillat-Savarin and Carme
must be turning in their graves22.
local people
16
overly excessively
17
fare (in this case) food, cuisine
18
thus for this reason
19
melting pot place where things are mixed
20
Tokyo is the city whose restaurants
have won most Michelin stars in recent
years
21
to threaten challenge, rival
22
to turn in ones grave (of a dead person)
be scandalized
YES 2 | 35
 Music

Photo by Hans Hillewaert

Once Upon
a Tune:
Songs that
Tell a Story
by Cristian Dop

Storytelling is all around us, in the

words of our family and friends,
in books, in fairy tales1 and in
films. Stories have traditionally
been told to music in the form of
ballads. Lets take a look at some Tracy Chapman - read about her Fast Car on p. 37.
stories that have filled the airwaves
since pop music began. Cats in the Cradle 6 (Harry Chapin, 1974)
http://goo.gl/rmo6t
Its about a fathers regrets7 for not having spent more
time with his son as he was growing up. Time flies as the
child learns to walk and talk, plays ball on his own, goes
Shes Leaving Home (The Beatles, 1967) to college8 and starts his own family. Ironically, at the
http://goo.gl/vfXBc end of the song, it is his son who doesnt have much time
Its the story of a girl who runs away from her parents to see his retired father. You reap what you sow9.
home early one morning, leaving only a note behind. She
feels free as a bird and is out to get some fun. Her par- Dont Stand So Close To Me (The Police, 1980)
ents cant understand why she left them when they had http://goo.gl/KeB5s
worked so hard to give her everything she wanted. Fun One of The Polices classics tells the story of a forbidden
is the one thing that money cant buy. student-teacher love affair in the Lolita vein10. Actu-
ally11, Nabokov is mentioned in the song. The teacher
In the Ghetto doubles the girls age but he cant help12 his feelings for
(Elvis Presley, 1969) her although he begs for13 discretion: Dont stand, dont
http://goo.gl/cnU5g stand so, dont stand so close to me.
Its a song about the ill-
fated2 expectations of a
1
fairy tales traditional stories sadness
of magic and fantasy 8
college (false friend)
poor child born in a Chi- 2
ill-fated that are not destined university
cago ghetto. Troubled by3 to occur 9
you reap what you sow you
hunger4 and peoples indif- 3
troubled by suffering from suffer the consequences of
ference, the child grows up to
4
hunger a need your actions
for food, a desire 10
in the Lolita vein like in
be an angry young man who
to eat Nabokovs novel Lolita (1955)
has no choice but to steal 5
bullet 11
actually (false friend) in fact
and fight. And as a bullet5 6
cradle crib, 12
cant help cant avoid,
takes his life, another little cot cannot control
baby is born into this cycle
7
regrets 13
to beg for ask desperately
remorse, for
of poverty and violence. repentance,

36 | YES 2
7 p. 21
 Music

Eminem Photo by Mika Dixie Chicks Photo by Kirk Stauffer

Goodbye Earl (Dixie Chicks, 2000)

Three More http://goo.gl/nf2jT

A country song that follows the lives of two high-

Modern Ballads
school friends, Mary Ann and Wanda, after their
graduation. The former15 moves to Atlanta to
start a brand new16 life while the latter17 stays
by Cristian Dop in town and marries an abusive man called Earl.
Soon, Wandas life turns into a living hell and she
ends up in hospital, so Mary Ann returns and
Fast Car (Tracy Chapman, 1988) together they work out18 a plan: Earl has to die. Wrapped
http://goo.gl/USPmy up19 in a tarp20, he winds up21 at the bottom of a lake. A
This is a tale of poverty and broken dreams. A young black comedy? Or a warning22 for men like Earl? Watch
woman quits1 school to take care of her alcoholic father out23, boys!
after her mother left them. Boldly2, she decides to join
her boyfriend in search of a better future in the big city. 1
to quit leave (in this case) 13
demise (euphemistic) end,
She finds a job as a checkout girl3, but hes unemployed before getting any academic death
and gradually takes to drink4. Finally, facing5 the pros- qualifications 14
trunk (US English) boot (UK
2
boldly bravely, courageously English) part of a car in which
pect of having to bring up6 her children alone, she asks 3
checkout girl young woman one stores baggage
him either to stop drinking or to take his fast car and who works in a supermarket 15
the former the first men-
drive off. receiving customers money tioned, (in this case) Mary Ann
4
to take to drink (take-took- 16
brand new (emphatic) com-
Stan (Eminem, 1999) taken) starts drinking pletely new
uncontrollably 17
the latter the last mentioned,
http://goo.gl/LWlqe 5
to face confront (in this case) Wanda
This is a hip-hop song describing the relationship 6
to bring up (bring-brought- 18
to work out devise,
between a hardcore7 fan, Stan, and his idol, a famous brought) rear, raise, look after formulate
singer. The story is told through the letters the fan writes a child until she or he becomes 19
wrapped up covered
an adult 20
tarp tarpaulin, big imperme-
and they describe a journey through his inner8 feelings 7
hardcore extreme, obsessed able sheet
of admiration, obsession, disappointment, and anger as 8
inner intimate 21
to wind /waind/ up (wind-
he doesnt get the attention he thinks he deserves9. As 9
to deserve merit, should wound-wound) end up, be...
his idolatry turns into10 rage11, he takes it all out on12 his have in the end
pregnant wife who meets her demise13 in the trunk14 of a
10
to turn into become 22
warning (in this case) cau-
11
rage fury, anger tionary story
car driven off a bridge. 12
to take it all out on victimize 23
watch out! be careful!

YES 2 | 37
p. 21 7
 Travel

Photos by Beln Gutirrez

end, we found out9 why: government spies

Burma: listen in to find out9 if ordinary people talk

to the foreign visitors about the repression

the Undiscovered
and their lack of10 freedom. With the free-
ing of11 the press there are now 16 privately
owned12 newspapers in April 2013 people

Paradise
by Beln Gutierrez
may gradually learn to express themselves
but, as Aung San Suu Kyi says, fear is a habit.

Private Hotels
Fortunately, the situation is gradually improv-
ing, and nowadays13 more and more people

L ike President Obama and Hillary Clinton, I recently

visited Burma 1 . The country has made huge2 prog-
ress towards3 democracy, freedom and the rule of law4
over the last couple of years, though more still needs to
change. For the adventurous tourist Myanmar is at the
perfect moment when a country is opening up. You can
now travel there with a clear conscience, yet5 it is one of
the few treasures still to be discovered by mass tourism.
At the same time you cannot and should not forget that
for decades this was Asias heart of darkness6 .
Fear is a Habit
In spite of the poverty, the repression and their political
isolation the Burmese people are proud of their country
and their culture. It was very difficult to speak to them
about the political situation, even when we were talking
with people who speak English fluently; they went mute7
and deaf8 the moment politics was mentioned. In the
set up14 their own family-run15 hotels and travel agen-
cies, which are more efficient than the state-owned16
ones. It is better to use these so that the income from
tourism does not go to the military juntas treasury17.
The brutality of the junta can escape the notice of an
unobservant traveller. The junta has cruelly repressed
dissidents, Buddhist monks and ethnic minorities.
English in Burma
After independence in 1948 Burma did not join the Com-
monwealth and, more than any other British former18
colony, the country tried to discontinue 19 the use of
English as the language of administration and education.
However, with English the natural language of commu-
nication with almost all of Burmas neighbours it is the
official language of ASEAN20s business this policy21
began to change in the 1980s. The Burmese tend to read
and write English better than they speak it.

1
I will use the two names
Burma (traditional)
and Myanmar (official)
indistinctly
2
huge enormous
3
towards in the direction of
4
rule of law situation in which
laws are obeyed and apply to
everybody equally
5
yet but, however
6
reference to Joseph
Conrads novella about 11
freeing of ending of restric- the state
(white) barbarism in Central tions on 17
treasury coffers, finances
Africa. The movie Apoca- 12
privately owned in the 18
former ex-
lypse Now was based on it. hands of private companies 19
to discontinue phase out,
7
to go mute (go-went-gone) (not the state) gradually eliminate
stop talking 13
nowadays these days 20
ASEAN Association of South-
8
to go deaf (go-went-gone) 14
to set up (set-set-set) create, east Asian Nations (Indonesia,
stop hearing establish Malaysia, the Philippines, Singa-
9
to find out (find-found-found) 15
family-run managed by pore, Thailand, Brunei, Vietnam,
discover, determine members of the same family Laos, East Timor and Myanmar)
10
their lack of the absence of 16
state-owned managed by 21
policy strategy

38 | YES 2
30 p. 21
 Travel

Asias
Nelson
Photo by
Sikarin Thanachalary
Mandela
A ung San Suu Kyi is the daughter of Burmas great
national hero, General Aung San, who was assassi-
nated in 1947 when Suu Kyi was only two. She was edu-
cated in the West and studied PPE1 at Oxford University.
There she met and fell in love with Michael Aris, a British
academic and Tibetologist.
After graduating Suu Kyi married Aris and she settled
down to2 the tranquil life of an Oxford housewife and
mother of two. Then, in March 1988, Suu Kyis mother had
a stroke3 and Suu Kyi went back to Burma to look after4
her. Fate5 decided that the dutiful6 daughters visit coin-
cided with the greatest political upheaval7 against the
military regime in decades. Desperate students guilted8
General Aung Sans daughter into being their leader. She
eventually9 agreed believing it was the only way to stop
the violence. Her National League for Democracy won
a landslide10 victory in 1990 but were not
allowed11 to take power. There followed 15
years of almost continuous house arrest and
occasional personal danger. When Michael
Aris was diagnosed with terminal cancer in
1999, the junta tried to use this to get Suu Kyi
to leave the country. They even refused to
allow12 Aris into the country to say goodbye
to his wife. The 68-year-old Nobel Laureate is
still the most popular leader in the country and
may soon finally see the advent of full democ-
racy for which she has sacrificed so much.
Aung San Suu Kyi was elected to Parliament
in 2012 and on June 2012 she was finally able
to deliver her Nobel acceptance speech13, 11
years after being awarded14 the Peace Prize. 15
Photo by Beln Gutirrez
The Tanaka & The Longyi
Myanmar is more than a dictatorship; it is a very beauti-
ful country, where shy smiles and friendly faces hand-
painted with a yellowish plaster, the tanaka greet16 you
wherever you look. The tanaka, the traditional Burmese
make-up17, is one of the most important icons of this
fantastic country. Women and children cover their faces
in countless designs, they feel naked18 without their
tanaka. This plaster19 protects against acne and the sun,
it prevents fungi and makes the skin beautiful. The paste
comes from the tanaka tree.
Myanmar smells of jasmine, women fasten20 a twig21
of jasmine in their hair. Moreover, men,
women and children wear the typical
skirt, the longyi, a cotton tube tied22 at
the waist23.
Due to24 its political isolation, Burma
maintains its traditions intact, each
ethnic group conserves its clothing and
traditions. Until recently, the regime
have controlled information, the inter-
net and landline phones25. When I
was in Myanmar, there were no cell
towers and it took me 30/60 minutes
to get connected to the internet; and
that was on a good day! often it was
simply impossible. However, things are
Photo by Beln Gutirrez changing fast.

1
PPE philosophy, politics and 8
to guilt sb. use emotional 14
to award give substance that dries (similar to
economics extortion 15
Some idea of the worst a substance used to coat inte-
2
to settle down to focus on, 9
eventually (false friend) in period of repression can be rior walls)
start living the end got from the movie Beyond 20
to fasten fix
3
stroke embolism, thrombosis 10
landslide (adj.) decisive Rangoon (1995) starring 21
twig sprig, piece
4
to look for care for, take care of 11
to allow permit Patricia Arquette. 22
tied fastened with a cord
5
fate destiny 12
refused to allow (in this 16
to greet welcome 23
waist pelvis
6
dutiful biddable, considerate, case) did not permit 17
make-up facial cosmetics 24
due to because of
thoughtful 13
to deliver a speech give a 18
naked nude 25
landline phone conven-
7
upheaval confrontation speech 19
plaster [U] water-based tional telephone

YES 2 | 39
p. 21 30
 Travel
Road to
Mandalay
Yangon
My first contact with this extraordinary
country was in Yangon 1 , its capital. When
I say contact I mean it in a very physi-
cal sense; as I tried to go unnoticed into
the Shwedagon Paya2, I stumbled3 and
unintentionally kissed the floor as if I
were the Pope! The Shwedagon Paya is
the central focus of Burmese religious life
where hundreds of Burmese people meet
up to pray4 or make offerings. Each Bur-
mese must visit this exceptional monu-
ment at least once in his or her lifetime. W.
Somerset Maugham compared the sight
of5 this pagoda to a sudden6 hope in the
dark night of the soul7 . The Shwedagon
Paya was in 2007 the nerve centre of the
so-called Saffron Revolution, where hun-
dreds of monks8 demonstrated9 peace-
fully against the military junta. Barefoot10
as tradition stipulates, I enjoyed myself
seeing the sunset between the small
golden temples, while around me families
and monks honoured Buddha.
40 | YES 2
Mandalay11 1
known as Rangoon until
My next destination was Mandalay, a 1989. The name means
crossroad in upper Myanmar, where Chi- peaceful or end of conflict
2
paya pagoda
nese people set up 12 their businesses 3
to stumble fall over
and where half the monks and nuns13 of 4
to pray talk to God or the
Burma live. Mandalay is not a very beauti- gods
ful city, but it is the first step, if you want to 5
the sight of seeing
6
sudden unexpected
discover the antique cities of Amarapura, 7
soul eternal spirit
where the biggest teakwood14 bridge in 8
monk religious man who
the world is located; Awa, which was the lives in a monastery
capital for 400 years and where you have 9
to demonstrate (false
to visit the monuments by horse-drawn friend) protest
10
barefoot not wearing
carriage 15, and the wonderful Sagaing,
shoes or socks
home to 500 stupas16, more than 500 11
Mandalay is quintessen-
monasteries and convents. On its hills you tially exotic in the Anglo
can find an ideal place for placid medita- imagination ever since
Kipling wrote the poem
tion foreigners are welcome here too.
Mandalay. The poem was
recited at Aung San Suu
Taking to the Water17 Kyis wedding to Michael
The next stage18 of our visit required an Aris. More prosaically,
uncomfortable 18-hour motorboat trip. En Frank Sinatra and Robbie
Williams both sang songs
route the people were kind and happy to
called The Road to Manada-
share19 their culture. There was much to lay, based on Kiplings
learn from these marvellous people and poem.
their human values. We soon realized20 12
to set up (set-set-set)
establish
how important our vessel21 was; it was 13
nun religious woman who
the once-a-week lifeline 22 that brought lives in a convent
news, groceries23, machinery and medi- 14
teakwood valuable dense
cines. It even served as the local ambu- wood of an Asian tree (Tec-
lance. The locals lives depended on our tona grandis)
15
horse-drawn carriage
boat, and in each stop it was received as
the most important event of the week. It
was a great way to see traditional society.
During the voyage we communicated
through good will24 and sign language
since25 we shared26 no formal language
with those around us.
Photos by Beln Gutirrez
16
stupa tope, domed edifice
containing Buddhist relics
17
to take to the water (take-
took-taken) leave dry land
18
stage (in this case) part
19
to share (in this case) show
20
to realize (false friend)
become conscious
21
vessel (in this case) boat
22
lifeline vital connection
23
groceries shopping, food
24
good will a positive
disposition
25
since (in this case) given
that, because
26
to share have in common
30 p. 21
 Travel

Kalaw
Our next destination was not very comfortable; for four
days we went up and down mountains in the region of
Kalaw. This plateau8 is inhabited9 by the Paulung and
Po-o ethnic groups. Because of the altitude, they depend
on tea plantations and rice fields. We shared10 their
food, their green tea, their huts11 and games. We were
able to sleep in a monastery. There we were woken up
at daybreak12 and we were able to take part in its morn-
ing ceremony. This monastery was the meeting point of
the adjacent settlements13 not only for praying14 but
also for watching
a successful soap
Photo by Beln Gutirrez opera 1 5 , whose
plot16 involved the

A Remote moving of a corpse17

from place to place!

Paradise
Bagan
After 18 hours we arrived in Bagan, which is extraor-
dinary and packed with1 monuments. More than 200
stupas2, pagodas and gold, red or white temples, which
were built between the 10th and the 16th Centuries. This
drive3 to build arose from4 the belief that if you con-
tribute to the building or take care of a pagoda, you earn
points for a better reincarnation; even today people
believe this. You need two or three days to visit this para-
dise. By bicycle, by horse-drawn carriage 5 or walking
we visited its stupas and pagodas. Many of these dam-
aged Pagodas have been restored. However, the restora-
tion work has received a lot of criticism because it paid
little attention to6 the original architectural styles and
used modern materials. This is why the city has not been
designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
It was a very beautiful experience, because we could
enjoy its astonishing sunrises7, and its romantic eve-
nings, surrounded by peace, religion and mysticism.
Finally and after
four days walking
between 20 and
25km a day, we
arrived at Lake Inle,
a field of tomatoes
and melons growing
in the water. There Photo by Beln Gutirrez
are floating houses
and fishermen, who have learned to row18 with their feet
so that their hands are free for handling19 the nets20.
Lake Inle is full of floating markets, where the colourful
clothing of the different ethnic groups punctuates the
throngs21 of monks and tourists at the floating monaster-
ies. In these colourful surroundings we appreciated even
more the friendly nature of the Burmese people who,
although they have been oppressed, always smile when
your eyes meet theirs.
Paradise Lost Again?
As I have been writing and researching this article I
have seen that sectarian violence between Muslims and
Buddhists has erupted again in Myanmar. Interethnic
violence could still scupper22 all the progress towards
democracy. Lets hope they find a solution very soon.

1
to be packed with be full of 6
to pay little attention to not 12
at daybreak at dawn, at 18
to row
2
stupa tope, respect sunrise move a
domed edifice 7
sunrise (UK English) sun-up 13
settlement village boat with
containing Bud- (US English), dawn 14
to pray talk to God or the oars or a
dhist relics 8
plateau elevated plain, mesa gods paddle
3
drive impulse (US English) 15
soap opera melodramatic 19
to handle
4
to arise from 9
to inhabit populate TV series (in this case) use
(arise-arose- 10
to share use 16
plot (in this case) storyline, 20
net
arisen) be caused by in common story 21
throng multitude, crowd
5
horse-drawn carriage 11
hut 17
corpse dead body 22
to scupper ruin

YES 2 | 41
p. 21 30
 Art

The Painted
Lunch:
Still Life
Whats for dinner?

I f one genre of painting is guaranteed to produce a

yawn1 it is still life2 . What is the point of painting
food and crockery3? Still life was even denigrated in
the hierarchy of genres taught in the great 19th-century
art academies; still life was lower than animal painting Photo by The Yorck Project
even painting a dog was better that painting a bowl of
fruit! Indeed4, still life was so disdained that it was the they knew as well as we do that you cant have your
one genre that women were encouraged 5 or at least cake or bison steak and eat it11. Depicting8 food
allowed6 to paint before the modern age.7 reminds you of the good times when food is plentiful12. It
may even magically guarantee that food is available. The
The Appeal of Still Life Ancient Egyptians painted still lifes2 of food in their pha-
Having said that it is clear that from earliest times paint- raohs tombs believing that the pictures would turn into
ers have chosen to depict8 food. Prehistoric paintings of real food in the Afterlife (dont ask me how that works13!).
bison are, in one sense, the earliest depictions of lunch. The Ancient Greeks loved still life as much as the
So why would early Homo sapiens sapiens bother9 to Egyptians and Zeuxis of Heraclea painted pictures of
paint their favourite source of10 meat? Probably because grapes14 in the 5th Century BCE that were so realistic
that birds would try to peck them off15 the painting. In
the Middle Ages the only suitable16 subjects17 for paint-
ing were religious. Even so, still-life elements were kept
alive in Biblical scenes such as the Last Supper. From
the Renaissance onwards18 almost every great painter
dedicated some time to still life. Indeed4, still life tended
to be what artists painted for themselves rather than19
for commission. Why should this be? Well, still life is the
perfect genre to practise and/or demonstrate ones prow-
ess in terms of texture volume, colour, light and trans-
lucence. Theres nothing like a lemon, a dead rabbit20,
a fish and a glass of water to show that you really know
Photo by Mech Mullins
how to paint!
1
yawn 7
and many great early still- which one obtains sth. 15
to peck sth. off (of birds)
2
still life (plural life painters were women, 11
you cant have your cake and extract sth. from
lifes) picture such as: Fede Galizia, Clara eat it (idiom) you can either 16
suitable appropriate
of inanimate Peeters, Giovanna Garzoni, consume sth. or save it 17
subject (in this case) theme
objects Louise Moillon, Laura 12
plentiful 18
from the Renaissance
3
crockery cups, Bernasconi, Maria Theresa abundant, onwards
plates, etc. van Thielen, and Anne copious after 1420
4
indeed Valleyer-Coster 13
to work (in 19
rather than
(emphatic) in fact 8
to depict represent, illustrate this case) instead of, as
5
to encourage stimulate, urge 9
to bother make the effort function opposed to
6
to allow permit 10
source of sth. place from 14
grapes 20
rabbit

42 | YES 2
25
 Art

Protestant
was emerging who had made their fortunes in the mar-
ketplace. Pictures of produce 8 became status symbols
showing where and how the merchants wealth9 had

Still Life been achieved10. As a result, still-life1 subgenres were

often highly11 geographically specific; fish still lifes1, for
example, mainly12 came from the port of The Hague.
Though the Protestant burghers13 would no doubt
never admit it, there was probably a lot of the old super-
stition about still life in post-Reformation northern
Europe, too. After all, the subject matter14 of still life
is almost always perishable15: food, meat and fish. By
painting such foodstuffs16 in all their ripeness17 and
abundance painters conserved them in the only way
possible at the time.

Pictures of produce8 became

status symbols showing where
and how the merchants
wealth9 had been achieved10.

An Alternative to Religion
The English term still life 1 comes from the Dutch stil-
leven. The term was originally used to refer to living
objects at rest2 think of one of Drers hares3. The rest
of Europe tended to refer to dead nature, which is per-
haps more accurate4 but less appealing 5 in market-
ing terms. Still life (and landscape painting) took off6 in
northern Europe because most Protestants rejected reli-
gious imagery as contravening the Second Command-
ment7. Fortunately for the artists, a new bourgeoisie van Dyck

1
still life (plural 4
accurate correct, exact, pre- agricultural products 14
subject matter what is repre-
lifes) picture cise, right 9
wealth prosperity, riches, fortune sented in a picture
of inanimate 5
appealing attractive 10
to achieve get, obtain 15
perishable decomposable,
objects 6
to take off (take-took-taken) 11
highly very, extremely biodegradable
2
at rest resting, become popular 12
mainly primarily, principally 16
foodstuffs ingredients
motionless 7
i.e. do not make idols 13
burgher merchant, trader, 17
ripeness maturity, optimal
3
hare 8
produce food for sale, member of the bourgeoisie moment, prime

YES 2 | 43
25
 Art

Still life by Francisco Zurbarn

Zurbarns Citrons

Catholic A Catholic master like Zurbarn would set up8 a still life1
as if he was painting an altar. In a painting like Lemons,

Still Life
Oranges and a Rose (1633) he is showing that he can paint
the skins9 of lemons like nobody else ever, as well as
turning out10 a perfect wicker basket11 and a to-die-
for12 pewter13 dish. Yet14, at the same time, the painting
may be a reference to the Virgin Mary. The lemons are
supposedly citrons15, which were associated with ven-
erating the Virgin at Easter16; oranges and orange blos-
Roman Symbols som17 were symbols of chastity; the rose means love and
You cant keep religion out of anything for long, and the water, purity.
still life1 was no different to any other facet of life. Still Of course, the trouble18 with symbolism is that the
life appeared sporadically in Catholic southern Europe meaning is in the eye of the beholder19. As Edwin Mul-
and usually it was infused with2 symbolism. Fruit was lins says, you can look at it another way: the rose may
never just fruit in the Counter-Reformation. Grapes3 rep- stand for20 human love, the cup may hold 21 [white]
resented the blood of Christ (through transubstantiation), wine suggesting pleasures of the flesh22. Oranges the
apples represented the Fall of Man, lobsters4 and mus- fruit and the flower frequently symbolize carnal love,
sels5 represented the Resurrection (sorry, I cant explain and the lemons well, how breast-like23 they are! Per-
that one). If food looked like it was beginning to go off6, haps youre right, Edwin, but I cant really see this as an
this symbolized the transience7 of sensual pleasures. outlet24 for Zurbarns earthy25 fantasies.
1
still life (plural lifes) impermanence, brevity approximately 80% tin (Sn.) 20
to stand for (stand-stood-
picture of inanimate 8
to set up (set-set-set) (in this and 20% lead (Pb.) stood) represent
objects case) configure, organize 14
yet (in this case) however, 21
to hold (hold-held-held) (in
2
to be infused with 9
skin (in this case) peel, outer nevertheless this case) contain
be full of covering 15
citron the lemon-like fruit of 22
pleasures of the flesh
3
grapes 10
to turn out the citron tree (Citrus medica) (poetic) carnal pleasures
4
lobster create, represent 16
at Easter during Holy Week 23
breast-like similar to mam-
5
mussels 11
wicker basket 17
blossom little flowers, bloom mary glands
6
to go off (go-went- 12
to-die-for per- 18
trouble difficulty, problem 24
outlet release mechanism,
gone) putrefy, rot fect, marvellous 19
to be in the eye of the means of expression
7
transience 13
pewter a metal alloy of beholder be subjective 25
earthy unsophisticated, worldly

44 | YES 2
25
 Art

The Death
of Still Life

From Czanne to the Pope of Pop

The last great age of still life1 was post-Impressionism,
above all2 the paintings of Czanne. In his art apples
didnt symbolize anything, yet3 they were more than
just4 apples. These are dense geometric forms neo-
Platonic archetypical apples which, if you could pick
them up 5, would weigh like small cannonballs. There is
really nothing more to be said in still life after Czanne. Paul Czanne
Except, of course, there is6 and Any Warhol said it. Still
life before the consumer age was an expression of transi-
tory abundance in a world in which plentiful7 good food
was the exception, not the rule. After the Second World
War food became a
commodity8 : copi-
ous and bland9. The
still life of the con-
sumer age is War-
hols Campbells Soup
Cans (1962). This is
food that is long-
life, mass-produced
and characterless.
There is no attention
to detail because
there is no individu- Paul Czanne
alizing detail. This
Photo by M J Rirardson food will feel and
taste exactly the 1
still life (plural lifes) picture 6
there is (in this case) there is
same in any supermarket in the world. The still life is of inanimate objects more to be said
dead because we have killed the idiosyncrasies in indi-
2
above all especially 7
plentiful abundant, copious
3
yet (in this case) however, but, 8
commodity (false friend)
vidual pieces of fruit. Each lemon that Zurbarn painted
nevertheless commercial product
is unique. Each genetically modified lemon that we buy 4
just (in this case) only 9
bland (false friend) tasteless,
today is indistinguishable from a million others. 5
to pick sth. up hold sth. in characterless
ones hand

YES 2 | 45
25
 Society
The
Profumo
Affair
by Colman Keane
On the 50th anniversary
of the Profumo Affair, it is
still Britains most famous
political sex scandal of the
20th Century.
The Talented Mr Ward
Nobody was a more accomplished 1
social climber than Stephen Ward. The
49-year-old osteopath with consulting
rooms at 38, Devonshire Street W.1 had a
quick and easy manner of conversation
which, while seducing many, repelled
others. An inveterate snob, Ward was
apt to engage in 2 namedropping3 and
would boast4 about his highly influen-
tial friends and patients of considerable
wealth 5 and cachet. A wizard6 with his
hands, Ward, who was a superb bridge
player and highly talented artist, had by
1961 gained entre into the highest social
circles in London. Indeed7, such was his
The cottage at Cliveden
46 | YES 2
Jack Profumo Stephen Ward at a reception for viewing his work
success socially that not only did he treat
Prince Philip and Winston Churchill but
had sketched8 almost all the members of
the royal family. However, it was the Astor
family9 that was Stephen Wards greatest
social conquest.
The Osteopath Rubs Shoulders
Stephen Ward had got to know Bill Astor
in 1950 when he began giving the aristo-
crat osteopathic treatment. Ward would 1
accomplished /kmplit/
go down to Cliveden, the fabulous 400- expert, capable
2
to engage in (in this case)
acre Astor estate 10 on the banks of11
start, begin
the Thames where he would treat Lord 3
namedropping mention-
Astor who in turn12 sent him many of his ing famous people one has
friends as patients. So well did they get some connection to in order
on13 that in 1956 Bill Astor let14 Stephen to impress others
4
to boast brag, show off,
Ward the cottage 15 down by the river on
congratulate oneself
the Cliveden estate for 1 a year. A mere 5
of considerable wealth
half mile from the big house, Stephen was rich, prosperous
often invited to attend16 weekend parties 6
wizard (in this case) genius,
expert
where he rubbed shoulders with17 the 7
indeed (emphatic) in fact
great and mighty18. 8
to sketch sb. make a por-
trait/drawing of sb.
9
particularly Nancy Astors
eldest son, Lord Astor
10
estate rural mansion sur-
rounded by private land
11
on the banks of next to
(a river)
12
in turn (in this case) in
return, to return the favour
13
to get on well (get-got-got)
have a friendly relationship
14
to let (in this case) rent
15
cottage (literally) small
home of a rural worker
16
to attend be (present) at
17
to rub shoulders with mix
socially with
18
the great and the mighty
VIPs
19 p. 21
 Society

Photo by The National Archive

The Cliveden Estate Photo by Roger Prime Minister Harold MacMillan

For11 Stephen Ward was a committed Soviet sympathizer

Aristocrats who was working hand in glove with12 Eugene Ivanov, a

Soviet spy.

and Soviets The Politician & the Call Girl

What later became known as the Profumo Affair may be
said to have begun on the weekend of Saturday, 8th July
to Sunday, 9th July 1961. That weekend a glittering13 party
was thrown14 at the great house in Cliveden by Lord Astor
for over a score of15 important guests including John

D espite a veneer1 of utter2 respectability, Stephen

Ward was at the same time totally immoral3 . Not
only did he cater for4 those of his friends with perverted
tastes, but he also picked up5 underage6 girls whom he
took to his London home or down to his Cliveden cot-
tage in Buckinghamshire. He procured many of these
girls7 to be mistresses for his influential friends. By June
1961, he was living with 19-year-old Christine Keeler in his
mews house8 in Marylebone. Keeler, who had met Ward
at the Murray Cabaret Club, where she was employed
as a showgirl, was soon working for the osteopath as a
high-class call girl9. What people did not suspect about
Ward was that the likes of10 Anthony Blunt were regu-
lar visitors at both his house and his consulting rooms.
Profumo, British Secretary of State for War. As Lord Astor
and John Profumo were strolling16 in the grounds17 of
the Cliveden Estate, they passed the pool18 (near the big
house but used also by the tenant19 of the cottage20 and
his friends) where Christine Keeler was swimming. Lord
Astor invited her and Stephen Ward to join the party up at
the house for a drink. John Profumo was much attracted
by this beautiful girl with wistful21 eyes but he was by no
means22 the only man that weekend who was to fall for23
her beauty. The following day Keeler met Eugene Ivanov, a
Naval Attach24 at the Russian embassy. The Russian fell
for the sultry25 brunette26 and the scene was set for a fas-
cinating story involving a call girl9, her influential pimp27,
a Russian spy and the British Secretary of State for War.

1
veneer faade, false appear- 6
underage aged less than 18 14
to throw a party (throw-threw- home of a rural worker
ance, impression, semblance, 7
such as Mandy Rice-Davies thrown) organize/ celebrate 21
wistful melancholic, dreamy
pretence, illusion and Christine Keeler a party 22
by no means (emphatic) not
2
utter (emphatic) total, complete 8
mews house house in an 15
over a score of more than 20 23
to fall for (fall-fell-fallen) fall
3
Lord Alfred Denning, John exclusive London cul-de-sac 16
to stroll walk in a relaxed way in love with
Profumo and Christine 9
call girl (euphemism) prostitute for pleasure 24
attach sb. who works in an
Keeler 1963, uncovered edi- 10
the likes of people like 17
grounds land connected to embassy
tions, The Stationery Office, 11
for (in this case) this was a rural mansion, (in this case) 25
sultry (in this case) sexy,
1999. because gardens seductive
4
to cater /keitr/ for provide 12
hand in glove with in inti- 18
pool swimming pool 26
brunette young woman with
services for mate cooperation 19
tenant sb. who rents prop- brown hair
5
to pick up start a relationship 13
glittering (in this case) erty from another person 27
pimp man who earns money
with, make advances to sumptuous 20
cottage (literally) small from prostitution

YES 2 | 47
p. 21 19
 Society

Gunshots in
the Night

O ver the next year Stephen Ward was busy trying

to ferret out 1 little nuggets of information 2
that might be useful to the Soviets. He was naturally
delighted3 that one of his protges was so close to John
Profumo and on more than one occasion asked her to
discover the date on which certain atomic secrets were
to be handed to4 West Germany by the Americans. In
the meantime 5, keen to6 have sexual relations with a
coloured girl, Ward brought Christine Keeler to a caf
frequented by West Indians7 where she met Lucky
Gordon. She told him she would live with him provided
he found a coloured girl for Stephen Ward. Some months
later she took up8 a similar relationship with another
West Indian7, John Edgecombe. This fanned the flames
of9 jealousy so much that in October 1962 Edgecombe, in
a fit of anger10, slashed11 Lucky Gordons face 12 . Early
in December of that year, while Christine Keeler was
staying with Mandy Rice-Davies (Wards new girlfriend),
Edgecombe arrived in a taxi and, after brandishing13 a
pistol, fired at the door and windows of the house. The
neighbours on hearing the commotion, called the police.
The area was soon swarming with14 journalists and by
the time of Edgecombes trial in March 1963 Keeler, quak-
ing in her boots15, had informed the Labour MP16 John
Lewis of what had happened.
Mandy Rice-Davies and Chistine Keeler arriving at
the Old Bailey for Stephen Wards trial.
The Fallout
When this story of sexual and political intrigue became
known all hell broke loose 17 in a country still reel-
ing at18 what had been disclosed19 during the trials20
of George Blake 21 and William Vassall 22 , a country from
which Kim Philby23 had recently defected24 . The fall-
out was25 massive. John Profumo was forced to resign26
while broadside27 after broadside were fired at a belea-
guered28 Harold Macmillan 29 who, after surviving a vote
of confidence in the Commons, knew his days were
numbered 30 when only his son and his son-in-law31
joined him after the vote in the smoking-room for the tra-
ditional cigar32.

1
to ferret out find, obtain 12
so badly that Gordon 42 years in prison but, after 25
the fallout was the conse-
2
nuggets of information needed 17 stitches a daring escape from Worm- quences were
valuable details 13
to brandish wield, show that wood Scrubs in 1966, he fled 26
to resign quit, leave ones
3
to be delighted be very happy one has to the Soviet Union. post
4
to hand to pass to, give 14
to be swarming with be 22
(1924-1996) Son of a clergy- 27
broadside (in this case)
5
in the meantime meanwhile, full of man, he provided the KGB devastating verbal attack
at the same time 15
to be quaking in ones boots with information on British 28
beleaguered on the defen-
6
keen to eager to, enthusiastic be very afraid radar. He was arrested in sive, under attack
to 16
MP Member of Parliament 1962. 29
Conservative Prime Minis-
7
West Indian black person 17
all hell broke loose there 23
(1912-1988) A member of ter (1957-63)
from the West Indies (= English- was pandemonium the Cambridge Five, Philby 30
his days were numbered
speaking Caribbean islands) 18
to be reeling at be stunned was by far the most success- he would not survive as Prime
8
to take up (take-took-taken) by, be in shock because of ful mole (= spy, secret agent) Minister for much
start, begin 19
to disclose reveal in the British Secret Service. longer
9
to fan the flames of provoke 20
trial judicial process He provided key informa- 31
ones son-in-law
10
fit of anger explosion of fury 21
(1922- ) A double agent in tion to the Soviets. the husband of
11
to slash cut, wound with a the service of the Soviet 24
to defect escape to the ones daughter
knife Union. He was sentenced to enemy 32
cigar

48 | YES 2
19 p. 21
 Society

The Profound
Impact of the
Profumo Affair

T he Profumo Affair had profound political repercus-

sions, weakening1 the Conservative Party for a
decade and further2 weakening the USAs trust of Brit-
ain as a serious partner3 in the Cold War (even though
there is no proof that Keeler gave Ivanov any important
secrets).
The personal consequences were more serious. Keeler
spent nine months in prison. Ward committed suicide hiding10 her nakedness11 behind the back of a designer
on the last day of his trial4 for living on immoral earn- chair is an icon of the 20th Century. Keeler went on to
ings 5. Profumo became a philanthropic recluse, and become the subject of a musical and a play and the Pro-
when he died in 2006 he was praised6 for his charity fumo Affair was turned into12 a film, Scandal (1989).
work in Londons East End. This was part of renewed interest in the affair in the late-
1980s, which also saw singles13 about the case by Brian
The Scandal That Wont Go Away Ferry and the Pet Shop Boys.
The social repercussions of the case were, however, A series of books have kept the case alive, including
profound. The British tabloids7 learned that kiss and Keelers autobiography, The Truth At Last: My Story (2001).
tell stories were the best way to increase their circula-
tions8. Mandy and Christine became rather9 unconven- A Phrase to Define an Age
tional stars. Lewis Morleys 1963 photograph of Keeler However, perhaps the most enduring14 aspect of the Pro-
fumo Affair was an answer given by Mandy Rice-Davies
at the trial4 of Stephen Ward in June 1963. When Wards
lawyer told Mandy that Lord Aston had denied having15
sex with her she replied, Well, he would, wouldnt
Profumo became a he? 16 These simple words destroyed centuries of British
philanthropic recluse, and legal assumptions17 about the validity of an aristocrats
word in court18. Rice-Davies in her innocence had shown
when he died in 2006 he that Bill should be considered as nothing more than an
was praised6 for his charity adulterous middle-aged man rather than19 a lord. The
six words are one of the most famous British quotes of
work in Londons East End. modern times.
1
to weaken undermine, make sensationalist newspapers 15
to deny having declare Rice-Davies confirmed that
sth. weaker 8
to increase ones circulation untrue that he had had she had, and she has the
2
further even more sell more newspapers 16
he would, wouldnt he? its court transcripts to prove it.
3
partner ally, collaborator 9
rather somewhat, quite logical that he would deny it, 17
assumptions suppositions
4
trial judicial process 10
to hide (hide-hid-hidden) what do you expect? Sir Ivan 18
in court during the judicial
5
living on immoral earnings conceal, camouflage Lawrence, QC (= Queens process
(in this case) receiving money 11
nakedness nudity Counsel) denied that she 19
rather than as opposed to,
from prostitution 12
to turn into convert into had said these exact words instead of
6
to praise admire, eulogize 13
single (n.) pop song in The Times in February
7
tabloids red tops, 14
enduring lasting, permanent 2013. However, Mandy

YES 2 | 49
p. 21 19
 Poetry

Wordsworths
line. Legend has it that7 Wordsworth originally wrote,
I wandered lonely as a cow and that the last word was
only changed to cloud on the insistence of his sister

Daffodils
William Wordsworths poem
Daffodils1 (or more correctly I
Wandered2 Lonely as a Cloud3)
is one of the most beloved in the
English language. Indeed4, it was
voted Britains fifth favourite poem
of all time in a recent survey5.
The First Line
The first line of the poem is the same as its official
name: I wandered lonely as a cloud. Its one of the most
famous lines of poetry in the English language. However,
many critics find it disturbing. After all, clouds are rarely
alone, at least not in the English sky. Moreover, we know
from a diary entry that Wordsworth was not alone when
he had the experience that inspired the poem, he was
with his sister Dorothy. In fact, Dorothy may have saved
Daffodils 1 from turning into doggerel6 from the first
Dorothy.
If Wordsworth was unsure of his initial simile, then
the British public have remained so8. Despite being such
a well-known line of poetry, when The Daily Telegraph
recently asked Britons to complete the line, I wandered
lonely as a _________ answers given by native Britons
included bear, sheep, pigeon9, tree and goat 10!
Wondering & Wandering
Of course, Wordsworth apologists will come back by
saying that the poet doesnt claim to be alone but
rather11 lonely. You can be lonely in company, you can
even be lonely in a crowd12. The point is that the speaker
is wandering2; he is purposeless13. He is simply going
where life takes him. From this perspective the cloud
simile is effective because the cloud is simply carried
along14 by the wind15, unaware of16 where it is going. In
the previous Augustan Age 17 wandering was censurable,
it implied straying from18 the path19 of rectitude. But
Wordsworth is a romantic poet, so for him wandering
implies communing with Nature.
Wordsworth completes the first sentence with that
floats on high oer20 vales21 and hills. So the poet is not
only wandering, hes also floating. Its beginning to sound
like he is in a listless22 trance as he roams23 the wild
countryside of the Lake District. OK, thats enough of a
lead-in24. Lets have a look at the rest of the poem.

Photo by Cmyk Dorothy Wordsworth

1
daffodil idiotic poetry this case) by contrast he says 17
when neoclassical poets
2
to wander walk 7
legend has it he is like Alexander Pope were
without a clear that according 12
crowd multitude writing
destination to legend 13
purposeless unmotivated, 18
to stray from leave, go off,
3
cloud 8
have direction- deviate from
4
indeed (emphatic) remained so less 19
path route, way, trajectory
in fact have continued to 14
to carry 20
oer (poetic) over
5
survey be unsure along 21
vale (poetic) valley
questionnaire 9
pigeon transport 22
listless lethargic, apathetic
6
doggerel 10
goat 15
wind 23
to roam wander2
unintentionally 11
but rather (in 16
unaware of unconscious of 24
lead-in introduction

50 | YES 2
31

I Wandered Lonely
As A Cloud (1807)
1
to wander /wondr/ a. (lit-
erally) stroll, roam, ramble;
b. (metaphorically) be pur-
poseless and directionless in
general
2
oer /our/ (poetic) over
3
vale (poetic) valley
4
hill small mountain
5
all at once suddenly,
unexpectedly
6
crowd multitude. A
crowd refers to a large
group of people, so this is
personification.
7
host (in this case) multitude.
The use of the word host
probably implies heavenly
host, i.e. Wordsworth may
be comparing the daffodils
to angels and/or the stars
(cf. Milky Way in the second
verse).
8
daffodil
9
beneath under-
neath, under
10
to flutter move
like a butterfly that
is flying
11
to twinkle
glitter, shine
intermittently
12
the Milky Way the band of
light across the night sky cor-
responding to our galaxy
13
to stretch extend, continue
14
bay inlet, cove
31 p. 21
Poetry
I wandered1 lonely as a cloud
That floats on high oer2 vales3 and hills4,
When all at once 5 I saw a crowd6,
A host7, of golden daffodils8;
Beside the lake, beneath9 the trees,
Fluttering10 and dancing in the breeze.
Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle11 on the Milky Way12,
They stretched13 in never-ending line
Along the margin of a bay14:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance15,
Tossing16 their heads in sprightly17 dance.
Photo by Ji-Elle The waves18 beside19 them danced; but they
Out-did20 the sparkling21 waves18 in glee22:
15
at a glance in an instant A poet could not but be gay23,
16
to toss sth. move sth. about In such a jocund24 company:
17
sprightly happy, merry. I gazed25 and gazed but little thought
However, the use of this
What wealth26 the show to me had brought:
specific word alludes to
sprites (= fairies, elves) and
so intro- For oft27, when on my couch28 I lie
duces the In vacant or in pensive mood29,
idea of They flash upon that inward eye30
the super-
Which is the bliss of solitude31;
natural in
folklore And then my heart with pleasure fills,
18
waves And dances with the daffodils.
19
beside next to
20
to outdo (-do/-did/-done)
surpass, eclipse
21
sparkling glittering,
iridescent
22
glee delight, happiness
23
gay (in this case) happy,
joyous
24
jocund (poetic) happy,
exuberant
25
to gaze look fixedly
(mesmerized)
26
wealth riches, (in this case)
benefit
27
oft (poetic) often, frequently
28
couch sofa
29
mood frame of mind, emo-
tional state
30
that inward eye ones Photo by Alan Cleaver
memory/imagination
31
the bliss of solitude the You can listen to the poem at:
great pleasure of being alone
with ones thoughts
http://goo.gl/cMdhe
YES 2 | 51
 Poetry

Analyzing
Daffodils

Solitude Photo by C. E. Price

One way of looking at the poem is as an exploration
of solitude. The poet seems to have a melancholic ten-
dency. He apparently goes out walking in the country-
side feeling lonely and he also sits at home in vacant or
in pensive mood1. However, he has discovered a cure
to his feelings of loneliness and that is the memory of
encountering a great band of daffodils that had sprung
up2 along the lakeside in a remote corner of the Lake Dis-
trict. It was a stormy3 day in austere countryside, yet4
the poet was suddenly5 able to feel at one with6 nature.
The daffodils danced hypnotically in the adversity of the
wind that was driving waves7 across the lake. The natu-
ral world was a hive of activity8 despite the absence of
any human agent (until that moment) with rain falling,
the wind blowing9 and the surface of the lake whipped
up10. However, all this was outdone11 by the life force of
the daffodils. The poets loneliness dissipated with the
realization12 that he is an integral part of nature and the
miracle of life. The oneness of the universe can be seen
in the fact that the poet can be compared to a cloud13,
that the daffodils can be compared to a gathering14 of
dancers and also to the multitude of stars in the galaxy.
The poet achieves15 this epiphany through his own
trance-like state and the dance of the daffodils.

Photo by Marina Carresi

1
mood frame of mind, emo- 6
to feel at one 9
the wind blowing (blow-blew- 12
realization (false friend)
tional state with (feel- blown) awareness, understanding,
2
to spring up (spring-sprang- felt-felt) be 10
to whip comprehension
sprung) appear in harmony sth. up 13
cloud
3
stormy tempestuous with make sth. 14
gathering
4
yet (in this case) but, however 7
waves turbulent collection,
5
suddenly in an instant and 8
to be a hive of activity be 11
to outdo (-do/-did/-done) sur- troupe
unexpectedly very active pass, eclipse 15
to achieve attain, get

52 | YES 2
31
 Poetry

From the Sublime

to MC Nuts

From the Sublime to

the Ridiculous
The Romantic Poets were fixated on the
sublime. This word referred to the awe7
that nature in all its grandeur moun-
tains, storms, volcanoes could provoke
in us. Nowadays8 you are most likely
to 9 come across10 the word sublime
in the expression from the sublime to
the ridiculous, which refers to when
something important and highbrow11 is
interrupted by something really frivo-
lous. As if to illustrate this idea in 2007
to celebrate the bicentenary of the
poems publication, the Cumbria Tour-
ist Board, GoLakes, made a rap version
of Daffodils sung by a squirrel12 char-
Symbolism acter called MC13 Nuts14. You can see it at
Of course, there are other interpretations. www.golakes.co.uk/wordsworthrap!
Daffodils are traditionally associated with
the approach of spring. From this point of
view the unexpectedness of encountering
the daffodils on a stormy1 day is partly
because winter is still being felt, though
spring is promised; every lonely cloud
has a silver lining2, if you like.
One could also point out 3 that daf-
fodils are associated with Narcissus,
who fell in love with his own reflection.
Is Wordsworth commenting on his own
obsessive introspection? 4 Its unlikely5,
the poet took himself far too6 seriously
for that! Photo by Bruno Nascimento

1
stormy tempestuous 5
unlikely improbable (come-came-come) 13
MC master
2
every cloud has a silver 6
far too much too encounter of ceremo-
lining all difficulties bring 7
awe astonishment, wonder 11
highbrow nies, (in this
some compensations 8
nowadays these days sophis- case) rapper
3
to point out mention 9
you are likely to it is probable ticated, 14
nuts
4
what Keats called Word- that you will refined (literally)
sworths egotistical sublime 10
to come across 12
squirrel

YES 2 | 53
31 p. 21
 Biography
Mrs Beeton:
Domestic Goddess
Who was the most influential Englishwoman of
all time? Margaret Thatcher? Queen Victoria?
J.K. Rowling? No, that would be Mrs Beeton,
arguably the most famous cookery writer in
Anglo history.
Miss Mary Mayson
Isabella Mary Mayson was born in
1836 in Eastcheap, in the heart of
Dickensian London just when Dick-
ens was starting to describe it. Isabel-
las father died when she was young
and her mother married a widower1
who already had four children of
his own2 . Eventually3, Isabella was
the eldest of 21 children, so she no
doubt had a thorough4 grounding 5
in household management6. Isa-
bella was sent away to Heidelberg in
Germany for two years of schooling
1
widower man whose wife has died
2
of his own (in this case) from his previous
marriage
3
eventually (false friend) in the end
4
thorough exhaustive, complete
5
grounding preparation
6
household management organizing a
54 | YES 2
and became an accomplished 7
pianist. Although she did not show
any precocious talent as a cook, she
was a beauty and at 19 she married
well; Samuel Beeton a friend from
her childhood had become a suc-
cessful publisher, who specialized
in books and magazines for middle-
class women.
Household Management
Shortly after her marriage, Isabella
began writing at the suggestion of
her husband, who published her
articles in The English-
womans Domestic Maga-
zine (dedicated to the
improvement of the intel-
lect, the cultivation of
morals and the cherish-
ing8 of domestic virtues).
By the time Isabella
was 24 she had turned
her monthly article into
Beetons Book of House-
hold Management (1861),
despite the death of her
second son (aged two)
while she was compiling
family, home economics
7
accomplished /kmplit/ talented 12
8
cherishing admiration, fomenting
9
her first son had died, aged three
months in 1857
10
in the Victorian home in Victorian
homes
her work. 9 It rapidly became as
essential as the Bible in the Victo-
rian home10, selling 60,000 copies in
its first year of publication. The 1,296-
page book was a godsend11 to inse-
cure young Victorian middle-class
wives who studied it religiously.
By 1890 Beetons Book of House-
hold Management had sold 500,000
copies and had become Europes
best-selling cookbook. Despite
having been written over 150 years
ago, it has never been out of print
and is still republished every 10
years. It has sold three million
copies. But how exactly does a
24-year-old accumulate 900 reci-
pes12? She plagiarized. Isabella bor-
rowed hundreds of recipes from
other cookery books, such as those
of Frenchman Alexis Soyer and Eliza
Acton 13 ; other sources14 were hun-
dreds of years old.
11
godsend boon, very useful thing
recipe /resipi/ instructions on how to
prepare a meal
13
Household Management is closely mod-
elled on Actons Modern Cookery (1845)
14
source (in this case) book in which she
found recipes12
 Biography

Isabellas Secrets

T he reason Mrs Beetons bible the middle-aged lady that her title,
became so popular was that for Mrs Beeton conjures up10 in peo-
the first time recipes listed ingre- ples minds. Indeed11, our conception
dients and quantities before the of Mrs Beeton as a solid Victorian
instructions, cooking times, serv- matron is further undermined 12
ings 1 and cost. 2 Mostly, Isabella by the fact that, according to most
wrote in a clear style and her practi- modern biographers, she had syphi-
cal (if blunt3) good sense is remem- lis, contracted from her husband. 13
bered in the instructions, First
catch your hare4. Unfortunately, The Beeton Legacy
this phrase is apocryphal as it does In her Household Management
not actually5 appear in Household Mrs Beeton expressed some thor-
Management. The book also included oughly14 modern ideas. She was
advice 6 on how to manage ones concerned about15 animal welfare16
home, children, servants and hus- in the meat industry and she also
band, though this information has pioneered ideas about buying sea-
dated less well7 than sonal17 and locally pro-
the recipes. duced food (a concept
Unfortunately, Isa- expressed today in mini- for a century. In the mid-Nineteenth
bella didnt live to see mizing food miles 18). Century it was considered unhealthy
the enormity of her suc- At the same time Isa- to eat raw21 or undercooked vegeta-
cess. She died aged only bella Beeton also has bles. Mrs Beeton picked up this idea
28 of puerperal fever8 to take the blame 19 for and enshrined22 it in her Book of
after giving birth to her propagating some perni- Household Management, with disas-
fourth child. Ironically, cious ideas about cooking trous results for the British palate23.
the ultimate 9 domestic that handicapped20 the J.B. Priestley blamed24 her for the
goddess would never be Watch the trailer: culinary arts in Britain lack of25 salads and fresh fruit eaten
http://goo.gl/oC02t by her compatriots.
Mrs Beeton also spoke out against
the smell and taste of garlic26, con-
demning British food to being even
There should be a place for everything more tasteless until that wonder-
ful condiment was rediscovered
and everything in its place. in the Anglosphere a century after
Isabella Beeton, The Book of Household Management (1861) her death.

1
serving how many people a recommendations, suggestions London disadvantage
dish would provide food for 7
to date less well become 14
thoroughly very 21
raw uncooked
2
Eliza Acton had, in fact, listed more anachronistic 15
to be concerned about be 22
to enshrine immortalize
ingredients and given cook- 8
puerperal fever an infection preoccupied about 23
palate sense of taste, appre-
ing times back in 1845 of the blood during childbirth 16
welfare well-being, humane ciation of good food
3
blunt very 9
ultimate definitive treatment 24
to blame
frank, extremely 10
to conjure up suggest 17
seasonal that is appropriate sb. hold sb.
direct 11
indeed (emphatic) in fact to a specific time of year responsible
4
hare 12
to further undermine make 18
food miles the distance that 25
lack of defi-
5
actually (false even weaker food travels cient number of,
friend) in fact 13
there was a massive syphilis 19
the blame responsibility absence of
6
advice epidemic in high Victorian 20
to handicap restrict, 26
garlic

YES 2 | 55
 Life

Dont Be
Pig Ignorant

Living With Pigs

The pig was one of the first animals to be domesticated,
some 8000 years ago. Since then, it has held1 an ambigu-
ous place in human culture. Livestock2 in general and
pigs in particular were a constant source3 of infectious
diseases4 . Millions of people died as a result of living
in close proximity to pigs; even today swine flu 5 is a
killer. Although they did not understand the process, the
Ancients may have made the connection and pigs are
almost universally considered unclean. English folk-
lore6 associated being bitten7 by a pig with cancer. On
the other hand, the constant risk of infection from pigs
and other livestock2 primed8 the immune systems of A Recycling Unit
the survivors making us more resistant to infectious dis- The inconveniences of keeping pigs were outweighed10
eases4 than we would otherwise9 be. by the advantages. Pigs could be fed11 all the waste prod-
ucts12 from feeding humans and, moreover, they could find
their own food in woodland13. The pig was therefore14 the
perfect recycling unit turning refuse15 into meat. In Anglo-
Saxon England, as in much of Asia today, pigs were more
or less the only meat eaten by the poor majority.

Pigs in English
All this has influenced English. Mixed waste food is
called pig swill or hogwash, though the latter16 is
more commonly used these days to mean nonsense 17.
Notice the assonance in both terms. The association with
the brutish poor is apparent in the terms pig-ignorant
(= stupid) and pigheaded (= stubborn18).
The idea that pigs are dirty is reflected in the meta-
phorical use of pigsty /pigstai/:
- A recent survey19 found that 57% of British people
admitted that their home sometimes resembles a pigsty.

1
to hold (hold-held-held) have 7
to bite (bite-bit-bitten) (in this 12
waste products (in this case) hogwash
2
livestock farm animals case) attack (with its teeth) organic refuse 17
nonsense ridiculous or illogi-
3
source (in this case) cause 8
to prime sth. prepare sth. 13
woodland forest cal ideas
4
disease illness, sickness 9
otherwise under other 14
therefore for this reason 18
stubborn obstinate,
5
swine flu N1H1, influenza circumstances 15
refuse /refju:s/ (in this case) obdurate
(= grippe) propagated by pigs 10
to outweigh more than organic waste 19
survey questionnaire, study
6
folklore (in this case) popular compensate 16
the latter the last men-
superstitions 11
to be fed be given as food tioned, (in this case) the word

56 | YES 2
26
 Life

How to
Hide Pigs
English has a series of
pig-related words, which
generate a panoply of
terms. Things start badly A hedgehog Photo by Marina Carresi

with the guinea pig1, an aardvark11 literally means an earth 1

guinea pig
pig or a ground12 hog. Why did English
which is neither a pig nor retain a word that is so morphologically
2
but rather (in
this case) it is by
from Guinea but rather2 strange (from an English perspective)? contrast
3
iron (Fe) ferrous
Almost certainly because of its internal
a South American rodent. assonance.
metal
4
warthog
Pig iron isnt even an 5
wart verruca,
Porkers
animal; its a form of iron3 The second syllable of aardvark is indi-
6
tumour
hedgehog
that is not pure. rectly related to Latin porcus (through
7
hedge barrier
made up of adjacent
Middle13 Dutch varken). Porcus, of course, shrubs/bushes
gives us the name of the pigs meat, 8
snout long
pork, and an alternative name for a pig, pointed nose
9
groundhog
a porker. Less obviously it is the origin 10
aard is a
Hogs of porcupine14 and porpoise 15. The cognate of
Hog is the standard word for a pig in Romans decided this mammal was a sea German Erde
the USA. It gives us warthog4 (wart 5 + pig, so they called it porcus marinus. This and English earth
hog), which is reasonable for the pig-like concept became pig fish (porcopiscis) and
11
aardvark
12
ground (adj.)
animal. However, it also gives us hedge- eventually16 porpoise in Middle (and
earth
hog6 (hedge 7 + hog), which is much Modern) English. 17 13
middle (in this
less reasonable. The only connection The diminutive for sow18 in Latin was case) mediaeval
seems to be the snout8. Even less easy porcella, which ultimately19 gives us the 14
a corruption of Middle
English porc despyne
to explain is the groundhog 9, which is word porcelain. Obviously, theres a
(pork of spine)
not pig-like at all. In fact, Dutch used the big jump from pigs to ceramics. The con- 15
porpoise a small cetacean
same combination of words to describe nection is the cowry shell20, which the 16
eventually (false friend) in
a completely different animal. Pig in French decided was shaped like 21 a the end
Dutch is vark, and ground is aard 10 . So, sows vulva22. I cannot confirm this.
17
the concept is the same
in many European lan-
guages: Spanish puerco
marino, Italian porco
marino, German Meer-
schwein (Meer = sea +
Schwein = pig) and French
marsouin.
18
sow /sau/ female pig
19
ultimately (false
friend) in the final
analysis
20
cowry shell
21
to be shaped like
have the form of
22
a sows vulva the genitals
A groundhog Photo by ECI Aardvarks Photo by Scotto Bear of a female pig

YES 2 | 57
26
 Explorers &
Adventurers

Ney Elias:
The Great
Unknown
Explorer
Ney Elias /ilais/ was the greatest
Anglo explorer of the Asian
continent, a man who ranks1
alongside2 Dr David Livingstone as
a pioneer. So why have you never
heard of him?
How to be Forgotten
The reason that the great Ney Elias (1844-1897) has been
all but 3 forgotten is because he never published an
account4 of his exploits5. There are several reasons for
this. One is that much of his travel in
Asia was undertaken 6 as a political
agent (i.e.7 spy) of the British authori-
ties in India; his work was secret and
could not be divulged. Another reason
sometimes given is that his domineer-
ing mother forbade 8 the writing of a
memoir of his life. A further9 reason,
rarely mentioned, was that Ney was
Jewish10; he was an outsider of sorts11
in the British Empire. Britain was
not viciously antisemitic at the time;
indeed12, a Jewish Prime Minister, Ben-
jamin Disraeli, governed the country for
much of Eliass adult life. However, Jews
Ney Elias (1860)
were more tolerated than fully13 accepted. As late as 1990
travel writer Peter Hopkirk commented on Ney Eliass
somewhat curious14 name.
However, perhaps the most important reason that
Elias didnt write a typical self-aggrandizing15 autobi-
ography was that he was exceptionally modest. When
he was made a Companion of the Order of the Indian
Empire 16 he tried to return the accolade 17, and when
he found out18 this was not possible, he sought assur-
ances19 from the Indian authorities that he would not
receive any further awards.
Ney was once at a dinner party in Simla.
The guest of honour was loudly proclaiming
his own 20 heroism in having crossed a cer-
tain mountain pass. Elias stayed silent until
his host21, annoyed22 by the self-satisfac-
tion of the other guest, asked Ney, Youve
crossed this pass more than once, havent
you, Elias? Yes, 18 times, was the answer.
When the host questioned further23, Elias reluctantly
revealed that some of his crossings had been in winter.
I have always thought him
the best traveller there has
ever been in Central Asia.
Francis Younghusband24

1
to rank be evaluated, be 7
i.e. (id est) that is 14
somewhat curious rather 19
to seek assurances (seek-
considered 8
to forbid (-bide/-bade/-bidden) strange sought-sought) ask for a
2
alongside next to, (in this prohibit 15
self-aggrandizing self- promise/guarantee
case) with 9
further additional important, conceited 20
i.e. the guest of honours
3
all but practically, virtually 10
to be Jewish be descended 16
one of the most important 21
host sb. who has invited
4
account chronicle, memoir from the Ancient Israelites honorary titles in British others to his home
5
exploits achievements, 11
of sorts in one sense, more India 22
to annoy irritate
adventures or less 17
accolade award, honour 23
further (in this case) more
6
to undertake (-take/-took/- 12
indeed (emphatic) in fact 18
to find out (find-found-found) 24
(1863-1942) Central Asian
taken) do, perform 13
fully completely, totally discover explorer

58 | YES 2
6
 Explorers &
Adventurers

Britains
Greatest Asian
Explorer

The Wandering Jew1

Ney Elias was born in Kent in 1844 and educated in
London, Paris and Dresden before getting a job as a com-
mercial agent in China and Japan. In his late twenties Muztagh Ata - Xinjiang, China Photo by Jialing Gao
he was employed to survey2 the Yellow River in China,
which had recently changed its course as it does periodi- threat12 . It was as a result of Eliass insistence of the
cally. For this, he received the Royal Geographical Soci- importance of closing the Wakhan corridor that China
etys Founders Medal. and Afghanistan have a common frontier today, separat-
ing Pakistan (then part of British India) from (the former
Drawing Borders3 Soviet Republic of) Tajikistan.
Neys greatest exploit4 was to travel from Beijing (then In 1889-90 Elias led13 a British commission to demar-
called Peking) to St Petersburg in 1872 a journey of cate the border3 between British-controlled Burma and
almost 8000km. This involved crossing the Gobi desert Siam (modern Thailand). This was in essence the border
by a previously unexplored route, travelling through recognized by both sides in 1893 and still the frontier
unexplored parts of Western Mongolia and passing between Myanmar and Thailand today. His last job was
through 5 a major Muslim revolt6 against China. After as British Consul-General in Meshed, Persia.
visiting Britain briefly7 he went
back East where he extensively No Imperial Bigot14
explored the regions along the Ney Elias did not just15 distinguish himself
northern frontier of India the by the extent of his travels and the accu-
wild 8 places between Afghani- racy16 of his surveying work. He was also
stan and Chinese Turkestan with a noted linguist, historian and geographer,
exotic names that few could put regularly contributing to learned17 jour-
on a map: the Pamirs, Badakhsan, nals18 back in Britain. His research filled
Herat, Chitral and Gilgit. This was an important gap in what had been the
crucial work for the Raj9 because dark ages of Central Asian history and he
in a diplomatic standoff10 known also translated certain crucial inscriptions.
by Kiplings phrase the Great In 1885 he identified the Rang Kul as the
Game the Russian Empire was Dragon Lake mentioned by Chinese geog-
gradually extending towards 11 raphers and he also located and identified,
the borders 3 of British India Muztagh Ata, one of the highest peaks in the
where it was seen as a serious Ney Elias Chinese Pamirs.

1
wandering Jew (literally) sb. 3
descended from the Israelites
who travels alot. This is the
title of a mediaeval European
legend and the name of sev-
eral climbing plants includ-
ing Tradescantia fluminensis
2
to survey study (terrain) 9
border frontier 10
standoff confrontation superior to others
4
exploits achievement, 11
towards in the direction of 15
just (in this case) only
adventure 12
threat menace, danger, risk 16
accuracy precision,
5
to pass through traverse, cross 13
to lead (lead-led-led) be in exactness
6
revolt rebellion charge of 17
learned /l:rnid/ erudite,
7
briefly for a short time 14
bigot (false friend) chau- scholarly
8
wild uncivilized vinist, sb. who is prejudiced 18
journal (false friend)
the Raj the British Indian Empire because s/he thinks s/he is academic magazine

YES 2 | 59
6
 Cinema

Colour on the
Silver Screen
The representation of ethnicity
has been an intriguing issue1 for
hundreds of years. You only need
to think about how Western art
whitened its representations of
Christ and his disciples to see how
colour matters2.

Occasionally, of course it was necessary to represent

Black-&-White Movies
Until the late 1930s films were black and white both liter-
ally and metaphorically. The technology minimized the
nuances3 of skin colour and so it was feasible4 to repre-
sent humanity as either white or black. Conveniently
for a white-owned5 film industry, this meant that Babylo-
nian kings, Israelites, Pharaohs and other great figures of
civilization became white.
black people. If their role 6 was basically as scenery7
servants in the background then African American
actors could play black parts. However, more important
black roles had to be played by white actors. The tradi-
tion of white actors blacking up8 has two origins one
respectable, the other embarrassing. White actors have
blacked up on the English stage 9 for 400 years, most
obviously to play the Shakespearean roles of Othello
and Aaron 10 . Actresses also occasionally blacked up: for
instance11, the poet Mary Wroth played a daughter of
Niger in Ben Jonsons The Masque of Blackness (1605).
These were all serious roles 6 representing nuanced12
individuals. On the other hand, there was the embarrass-
ing tradition of black-and-white minstrels13; white singers
and musicians who blacked up to parody black people.
Both traditions carried over into14 early cinema.
The effect of colour film on blacking up can be effec-
tively illustrated through two versions of Othello. Orson
Welles played the role in a black-and-white version in
1951 very effectively. On the other hand, Laurence Olivier
just15 looks silly16 in the 1965 colour version. Of course its
not just17 the face paint. Oliviers school of semaphore 18
style which may have worked19 on stage 20 at the
National Theatre looks like ham acting21 on film.

1
issue question, matter, function 11
for instance for example 18
semaphore (false
controversy 7
scenery (false friend) back- 12
nuanced complex, not friend)
2
to matter be important ground, decoration stereotypical 19
to work (in this
3
nuance subtle difference 8
to black up paint ones face 13
minstrel (in this case) case) function, be
4
feasible viable, practical and hands black entertainer successful
5
white-owned that is the 9
on the English stage in the 14
to carry over into influence 20
on stage in the
property of white people, English theatre 15
just (in this case) simply theatre
Caucasian-controlled 10
Aaron is a character in Titus 16
silly ridiculous, idiotic 21
ham acting the exaggerated
6
role part, (in this case) Andronicus 17
just (in this case) only gestures of a bad actor

60 | YES 2
16 p. 21
 Cinema

The Spectrum
Ethnic Representatives
By the mid-Seventies, however, there was increasingly a
new sensibility. When the producers of The Godfather,

Broadens1 Part II (1974) tried to impose Robert Redford for the part
of the Sicilian gangster Vito Corleone, Francis Ford Cop-
pola refused, pointing out that Redford was blond12. The
producers reflected the old mindset13 perfectly when
they countered that, He could be from the north of Italy.
From the late Seventies onwards14 actors would play
within15 a narrow16, realistic band of ethnicities.
This lead to17 specific ethnic casting which must have
The Non-White Triumvirate been rather18 boring for the actors concerned19. Sidney
As US audiences gradually gained greater experience of Poitier, Denzel Washington and a growing number of
people from around the world and as movies became a African American actors were cast in black roles, Al
major US export, the attempt2 to place3 Caucasian actors Pacino and Robert de Niro starred in Mafia movies and
in all roles became increasingly untenable4 . A water- Graham Greene played the Native American. This may
shed5 was the 1956 movie The Conqueror. The sight of6 have created more visual authenticity but it also led to17
John Wayne playing the Mongol warlord Chingis Khan7 a ghetto-ization20 of roles21.
opposite other white actors playing manda-
rins is still embarrassing half a century later.
The female equivalent to John Waynes
Chingis Khan came a few years earlier
when Ingrid Bergman in all her Swedish
blue-eyed blondeness8 played the Span-
ish peasant9, Maria, in For Whom the Bell
Tolls (1943).
As a result, from the late 1950s to the
mid-1970s Hollywood seems to have had
the idea that there was a third group in
humanity who were neither white nor
black. This gave three great actors an
opportunity to play roles that covered vast John Wayne in The Conqueror
swathes of humanity. Anthony Quinn
10

could be Mexican, Spanish, French, Jewish,

North African, Arabic and Greek. Yul Bryn-
ner could be Russian, Siamese, Jewish,
Arab, Mexican and Native American. Mean-
while 11 , Omar Sharif could be Russian,
Arab, Mongol, Argentinean, Italian, German
or Afghan.
Though the tendency was less pro-
nounced for actresses, Sophia Loren could
still be Italian, Spanish, Arabic, Greek
or Mexican. Ingrid Bergman in For Whom the Bell Tolls Yul Brynner as an Egyptian

1
to broaden widen, get wider, 7
commonly misspelt as Geng- 11
meanwhile at the same time 17
to lead to (lead-led-led) result
expand his Khan 12
to be blond have fair hair, be in, bring about
2
attempt effort 8
blondeness fair-haired fair-haired, have yellowy hair 18
rather quite, (in this case)
3
to place put appearance 13
mindset way of thinking very
4
untenable indefensible, 9
peasant rural worker (espe- 14
from the late 1970s onwards 19
concerned in question
unsustainable, absurd cially in a feudal context) after 1978 20
ghetto-ization segregation
5
watershed decisive moment 10
vast swathes /sweiz/ of 15
within inside, in 21
role acting job, part
6
the sight of watching large sections of 16
narrow limited

YES 2 | 61
p. 21 16
 Cinema

Separate But

Photo by Stuart Crawforn

Equal Sort Of 1

Segregation on the Small Screen2

Movies have a dialectic relationship with society; they
have to reflect it to a certain extent3 but they also
mould4 it. In the 1970s and 1980s Americans were all
(supposedly) equal under the law but at the same time, James Earl Jones David Oyelowo
many people did not mix much outside their communi-
ties. As a result, there tended to be films and TV series
about white Americans, others about African Ameri- one black character in a group that proved that they
cans, and others about Italian Americans, etc. The best werent racist. OK, in horror films this character always
were watched by people died first but at least it suggested that ethnically mixed
from all communities but company was possible.
they still represented by
and large 5 only one. As a Colour-blind Casting on Stage
result, there were televi- From the 1970s the stage 9 always more innovatory
sion comedies like The than the cinema had begun to institute colour-blind
Cosby Show in which casting. This meant that actors were chosen for their
everyone was black and roles without reference to their colour. In practice this
others in which everyone meant that for the first time great black actors could play
was white. The bizarre- Shakespearean roles other than Othello and Aaron. The
ness 6 of this situation result was some fine performances, such as James Earl
was exposed when it was Jones playing King Lear at the 1974 New York Shake-
revealed that the hit series Married with Children had speare Festival or David Oyelowo playing Henry VI for
been written by an African American, Michael G. Moye, the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2001.
and he originally had a black family in mind7.
As society began to mix a bit more Hollywood and US Colour-Blind Cinema
television enthusiastically embraced8 the token black; It was in the stage context of colour-blind casting that
Kenneth Branagh cast Denzel Washington as Don Pedro
of Aragon in his 1993 Much Ado About Nothing. Slowly
but surely the idea has percolated10 into Hollywood that
non-white actors can play any role they can be individu-
als and not just ethnic ambassadors.
From the 1970s the stage9 Alongside 11 colour-blind casting intentional colour
always more innovatory than mixing can also be highly12 revealing about our own atti-
tudes to colour and characters. A case in point13 is the
the cinema had begun to film version of Wuthering Heights (2011) which offered a
institute colour-blind casting. black Heathcliff, James Howson.

1
sort of more or less 4
to mould shape, influence 7
to have X in mind (have-had- 10
to percolate filter, permeate
2
the small screen TV, television 5
by and large in general had) be imagining X 11
alongside in parallel to
3
to a certain extent to some 6
bizarreness incongruity, 8
to embrace accept 12
highly very, extremely
degree, in part unnaturalness 9
the stage the theatre 13
a case in point a good example

62 | YES 2
16 p. 21
 Cinema

Cinemas
Second
Century

Denzel Washington and Kenneth Branagh

I t is fascinating to see the red lines of colour mixing and

colour-blind casting, which existed until comparatively
recently. For instance1, in The Pelican Brief (1993) the
two central characters were destined for romance right
from the start. However, since2 the producers had cast
Denzel Washington in the lead male3 role4 the dynamics
of the movie had to be altered he couldnt end up in bed
with Julia Roberts!
Alan Rickman and Jeremy Irons as evil masterminds.
Brits & Hispanics
In the more politically correct atmosphere from the
1990s onwards 5 it became largely unacceptable to
use an African American actor to play a criminal6 or a
bad guy. Black people (together with Native Americans)
often had ancestral knowledge, which whites could not
access.7 Indeed8, the number of black Presidents pre-
sented in Hollywood movies and series must have con-
tributed to making such a phenomenon possible in the
US mindset9. In any case, the same scruples about cast-
ing black actors in negative roles did not apply to10 two
other groups of actors: Brits and Hispanics.
White British actors have obviously played a vener-
able and constant role in Hollywood and by adopting an Denzel Washington and Julia Roberts
American accent have been allowed to11 fully integrate;
just12 think of Charlie Chaplin, Cary Grant and Hugh
Laurie. However, white British actors with British accents
1
for instance for example perspective
2
since (in this case) given 10
to apply to be applicable
have had a very specific role. Throughout13 the 1950s
that, as to, affect
and 1960s Romans in Biblical movies were almost always 3
male 11
to be allowed to be permit-
played by Britons using their own accents. This morphed 4
written as a Caucasian in ted to, (in this case) be able to
into a general association between sophisticated evil14 the novel 12
just (in this case) simply
5
from the 1990s onwards 13
throughout during all of
characters and the British accent, which continues to this
after 1990 14
evil malevolent, bad
day. This has, of course, been a fantastic opportunity for 6
criminal (false friend) 15
undreamed-of unimagina-
British actors to earn undreamt-of15 salaries in America. delinquent ble (in this case) in the UK
On the other hand, the evil goons16 acting under the 7
a phenomenon referred to 16
goon violent criminal
orders of the British masterminds are mostly Hispanics. in Hollywood as the magic 17
to get to (get-got-got) be
negro: think of Michael able to
That said, for the first time in Hollywood history,
Clarke Duncans role in The 18
to play act the part of, be (in
ethnic actors get to17 play18 the guy or gal19 who lives Green Mile (1999) a movie)
next door in movies about contemporary America. 8
indeed (emphatic) in fact 19
gal (informal) girl, woman
9
mindset worldview,

YES 2 | 63
p. 21 16
GRAMMAR
This section of the magazine offers...

THE GRAMMAR OF FOOD SPEAKING EXTENSION

73 Can you think of any dishes from your
US vs. UK: the differences between food
65-67 country that have confusing names?
terms on either side of the Atlantic Explain in English what the dish consists
- An illustrated guide to British and of and what it might be confused with.
American culinary idiosyncrasies
AUDIO SCRIPTS
Word Building & Semantics:
68-69 88 Do you agree that the attitude to traffic
whats growing in your semantic fields? lights in a country is symptomatic of
- How different languages cause us that cultures values in general?
to group things differently
91 What parts of the curriculum in your country
English in Context: cutting and cooking
70-71 would you eliminate? Is there anything that
words in English schoolchildren should study that they dont?
- Nine different ways to cut and 20 ways to cook
92 Are cat people fundamentally different
False Friends: confusing culinary cognates
72-73 from dog people or is the population in
and dishes that arent what they seem fact divided between animal lovers and
- How to avoid unpleasant those who dont particularly like pets?
surprises in Anglo eateries
96 Are ostentatious displays of religiosity
74 Confusing Words: can you distinguish inappropriate in professional sports?
between a meal, a dish, a plate and a lunch?
98 Is youth wasted on the young? Is there
Phrasal Verbs: all the multi-word verbs
75-77 anything you would do differently?
you need to be able to cook in English
- Plus food words that are used to 107 Are there any a priori criteria for deciding
make un-culinary phrasal verbs who gets laid off first from a company?

78-79 Translation: fun with thermometers!

80-83 Idioms: Euphonic Alternatives

- Dozens of English idioms are unstable
oscillating between two (or more)
forms. What is the surprising reason
behind this indecisiveness?

84 Etymology: the curious history behind

some everyday food terms

64 | YES 2
 US vs UK

British and
US/UK

Fruit & Vegetables

American alligator pear /per/

Culinary avocado

beet

Differences beetroot

corn
I was recently looking at a book maize, sweet corn7

on US vs. UK English published in corn starch8

19781. It was fascinating to see how corn flour

many terms listed as US English eggplant

aubergine
I had assumed2 were British
terms. The fact is that in culinary garbanzo
chickpea
vocabulary as in most aspects of
the language the two varieties are bell pepper
green pepper
converging and not just because
French bean
of Jamie Oliver and Gordon runner bean
Ramsay. We should not therefore3
gumbo
overstress4 the difference between okra (ladys fingers)
the two varieties in gastronomic
lima bean
terminology; only a few terms broad bean
sherbet, chips, corn, jelly and pit (of a fruit)
squash (see below) are likely to5 stone (of a fruit)
cause real difficulty understanding. raisin
Indeed6, on some occasions sultana

the two varieties have converged. romaine lettuce

A US chain like Dunkin Donuts cos lettuce

sells both British filled doughnuts rutabaga

and US O-shaped doughnuts. yellow turnip/swede

1
Whats the Difference? An 6
indeed (emphatic) in fact
scallion
American-British/British 7
in the UK corn refers to any spring onion
American Dictionary by edible grain
Norman Moss [Arrow Books] 8
corn starch dry particles squash9
2
to assume (false friend) take of powdered maize used for marrow
for granted, suppose thickening sauces
3
therefore for this reason 9
in UK English squash [U] is a
4
to overstress overemphasize soft uncarbonated fruit drink
zucchini
5
are likely to will probably made from concentrate courgette

YES 2 | 65
11
 US vs UK

More Anglo-American
Gastronomic Differences
US/UK US/UK

Other Ingredients Other Culinary Terms

crawfish
crayfish can
tin
hamburger meat
mince, minced meat
liverwurst1
liver sausage dessert
pudding
lox
smoked salmon
molasses2
black treacle meat grinder /graindr/
mincer
oatmeal
porridge

powdered sugar3 nosh6

icing sugar a light snack between meals

shredded coconut
desiccated coconut pancake turner
fish slice
slice of bacon
rasher of bacon
pantry7
table cream4
larder
single cream
taffy
toffee pitcher
5 jug
whipping cream
double cream

1
liverwurst a sausage made
from pork liver (= hepatic
organs)
2
molasses /mlsiz/ a sweet
viscous liquid obtained from
the sugar plant
3
powdered sugar confec-
tioners sugar, very fine sugar,
sugar used for making wed-
ding cakes
4
cream (false friend) white
substance that floats on milk
5
whipping cream cream4
silver(ware)
that has been beaten to make cutlery
it thicker
6
in the UK nosh is an infor-
mal word for food in gen-
eral. The US usage is more
faithful to Yiddish, which is stove
where the word comes from cooker
7
pantry room in which food
is stored

66 | YES 2
11
 US vs UK

Even More Transatlantic

Culinary Differences
US/UK

Other Foodstuffs1 English muffin

muffin

candy Jello5
sweets jelly

jelly6
catsup jam
ketchup /ketp/
jelly roll
Swiss roll

chips
crisps mulligan (stew)7
Irish stew

cookie
biscuit2 pickled8 herring9
rollmop

popsicle
cotton candy iced lolly
candy floss

sherbet10
sorbet
cream of wheat3
semolina
smoked herring9
a flan4 kipper
baked custard

French fries soda cracker

chips cream cracker

1
foodstuffs types of food 4
2
in US English a biscuit open cheese-filled pie simi-
is a small bread roll
similar to a scone
3
cream of wheat a liquid 5
dessert made from wheat
and milk; typically eaten
for breakfast in the US 6
in UK English a flan is an
lar to a quiche, or an open
sweet pie containing fruit
Jell-O a dessert made
from a mixture of gelatine
and fruit flavouring
jelly fruit juice boiled
with sugar and pectin
(to create a substance
similar to marmalade)
7
mulligan (stew) meat
(mutton or beef) and veg-
etables (potatoes, onion,
etc.) cooked together
8
pickled preserved in vinegar
9
herring (Clupea haren-
gus) a North Atlantic fish
10
sherbet a frozen fruit des-
sert similar to an ice cream.
In UK English sherbet is a
type of powdered candy

YES 2 | 67
11
 Word Building

Culinary Word
Families

O ne of the problems with learning a foreign language

is that semantic fields1 of the target language2
often dont coincide with ones native language. An obvi-
ous example is the tomato. In some languages it is con-
sidered a fruit, in others a vegetable. Ultimately3, it is a
fruit that is eaten as if it were a vegetable, so its not a Cutlery Photo by Shakko
question of one language being right or another being
wrong.
Another example would be dried fruit. In English this
refers to fruit that has been dried4, such as raisins5 or SEMANTIC FIELD EXERCISE
dried apricot. In Spanish a similar term frutos secos (liter-
ally dry fruit) also refers to raisins and dried apricots but >> Knives
includes nuts 6 too. Again, we cant appeal to reason7 The earliest piece of cutlery9 was undoubtedly the
here: both terms include peanuts 8, even though these knife. English has a series of knives that are used at
are legumes! In any case it should be clear by now that table including: carving knives10, butter knives and fruit
while the central concept of a term might correspond to knives. However, do you know what a penknife is?
a specific translation, at the margins vocabulary often
does not coincide. To examine this problem further, were >> Forks
going to look at some kitchen related words. You should know what a fork is in a culinary context.
However, English has other forks in other contexts. Can
you guess what they are:
1. a pitchfork [CLUE: a farmer might use one]
2. a tuning fork [CLUE: a musician might need one]

>> Spoons
Another piece of cutlery you should recognize is a spoon.
Spoons come is various types:
teaspoon, tablespoon, dessertspoon11, serving spoon,
soup spoon, wooden spoon. However, there is one spoon
term that doesnt refer to a piece of cutlery at all12. Do
you have any idea what a greasy spoon is?
[CLUE: its a place]

Photo by Marina Carresi Continued and answers on p. 69.

1
semantic field group of 4
to dry 7
to appeal to reason try to 10
carving knife (plural
words with related meanings, desiccate find a logical answer knives)
lexical set 5
raisins dried 8
peanuts 11
dessertspoon spoon
2
target language (in this case) grapes for eating pudding (bigger
the language one is trying to 6
nuts almonds, than a teaspoon and
learn walnuts, Brazil smaller than a tablespoon)
3
ultimately (false friend) in nuts, coconuts, 12
not... at all (emphatic)
the final analysis etc. 9
cutlery knives, forks, spoons, etc. not, in no way

68 | YES 2
21
 Word Building

Semantic
Fields:
Crockery,
Pots & Pans
>> Pans
In the kitchen a pan is a container in which you cook
things. So, we have: frying pans1 and saucepans2. How-
ever, none of that is very helpful if you have to guess
what a dustpan is... [CLUE: you use it when you are
cleaning]
>> Pots
A larger3 container for cooking things in4 tends to be
called a pot. In fact, we collectively call cooking recep-
tacles pots and pans. If there is any danger of confusion
we will refer to a cooking pot. So, a teapot and coffee
pot are containers in which you make the respective hot
drinks. Now, can you explain these terms?
1. a pepper pot
2. a paint pot
>> Cups
You probably know the English word cup in the context
of the World Cup or a cup you drink out of5. As a result,
you should have the idea of cup meaning a container
for liquids and in fact thats what it means in the terms
teacup and coffee cup. OK, so whats an eggcup?
>> Glasses
A glass is a container for liquids that is made out of6...
glass. The idea gives us the compound nouns a wine-
glass and a brandy glass7. Great, so whats a magnify-
ing glass? And whats a spyglass?
ANSWERS
>> A penknife is a knife used to sharpen8 pens.
However, we are not talking here about
modern pens but rather9 quills10, which
needed to be regularly re-sharpened.
>> A pitchfork11 is a large tool12 used to move hay13.
>> A tuning fork is a U-shaped14 instrument that
makes a specific musical note when you hit it.
Neither a pitchfork nor a tuning fork looks much
like a modern three-pronged or four-pronged
fork15. However, the first forks had two prongs. A
(garden) fork is also a tool12 used by gardeners.
>> A greasy spoon is a cheap restaurant in Britain
that sells tea and fried food. The implication is
that the standards of hygiene are not high.
>> A dustpan16 is a receptacle used with a brush.
>> A pepper pot17 is a small container for pepper
of the sort you find on a dinner table.
>> A paint pot is a container in which paint is sold.
>> An eggcup is a little receptacle for
a boiled egg to stand in18.
>> A magnifying glass is a handheld19 lens
that increases the size we see objects.
>> A spyglass is an old-fashioned
word for a small telescope.

1
frying pan 6
out of (in this case) of 11
pitchfork 16
dustpan
2
saucepan 7
brandy glass (UK English) 12
tool 17
pepper pot
3
larger snifter (US English) utensil (UK English) pepper
(false friend) 8
to sharpen make 13
hay dried shaker (US English)
bigger sth. pointed grass 18
to stand in (stand-
4
for cooking 9
but rather (in this 14
U-shaped stood-stood) (in this
things in in case) by contrast we having the case) be placed in
which you cook things are talking about form of a U 19
handheld that one
5
out of (in this case) from 10
quill 15
three-pronged fork holds in ones hand

YES 2 | 69
21
 English in
Context

Shredded vegetables Photo by www.khamtran.com Chopping parsley Photo by Katerha Carving a turkey Photo by Dinner Series

slice: cut into thin flat pieces. Typically, you slice bread,

Cutting in
ham and cheese with a knife.
- He sliced the loaf of bread1.
- Would you like a slice of cheese.

the Kitchen carve2: cut slices off using a carving knife3. Typically,
you carve roast4 meat.
There are two fundamental areas - Would you like to carve the turkey, dad?
of food preparation: cutting and
chop 5: cut into pieces. Chopping implies pressing the
cooking. On this page we will cutting instrument against the food or hitting the food
look at the English vocabulary for with the cutting tool6, such as a cleaver7. Typically, you
chop meat or parsley8. A chop is a slice of meat usually
cutting up food. On the next page including a piece of bone9 that has been chopped from
we will do the same for cooking. the carcass10 of an animal (using a cleaver7).

dice: to cut into small pieces that are more or less square
or cubed. Typically, you dice carrots11.
1
loaf of bread
2
to carve shred: chop finely into thin pieces. Typically, you shred
3
carving knife cabbage12.
4
roast (adj.) cooked in the
oven with some type of oil, grate: break into small pieces using a grater13. Typically,
grease or fat
you grate cheese.
5
to chop
6
tool instrument, imple-
ment, utensil mince: cut into small pieces using a mincer14. Typically,
7
cleaver /kli:vr/ you mince meat. Meat that has been minced is called
8
parsley a herb (see photo)
mince in UK English and ground beef in US English.
9
bone
10
carcass dead body
11
carrot mash: turn food into a pure. Typically, you mash potato.
12
cabbage
13
grater peel: take the peel (= skin) off a vegetable or a piece of
14
mincer (UK English) meat
fruit. Typically, you peel potatoes. You may use a peeler15.
grinder /graindr/ (US English)
15
peeler
16
chopping board (UK English) In the kitchen you cut things up on a chopping board16
chopping block (US English) a special wooden or plastic board.

70 | YES 2
22
 English in
Context

Cooking
Words
A cookery course in 20 verbs.

Boiling
boil: cook food in 100C water and then throw the
water away.
parboil: boil sth. until it is partially cooked.
poach: gently boil in a small amount1 of liquid.
simmer: boil gently in water that is more or less at 100C.
steam: cook sth. in steam2.
blanch: boil vegetables, fruit, or nuts3 for a short time.

Stewing
stew: cook sth. in water so that the water forms part of
the resulting food.
braise: cook meat or vegetables slowly in a small
amount1 of liquid in a closed container.

Frying
fry: cook sth. in hot oil or fat4.
deep-fry: cook sth. in a lot of hot oil or fat.
stir-fry: cook small pieces of food in a small quantity of Barbecue Photo by Marina Carresi

very hot oil while moving the food continuously. Stir-fry-

ing is associated with Chinese cuisine.
saut (UK English)/ pan-fry (US English): cook pieces of
potato or onion in a small quantity of hot oil or fat.

In the Oven /vn/

roast: cook sth. in the oven with a small amount1 of oil
or fat4.
bake: cook sth. in the oven using dry heat.
casserole: cook food in a casserole in the oven.

Naked Flames
spit-roast: skewer5 a piece of meat on a spit (= metal
rod6) that can be rotated and cook over an open fire. Spit-roast Photo by Irene Sanz

barbecue: cook food on a metal frame7 over a fire

1
amount quantity 8
charcoal black substance
outdoors. 2
steam hot made from burned wood that
grill (UK English) / broil (US English): cook something water vapour can be used as fuel (or for
under direct heat, or over a flame. 3
nuts drawing pictures)
charbroil (US English): cook food over a hot 4
fat grease 9
properly (in this case) in an
charcoal8 fire . from meat appropriate and conventional
5
to skewer pierce, puncture, way
impale 10
to nuke (informal) cook in a
Of course, if you dont like eating food that has been 6
rod bar, stick microwave oven. The idea is
properly9 cooked you can always nuke 10 your food in a 7
frame (in this case) structure that you are using radiation
microwave (oven). consisting of perpendicular bars like that of a nuclear bomb.

YES 2 | 71
22
 False Friends

Cooking False Friends

Pastels Photo by Missvain

Aperitif Photo by Marina Carresi Chocolate Photo by Fimb

10 Food False Friends adults for drawing pictures. It is not a cake.

>> aperitif is a drink before a meal. If you >> a pudding is a sweet dish served at
want to talk about a snack before a the end of a meal. In British English a
meal the word is appetizer. pudding is usually a hot dessert3. In US
>> a chocolate [C] /toklit/ usually refers English a pudding is usually a creamy 1
chocolate-covered sweet
to a chocolate-covered sweet1 rather cold dessert. sweet covered in chocolate
2
rather than as opposed to,
than2 to a cup of cocoa. >> a rape is a sexual assault. It does not instead of
>> confectionery refers to sweets and mean an angler fish4. 3
dessert /dz:rt/ sweet
chocolates, not to dressmaking. >> a wino /wainou/ is someone who gets course, last course, afters
>> lentils are a type of legume, they are drunk on cheap wine. It does not mean
4
angler fish
not contact lenses. (a glass of) wine.
>> marmalade is a conserve made from
oranges. A conserve made from any Other Food-related
other fruit is jam (UK English) or jelly False Friends
(US English). >> gusto means enthusiasm, while a gust
>> oleo (US English) is short for is a sudden5 blast of wind6. Neither
oleomargarine. This is simply called word means taste.
5
sudden
abrupt,
margarine in Britain. Oleo does not >> rich (adj.), when applied to food, means
unex-
mean oil painting. excessively sweet, oily or creamy. It pected
>> a pastel /pstl/ is a type of coloured does not mean delicious. 6
blast of
crayon used by children and sometimes wind

72 | YES 2
17 p. 64
 False Friends

Deceptive1
Dishes
With a reasonable level of English
but a limited cultural knowledge
it is relatively easy to be confused
by the English names of some
dishes2. Heres a guide to help you.
Photo by Ewan Munro

>> Bombay duck: this is not a bird but rather3 a dried

fish. Also called a bummalo (Harpodon nehereus), the
Bombay duck is eaten as an hors doeuvre4 or crum-
bled5 into curries.
>> Buffalo wings: fried chicken wings 6 in a hot sauce
from Buffalo, New York.
>> Coffee cake (US English): a cinnamon7 cake topped
with8 dried fruit. It is typically served with coffee.
>> Cream crackers9 (UK English) do not contain cream10
and are not even cream-coloured. The ingredients are
creamed in the production process.
>> Mincemeat is a mixture of dried fruit, suet11 and
brandy. It does not contain minced meat12.
>> Sweetbread13: a savoury dish made from the pancreas
and/or the thymus gland14 of a lamb15 or calf16.
>> Toad17 in the hole: sausage18 cooked in batter19.
>> Welsh rabbit: this is basically cheese on toast, though
butter, milk and Worcestershire sauce20 may also be
added. The name suggests that the Welsh were too
poor to eat rabbit, so they ate this alternative as a sub-
stitute. Under the influence of folk etymology21, the
term is sometimes written Welsh rarebit.
>> Scotch woodcock22: toast with anchovies plus scram-
bled23 or hardboiled egg24 and cream or white sauce25.
Oysters that Aint26
In the USA prairie is used to hide the less attractive
ingredients of some dishes. So, for example, prairie
eel27 is rattlesnake28 fried in Tabasco sauce. Prairie
oyster is raw29 egg and Worcestershire sauce, drunk as
a hangover30 cure. Meanwhile, (Rocky-)Mountain oys-
ters is fried bulls or rams31 testicles in a spicy sauce.

1
deceptive (false friend) mis- condiment 13
sweetbread 21
folk etymology popular but
leading, false friend 8
topped with covered in erroneous ideas about
2
dish recipe, combination of 9
cream cracker the origins of words
food 22
woodcock
3
but rather (in this case) it is 23
scrambled broken
by contrast and cooked
4
hors doeuvre appetizer, 14
thymus gland a gland below 24
hardboiled egg egg
starter the thyroid that has been cooked until it
5
crumbled broken up 15
lamb young sheep is solid
6
wings 16
calf (plural calves) 25
white sauce bchamel
young cow 26
that aint (in this case)
10
cream (false friend) dense 17
toad that are not oysters
white liquid that floats on milk 18
sausage 27
eel (literally)
11
suet /su:it/ a hard renal fat 19
batter a paste of flour 28
rattlesnake
12
minced meat (UK English) and water 29
raw uncooked
mince (UK English), ham- 20
sauce (false friend) 30
hangover headache
burger meat, ground beef/ liquid condiment, and nausea after drinking
7
cinnamon an aromatic chuck (US English) dressing 31
ram male (= ) sheep

YES 2 | 73
p. 64 17
 Confusing
Words

Plate, Dish,
Meal, Lunch
Languages tend to have different boundaries1
between the words for food, what you
eat the food off2 and an occasion in
which we eat. Lets have a look:

Food [U] A plate in which you serve soup

Food refers to what people eat. It is
usually uncountable. When referring
to different types of food, you can
use the word foodstuffs or simply
ingredients:
- Im on a diet and I cant stop think-
ing about food.
- There is a shortage of essential
foodstuffs, such as bread and rice.
is called, rather confusingly, a
soup dish.
A Dish
A specific combination of food (e.g.
chili con carne, macaroni and cheese,
chicken korma) is a dish. A serv-
ing dish is a large3 plate from which
food is served to each persons plate. Photo by Marina Carresi

Rather4 confusingly, we refer to the

A Plate
A plate is simply the flat receptacle
typically round from which you eat
your food.
- Pass your plates so I can serve you.
dirty crockery (which are primar-
ily plates) as the dishes and to do/
wash the dishes means to wash
up (UK English), i.e. clean the dirty
plates, etc.
- My favourite dish is paella.
- If you prepare the salad, Ill do the
dishes afterwards.
A Meal
An occasion when food is eaten,
typically with other people, is a meal
(e.g. breakfast, lunch and supper). A
meal also refers to the food eaten on
such an occasion. The main 5 meal
of the day is called dinner (irrespec-
tive of the time at which it is eaten).
Lunch can also be referred to as the
midday meal.
- You should try to eat three meals a
day and no snacks between them.
- Some people refer to the evening
meal as dinner, others as supper.
A Course
If a meal consists of more than
one dish, these are referred to as
courses. A full-blown 6 dinner will
consist of a first course/starter (e.g.
soup), a main 5 course and a des-
sert7/pudding in other words a
three-course meal.
- Theres tomato soup for starters and
the main course is risotto. There are
profiteroles for dessert if you like.

1
boundary limit, frontier 5
main most important
2
what you eat the food off the receptacle 6
full-blown complete, full
on which the food is placed before you eat it 7
dessert pudding, third course in which
3
large (false friend) big one eats sweet food
4
rather somewhat, quite

74 | YES 2
3
 Phrasal Verbs

Food
Phrasal Verbs
With less than 20 phrasal
verbs you can talk about food
and cooking like a native.

All Cut Up
Many of the cutting verbs on p. 70 can be extended into
phrasal verbs by adding up. The nuance1 of these up
phrasal verbs is completely into pieces. The most impor-
tant are cut up, chop up2 , carve up3 dice up4 and
slice up5:
- Dice up the vegetables and then mix them with the rice.
A Meal in No Time
English also has a number of up phrasal verbs that refer
to preparing a meal quickly and with apparently little
effort. These include: conjure up, rustle up, knock
up, cook up:
- You go up stairs and get yourself cleaned up. Mean-
while6 , Ill rustle you up something to eat.
Serving
There are several phrasal verbs that mean to serve food
from a communal receptacle to peoples individual plates.
Shes cutting up the bread instead of ladling out the soup.
There is dish out, dole out, ladle out7. In fact, we can
also say dish up:
- Ill need a ladle8 to dish out/up the soup with.
An Invitation to Start
Two useful in phrasal verbs are used informally to invite
others to start eating: dive in, tuck in:
- Do tuck in before it gets cold.
Too Hungry for Table Manners
Sometimes somebody is so hungry9 that they eat a lot of
food quickly. We use two down phrasal verbs to refer to
this: bolt down, wolf down:
- He wolfed down the entire bowl of pasta in less than
five minutes!

1
nuance subtle difference flat pieces
2
to chop up cut all of sth. into 6
meanwhile meantime, simul-
pieces using an axe-like action taneously, at the same time
(typically with a cleaver) 7
ladle /leidl/ out

3
to carve up cut all of sth. into
pieces using a serrated knife
4
to dice up cut all of sth. into
pieces that are more or less 8
ladle /leidl/
Ive diced up the ingredients for the salad. Photo by Marina Carresi square 9
hungry desirous of food,
5
to slice up cut all of sth. into ravenous, famished

YES 2 | 75
27
 Phrasal Verbs

Deceptive Food

Photo by David Shankbone

Phrasal Verbs
There are many more phrasal verbs that
appear to be about food because the base
verb is an ingredient but in fact are not.

>>beef sth. up = nothing to do - He claimed2 he was going to con-

with 1 meat, beef up means
reinforce:
- We need to beef up security.
>>butter sth. up = be obsequious
towards sb.:
- Stop trying to butter me up. Im not
going to lend you my iPad.
>>chicken out = decide at the last
minute not to do sth. because you
are afraid:
He fished her out of the sea.
front the boss but I knew was going
to chicken out.
>>chip3 in = contribute:
- Were buying a leaving present4
for Mabel. I hope youre going to
chip in.
>>clam 5 up = stop talking and
refuse 6 or not be able to say
any more:
- When he recognized one of
the policemen he suddenly7
clammed up.
>>cream sth. off = take (the best
of sth.)
- The best graduates are creamed off
by multinationals before they even
enter the labour market.
>>egg sb. on = urge, incite, impel:
- Two of the soldiers were directly
involved in the attack but three
others were egging them on.
>>fish sth./sb. out = extract sth./sb.
from a liquid:
- The poets body was fished out of
the river a mile or so from his home.
>>fritter8 sth. away = squander9
(money):
Drag Queens are expected to ham it up.
- He inherited a small fortune but he
frittered it away in a matter of10
months.
>>ham11 it up = perform with exag-
gerated false emotion:
- Drag queens are expected to ham it up.
>>jam12 sth. up = block
- The printer is jammed up again.
>>loaf13 around/about = lounge
around/ about14
- He may be unemployed but thats
no excuse for loafing around in
front of the television all day.
>>soup sth. up = make sth. more
powerful
- Its the standard model but Jacks
souped up the engine15.
>>tart sth./sb. up = improve the
appearance of sth./sb. superficially:
- I hate those pageants16 in which
they tart little girls up to look
glamorous.

1
nothing to do with completely unrelated 8
fritter (n.) (literally) a thin piece of fruit, 13
loaf (plural
to vegetable or meat cov- loaves) (n.)
2
to claim say, declare ered in batter (= flour (literally)
3
chip (n.) (literally) and egg) and fried 14
to lounge /
piece of fried potato 9
to squander waste, laun/ around/
4
leaving present gift dissipate about recline
given to sb. who is quit- 10
in a matter of in only in a very relaxed
ting a job or retiring a few way, laze, relax
5
clam (n.) (literally) 11
ham 15
engine motor
6
to refuse to be unwilling to 12
jam (UK English) 16
pageant spectacle, competition,
7
suddenly instantly, abruptly jelly (US English) extravaganza

76 | YES 2
27
 Phrasal Verbs

Theyre loafing around on the grass. Photo by Ana Lozano Do they cater for vegetarians? Photo by Marina Carresi

More Other Cooking Words

Other culinary terms also crop up 5 in phrasal verbs

Apparent Food
which in fact have nothing to do with6 gastronomy.

>>cater /keitr/ for = serve, provide for. The international

Phrasal Verbs term catering /keitri/ refers to the provision of food

Apparent Condiments
Condiments have their own little family of phrasal verbs:
>>ginger sth. up = make sth. more exciting:
- Lets put some dance music on. We need to ginger up
this party.
>>pepper sth. with = fill with
- The gangsters peppered the warehouse1 with bullets2.
- His essay was peppered with stupid spelling mistakes.
>>salt sth. away = set aside, save:
- They salted their money away for their retirement3.
>>spice sth. up = revitalize sth., ginger sth. up:
- They decided to spice up the movie by adding a risqu4
love interest.
but the phrasal verb can refer to other services as well:
- Theyve adapted the installations to cater for guests in
wheelchairs7.
>>chill out = relax. You may know this word from the
chill-out room at dance clubs but chill actually8
means to make food and drink agreeably cold:
- Chill out. The plane doesnt leave for another three
hours.
>>churn out = produce sth. in great quantities. To churn
originally means to move milk vigorously so that it
turns into butter (in a churn9):
- He churns out books on the English language at a rate
of about three a year.
>>simmer10 down = become less emotional
- I went upstairs to simmer down. Otherwise I think I
would have hit somebody.

1
warehouse storehouse, stops working because one is 6
to have nothing 9
churn (n.)
depository 65 (or 67...) to do with be 10
to simmer cook
2
bullet /bulit/ 4
risqu salacious, ribald, unrelated to in water that is
titillating 7
wheelchair boiling gently (at
5
to crop up appear 8
actually or a little below
3
ones retirement when one unexpectedly (false friend) in fact 100C)

YES 2 | 77
27
 Translation

Correcting
Broken English
This month we will look at four examples of broken
English1 from around the world. Please note that we do
not wish to ridicule anybody. The point of this article is to
improve your translating skills2. See if you can improve
the English below:
The next appearance [Err] alerts its
malfunction. 9

The thermometer is now ready for a

Photo by Robbie K. Jones
1. Lounge Yi: oriental & fussion 3
photo by Robbie J
2. Here are extracts from the instruc-
tions for my new thermometer:
This thermometer is conformed to all
requirements of European Norm EN
12470-34
Press down on-off button to start
the thermometer. 5 Then a full dis-
play [88.8C] ensures that the LCD6
window7 is in good function. 8
temperature taking.10 If there is no
temperature taking in the coming
3 minutes, the thermometer will be
automatically shut-off 11 .
Put the probe head 12 under the
tongue, under the arm or in the
rectum, according to the methods
provided.13 (see Methods of Use).
When the thermometer completes its
temperature taking, C stops blink-
ing 14 and the measured temperature
displays on the LCD6 window7 with a
series of beeps.15
The thermometer prolongs its pro-
cess of temperature taking in the
next 1 minute.16 After that, the mea-
sured temperature is fixed and
shown on LDC17 window7 until auto
shut-off in 9 minutes.
Photo by David Osado
How to Recall the
Last Temperature
Please sep 18 pressing on-off button
down approximately 1.5 seconds. The
last temperature will be recalled19
on the LCD6 with M flag at the right-
bottom corner20 : [37.0CM]
3. Typical Ride For Kids in
a little carriage of horse 21
THAN TUESDAY TO SUNDAY22
2 Euros / KIDS 23
photo by David O.
4. Foot note!24 Please do not step. 25
photo by Pitke (see p.79)

1
broken English imperfect English as used 11
wrong word form: shut-off (with a 19
to recall remember, (in this case) display,
by some non-native speakers hyphen) is an adjective or a noun. In the show
2
skills abilities second last paragraph of this section you 20
unnatural expression
3
misspelling can see it correctly used as a noun. 21
unnatural expression: the use of capital
4
wrong verb form 12
wrong term letters is also incorrect
5
unnecessary word 13
unnatural expression 22
wrong preposition
6
LCD liquid-crystal display 14
wrong verb: to blink relates to eyes 23
ambiguous expression
7
wrong word: although it is similar to a there is a better word to use here. 24
wrong word: a footnote is a note like
window, we use another word the same 15
wrong verb form this at the bottom of a page.
one we use for the front of a PC monitor 16
unnatural expression 25
ambiguous expression: the meaning is
8
unnatural expression 17
confused initialism: the letters are in not clear from the words, only from the
9
unnatural expression: what is the indi- the wrong order context.
rect object of this phrase? 18
this is not an English word. The transla-
10
unnatural expression tor may have intended to write keep

78 | YES 2
24
 Translation

Suggested
temperature is displayed on the LCD2 screen. At the
same time you will hear a series of beeps.

Improvements The thermometer will continue to take the persons

temperature for another minute. After that, the
measured temperature is fixed and displayed on the
LCD2 screen until it automatically turns off nine
minutes later.

How to Recall the Last Temperature

Please press the on/off button for approximately 1.5
seconds. The last temperature will be recalled4 on the
LCD2 screen with an M symbol at the bottom right-
hand corner: [37.0CM]

3.
A typical horse-drawn ride for kids in a little carriage
FROM TUESDAY TO SUNDAY
2 Euros per child
Photo by Pitke
4.
1. Mind the step, please.
Lounge Yi: oriental & fusion1

2.
This thermometer is conforms to all requirements of
European Norm EN 12470-3

Press the on/off button to start the thermometer. Then

the following display: [88.8C] tells you that the LCD2
screen is working properly.

However, if [Err] appears, this means it is not working

properly3 .

The thermometer is now ready to take somebodys

temperature. If no temperature is taken in the next
three minutes, the thermometer will turn itself off
automatically.

Put the temperature sensor under the tongue, into

the armpit or into the rectum, following the instructions
given in Methods of Use.

When the thermometer has taken the persons

temperature, C stops flashing and the measured

1
this misspelling is understandable because the opposite of
fusion is fission. However, fussion is unfortunate because it
suggests fuss (= inconvenience)
2
LCD liquid-crystal display
3
properly correctly, appropriately
4
to recall remember, (in this case) display, show

YES 2 | 79
24
 Idioms

Euphonic
Alternatives:
Is English Just
Pretty Sounds?
Anglos fondly1 like to think
that English is a precise, logical
language. In fact, the words we
use are often determined more
by sound than by meaning.

A Shimmer2 of Hope A glimmer of hope

In a television programme I was watching recently a
palaeontologist it was a documentary about the Nean-
derthals used the expression a shimmer of hope.
I assumed3 it was just4 a slip of the tongue 5 until I
checked on Google and found that there were 110,000
cases of such mistakes. Sure, a glimmer6 of hope7 had
27 million hits but the shimmer version was clearly not
an individual idiosyncrasy but a relatively common (if
minority) alternative to the standard form. You will have
noticed that shimmer and glimmer rhyme.
Digging deeper8 I found that euphony between
accepted alternatives within 9 expressions was much
more common than could be explained by chance10. The
logical conclusion is that sound can be more important
than meaning. Glimmer of hope makes metaphorical
sense: a faint11 light (at the end of the tunnel, as it were).
A shimmer2 of hope makes no sense at all12 but the fact
that the two expressions sound so similar blinds us to13
the illogicality of the meaning.
A shimmer of hope is a malapropism14. Most mala-
propisms are based on figures of sound between the cor-
rect term and the one that is erroneously substituted.

1
fondly (in this case) navely,
foolishly
2
shimmer a trick of the light
that means that objects look
like they are moving a little
especially when its hot
3
to assume suppose
4
just (in this case) simply, only
5
slip of the tongue para-
praxis, lapsus linguae
6
glimmer a small light
7
a glimmer of hope a small
A shimmer of hope Photo by Brocken Inaglory reason for optimism
8
to dig deeper (dig-dug-dug)
researching further
9
within inside, in
10
chance (in this case)
coincidence
11
faint weak, subtle
12
no... at all (emphatic) no
13
to blind sb. to sth. stop sb.
from perceiving sth.
14
malapropism the confusion
of an erudite /erdait/ word
with another than sounds
similar (in a way that is comic)

80 | YES 2
12

All That Glistens...
All that glitters is not gold.
A nother example of this type of
euphonic1 substitution is that
some people say all that glisters is
not gold (according to The Oxford
Learners Dictionary of English
Idioms). The dictionaries will tell you
that glister is an archaic alternative to
glitter. However, glister only survives
in this expression and it only contin-
ues to be used here because glister
is half way between glitter and glis-
ten the two most common verbs
used in the expression. In other words
our brains oscillate between the three
forms, all of which are linked to2
each other by allitero-assonance3.
There are many other expres-
sions in English that can take two
1
euphonic pleasing to the ear
because of a figure of sound
(such as alliteration, assonance
or rhyme)
2
to be linked to be connected
to
3
allitero-assonance the rep-
etition of the consonant and the
vowel sounds at the beginning
of stressed syllables
4
since (in this case) given that
12
Idioms
>> hang/hold on like grim10
death = (alliteration) clasp11 sth.
tightly12 because you are afraid of
letting go
>> wouldnt hurt/harm a fly
= (alliteration) be gentle and
well-meaning13
Photo by MC3 Heidi McCormick
>> have got a mind/memory like
a sieve14 = (alliteration) be very
absent-minded
>> at the last minute/moment =
(alliteration) as late as possible,
just in time
>> stand/stay stock still = (allitera-
tion) be absolutely motionless
>> create/make a scene = (asso-
nance) complain15 noisily in
public in a way that embarrasses
other people
>> dash16/shatter sbs hopes = (asso-
nance) destroy sbs possibilities of
Photo by Marina Carresi Hang/hold on like grim death. obtaining sth.
>> control/hold the purse-strings17
= (assonance) be the person who
alternative words that are near syn-
onyms and are also euphonically
(and sometimes even etymologically)
decides how much money is spent
and on what
>> breathe easily/freely again =
connected. In such cases the two (assonance) no longer need to be
expressions exist side-by-side since4 worried or afraid
they both make sense: >> drag18 your feet/heels19 = (asso-
nance) do sth. slowly because you
>> a bag/bundle 5 of nerves = (allit- are unenthusiastic about it
eration) a person who is very wor- >> run/rushed off ones feet =
ried or nervous (allitero-assonance) be very busy
>> bathe/bask in reflected glory = >> slog20/slug it out = (consonance)
(alliteration) get attention or fame fight very hard until one side wins
not because of sth. you have done >> fling21/sling mud22 (at sb.)
but rather6 through the success of = (rhyme) try to damage sbs
sb. else you are connected to reputation
>> be bursting7/bulging8 at the >> on the home straight23/stretch =
seams9 = (alliteration) be very or approaching the end of an activity.
too full
5
bundle 11
to clasp hold, grasp, clutch 18
to drag sth. pull sth. along
6
but rather but by 12
tightly firmly the ground
contrast 13
well-meaning 19
heel the ball at the back of
7
to burst (burst- benevolent ones foot
burst-burst) break 14
sieve /siv/ 20
to slog slug, punch, hit
open, explode 15
to complain 21
to fling (fling-flung-flung)
8
to bulge swell up, balloon protest, object throw, hurl, sling
9
seam join where cloth has 16
to dash (in this 22
mud dirty mixture of earth
been stitched/sewn together case) smash, break, and water
(creating a line in your clothing) shatter 23
straight stretch, section of
10
grim stern, menacing 17
purse-strings a race
YES 2 | 81
 Idioms

Unfamiliar
Words

T his process of alternating words

is obviously an old one. In
Hamlet Shakespeare writes, I know
a hawk1 from a handsaw2 and the
expression is still used in rarefied
contexts. However, it is believed that
the original expression was I know a
hawk from a heronshaw, the latter3
being a term for a young heron4. So,
the expression originally meant I am
competent enough at falconry5 to
distinguish between two similar-sized
but very different birds. Indeed6, the
expression still means that one is as
good as the next person7 at discern-
ing differences. The point, though,
is that the extremely technical word
heronshaw was turned into an
everyday word handsaw 2 because
it was the alliterative expression as a
whole that had meaning above and
beyond8 the individual words.
As a result of replacing an unfamil-
iar word (the first of the pair) with a
familiar one (the second) we have the
following pairs of expressions:
>> as dull as ditchwater 9/dish-
water10 = very boring. There is
allitero-assonance between the
alternatives.
I know a hawk from a heronsaw.
>> be in fine fettle 11/feather 12 =
healthy and cheerful. There is
allitero-assonance between the
alternatives.
>> money-grubbing 13 /grabbing 14
= determined to make a lot of
money by fair means or foul15.
There is consonance between the
alternatives.
Minced Oaths16
Another process that leads to 17
the sort of twin expressions 18
we have been talking about is the
modification of phrases to avoid
offence19. In the past blasphemy was
a much more serious matter20 in
English-speaking countries than it is
now. As a result, people who were
about to swear21 would often cor-
rect themselves mid-sentence sub-
stituting the offensive word with an
innocuous one. The substitute word
was almost always euphonically con-
nected to the blasphemous one:
>> God/goodness (only) knows =
(consonance) I dont know, nobody
knows
>> honest to God/goodness = (con-
sonance) honestly, I swear
>> What the hell/heck...? = (allitero-
assonance) What (on earth)...?
(emphatic)

1
hawk 5
falconry using hawks1 to hunt plates blasphemy that is camouflaged
2
handsaw rabbits 11
fettle (archaic) health 17
to lead to (lead-led-led) result
6
indeed (emphatic) in fact 12
feather in, cause
7
as the next person as any- 13
to grub (archaic) 18
twin expression expression
body else try to find sth. in the with two alternative forms
8
above and beyond more ground 19
to avoid offence so as not
than 14
to grab seize, take to offend
3
the latter the last thing men- 9
ditchwater the dirty water aggressively 20
matter thing, (in this case)
tioned, (in this found in a ditch (= channel for 15
by fair means or foul offence
case) the word rainwater beside a road) legally and honesty 21
to be about to swear be
heronshaw 10
dishwater the grey water or not going to use bad language
4
heron produced when you wash dirty 16
minced oath swearing or imminently

82 | YES 2
12
 Idioms

Converging
1
that are euphonically con-
nected where one word
repeats one or more of the

Metaphors
sounds in the stressed sylla-
ble of the other word
2
to lead to (lead-led-led)
produce
3
an assortment a mixture,
a variety
4
faint (faint-fainter-the
faintest) vague, indistinct,
imprecise
5
foggy (foggy-foggier-the
foggiest) misty, hazy. The
allusion is the fog (= an
Two Interpretations atmospheric effect that
In most cases of expressions that can take reduces visibility)
two alternative words that are euphoni- 6
feathers plumage
cally connected1, there is in fact a dif- 7
fur the soft hair that covers
most mammals
ferent literal interpretation that leads to2 Fur will fly! Photo by MagAloche
8
perch place (usually high up
the same or a very similar idea. So, for in a tree) where a bird sits
example, a mixed bag literally refers to >> not to be sniffed12/sneezed13 at = be 9
deserve to be merit being
a bag full of an assortment3 of things worth having 10
pinch (literally) moment of
such as a variety of sweets. On the other >> put sb. off his/her stride14/stroke15 = financial difficulties
11
at a push under pressure, in
hand, a mixed bunch refers to a bou- disturb sbs concentration when he or
a moment of scarcity
quet made up of an assortment of flow- she is doing sth. 12
to sniff inhale through
ers. Both expressions are used, however, >> be tried and trusted16/true = have been ones nose
to refer to a group of people that are of used successfully many times before. A 13
to sneeze involuntarily
eject saliva and mucus from
varying ability, or a group of things of third alternative that offers partial allit-
ones nose and mouth (when
different types. eration is be tried and tested. one has catarrh)
>> not have the faintest 4 /foggiest 5 >> the time is ripe 17/right18 = (allitero- 14
stride (literally) the pace or
(idea) = have no idea at all assonance) its the perfect moment to rhythm of a runner in a race
>> feathers6/fur7 will fly = there will be an do sth.
15
stroke (literally) the rhythm
of a rower in a race
angry confrontation >> a big cheese/wheel19 = (assonance) an
>> knock sb. off his/her perch8/pedestal important and influential person
= show that sb. does not deserve to >> bleed20 sb. dry/white = (assonance) 16
trusted inspiring
be9 admired so much extract all of sbs money confidence
17
ripe (of fruit) mature,
>> at a pinch10/push11 = if it is absolutely >> in single/Indian file = (assonance) in
ready to be picked
necessary or if you try really hard a line with each person walking behind 18
right correct,
the person in front (rather than 21 appropriate
side-by-side) 19
wheel
>> have a stab22/bash23 at = (assonance) =
20
to bleed sb. (bleed-bled-
bled) extract blood (= red
try to do sth. for the first time
liquid typically in veins and
>> be the spitting24/living image of = arteries) from sb.
(assonance) look exactly like sb./sth. 21
rather than as opposed to,
>> a flight of fancy25/fantasy = (rep- instead of
22
stab (n.) (literally) effort to
etition) an imaginative but completely
wound (= puncture) with a
impractical idea dagger. The idea comes from
a stab in the dark (= an effort
This article does not offer an exhaustive made in a state of ignorance)
list of expressions that can use alterna-
23
bash (n.) (literally) inexpert
attempt to hit sth. (think:
tive euphonically connected words, there
piata)
are many more. However, we should 24
spitting (literally) ejecting
have amply illustrated that English is saliva from ones mouth
Photo by Ronald Saunders
often driven by sound, not semantics. 25
fancy (n.) whim, caprice

YES 2 | 83
12
 Etymology

The
Curious
Origins
of Some baked beans being stewed Photo by Victor Grigas Cantaloupe melon Photo by Scott Bauer

Food
Names
Many English food
words have very
confusing etymologies:

Egg-like eggplants Photo by Secret London

Singing Wolf Apples

The English word melon comes
from the Greek word for an apple,
via Spanish meln. The cantaloupe
(melon) [see photo] comes from the
Italian town of Cantaluppi, which lit-
erally means singing wolves.
Eggs & Kidneys
The Americans call aubergines 1
eggplants. This may seem surprising
as they are not very egg-shaped2,
and eggs are never dark purple.
However, the name was originally
applied to3 a variety of aubergine
that is white and more oval.
A name that does seem to make
sense is kidney beans, they are kid-
ney-shaped4 and purple similar
in colour to the deep red of kid-
neys. However, they are not called
this because they look like kidneys
but because they were believed to
be good for ones kidneys in the
16th Century.
Cooking Twice
English talks about refried beans
because of a mistaken translation of
the Mexican Spanish frijoles refritos.
The adjective refritos could mean
refried but in this case just5 means
well cooked. The bean confusion
seems to carry over into 6 English
since7 baked beans are haricot
beans 8 that have been stewed 9,
not baked10.
Biscuit does mean 11 twice 12
cooked in French but again the idea
is really well baked in that the term
originally referred to a type of ships
biscuit that was baked10 dry so that
it would last13 as long as possible at
sea. The American scone-like14 bis-
cuit is twice12 cooked or even espe-
cially well baked. The Spanish cog-
nate15 bizcocho (= sponge cake) also
means twice cooked and isnt.
Americans call the British biscuit
a cookie. This is not related to being
cooked (once or twice12!) but is in
fact a corruption of Dutch koekje,
meaning a little cake. Koekje is ulti-
mately16 related to cake through the
Old Norse kaka (= a flat loaf17).

1
aubergine (UK English) eggplant (US English) name probably comes from the Aztec 14
scone-like similar to a
2
egg-shaped oval ayacotli or the Nahuatl ayecotli (= fat bean) scone
3
to be applied to be used to refer to 9
to stew cook in liquid (usually for a long 15
cognate etymologically
4
kidney-shaped having the form of a time) related word
kidney (= renal organ) 10
to bake cook in an oven (like bread) 16
ultimately (false friend)
5
just (in this case) simply 11
does mean (emphatic) means in the final analysis
6
to carry over into be transmitted to 12
twice x2 17
flat loaf unit of bread that does not
7
since (in this case) given that, as 13
to last (in this case) continue to be edible contain yeast (such as a pita or a loaf of
8
haricot beans small whitish legumes. The (= eatable) naan bread)

84 | YES 2
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Picture Description
Im in the
background...

...and Im in the
foreground.

Photo by Jaume Carbonell

A B
Describe the two pictures below. Try to use these words: >>Should people be reverential towards art
or is it all right to interact with art playfully
>>carving/statue like the young women in the photos?
>>portrait
>>leaning >>What type of exhibitions do you prefer to visit?
>>reclining
>>scarf
>>in front
>>behind s
Now compare your answers to those on audio track 16.

86 | YES 2
16
AUDIO SCRIPTS
The following pages contain the transcriptions
of what is spoken on the audio files.

SPOKEN-ENGLISH TIPS
Spoken English is significantly different from the written language: YES NO. 2 TRACK LIST
A more limited vocabulary is generally used
and it is, by definition, more colloquial. Mini-debates (30m27s)
Moreover1, spoken English uses many more 1. Should Most Traffic Lights
incomplete or badly constructed sentences. Be Abolished? (5m24s)
On the other hand, intonation and stress can be used in speech. 2. Should Mary Seacole be Removed from
the National Curriculum? (8m10s)
3. Which are better cats or dogs? (9m38s)
HOW TO USE THE AUDIO SCRIPTS 4. Does God Follow Sports? (7m14s)
Follow our eight-step process to get the most out of the audio scripts:
5. Psychology of Food (0m56s)
Before you listen we recommend that you read through
1 the relevant section of the footnotes2 (not the text itself). Monologues: Youth is Wasted
This should give you some idea of the subject3 and help you on the Young (11m42s)
to understand the more difficult vocabulary as you listen. 6. Monologue 1 [US English] (2m46s)
7. Monologue 2 [British English] (4m10s)
When you listen the first time, dont expect to 8. Monologue 3 [British English] (2m31s)
2 understand everything; listening practice should 9. Monologue 4 [Irish English] (2m14s)
not be a painful4 process. Simply see how much
meaning you can extract from the recording. 10. Pigs in English (0m41s)

Listen more times going back to the footnotes Mini-Dialogues (20m02s)

3 to integrate the information you have. 11. Umbrella Organization (1m19s)
12. The Marriage-Guidance Counsellor (6m20s)
Once you understand reasonably well, do the relevant exercise. 13. Learning the Irish Brogue (5m35s)
4 14. The Short Straw (6m45s)

Finally, read the audio scripts as you listen again. 15. The Death of the Texan Drawl (1m01s)
5
16. Picture Description (4m32s)
Stop each time you get lost or encounter a
6 structure that interests or confuses you. Total time: 1h09m24s

Repeat words or phrases whose pronunciation surprises you.

7
1
moreover whats more, furthermore
Two or three days later, listen to the text again without
8 reading to see if your understanding has improved5.
2
footnotes notes at the bottom
of the page (in this box)
3
subject (n.) (in this case) theme
This process is intense and time-consuming. However, it will
4
painful (in this case) arduous, unpleasant
5
to improve get better
eventually6 solve the problem most learners have of relating7 the 6
eventually (false friend) in the end
spoken word to the written. Once youve done that, the rest is easy! 7
to relate associate, connect, link

YES 2 | 87
AUDIO SCRIPTS

Mini-Debates
Listen to these short discussions.
 (30m27s)

1. Should Most Traffic Lights Be
Abolished?
(5m24s)
Englishman (EM): I was reading the
other day about this idea that most
traffic lights1 should be abolished.
Apparently, something like 20 sets
of traffic lights have been removed2
in London and they are reviewing3
thousands of them to see whether4
they are really a good idea or not. I
mean 5, Im not a driver, so a traffic
light for me is just6 what makes the
taxi stop or the bus stop. But those
of you who do drive7, whats your
attitude?
American man (AM): But when
Photo by Marina Carresi
you say better, what do they mean?
Better in the sense that it reduces
traffic or the traffic flow8 is better?
EM: I believe the argument goes
I believe the argument goes that
without traffic lights1 drivers take
responsibility for crossing when it is
the appropriate moment, whereas9
I dont know if you use the expres-
sion in America, but in Britain we
have the term amber gambler 10
and the idea is that people will tend
to shoot the lights11 trying desper-
ately to they will accelerate when
they see the amber lights, try to get
through, etc.
AM: Yeah.
EM: And that causes a lot of
accidents.
AM: Yeah, yellow means accelerate,
right?
Irishman (IM): Yeah, stoption 12! I
mean 5, the only problem is though
that I can understand maybe remov-
ing 2 traffic lights 1 from certain
long stretches13 of city roads where
youve got maybe lots of pedes-
trian14 walkways15 that maybe hold
up16 traffic flow8 and maybe cause
more bumper 17 -to-bumper 18, road
rage19, that kind20 of thing. But, at
busy junctions21? No. Theres no way
I can imagine that anyone would ben-
efit from there not being some sort22

1
traffic lights 9
whereas by contrast 16
to hold sth. up (hold-held-hold) delay,
2
to remove (false friend) eliminate 10
gambler (in this case) risk taker impede
3
to review evaluate 11
to shoot the lights (shoot-shot-shot) race 17
bumper (UK English) fender (US English),
4
whether if (but if cannot be used through traffic lights, drive quickly past metal bar on the front or rear of a vehicle
before or) traffic lights that absorbs an impact
5
I mean (pause filler) yknow, like, 12
stoption the option to stop or go past a 18
bumper-to-bumper traffic jams, traffic
sort of, kind of traffic light when it is flashing congestion
6
just (in this case) simply 13
stretch section 19
road rage extreme aggression associated
7
do drive (emphatic) drive 14
pedestrian sb. who walks in a town with the frustration of driving
8
flow flux, movement, circulation 15
walkway footpath 20
kind (n.) sort, type

88 | YES 2
10 p. 64
 AUDIO SCRIPTS

of control. I mean , usually even at

5

traffic-light junctions, the major ones,

they need police sometimes just6 to
be helping with the flow8 of traffic.
So, to have nothing at all23, I think
youre asking for trouble24.
Englishwoman (EW): Forgive me for
bringing in25 a colour pun26 of its
not a black-and-white issue27 , which
of course it isnt. But I think that there
is room to review the way traffic
lights1 have been designed. In certain
countries you dont have any amber
at all between the stop and the go,
which is really odd28. You also dont
have any control between the differ-
ence between traffic flow8 excuse
me at 90-degrees to each other. So,
you can go forwards but if you try Photo by Marina Carresi
to turn right or left youre stopped
from continuing. That certainly hap-
pens29 in some countries and needs AM: The overpasses? intersections.
reviewing30. EM: No. EM: Yeah.
IM: Yeah. AM: Do you mean on the highway35? AM: Usually in the country
EW: So, I would say itd be quite inter- EM: Somebody was telling me about EM: Right.
esting if you looked at traffic lights1 this. But I havent actually36 seen it AM: Usually not in the city, but
as a sort of31 metaphor for certain myself. So, I may be describing some- where there are four stop signs.
societies. Traffic lights1 can be quite thing awfully37 strange. Where four IM: Yeah.
dictatorial and roundabouts 32 are roads meet as it were, everybody EM: I mean 5, the traffic light1 has
much more about inviting individual has to stop and then its sort of31 quite a sad history because the first
responsibility and participation and negotiated by whoever sort of31 ever traffic light was installed outside
probably the ideal is probably some- arrived first or whatever, no? the Houses of Parliament in Britain in
where between the two. AM: Yeah. 1868 and almost41 immediately blew
EM: But isnt there theres also an IM: So its kind of38 like a yield39 up42 because of a gas leak43 from
American option, isnt there? I mean5, on all corners on all sides. it. It was gas-powered. And so they
its not just33 roundabouts32 versus EM: Yeah. Is that? were abandoned until 1929 when they
traffic lights1. AM: Yeah. started to
AM: Ah, the overpasses34? There are IM: Cos40 here we only have two AM: make electric
overpasses. yields39 and the other people have to EM: have electric ones come in44
EM: The four-stop? Do you call it the respect that. and theyve flooded45 the country
four-stop? AM: Yeah, there are places there are since then.

21
junction crossroads, point where two (or 31
sort of (pause filler) kind of, like, yknow
more) roads meet I mean, yknow 39
yield (US English) give way (UK English),
22
sort kind, type 32
roundabout when a driver has to let vehicles travelling in
23
nothing at all (emphatic) nothing 33
just (in this case) only another direction pass first
24
to be asking for trouble be irresponsible 34
overpass (US English) flyover 40
cos (slang) because
25
to bring in (bring-brought-brought) (UK English), viaduct, structure like a bridge 41
almost practically
introduce that causes one road to pass above another 42
to blow up (blow-blew-blown)
26
pun play on words, piece of wordplay road explode
27
issue (in this case) question, matter 35
highway (US English) motorway (UK 43
leak when a liquid or gas
28
odd strange, unusual English) escapes from a container
29
to happen occur 36
actually (false friend) in fact 44
to come in (come-came-come)
30
to need reviewing need to be 37
awfully terribly be introduced
reconsidered 38
kind of (pause filler) sort of, I mean, 45
to flood inundate

YES 2 | 89
p. 64 10
AUDIO SCRIPTS
IM: Yeah. But it was a lot different the
traffic youre talking about back then.
I mean5, today its
EM: It scared46 the horse back then.
IM: Yeah, yeah. I mean 5, there was
probably just6 a lot more poop47 on
the street.
EM: Amber gambling48 in a stage-
coach49 wouldve been quite amus-
ing50. OK
AM: Thats a... I just51 wanted to add
something else. I was thinking about
when you were talking about the
traffic lights1 in London, in England,
I was thinking of India. There are no
traffic lights in India, right?
EW: Yes, there are, but people take
absolutely no notice of52 them.
AM: Uh huh.
EW: Theyre the same in Iran. They
dont take any notice of those either.
AM: And are there a lot of accidents
or? Hows the traffic flow8?
IM: You dont want to drive in India.
Lets put it that way53.
EW: I was involved in an accident
in India, but there wasnt a traffic
light1 anywhere around when that
happened29. I wasnt involved in any
accident in Iran, but I dont know
whether4 that was anything to do
with 54 the way people treated traffic
lights1 or not.
EM: To misquote 55 the National
Rifle Association: its traffic lights that
cause accidents, not drivers!
AM: Right.
46
to scare frighten, terrify
47
poop (informal) excrement
48
amber gam-
bling shooting
the traffic lights1
49
stagecoach
50
amusing funny,
entertaining
51
just (in this case) quickly
52
to take absolutely no notice of sth. (take-
took-taken) ignore sth. completely
53
lets put it that way lets simply say that,
let me express it that way
54
was anything to do with in any way
related to
90 | YES 2
2. Should Mary Seacole be Removed2
from the National Curriculum?
(8m10s)
EM: OK, moving on. Theres a bit of
a debate which is slightly56 sort
of31 parochially British 57 and I
apologize for that from the start. But
theres a bit of a debate in Britain
about a woman called Mary Seacole.
Mary Seacole was a type of herbalist-
nurse, almost hotelier, who went to
the Crimea and did a lot of good for
soldiers during the Crimean War and
came back to Britain bankrupt 58
because shed sold everything to
go out there and help the soldiers
came back to Britain bankrupt as a
national hero and funds 59 were set
up 60 with the support61 of people
like Queen Victoria so that she would
live comfortably for the rest of her
life. And she has been included for
the last five or six years on the as
a recommended but not a compul-
sory62 figure 63 on the national cur-
riculum64 for primary schools study-
ing the Victorian period. And they
whoevers in charge of these things,
the Minister of Education or whatever,
and a number of people from the cur-
rent British government want to take
her off65 the curriculum 64. And the
argument being that shes only on the
curriculum because she is a woman
and because she was mixed race 66.
55
to misquote sb. change sbs words
56
slightly a little
57
parochially British sth. that will only be
of interest in Britain
58
bankrupt financially ruined
59
fund collection
60
to set up (set-set-set) create, establish
61
support backing, help
62
compulsory obligatory
63
figure (in this case) personage, important
person
64
curriculum syllabus, study plan
65
to take sb. off (take-took-taken) eliminate
sb. from
66
mixed race (in this case) mulatto
She is somebody who I suppose if we
have to put a label67 on somebody,
shed be defined as black, although I
think she was only quarter black68,
but her mother was a freed or
maybe half black.
AM: I think she was half. From what I
remember, her dad was Scottish and
her mother was Jamaican.
EM: Right. So shes obviously on the
curriculum64 for being Scottish!
AM: Right.
EM: So, the
EW: Thats a joke.
EM: The people who are against her
being conservatives, small c con-
servatives69, suggest that shes only
on the curriculum64 because she is
labelled70 as black and whereas71
other people would argue that its
important to have figures63 who are
not just33 sort of31 military heroes
and blah, blah, blah and who reflect
a number of facets of society in the
past. I suppose the ultimate72 ques-
tion is, what is history for?
IM: Oh God! Well, my own sorry
to butt in73 there, I mean 5, I never
came across74 this woman in my
life and I went to school in Ireland,
so obvious this is definitely an Eng-
lish point of view. I mean 5, we may
67
label tag, definition
68
to be only quarter black have only one
grandparent of African descent
69
small c conservatives people who have
conservative views (but not necessarily
members of the Conservative Party)
70
to be labelled be tagged, be defined
71
whereas while, although
72
ultimate (false friend) final, definitive
73
to butt in interrupt
74
to come across (come-came-come)
encounter, (in this case) hear of
10 p. 64

Mary Seacole
have learned about Florence Night-
ingale 75 and all that kind20 of stuff 76
but I never heard of her at all. I
can imagine that maybe from what
youre saying the only reason she
is included or a good reason is that
she reflects or depicts77 the impor-
tance of mixed-race people in Victo-
rian times who normally wouldnt be
addressed in any sense because
EM: Is that a good enough reason
for her to be there?
IM: I think so because it shows that
that yknow78 society I mean 5,
you tend to think Victorian soci-
ety was really ridiculously one
yknow78 self-centred in itself and
75
(1820-1910) nurse and hospital reformer.
Famous for her work with soldiers in the
Crimean War.
76
stuff (colloquial) things
77
to depict represent
78
yknow (pause filler) like, kind of, sort of,
I mean
79
to be like (informal/in this case) say
80
to show sb. out (show-showed-shown)
escort sb. to the exit
81
wog (offensive term) non-white foreigner
82
to be like (informal/in this case) think
83
blatantly manifestly, obviously
p. 64 10
in terms of it tends to in cinema
and writing and literature it tends to
be depicted as quite racist. Yeah, def-
initely. And quite I mean 5, only the
other day was I watching Lawrence
of Arabia and I remember the scene
when they all walk into the bar, Law-
rence of Arabia walks into the bar
with dressed in Arabic clothes with
his friend and theyre all like79, Get
him out of here. Oh, God! Show him
out 80. Show out that wog 81! And I
was like 82, My God!, you know? I
mean 5, I just 6 cant imagine living
in a society like that, so blatantly83
racist. But, so in that sense I can see
the importance of her because but
I think it would be important as you
say What is history for? to draw
attention to 84 her relevance in soci-
ety and the impact she had.
EM: Its interesting that you men-
tion, the example that you mention
of the cinema example cos40 yester-
day I caught 25 minutes of I think
its called I think the films called
Rorkes Drift, which is a film about
the Zulu rising 85 against the British.
IM: Its called Zulu Dawn, no?
EM: I think it was the second part.
IM: Or Zulu? With Michael Cain. The
second part?
EM: Yeah.
IM: Zulu Dawn.
EM: Well, anyway, whichever but
and you could see there was an
awful lot of86 Sixties87 uncomfort-
ableness with imperialism in the film
and I wonder88 how much of Bolts 89
scripts of... Lawrence of Arabia is also
a reflection of how the 1960s felt
84
to draw attention to (draw-drew-drawn)
highlight, emphasize
85
rising rebellion
86
an awful lot of (emphatic) a lot of, much
87
Sixties from the 1960s
88
to wonder ask oneself
89
Robert Bolt (1924-95) playwright and
scriptwriter
90
large (false friend) big, (in this case)
significant
91
to take sth. up (take-took-taken) (in this
case) continue
92
to be flabbergasted be horrified, be
AUDIO SCRIPTS
about people like Lawrence of Arabia
and the whole idea that you had
to at the time be very, very embar-
rassed about the fact that Britain had
occupied large 90 parts of the world
etc. etc. I think history one of the
things history is being reinvented
all the time and being reinvented as
a reflection of the generation thats
rewriting it.
EW: Im going to take that point up 91
very particularly because a couple
of years ago I started just6 for plea-
sure reading the original James
Bond books by Ian Fleming and I
was flabbergasted 92 at how nar-
row-minded 93 he was, how dated 94
some of his writing was. Theres one
particular story that was turned into
the movie with Roger Moore, Live
and Let Die, and I recommend it. It
is raucous 95 reading because its an
image of the attitude in the 1950s
towards Black Americans and its
beyond description 96 , basically.
But it has relevance and to say we
should just 6 throw that out97 and
discard 98 it because we now con-
sider that to be politically correct is I
think like chucking out99 things that
we might dig up 100 in the garden.
These are archaeological artefacts
of our culture and our development
and we need to consider them and
the views of our of all past gen-
erations and current generations
towards different issues27 are as rel-
evant as anything else. And I think
theres something that we would like
history to be and then theres what it
actually36 is. And invariably its some
astonished
93
narrow-minded intolerant, prejudiced
94
dated out-of-date, (opposite of up-to-date,
modern)
95
raucous (in this case) scandalously hilarious
96
beyond description indescribable, (in
this case) scandalous
97
to throw sth. out (throw-threw-thrown)
reject, repudiate
98
to discard sth. throw sth. away, abandon sth.
99
to chuck sth. out (informal) discard98
100
to dig sth. up (dig-dug-dug) find buried
(= underground)
YES 2 | 91
AUDIO SCRIPTS
Mary Seacole
3. Which are better cats or dogs?
(9m38s)
EM: So, which are better, cats or
dogs?
IM: Well, let me just51 butt in73 there.
Lets maybe we can just my first
point, maybe we can just 51 make
that a little bit more specific. Which
are better at dressing up 119, cats
or dogs? I for one120 think cats are
impossible to dress up. Dogs will sit
there and let you dress them up. Cats
101
vaguely more or less, imprecisely
102
to veil envelop, disguise, camouflage
103
to flex a muscle use a power
104
quote (in this case) in inverted commas,
in speech marks, ...
105
distasteful unsavoury, unpleasant
106
the stereotypical image of a black
person used in the advertising of Rob-
ertsons marmalade until the 1970s
107
and so on and so forth etc.
108
gotta (slang) got to
109
pretty (adv.) reasonably, more or less
110
ally associate, partner, accomplice
111
by the way incidentally
92 | YES 2
sort22 of nationalistic or personal-
identity expression of what we want
ourselves to be, vaguely101 sort
of31 veiled102 in the form of a liter-
ary discipline. But were really flexing
some sort22 of egotistical muscle103
when we do it and I think if we want
to be true to the whole process then
we have to say you cant touch any-
thing. Its all valid even if its some-
thing that is, quote104, distasteful 105
now.
EM: But you have to choose whats
on the curriculum64.
EW: And we also have to talk about
you know Robertsons golliwogs 106
and so on and so forth 107. Weve
gotta108 go there. Thats also true.
EM: But at the same time I mean 5
one of the things I find myself so
interesting about this woman is not
the particular colour of her skin but
are just6 not very good at fancy
dress121. Im sorry.
EM: I dont think any of the dogs Ive
ever had would ever let me dress it
up.
IM: Really?
EW: The question is, are you inter-
ested in the Garden of Eden before
the apple or after the apple? Dogs
is122 before the apple and cats is
112
stuck-up proud and unfriendly because
one has a superiority complex
113
pole-up-their-arse acting as if you
have a stick in their rectum, rigid and
unemotional
114
huge enormous, massive
115
an awful lot of (emphatic) a lot of, many
116
to do ones own thing (do-did-done) be
an individual and not follow the dictates of
society
117
as well too, also
118
to worship venerate
119
to dress up wear fancy dress, dress in
special clothing
the fact that she went to the Crimean
War being somebody who was
pretty109 anti-war. She would go to
the battlefields after the battle was
over and be giving first aid indiscrimi-
nately to Turks, Russians, British and
French. I think she even helped the
French they were our allies110 by
the way111 and that sort22 of atti-
tude given how we perceive the Vic-
torians. I mean 5, I think what weve
been taught by the previous genera-
tion about the Victorians of being so
sort of31 stuck-up112 and superior
and white supremacist and idiotic and
yknow78 pole-up-their-arse 113
type people is a huge114 simplification
and there are an awful lot of115 very
colourful Victorians who did their
own thing116 and I think that needs to
be saved as well117.
IM: Yeah, definitely.
afterwards.
EM: Come again?123
IM: Cats are like124 mischie-
vous125 little creatures.
EW: Dogs like everything. They love
everything. Everything is absolutely
their favourite thing and
American man (AM): cats hate
everything.
EW: cats hate everything.
IM: But, well, lets put it126 this way.
How many Facebook posts are fun-
nier when it has to do with cats or
dogs? I mean 5, thats really thats
what it comes down to127, really.
AM: Thats what it comes down to.
120
I for one personally I
121
fancy dress costumes, special clothes
for parties
122
dogs is (intentional ungrammatical struc-
ture) dogs are
123
come again? could you repeat that?
124
like (pause filler) yknow, sort of, kind of,
yknow, I mean
125
mischievous naughty, disobedient
126
to put it (put-put-put) (in this case)
express the idea
127
thats what it comes down to that is the
essential question
10 p. 64

IM: Thats what it comes down to
these days.
AM: If it says it on Facebook, its so.
IM: Its so. And Ive seen a lot of
funny cat photographs on Facebook
recently.
AM: Yeah, that is true. That is true.
IM: You know dog photographs
dogs, yeah, dogs do silly things and
funny things and yknow78 I love
dogs, but
AM: But dogs are just6 funny.
IM: Yeah.
AM: Just6 because theyre funny like,
because theyre dopey128.
IM: Like the dog that goes in and
says, Yeah? You what?
AM: Oh, yeah. The Ultimate72 Dog
Tease129.130
IM: Yeah. I mean5, thats funny.
AM: The dog
IM: You couldnt do that with a cat
actually36. You couldnt do the cat
tease.
EW: We compete with cats as a race
and the question is do we think do
we want to see ourselves
EM: Who gets the mouse or what?!
EW: No. We actually36 believe that
yknow78 cats, like the two weve
got at home, have got a list and
our names are top of the list, come
In Ancient
Times cats were
worshipped118 as
gods; they have
not forgotten this.
Terry Pratchett
128
dopey slow-witted, gormless, stupid
129
tease (n.) mocking, provocation
130
http://goo.gl/v0j85
131
come the revolution when the revolu-
tion occurs, (in this case) when cats rebel
132
that age-old thing (in this case) that well-
established idea
p. 64 10
AUDIO SCRIPTS
the revolution . 131
IM: Its like that age-old thing132
yknow78 He gives me food and I
have a place to sleep and he looks
after133 me. He must be God. And
with cats its, He gives me food.
I have a place to sleep. I must be
God! Yeah, you know? Its kind of38
like
EM: This comes out of an article
answering this question in the New
Scientist and its interesting some of
the conclusions they come to. For
example, which do you think are clev-
erer? Which do you think are cleverer,
cats or dogs?
AM: Thats a trick question134.
IM: Its like saying who has more
street smarts135?
EW: No.
American man (AM2): What do you
mean by cleverer?
EM: What do I mean by cleverer?
AM2: They do things you teach them Photo by Marcelo Fabra
to do or...?
EM: By information-processing capac-
ity. The number of neurons in the yknow78 street smarts135.
cortex, which is also known as the AM: Theyre kind of38 the
executive brain. rock-n-rollers.
AM2: Well, thinking about dogs and IM: Kind of38 rock-n-roll. They you
like drug-sniffing dogs136 and those know?
types of things, I would have to say AM: Theyre like82, F you!
for me, logically, it would be dogs. But EM: Dogs
maybe EW: Whats in it for me?
EM: But the sense of smell AM: Yeah.
IM: But dogs are like the scientists, IM: Yeah.
whereas71 EM: Dogs tend to have bigger brains,
EM: Interesting, the sense of smell of but in fact cats are meant to be139
cats... is much better than the sense
of smell of dogs, they just6 dont
more intelligent in terms of the execu-
tive brain. Another thing, in terms of
bother to use it to help us. shared another thing they put into
IM: Thats true. Dogs are like the
nerds137 with the glasses on and
the mix was shared history140, which I
dont see why that really matters141, but
the pocket sets138 and theyre really of course dogs trounce142 cats on that.
intelligent. But the cats are the ones AM: What do you mean?
who are out on the street corner EM: Well, the first dogs were the first
133
to look after take care of, care for 137
nerd geek, socially inept intellectual
134
trick question question that provokes sb. 138
pocket set a plastic lining for a skirt
to make a mistake pocket to protect the shirt against ink
135
street smarts knowledge that permits 139
to be meant to be be supposed to be
one to survive in an urban context 140
shared history history in common
136
drug-sniffing dog dog used by the 141
to matter be important
police to find narcotics 142
to trounce sb. triumph over sb.
YES 2 | 93
AUDIO SCRIPTS
EM: Well, theres another theory
actually36. Its very interesting you
say that cos40 theres another theory
that dogs were first domesticated
IM: By cats!
EM: shall we say148 in the Far East
for food149 and only after they had
been around as a food source150, as
an animal-husbandry151 question
did somebody realize152 they were
quite good for protecting sheep and
that sort22 of thing, which is a bit
harsh153.
IM: I read somewhere that they only
became I dont know why this was
to do with 154 the interesting the
toxoplasmosis what is it? The toxo-
plasmosis thing, the parasite, actu-
ally36 changes behaviour155, peoples
behaviour. Theres a study which is
freaky156 because it changes our
behaviour towards cats and changes
other animals behaviours towards
cats. But in this study I read that
something like that only till157 the 18th
Century or something like that did
Photo by Sara L. Carresi
people start to have cats in certain
Western societies were cats taken
on158 as pets. Is that true?
wolves143 were domesticated probably EM: I dont think thats true
50,000 years ago IM: No.
AM: Yeah. EM: because if you look at portraits
EM: whereas9 the first cats were and things, there are portraits from
domesticated with agriculture in much earlier
terms of protecting the wheat144 IM: Yeah.
store 145 from mice 146 only about EM: from the 16th Century with their
8,000 years ago. So, dogs have been pet cat sitting beside them. So, I dont
our best friends for much longer. think that may have been just33 a
IM: But theyve only been pets for particular class or whatever.
a relatively short amount147 of time IM: Yeah. I dont remember the con-
supposedly in that sense. text but
143
wolf (plural wolves) 151
animal-husbandry (adj.) livestock
144
wheat 152
did somebody realize that sb. became
145
store silo, deposit, conscious
depot, reserve 153
harsh (in this case) shocking
146
mouse (plural mice) 154
to be to do with be related to
small rodent 155
behaviour conduct
147
amount quantity, (in this 156
freaky strange, peculiar, bizarre, surreal,
case) period eerie
148
shall we say I have to be 157
till until. In fact he means after
careful about the words I 158
to take sth./sb. on (take-took-taken) adopt
use 159
measure (in this case) yardstick, barom-
149
for food as food, (in this case) as meat eter, criterion, benchmark
150
a food source (in this case) meat 160
to shave off cut off with a razor, eliminate
94 | YES 2
EM: The I mean 5, the other thing
was the in terms of another
measure159
AM2: And the Egyptians before
IM: Well, yeah.
EM: Well, the Egyptians were mummi-
fying them, werent they, etc.?
AM2: Yeah.
AM: Mummifyings not exactly having
them as pets.
EM: Yeah, but theyd shave off160
their eyebrows161 in sadness because
their pet cat had died, which is quite
serious.
AM: Alright. OK. That is pretty162
serious.
EM: In terms of I mean 5, one of
the measures which were better was
vocalization. And apparently the cats
are much, much more manipulative
cos40 the cats have worked out163
the frequency of sounds to manipu-
late us. And its actually36 fascinat-
ing because theres a small kid164,
theres a little girl, a toddler165, who
lives opposite us and the sounds
that she makes and the sounds the
cat makes are regularly confusing.
Its regularly the case of, Oh, we
let the cat out166 to get out on the
landing167! because its exactly the
same frequency. And the noises that
babies make are imitated by cats to
perfection.
AM: Well, I have actually36 read that
cats amongst themselves dont use
meowing168, vocalization...
EM: Uh huh, they use it for us.
AM: as a means of169 communica-
tion. They only develop it imitating
humans and to stimulate humans to
161
eyebrow
162
pretty (adv.) quite,
reasonably
163
to work out determine,
discover
164
kid child, (in this case) infant
165
toddler infant who has recently learned
to walk
166
to let sb./sth. out (let-let-let) release sb./sth.
167
landing communal area between apart-
ments and connected by stairs
168
meowing the typical cries of a cat
169
a means of a way of, a method of
10 p. 64

bend to their needs.
170
EM: Well, once they start they dont
stop.
IM: Amongst themselves they speak
French, right?
AM: Which is even more irritating
than meowing.
EM: Apparently, despite the millions
and millions and millions of wild birds
that cats are meant to139 film to
film! to kill (and film!), apparently,
cats are more eco-friendly in terms of
their carbon footprint171.
IM: They clean up after themselves.
EM: I know but in terms of their
carbon footprint, its smaller than
dogs just6 because of the amount172
of meat that dogs eat, I suppose.
IM: Their footprint173 is smaller
anyway, generally.
AM: And they always poop174 in the
same box, whereas9 dogs poop all
over the place175.
IM: Thats true.
AM: I mean 5, thats for domesticate
cats yknow78 domesticated cats.
The cats are out in the wild176...
EM: If you get a wild cat, if you get
a cat from the street, you introduce
him to your house and you say, if
the cat learns to use the tray177, then
it can stay. Otherwise its going back
into the street. They learn. Theyre
there178. They just6 they know.
AM: They do it straight away179.
IM: Totally, yeah. Pretty 180
amazing181.
AM: Yes, I had a cat once that was born
of a street cat and as a kitten182 taken
170
to bend to (bend-bent-bent) satisfy
171
carbon footprint negative
impact on the environment
172
amount quantity
173
footprint
174
to poop defecate
175
all over the place everywhere
176
in the wild in the natural environment
177
(litter) tray/box container full of absor-
bent sand in which housecats urinate and
defecate
178
theyre there (in this case) they
understand
179
straight away immediately
180
pretty (adv.) (in this case) absolutely,
totally
p. 64 10
Photo by Marina Carresi
into the house and we put a litter
box177 and gave it183 food. No sooner
did it eat it went straight184 to the litter
box and did its business185 without
being told, you know? I think that more
than being smart186, I think it has to do
with187 they like having something they
can bury it in188, you know? But still
yknow78 it didnt have any prob-
lem with going, OK, thats where you
poop174. So, Ill poop there. Fine.
EM: Yeah, I mean5, we have a vet
friend of ours she says that regularly
181
amazing astonishing, incredible
182
kitten baby cat
183
it (in this case) the kitten
184
straight directly
185
to do its business (do-did-done) (euphe-
mism) defecate
186
smart (in this case) clever, intelligent
187
to have to do with (have-had-had) be
related to
188
to bury it in inter it in, cover it with
189
to end up saying say in the end
190
flat apartment
191
they make more sense (make-made-
made) (in this case) they are a more logi-
cal choice in those circumstances
192
topic (false friend) theme, question
AUDIO SCRIPTS
people come to consult her about
sort of31 what dog to buy and give
a list of their conditions of what their
priorities in terms of the type of dog
and she regularly ends up saying189,
What youre describing is a cat. I
mean5, I think in terms of sort of31
urban flat190 living yknow78 living
in apartments etc. cats are just6 easier.
AM: Yeah.
IM: They are.
EM: They just6 make more sense191.
AM: If youre deciding on what pet to
get as a first pet I mean 5 this is a
whole different topic192 but if youre
deciding on a first pet, I would say
apart from cat I would say two cats.
IM: Two cats, yeah.
AM: Because two cats is pretty
much193 the same work as one cat,
assuming that194 they stay healthy
and you dont have a lot of veterinar-
ian visits, which is yknow78 you
can more or less manage195, two cats
are about the same work as one cat
and they stay healthier because they
take care of196 each other, they exer-
cise because they chase197 each other
around. Even if they dont like each
other they still maintain exercise and
entertain each other.
IM: Yeah, and its most people live
in small apartments in the city, so
having a dog in a small apartment
is is yknow78 is not fair198 and
the expression, you cant swing199 a
cat in here, you know it comes from
somewhere, you know? Its the big
test, isnt it?200
193
pretty much more or less
194
assuming that provided that, if
195
to manage (in this case) cope with, deal
with, handle
196
to take care of (take-took-taken) care for,
look after
197
to chase pursue, run after
198
fair just, (in this case) humane
199
to swing (swing-swung-swung)
wield, wave, oscillate
200
this is a joke. The expression
no room to swing a cat (= a
very confined space) in fact
refers to a cat of nine tails
which was a whip with 9
knots in it
YES 2 | 95
AUDIO SCRIPTS
4. Does God Follow Sports?
(7m14s)
EM: OK, last question. Does God
follow sport?
AM1: Oh, my goodness!201
EM: What am I talking about? It is
typical that youve got soccer202 play-
ers, for example, that will score a goal
and they will cross themselves203
and then do some sort of31 ges-
ture towards the sky. Or theres a
famous American footballer called Te-
AM2: Tebow.
EM: Tebow, yes. Was it Ted Tebow204
or? I cant remember his name. Mr
Tebow who whenever he does a
touchdown205 or whatever the word
is, he goes down on one knee206
and sort of31 prays207 in front of
50,000 people. And apparently, I
mean 5, apparently this guy is seri-
ously religious. Hes not the sort22
of football or soccer202 star type of
thing. He does a lot of charity work.
He doesnt go drinking with the other
players. Hes very sort of31 very
religious. But my problem is I think
yknow78 sport. If youve got if a
divinity
AM1: No, your problem is people
believing in God!
EM: No, no, its not. No, if youve got
a divinity if youve got a sport and
then the divinity takes sides208, it
doesnt seem to be quite fair209.
EW: Just6 turn the entire thing on its
head. Sport is the religion.
IM: Thats it.
EW: And therefore210 whats hap-
pening 29 there is for the show211
201
Oh, my goodness! (minced oath) oh, my God!
202
soccer football (in the non-US sense)
203
to cross oneself draw a cross on ones
torso with ones fingers
204
its Tim Tebow
205
touchdown equivalent of a
goal or a try in American football
206
to go down on one knee (go-
went-gone) kneel on one knee
96 | YES 2
thing that they start to do and if they
dont continue to do it they might
lose that winning streak 217, you
know?
AM2: Yeah, like wearing a certain
colour underwear218 or whatever or
and delectation of the masses and undershirt219 when they go out.
religious paraphernalia, particularly IM: Yeah, yeah, exactly.
Catholic-style because yknow78 EW: I think theres another angle
theyre very good at the performance as well117. I was thinking about this
end of things212, is a good show211. today. Beyond 220 the superstition,
And I dont think that theres any beyond the lucky shirt and the lucky
more to it213 than that really. socks and what have you, and that
EM: Are they is that religious associated perfor-
IM: Its kind of38 superstition mance is to some extent untouch-
though. I think the reason why a lot able, it makes you untouchable and
of these people do these repetitive
things before taking a shot. Its super-
stition. Its like a good-luck charm214.
Its like wearing a rabbits foot. Its
kind of38 like124 and its also this
perception that, Oh, you know Im
the good sportsman. I pray to God207
to be better, or whatever. I think its
kind of38 like all part of the whole
showmanship215 of the sport and
its kind of38 its a bit fake216 to
be honest with you from my point of
view.
AM1: Well, I can understand being
superstitious. I used to be supersti-
tious but it brings bad luck. So
AM2: I think a lot of times these
guys, especially the football players,
the soccer202 players, its something
that they see from a very young age
and its just6 something they learn
and do automatically. Theyre not
even thinking about doing it in a reli-
gious sense, in sort of31 reverence
to God or whatever. They just6 do it
for the show211, as you said.
IM: Thats it or superstitious or
kind of38 a superstitious kind20 of Tim Tebow Photo by Clemed
207
to pray (to God) talk to God, thank God 214
good-luck charm amulet, talisman
208
to take sides (take-took-taken) favour 215
showmanship being a
one side/team showman/entertainer
209
fair just, equitable 216
fake false
210
therefore so, for this reason 217
winning streak period when
211
show spectacle one is consistently successful
212
end of things side, part, aspect 218
underwear underpants
213
theres any more to it it is any more 219
undershirt vest (UK English), T-shirt
complicated 220
beyond apart from
10 p. 64

therefore its even more exciting
210
and edgy221 and, dare I say222, sexy
because it deals with223 forbidden224
stuff76. If a footballer just33 goes into
a sort of31 sexy dance, its too
much part of the culture to take us
anywhere particularly, weve seen
that, weve done that, weve got the
T-shirt, whereas9 the religious stuff76
takes you out of that
EM: But isnt it exactly the same
isnt it just6 another facet of the
sexy dance or the particular gesture
or whatever is the flavour of the
month225.
AM2: Yes.
EW: Yeah.
IM: Yeah, its a cultural reference. But,
as you were saying, its actually36
interesting what you were saying
because the use of the word mira-
cle in relation to sport is all over the
place. The miracle goal, the miracle
team, the miracle its like theres
something beyond the supernormal
its a like124 a super-natural ele-
ment sport.
AM2: Yeah, in fact, in American foot-
ball, North American football, when
the time is running out226 and youre
just51 trying for to get a point at the
last second
AM: Oh, yeah.
IM: Yeah.
AM2: hoping against hope227, and
you throw it the ball all the way
down the field228 farther than you
could ever expect anyone would ever
be able to catch at the other end,
thats called a Hail Mary229 pass.
IM: Yeah. Well, I just230 saw the same
thing on the internet today. There was
- like124 - 2.9 seconds left in a bas-
ketball game, 58-60, and the guy231
catches intercepts the ball, throws
it from one end of the court to the
221
edgy risqu, intense
222
I dare say I suppose, probably
223
to deal with (deal-dealt-dealt) have to do
with, be about
224
forbidden prohibited
225
the flavour of the month the latest
fashion
p. 64 10
A Hail Mary pass
other and it goes into the basket and
he scores three points and they win. I
mean5
AM2: Yeah.
IM: If that wasnt a miracle, you
know?
AM2: Yeah, they call that a Hail Mary.
IM: Its amazing181, yeah. Its hilarious.
EM: But and is that sort22 of super-
stitious religiosity associated with
only certain sports or
AM1: I think the most popular ones,
yeah.
EM: Cos40 I cant really imagine
somebody doing any of that in rugby.
I dont know if
IM: In rugby
AM2: A garryowen232 is sort of31
like that, where they kick it straight up
into the air, then it comes back down
and someonell get it.
EM: No, I mean 5, people crossing
themselves203 or doing
AM2: Oh, right.
IM: I think youll find they do.
EM: Yeah? OK.
226
to run out (run-ran-run) come to an end
227
hoping against hope hoping
desperately
228
(football) field football pitch
229
hail Mary (literally) Ave Maria
230
just (in this case) very recently
231
guy (in this case) player
AUDIO SCRIPTS
IM: I think probably, yeah actu-
ally36 I think itd be more I know this
sounds crazy but I think itd be more
relevant more obvious in soccer202
than in rugby.
EM: Yeah.
IM: Yeah.
AM2: Yeah.
IM: Its more of a kind of38 I think
its, as you say, its more of a supersti-
tious kind of38 I dont know. Its like
people who pass churches in their
cars and cross themselves203, but
never go to mass233 and never and
arent religious in any way. But they
do this because they learned it from
their parents234.
AM1: Yeah.
IM: And its like124 they cant not do
it, cant pass a church without doing
the cross and then they kiss their fin-
gers. And Im like82, What are you
doing that for? You never go to church.
Youre not religious. You know?
EW: Im gonna235 be much more cyni-
cal about this and say that the sports
232
garryowen (in Rugby) up and under, act
of kicking the ball forwards high into the
air and running to try and catch it before
it lands
233
mass (Roman Catholic) holy communion
234
ones parents ones mother and father
235
gonna (slang) going to
YES 2 | 97
AUDIO SCRIPTS
that are associated with poorer coun-
tries in which the Catholic church,
for example, is better established are
going to have closer links236 with that
sort22 of religious performance than
sports associated with
EM: But I think your Tebow man is a
Baptist I believe.
IM: But, didnt he go on and develop
a TV programming thing.
AM2: TiVo237. To answer your first
question, does God follow sports? I
would say, if God is as God is said to
be by those who follow God, I would
say God is omnipotent and so, of
Monologues: Youth is
Wasted on the Young
(11m42s)
Listen to the following people talk about their attitudes towards youth.
6. Monologue 1 [US English]
(2m46s)
Youth is Wasted on the Young. Well,
in a nutshell238, what I understand
this phrase to mean is that the young
squander239 every opportunity of
being young, on being young. And
I have to say that I agree with this.
Its funny240 how as we get older we
tend to look back on this unrepeat-
able stage241 between childhood and
adulthood as some sort22 of golden
236
link connection
237
TiVo a digital video recording system
238
in a nutshell in summary, synopsizing
239
to squander waste, dissipate
240
funny (in this case) curious
241
stage (in this case) period
98 | YES 2
course, follows sports, but doesnt
take sides208.
IM: Yeah, unless its Notre Dame.
5. Psychology of Food  (0m56s)
Commentary: Listen to this para-
graph from p. 27.
If you find something upsetting it
turns your stomach; if you are
nervous before a performance you
get butterflies in your stomach;
if you arent courageous enough to
do something you have no stomach
age in which life was all about care-
free242 living.
Looking back at my youth, I now
realize243 how good I really had it.
All I had to worry about was doing
well in school, playing sports and fig-
uring out244 what to do with all my
free time. When I was in high school,
I did have responsibilities, such as
studying, doing chores245 around the
242
carefree relaxed, unworried
243
to realize (false friend) be conscious
244
to figure out decide, determine
245
chores housework, cleaning, etc.
246
on my own by myself, alone
247
to be a far cry from be very different to
for it; when something is intuitive
we talk about a gut feeling.
English and many other languages
recognize that our alimentary tracts
are intimately linked to our emotions.
Similarly, when we are upset we all
tend to guzzle our personal comfort
food. However, recently many
scientists have been postulating that
the link between our feeling and the
digestive system is much greater;
some even believe that the intestines
enteric nervous system effectively
constitutes a second brain.
house and working on the weekends.
While this no doubt helped me when
I got out on my own246, it was a far
cry from247 the daily responsibilities
I would have to tackle248 as an adult.
I do admire249 my mom for all that
she had to sacrifice to bring up250 my
brother and I.
One thing I do remember251 about
this part of my life was the amount252
of time I spent learning and playing
the guitar. I picked up253 the guitar
the first year of high school and basi-
cally played non-stop until I went to
college four years later. There were
days that I practiced for four or five
248
to tackle handle, try to solve
249
do admire (emphatic) admire
250
to bring sb. up (bring-brought-brought)
rear, raise, take care of a child until adulthood
251
do remember (emphatic) remember
252
amount quantity
28 p. 64
 AUDIO SCRIPTS

7. Monologue 2
[British English]
(4m10s)

Youth is wasted on the young. An

hours after doing my homework for
school. I really dont know how I was
able to practice so much and still do
well254 in school. I couldnt even think
about doing this today. Well, maybe,
maybe I could. I guess255 its all about
priorities. Perhaps if I only slept three
hours a night, Id be able to do it. But,
thats not gonna235 happen29.
Another thing I remember about
this period of my life was that I
couldnt wait to turn 16 so I could
get my drivers license. Then once
I had my drivers license I couldnt
wait to turn 18, the age at which you
become a legal adult in the States.
Then once I turned 18 and realized152
that it wasnt all it was cracked up
to be256, I couldnt wait until I was
Photo by Vincent Lock
21, so I could go out and drink. Of
course, after a few nights of excess
and a few mornings in which I would
say to myself Im never going to
have another drink in my life I real-
ized152 that being 21 wasnt all it was
cracked up to be256 either.
Now, did I fritter away257 count-
less hours doing nothing in my
youth? Most definitely. And did I do a
lot of stupid things and take unnec-
essary and perhaps life-threat-
ening 258 risks? Probably. However,
despite knowing what I know now,
Id venture to say that259 if I were
allowed260 to go back and relive this
stage261 of my life I most likely262
would squander239 my youth just263
as I did then.
interesting idea that I have heard a
lot in my life and I realized152 that
my attitudes towards that particular
phrase have changed. As a young-
ster264 I heard that phrase and
was very sceptical and I thought,
Ugh, old people really just6 dont
understand about things. And, as
Ive grown older, Ive grown into
that phrase. Thats what its meant
to139 mean when I can feel my own
aches and pains265 and watch young
people who have no aches and pains
frolicking around266 and thinking,
Gosh!267 I wish I was like that now
with the experience, with the confi-
dence268 to go out there and grab269
life. But its dawned on me270 really
recently that I have another view of
that phrase now, which is to say that
being that young necessarily brings
with it a blindness271 and an inno-
cence and that one couldnt tackle272
things if one had that knowledge of
whats going to lie ahead273. And
Im beginning to see life in a very
different way indeed274, a bit like
a sort of31 onion in reverse or a
young tree perhaps thats a better

253
to pick up (in this case) start to play 264
youngster young person
254
to do well (do-did-done) be successful 265
aches and pains suffering
255
I guess I suppose 266
to frolick around enjoy oneself
256
it wasnt all it was cracked up to be it 267
Gosh! (minced oath) God!
wasnt as good as people said it was 268
confidence self-assuredness
257
to fritter away waste, squander 269
to grab seize, take control of
258
perhaps life-threatening potentially 270
its dawned on me I have become conscious
fatal 271
blindness (in this case) ignorance
259
Id venture to say that I guess, I suppose 272
to tackle handle, cope with, manage
260
to allow permit 273
whats going to lie ahead what is going
261
stage (in this case) period to happen in the future
262
likely (in this case) probably 274
a very different way indeed (emphatic)
263
just (in this case) exactly a very different way

YES 2 | 99
p. 64 28
AUDIO SCRIPTS
metaphor in which as life goes on
the sapling 275 acquires layers 276 .
And there are layers and layers and
layers to life. And perhaps the old
tree is inflexible with so many layers
but strong and its perhaps yearn-
ing for277 the flexibility of the young
sapling275 and what that mightve
meant in terms of movement and
enjoyment and freedom and so on278.
The thing is that as a young person
you have Ive heard this phrase as
well117 you believe youre immor-
tal. You dont see the dangers and
youre prepared to try anything and
push the boat out279. And thats what
allows260 you to achieve280 so many
extraordinary things. And I know that
with certain advantages that I have
from becoming older, like a certain
confidence268 in who I am and what
I believe and what Im prepared to
say and not being so fearful of walk-
ing into a room full of strangers281, I
have a fearfulness282 of life now that
I didnt have 30 years ago. And there
are things I did then that I would be
too fearful to do now. So, in a way
youth has to be protected in order to
275
sapling young tree
276
layer coat, stratum
277
to yearn for crave for, be desirous of
278
and so on etc., et cetera
279
to push the boat out spend money liber-
ally on celebrations. She probably means
put the envelope (= take risks)
280
to achieve accomplish, obtain
100 | YES 2
enjoy the fruits of youthfulness. So,
I see that phrase back-to-front283
these days.
Theres one other image that I can
remember being given and I quite
liked which was a description of four
stages261 of life from the very young-
est child who believes everything, to
the teenage284 young person who
knows everything, to the middle-age
person who believes nothing, to the
old man who knows nothing. And
8. Monologue 3 [British English]
(2m31s)
This is an idea that has been
expressed in a number of ways
throughout287 history. Lord Asquith
said, Youth would be the ideal state
if it came a little later in life. The
basic point is that, when you are
young, you have the time and energy
to do a lot of things but not the expe-
rience to appreciate them fully. This
is partially true, though perhaps the
Photo by Irene Sanz
281
stranger (false friend) sb. one does not
know
282
fearfulness fear, trepidation
283
back-to-front in reverse
284
teenage (adj.) adolescent
285
does tie up ties up, (in this case) make
sense
286
to deal with (deal-dealt-dealt) (in this
then, of course, the full circle where
you start to believe again. It does tie
up285 in the end and I think theres
something about youthfulness that is
precious. The innocence, the blind-
ness271, we have to protect young
people from the knowledge that we
that comes to us with age cos40 only
with age and experience do we have
the strength to deal with 286 that
responsibility, I think. And also we
need what young people can achieve.
biggest hindrance288 to enjoyment
when youre young isnt lack of289
experience but rather290 lack of
money. Obviously, the perfect state
would be to have a clear idea of what
you really wanted to do and the time,
money and energy to do it.
Youth is a time when having fun
is much cheaper and excess takes
much less of a toll on291 your body.
Photo by Isabel Rodrguez
case) cope with, tackle, handle, manage
287
throughout during all of
288
hindrance obstacle
289
lack of absence of, deficient
290
but rather it is by contrast
291
to take a toll on (take-took-taken)
damage, harm
28 p. 64
 AUDIO SCRIPTS

Fortunately, my youthful excesses

didnt really go beyond292 drinking
too much and smoking, so they were
relatively easy to put right293 when
my age caught up with me294.
I certainly took more risks when
I was young. I remember hitchhik-
ing295 to Paris and back and sleep-
ing rough 296 in Italy things Id
never dare to297 do now. Holidays
have to be planned properly298 these
days and running out of money299
Bon Jovi Photo by James Anserson
abroad300 is not an option.
I suppose the biggest difference
between my youth and now is free
time. When I was younger filling my
9. Monologue 4 [Irish English]
time was difficult and I got bored
with nothing to do every now and
(2m14s)
again 301. Thats a feeling Ive com-
pletely forgotten I always have
something to do these days. OK, so the big question is, is youth sort22 of height, yeah, the coming
Its interesting how from the time wasted on the young? Well, if not the down of what was like124 the glam
when were first aware of302 age young, who then? I guess255 unfortu- rock era. And for most kids of my
as small children until we are adults nately with a mix of nostalgia and us age at the time this was like manna
we are desperate to grow up and always remembering the good things, from heaven 310 to be on this tour
we cant wait to be older and then, we think that the best moments with these amazing 181 bands, Bon
from about 30 onwards 303 , we were wasted on us when we were Jovi and people like that. And I some-
miss the advantages of being young. young. And perhaps its true. Maybe times think that because I was only 18
Nostalgia for the benefits of being its because we were more willing or 19 I kind of38 didnt fully expe-
a bit younger then seems to stay304 to306 get ourselves into interesting rience it the way I couldve. Also I
with us for the rest of our lives. I am situations when we were younger and remember being quite a nostalgic and
reminded of305 the old lady who took when we were more impetuous. And romantic, overly311 romantic, teen-
a long time in answering the door if thats true, do we make up for307 ager. So, I think a lot of what couldve
and apologized saying, Im sorry, Ive lack of289 experience with an excess been done when I was younger was
been gardening and I felt tired. Im 91. of risk and this reckless308 behav- wasted on yknow78 being love-
How I wish I could be 80 again. iour155 when we were younger and sick 312 most of the time, which is
perhaps more nave 309? From my probably my one regret 313. Thats
own experience, for example, I went the thing I think that I wasted when I
on a tour in 1990 working with some was young, was too much time spent
American rock bands and kind yknow78 longing for314 the girl.
of38 the height, or should I say, the And that kind of38 annoys315 me

292
to go beyond (go-went-gone) exceed 298
properly appropriately compensate for
293
to put right (put-put- 299
to run out of money (run-ran-run) have 308
reckless irresponsible
put) correct no money left 309
nave innocent, credulous
294
when my age caught 300
abroad overseas, in a foreign country 310
manna from heaven a godsend, a dream
up with me when I 301
every now and again occasionally come true
got older 302
to be aware of be conscious of 311
overly excessively
295
to hitchhike 303
from about 30 onwards after the age of 312
to be lovesick pine, be infatuated, feel
296
to sleep rough (sleep- 30 more or less romantically frustrated
slept-slept) sleep 304
to stay remain, continue 313
regret self-reproach
outside, sleep in the 305
to be reminded of remember, recall 314
to long for yearn for, pine for, feel roman-
open 306
to be willing to be ready to tically frustrated about
297
to dare to be audacious enough to 307
to make up for (make-made-made) 315
to annoy irritate

YES 2 | 101
p. 64 28
AUDIO SCRIPTS
when I think back because thank-
fully Ive kind of38 changed in that
sense. So, but also I think we also
needed to do more trial and error316
when we were young so that what
seemed like wasted time was actu-
ally36 a life-filtering process where we
were learning what as good for us,
what was right, where we should be
headed317 and how best to get there.
Also the time we feel was wasted
or spent on foolish318 things is also
maybe a sort of31 from a relativis-
tic point of view, where we actually36
think time seemed to go slower when
Mini-Dialogues
Listen to the following improvisations.
11. Umbrella Organization
(1m19s)
Woman (W): Oh, Ive got to get the
umbrella out. Its raining.
Man (M): Oh, not again. I knew it was
gonna235 rain.
W: Yep320. Well, come on! Take it.
M: No, no, no, no. Its only big enough
for one and, really, you take it. You
take it, please cos40
W: No, please dont
M: No, really cos40 trying to fit321
the two of us under there is more
316
trial and error experimentation
317
to be headed be heading, be going
318
foolish stupid, idiotic
319
pursuits pastimes, activities
320
yep (slang) yes
321
to fit (in this case) put, shelter
322
hassle trouble, inconvenience
323
cough involuntary expulsion of
102 | YES 2
we were younger and now seems to
fly by much quicker that were older,
so giving you a sort of31 false
impression of the validity of this
wasted time or, should I say, these
wasted pursuits 319 when we were
less experienced.
10. Pigs in English (0m41s)
Commentary: Listen to this para-
graph from p. 56.
All this has influenced English. Mixed
waste food is called pig swill or
hassle322 than its worth.
W: Look, you take it because I know
whatll happen29. Well be up all night
with coughs323, cold syrups324, the
whole nine yards325.
M: No. Your hair is longer. Take it. Itll
take longer to dry.
W: Look, just6 please, please, take the
umbrella.
M: No, Im not going to take it.
W: Just6 take the umbrella.
pulmonary air (usually because of irritation
in ones throat)
324
cold syrup (in this case) sugary medicine
to alleviate catarrhs
325
the whole nine yards the
whole thing
326
to pull up raise, turn up
327
collar (false friend)
hogwash, though the latter is more
commonly used these days to mean
nonsense. Notice the assonance in
both terms. The association with the
brutish poor is apparent in the terms
pig-ignorant and pigheaded.
The idea that pigs are dirty is
reflected in the metaphorical use
of pigsty:
-A recent survey found that 57%
of British people admitted that
their home sometimes resembles
a pigsty.
 (20m02s)
M: No, look, I have my jacket. Ill pull
up326 the collars327. Look, Ill pull up
the collars.
W: Oh, for heaven sakes!328 Stop
being silly.
M: Ill pull up the collars and
W: Really...
M: Ill you know
W: Look. Please stop being silly.
M: I can you know I can run along
the shelter329 here on the side of the
path330. Its not raining as much there.
So, you take that.
W: This is absolutely ridiculous. Were
getting soaked331 the pair of us.
M: Youre only just6 poking332 me
in the eye with the umbrella. So, Ill
328
for heaven sakes! (mild exclamation) for
crying out loud!
329
shelter refuge (from the rain)
330
(foot)path pavement, sidewalk
331
to get soaked (get-got-got) become very
wet
332
to poke stab, prod, wound, hurt
23
 AUDIO SCRIPTS

over I have three rules of the dia-

just6 Ill just run along the edge333
here. So, you go. Seriously take it.
W: Oh, standing on ceremony334.
M: No, look, come on. I mean 5, Im
not just33 doing it cos40 its the chiv-
alrous335 thing to so. I mean 5, come
on! Just I look silly with that thing.
logue, alright? The first step340 is
mirroring341.
B: Who?
C: Mirroring. So, what you want to
do with your partner342, right? Tom,
remember what we did in the last ses-
sion? I want you guys to sit sit in the
chairs and face each other343, OK?
T: We do that every morning.
C: Yeah. So, Bess, your partner, Tom,
will say something and I want you
to repeat it. I just 33 want you to
parrot344 it back to him, exactly what
he says. Right?
T: Parrot345. Thats the right word for
that!
C: Tom? Please.
B: Just6 listen to the man.
T: Fine. OK.
C: Yes, you do seem 346 to have a
Photo by Bart Everson
communication problem, Tom. But
well get to that after. Step340 number
Its tiny336! 2 is validating, validating, alright?
W: [Sneezes] T: What? A card?
M: See? See? Youre getting cold
already. Look, just6 take it. In fact, Im
gonna235 run ahead 337. Ill see you
back at the car.

12. The Marriage-Guidance Counsellor

(6m20s)

Counsellor (C): Alright, Tom and Tom (T): The dia-what?

Bess. Thank you for coming today.
I appreciate it. You know this is our
third meeting and the focus of todays
meeting is the dialogue. Today were
going to learn the dialogue. And my
hope for todays session is that youll
use the dialogue at home.
C: The dialogue.
Bess (B): Yes, he means you have to
listen to somebody else before you
speak.
T: Oh.
C: Yeah, Ill just 51 go over 338 it
quickly. Before we jump in339, Ill go

333
edge margin, fringe, periphery dash forwards activity
334
to stand on ceremony (stand-stood- 338
to go over (go-went-gone) summarize, 343
to face each other look at
stood) be excessively worried about polite synopsize one another
conduct and doing the right thing 339
to jump in intervene, express an opinion 344
to parrot (back) repeat ver-
335
chivalrous gentlemanly, gallant 340
step stage, part batim (= word for word)
336
tiny minute, very small 341
mirroring imitation 345
parrot (n.)
337
to run ahead (run-ran-run) run in front, 342
partner (in this case) companion in an 346
do seem (emphatic) seem, appear

YES 2 | 103
23
AUDIO SCRIPTS
C: Its not agreeing, alright? Its not
agreeing. For me, validating is simply
affirming that your partner is not
crazy. Right? You got me 347, Bess?
You look a little confused.
B: Eh.
C: So, what I want is you to confirm
that you can logically see how they
could be thinking whatever it is that
theyre thinking. Alright? Validating.
And the last step340, empathizing,
right? I want you to know what your
partners feeling. So
B: Alright.
C: Step340 number 1: mirroring. Tom,
can you say something to Bess? Any-
thing, anything. Anything that youve
been wanting to say to her since348
you do have 349 a communication
problem. Thats basically why you
guys350 came here, right? And accord-
ing to Bess it was you.
B: Well
C: Besides your drinking problem. But
I mean5
T: There is something Ive wanted to
ask you. Why are we here?
B: So, why are we here?
C: OK. Very good, Bess.
T: That was a very good mirror of
exactly what I said.
C: You see
T: Was that not the parroting344 bit?
C: That is the parroting bit. Now,
Tom
T: Thanks for validating that. There
we go351. All three in one. This is
excellent. Glad I came!352
C: Now Bess its your turn.
B: Could you please look at me when
Im speaking to you?
T: Im looking at her.
C: Youre not listening.
T: Im looking at her. Shes asking me
to look at her. Im looking at her.
C: This is the communication problem.
347
you got me? do you understand me?
348
since (in this case) given that
349
do have have
350
you guys (US English) you (plural)
351
there we/you go there you have it, voila
352
glad I came! Im happy that I came!
104 | YES 2
T: Its supposed to be a mirror, isnt it?
C: Yeah. Bess, did you see this?
B: Well, actually36 to be fair353 to be
fair, hes listening to what Im saying.
C: He is not. But
B: And responding to the letter of354
what I was saying.
C: But thats not thats not what
were doing here.
B: But I thought that was the point
of why we were coming here was to
actually36 listen to each other and
respond to the letter of what the
other person is saying.
C: Yes, but given Toms lack of289
communication skills 355, especially
in your relationship, what you need
to do first is take baby steps356. And
mirroring is just263 that. Its just33
parroting344 what your partner says.
And Tom obviously cant do that.
T: Well
B: Well, hes trying I suppose.
T: I can be a parrot 345. Its no
problem.
353
fair just
354
to the letter of literally to
355
skills talents, abilities
356
to take baby steps (take-took-taken)
advance little by little
357
wanna (slang) want to
C: Yes, well
T: Well, alright. Im looking at you.
Im looking at you. So, what did
you wanna 357 say? Whats the next
step340?
B: This is the next step?
T: Yeah?
C: Oh, you just6 wanna 357 skip358
step340 number one? Obviously you
havent done step number 1 correctly.
T: What was step number 1 again?
Mirroring.
C: Mirroring.
T: Mirroring.
C: You just33 have to repeat what she
says.
T: Oh, repeat it. OK. Sorry. Not answer
it. Alright. OK. So, what did you Oh,
yeah, start again.
B: I just6 want you to look me in the
eyes when Im speaking to you.
T: I just6 want you to look me in the
eyes when Im speaking to you.
C: Very good, Tom. Why couldnt you
do that before? Why couldnt you do
that in the other sessions?
T: Well, I guess255 I just6 wasnt
paying any attention359 in the other
sessions. I mean5, I didnt think it was
as easy as that.
B: Oh, look, Please just6 lay off360 a
bit.
T: I didnt think it was as easy as
just33 saying what she said back to
her.
B: He is
T: I mean5, if thats all it was. I could
do that every day. I wouldnt have to
think much about it.
B: Can we just6 accept when hes
making an effort and move this on361
just a tiny bit362?
C: I really dont think he is. And obvi-
ously hes not making the effort
because you two are here.
B: Well, Ive known him for a lot
358
to skip sth. omit sth., disregard sth.
359
to pay attention (pay-paid-paid) concentrate
360
to lay off (lay-laid-laid) leave sb. alone
361
to move sth. on let sth. advance, permit
sth. to proceed
362
just a tiny bit (emphatic) a little
23

longer than you have actually and I
36
do know363 that he is trying. I mean5,
this is the third believe me if youd
known how difficult it was to get him
here at all, he is actually36 making an
effort.
T: Yeah, this is me on a good day.
C: Oh, is it?
T: Bloody hell!364
B: Hes not actually36 doing too bad.
I thought you people were supposed
to believe in positive reinforcement
and that sort22 of thing.
C: We do.
B: Can you not give the man a little
bit of encouragement 365 because
otherwise...?
C: We do. You shouldnt be defending
him, Bess. I mean5, thats.
13. Learning the Irish Brogue372
(5m35s)
Voice coach (V): OK. Good mornin.
My name is Sean and welcome to the
dialogue coaching session for how to
do proper Irish.
American man (AM1): [Unintelligible
Photo by Marina Carresi
23
B: Im sorry.
C: the reason why youre here.
T: This is great because it doesnt
happen 29 that often. So, fire
ahead366 . Im enjoying this.
B: What do you mean I shouldnt be
defending him?
T: Yeah.
B: What do you mean I shouldnt be
defending him? What does that mean,
I shouldnt be defending him? Hes
my partner367. I mean 5, what am I
supposed to be doing?
C: Yes, but your defending his lack
of289 listening and communication
skills 355 with you, which is what
brought you two here.
B: Oh, this is just6 ridiculous!
C: Its what brought you to this
speech] Hows you like that? Ive been
working on my Irish accent.
American man (AM2): Hey, that
sounds really good!
Englishwoman (EW): Good grief!373
V: Well, where did you learn that? Or
where did you come across374 that?
AM1: Well, Ive watched lots of differ-
ent things on YouTube, you know?
V: Watching Darby OGill and the
Little People, werent you?
AM1: Yeah, Darby OGill and the Little
People!
V: Youre on the right track375, as we
363
do know (emphatic) know
364
bloody hell! (expletive) damn!
365
encouragement motivation
366
he has mixed fire away (= continue)
and go ahead (= continue)
367
partner (in this case) boyfriend or husband
368
stage (in this case) situation
369
this stuff these things, (in this case)
these problems
370
to sort sth. out find a solution for sth.
371
to work (in this case) function, be
successful
372
brogue (Irish or Scottish) accent
AUDIO SCRIPTS
stage , to this breaking point of
368
your relationship. Youre in a mar-
riage youre seeing a marriage coun-
sellor. Correct?
T: Yeah.
C: And from what I understand its all
Toms fault.
B: Well, thats a little bit simplistic.
T: You g... You tell him, Bess. You tell
him.
B: Oh, Ive had enough of this! Why
dont we just6 go and get some lunch
somewhere. Weve virtually sorted
this stuff369 out370 anyway. Im begin-
ning to think its a waste of time, dont
you?
T: Yeah, Im as hungry as a parrot345.
C: Phew! Works371 every time!
say.
EW: We cant understand a word he
says!
V: As we say in Ireland, youre on the
right road, alright? But youre you
know
AM1: The road yeah, thats one of
the things I learned was the thing
with the. Its a long, long road to Tip-
perrary376 . Thats the one.
V: It is, yes.
AM1: Its a long, long road to
Tipperrary.
V: Yeah, thats pretty377 good. OK, but
lets focus now. Right, so, lets start off
with typical greetings378 in Ireland,
right?
AM2: OK.
EW: Top of the morning to you379. I
know that.
373
good grief! (mild expletive) oh, my God!
374
to come across (come-came-come)
encounter
375
to be on the right track be making
progress
376
the song Its a Long Way to Tipperary
(1912) is well known and was especially
popular during the First World War.
Tipperary is in Ireland.
377
pretty (in this case) quite
378
greeting salutation
379
top of the morning to you! (Irish expres-
sion) good morning!
YES 2 | 105
AUDIO SCRIPTS
V: Top of the morning. Yeah, thats
a good one. Top of the morning. Its
really like, Hup! Top of the marning
to you! So, youve gotta108 get that
inflexion. Oh! Top of the morning to
you!
AM1: Hup! Top of the morning to you!
V: No. Bring it back. Bring it back.
Youre in another field380.
EW: Hup! Top of the morning to you!
AM1: Hup! Top of the morning to you!
V: Youve gone one field too far away,
right? Come back over that wall381.
Come back over the wall.
AM1: OK.
V: Its, Hup! Top of the morning to
you!
AM1: Hup! Top of the morning to you!
V: OK, well, its not too bad. How do
you do it there?
AM2: Hup! Top of the morning to
you!
V: Not bad, not bad. And?
EW: Hup! Top of the morning to you!
V: Well, dont pronounce the hup.
Its more like up. Its like Huh, top
of the morning to you!. Its more like
an intake382. The Irish do an intake of
breath. You go [inhaling sound]. So
its kind of38 sorta383 Huh, top of
the morning to you! And then follow
it quickly by, Soft day, thank God.
Does anyone know what that means?
Do you know what soft day thank
God means?
EW: Soft day?
AM1: Er, that the suns not beating
too hard on your back and making
you feel like really hot or something?
EW: Soft day, soft day?
V: No, that would never happen29 in
Ireland.
EW: Soft day?
V: So, its more to do with 384 rain.
Soft day, thank God means its actu-
ally36 raining.
AM2: Oh, OK.
380
field (literally) piece of farmland
381
to come back over that wall (come-came-
come) return from that field to this one
382
intake (of breath) inhalation
383
sorta (slang) sort of, more or less
384
to be to do with be related to
106 | YES 2
V: So
AM1: Why would you
EW: I thought the Irish liked the rain.
AM1: Yeah, why would you thank God
its raining? Rainings really boring.
V: Yeah, we have to get used to385
it. Theres no other way. Alright, so,
now, a typical kind of38 saluta-
tion would be like, Howya? Hows it
goin?
AM2: Oh, no! Thats. OK.
EW: Howya
V: Can you do that? Can you do that
for me? Howya? Hows it goin?
AM2: Howya?
AM1: Howya?
AM2: Howya?
AM1: Howya?
V: Howya?
AM2: Howya? How is it goin?
V: Howya? Hows it goin?
AM1: That sounds like I thought we
were doing Irish. That sounds like
Native American. Howya, howya, how,
ya, ya, ya
V: Funnily enough 386, I know I
know an actor who played an Indian
in a western movie and he spoke Irish
385
to get used to (get-got-got) become
accustomed to
386
funnily enough surprisingly
387
any minute very soon
388
to go (in this case) say
389
to go by (go-went-gone) pass
Photo by The National Library of Ireland
and no one knew any different. And
thats a true story.
AM1: Alright.
EW: This is going to come out Paki-
stani any minute387.
AM1: It almost sounds Japanese even.
V: Well, there is a funny joke. There is
a funny joke, in fact, about that where
this man came into a pub and he
says, Oh, my God! I didnt know that
the Irish could speak Japanese. The
barman goes388, What are you talking
about?
AM1: Really?
V: He goes, I swear to God. I was
down fishing by the river and two
boats went by389 each other. One
fella390 talking to the other and he
said, How are you OHara? How are
you, you whore391 you.
AM1: What was that?
EW: What the hell392 does that mean?
V: That was, How are you, OHara?
and How are you, you whore you? It
may sound like Japanese
AM1: Whore! They say whore?
V: It may sound like Japanese to the
untrained ear393. But these are the
390
fella (slang) fellow, guy
391
whore prostitute
392
what the hell...? (emphatic) what on
earth...?, what...?
393
untrained ear amateur listener, non-expert
23
 AUDIO SCRIPTS

inflexions and the accents that we AM1: Podato! AM1: Schtuff.

have to get used to385.
AM1: Are you saying that the Irish call
each other whores?
V: We do indeed394, you little whore
you.
AM1: Whore?!
V: Stop whoring around395 now!
They are very typical expressions in
Ireland. OK, now
AM1: Does it mean the same thing
as
AM2: I have a question!
AM1: Yeah.
AM2: Theres this one word that I
always hear Irish people say and its
really difficult for me to try and cap-
ture the Irish essence and its well,
we say potato. Its like they change
the Ts to Ds or they switch them
around396 and its really hard397 to
get.
V: Well, what is it that you hear?
AM2: Podata its like podata.
EW: Podata.
AM1: Oh! I know that one! I was
studying that one on YouTube.
EW: Podata.
AM1: They say, podata.
V: Potato. Potato!
EW: Podata, podata, podata.
V: But to avoid398 any complication,
you can always say spud, spuds.
AM1: Spud.
V: Spud.
AM1: Spud.
V: There you go351, yeah.
EW: Spuds.
AM1: Spud.
V: Spud.
AM1: Spud.
V: And then, so, after you say Howya?
Hows it goin?, theyd be like79, You
fancy399 a pint?
AM2: Oh, I can do that one.
V: That would be a normal greet-
ing378 for the morning in Ireland.
EW: Do you fancy a pint?
V: Usually after mass233.
AM1: Is that like saying is that like
sort of31 asking someone, Whats
your pint??
V: No, fancy a pint?. You mean.
fancy a pint of the black stuff400?
AM1: The black stuff?
V: The black stuff.
AM1: Black pint.
V: And we dont say stuff; we go388
schtuff.
V: Yeah. Its very important that
theres no even though theres no
h, its a silent well, its not a silent
h. Its silent in the sense that its not
there.
EW: Is that like Boys from the Black
Schtuff?
V: Yeah, Boys from.. Do you fancy a
pint of the black schtuff? You do. You
will, you will. Go on.
AM1: So, its like saying be quiet and
then be strong.
V: Yeah, yeah.
AM2: Schtuff.
AM1: Schtuff.
V: So, lets try that. Schtuff.
AM2: Schtuff.
AM1: Schtuff.
EW: Shh stuff.
V: So, and the full sentencell be,
Hawya? Do you fancy a pint of the
black schtuff?
AM1: Oh, my goodness!201
V: All of us together. 1,2 3
[In unison]: Hawya? Do you fancy a
pint of the black schtuff?
V: Actually36, now that youre saying
it, I do!
AM2: Well, toodaloo!401

14. The Short Straw E1: Well, I did say407 to you the
other day that its not a good idea
(6m45s) to organize a meeting on a Wednes-
day cos40 it interrupts the weekend!
Sorry. Sorry. That was just33 a joke.
E2: Good one.
Employee 1 (E1): So, did you see that E2: Sorry. D: I would hang on to408 that thought
match402 last night? E3: Morning, maam404. until youve heard where Im going
Employee 2 (E2): No, I was too tired. E2: Morning. with this.
I went straight403 to bed. E1: Good morning. E1: Uh huh.
E1: Oh, you really missed one. E2: How ya doin?405 D: Im afraid I have to tell you some
Employee 3 (E3): Yeah. Department head (D): Good morn- rather409 bad news. We are going to
E2: Was it good? ing, gentlemen. Thank you for being have a shake-up410 in this depart-
E1: Yeah, it was a good match. prompt at406 this meeting. ment and unfortunately I have been

394
we do indeed (emphatic) yes we do you want...? doing?
395
to whore around act in an idiotic way 400
the black stuff (in this case) Guinness 406
prompt at punctual for
396
to switch A and B around exchange the 401
toodaloo (colloquial) goodbye! 407
did say (emphatic) said
positions of A and B 402
(soccer) match game of football 408
to hang onto (hang-hung-hung) keep,
397
hard (in this case) difficult 403
straight (adv.) directly reserve
398
to avoid not have 404
maam madam 409
rather somewhat, surprisingly
399
(do) you fancy...? do you feel like...?, do 405
how ya doin? (informal) how are you 410
shake-up reorganization

YES 2 | 107
p. 64 23
AUDIO SCRIPTS
asked to cut back on411 my staff412. I
find this distressing413 and difficult.
And Im sure it will be...
E1: Well, have you tried to fight it?
D: extremely difficult for the rest
of you, but I have come up414 Ive
taken a view415 about this and I am
going to make an assessment 416
of everybodys work the coming
month417 and at the end of which I
will inform you of my decision.
E1: Hey, sorry, just a second418. The
policy419 in this company has always
been last in, first out420. So, why is
that going to change? I mean 5, as
you know Ive been working here
E3: But thats not written sorry, Jed,
thats an unwritten policy. I mean5
E2: And quite antiquated to be honest
with you.
E1: After your couple of years here
you may think its an unwritten policy.
411
to cut back on (cut-cut-cut) reduce
412
staff (in this case) employees
413
distressing upsetting, traumatic
414
to come up with (come-came-come)
think up, invent
415
to take a view (take-took-taken) adopt a
perspective
416
assessment evaluation
417
the coming month over the next four
weeks
108 | YES 2
E3: A couple of years, yeah.
E1: Having been around here for
decades, thats always happened29,
actually36.
E3: Exactly. But thats exactly it. Yeah,
but I think thats what has to change.
I mean 5, youve been here long
enough. Let yknow78
E1: What do you mean Ive been
around here long enough?
E3: Lets be frank.
E1: Who taught you how to do your
job?
E3: You did. You had your moment.
You had your moment, Jed. But, I
mean5
E2: He does it better than you now.
E3: Ive been pulling most of the
weight421 in this department and
you know that. Yknow78, going out
at night, coming in late to work. I
mean5, youre just
418
just a second wait a moment
419
policy (in this case) rule, protocol
420
last in, first out the most recent person
to be employed by the company will be
the first person to be laid off (= made
unemployed)
421
to pull most of the weight do most of
the work
422
to perform the best get the best results
423
a chance an opportunity
E1: Who are you talking about coming
in late, yourself?
E2: You can talk all you like, but the
best... what she said is right. Whoever
performs the best422 its gotta108
be based on what were doing and
not on what we might be doing or
what we should be doing.
E3: I think its time to give the
younger generation a chance423.
E2: No? I mean5
E3: Brownnose424!
E2: Weve got the drive425. Weve put
in the hours. And
E1: I set up426 this department.
E2: Yeah, but whoever performs
best422 should be the one to stay or
whoever is not performing the best
should be the one to leave. I mean 5,
it seems fair353 to me.
E1: Well, Im not
E3: Well, it would seem fair353 to you.
E1: Im surprised you go along
with427 that criteria
E2: No.
E1: because I mean 5 whos the
one thats got most to lose?
E2: Well I mean5 I dont know.
E3: Youve always youve always
been career-minded428. I mean5, no?
E2: Well, Im ambitious. Whats wrong
with that? You know? Im not afraid to
say it.
E1: Its arse-licker429.
E2: No, its not about that. Its just6 I
know what I want. Im trying to do a
good job. Im thinking of the com-
pany. I mean 5, its not about last in,
first out420 or or you know, whos
not I mean5, it is who isnt perform-
ing and an assessment430 is the only
way to do that. It cant be just6
E1: But how do you assess431 how do
424
brownnose sb. who tries to ingratiate
himself or herself with a person in authority
425
drive energy and enthusiasm
426
to set up (set-set-set) create, establish
427
to go along with (go-went-gone) agree
with
428
career-minded professionally ambitious
429
arse-licker (vulgar) brownnose424
430
assessment evaluation
431
to assess evaluate
23 p. 64

you assess these things? I mean , its 5
E2: Well
E1: The output432 is the output of a
team. Its just6 going to be a basis
of it just sounds to me like a stitch-
up433, like124 yknow78 its like
when you bring in some some out-
side analyst to say yknow78 this
is what has to happen29, which is I
bet434 is what happened29 with this
company. They wouldve brought in
some auditor or somebody just6 so
that they can save a tiny435 amount436
of money when the productivity of
this department, I can tell you, has
been rising437 over the last five
years. And thats the thanks we get438.
We dont get any defence from our
department head. You know, were
just33 were just numbers to them.
E3: Yeah, its coming from its just6
coming down the chain-of-com-
mand439, right?
E1: Have you stood up to440 them
or...?
E3: You havent said anything? Is this
your idea or does this come from up
above441?
D: I am hearing team cooperation
going on in this room like Ive never
heard it before.
E2: Yeah.
E1: Weve always worked well
together. Thats rubbish!442 Why is
the productivity getting better, if thats
not the case?
E3: Yeah, before this meeting we
didnt realize243 that someone was
going to get sacked443. So, I mean5
E1: How about
E3: Truthfully
E1: we all take a cut or some-
thing? I mean5, why do we have to
432
output what is produced
433
stitch-up situation in which sb. is tricked/
cheated , farce, masquerade
434
I bet Im sure
435
tiny minute, very small
436
amount quantity, (in this case) sum
437
to rise (rise-rose-risen) increase,
augment
438
to get (get-got-got) receive
439
chain-of-command hierarchy
p. 64 23
somebody
E2: We could work something... we
could even divide our work, work a
4-day week each perhaps. Something
like that. I mean5
D: Is that really going to be accept-
able or are you going to
E1: It depends
D: cutting back to a 4-day week?
E1: Do we really need a head in this
department. Dont you think weve
been doing this long enough for us to
be able to manage ourselves? Cos40
I mean5 obviously youre the most
expensive part of this department.
E3: Yeah, definitely.
D: Nick, youre not going the right way
to endear444 me. Im telling you.
E1: No, but I dont think if its a case
of endearing ourselves to you, I just6
dont think thats serious.
E2: Are you going to be assessed431
as well as the rest of us?
D: I have been assessed.
E1: On the basis of our work youve
been assessed. Great! Thats a good
one. Its just6 a joke this company.
I mean 5, you put in the years, you
get productivity up, you set up426
the department and then its just6
yknow78 goodbye because
because the big the fat cats445 have
to have a bigger bonus this year.
E2: But thats the way the system
works446. Thats the way the system
works.
E1: Oh, shut up! Youre always
E2: No, its just6 the way it is.
E1: Its not the way the system
works371! Its the way the systems
allowed260 to work.
D: Were going to cut this meeting
short447 now. I can understand that
440
to stand up to (stand-stood-stood) confront
441
up above the top of the hierarchy
442
thats rubbish! thats nonsense!, thats
ridiculous
443
to sack dismiss, lay off, make
unemployed
444
to endear sb. gain sbs sympathy
445
fat cat top manager
446
to work (in this case) function
447
to cut sth. short (cut-cut-cut) end
AUDIO SCRIPTS
E1: Yeah, you have been listening,
havent you?
D: that some very difficult thoughts
and feeling may well have been
raised448.
E1: What, like losing my job after
spending years and years working
here? Oh, that creates feelings. Well I
mean5 thats hardly449 surprising.
D: Well.
E1: What did you expect? Oh, good!
Theyre going to sack443 me. What do
you expect us to say? This is abso-
lute betrayal450 and youve done
obviously done nothing to defend the
fact that the departments productiv-
itys been going up, our contribution
to the company as a whole451 has
been more and more and more impor-
tant and they just6 stick the knife
in452 because if you work hard here, if
you work harder that just means that
theres somebody whos job they453
can save them money for. It doesnt
mean that anybodys that theres any
type of loyalty towards the workforce
whove shown themselves loyal to the
company. Its disgraceful!
E2: Well, thats an old way of thinking
though, innit?
E1: Oh, just shut up!
15. The Death of the Texan Drawl
(1m01s)
Commentary: Listen to this section
from p. 9:
Regional accents are on the retreat
everywhere in the Anglosphere and
the USA is no exception. Research
from the University of Texas in Austin
have found that the Texan drawl is
in decline. Back in the 1980s 80% of
(prematurely)
448
to raise (in this context) express
449
hardly not (very)
450
betrayal perfidy, duplicity, (opposite of
loyalty)
451
the company as a whole the entire
company
452
to stick the knife in (stick-stuck-stuck)
victimize sb.
453
they (in this case) the management
YES 2 | 109
AUDIO SCRIPTS
Texans had a traditional accent. Now
only about 30% do. The cause is the
influx from people from outside the
state and above all mass media. Tra-
ditionally, Texans pronounce pen as
a homophone of pin and stretch
their vowels so that cat and trap
become /kei t/ and /trei p/. More-
over, traditional Texan phrases such
as thank you kindly, fixin to
and howdy yall are also disap-
pearing. The traditional Texan accent
was the result of the Southern accent
being influenced by Mexican and
German immigrants.
16. Picture Description (4m32s)
Photo by Jaume Carbonell
Commentary: Listen to this descrip-
tion of the two photographs.
Examiner: OK, Susannah. Id like you
to compare and contrast these two
photos of people in art galleries.
Examinee: OK, so I have two pho-
tographs here that are, at first
glance454, very similar in fact. They
are both photographs of young
women, young brunette455 women
in fact in either an art gallery or a
museum and in each photograph
there is one woman standing next to
454
at first glance superficially
455
brunette brown-haired
456
exhibit object on display, work of art
457
background the part furthest from the
viewer according to the perspective
458
fairly reasonably
459
to be to do with be related to
460
striking impressive
461
next to beside, alongside
462
wooden made of wood
110 | YES 2
or in front of an exhibit456. In fact,
the background457 in these muse-
ums or galleries is also fairly458 simi-
lar. In the photograph on the left, this
may be something to do with459 the
printing, but it looks as if the walls
are a pale cream and the floors are
similar and in the photograph on
the right the wall is white and the
floor is cream. So, in fact, the effect
is quite the effect is quite similar
because youve got these very strik-
ing460 exhibits 456 and the young
women standing next to461 them and
you have this similar effect. Where
it starts to differ in the photograph
on the left, first of all I am looking at
a wooden462 exhibit of a statue. It
looks like a very ancient statue and
it looks like it comes from a primi-
tive culture. Its a the top part of
the exhibit is a face, I think, and and
below possibly the rest of the body.
It may even be a fertility symbol
because it looks as if theres a sort
of31 small figure inside. So, Im just6
getting an impression that looks like a
representation of a pregnant female
for some reason. I dont know where
thats coming from, but anyway
And rather than463 being straight
up and down464 this exhibit is lean-
ing465 ever so slightly466 to one side.
And then the girl thats standing next
to the exhibit looking straight467 out
at us but is leaning465 in the same
direction as the exhibit leans. So,
shes sort of31 emphasizing that
angle that the exhibit has and bring-
ing that to our attention. Whether468
shes doing that intentionally, Im not
sure. She may just6 have her head
to one side. But it looks as if shes
463
rather than instead of, as opposed to
464
to be straight up and down stand
vertically
465
to lean (lean-leant-leant) incline
466
ever so slightly subtly, just a little
467
straight directly
468
whether (in this case) if
469
to mimic imitate, ape, copy
470
to be going on be happening, be occurring
471
clasped (in this case) held together
sort of31 mimicking469 the angle
of the exhibit. In the other photo-
graph theres a mimicking also going
on470, but its different. The girl in
the photograph is standing in front
of a painting. It looks like a Modigli-
ani. And in the painting its a pic-
ture of a woman reclining in a chair
with her arms clasped471. Now the
girl in front of the painting, not quite
looking in the same direction as the
woman in the painting, but she has
her arms one arm raised and the
hands clasped471 in the same way.
So, shes bringing attention to whats
going on470 in the photograph in
the same way. Any other differences
that I might draw472 between these
two photographs is that the girls
are dressed differently. In the photo-
graph with the wooden statue, the
girl is dressed rather more473 casu-
ally474, wearing jeans grey jeans
and a T-shirt with a slogan on it and
a rather409 casual475 scarf476 around
her neck477. And in the other pho-
tograph, the girl looks slightly478 I
would say slightly more sophisticat-
edly dressed. Shes wearing a sort22
of smart479 shirt over trousers. But
not much else I can say there, really.
Examiner: OK. And in your opinion,
should people be reverential towards
art or is it all right to interact with art
playfully like the young women in the
photos?
Examinee: Absolutely, interact. I
think art becomes more meaningful
if it has a real place in the world and
becomes something that one can
explore in many different ways other
than just33 looking at it, surely.
Examiner: Great. Thanks very much.
472
to draw (draw-drew-drawn) mention
473
rather more a little more
474
casually informally
475
casual informal
476
scarf (plural scarves)
477
neck the part of ones
body between ones head
and ones torso
478
slightly a little
479
smart elegant
EXERCISES
PAGE EXERCISE
112 1. Illustrations round-up: see if you can identify
most of the objects and actions illustrated in
the footnotes of this issue.
113 2. Title Tag: can you match these alternative titles
to the news and science articles on pp. 7-13?
3. Confusing Words: practise using meal, dish,
plate, food and course correctly (p. 74).
4. Economics: reading comprehension for the
three articles on pp. 18-20.
114 5. Word Search: find words relating to food and
cuisine. This exercise relates to pp. 22-35 and
pp. 65-77.
115 6. Prepositions: fill the gaps in this text relating
to the explorer Ney Elias (pp. 58-59) with
prepositions.
7. Music Match-up: can you match these
summaries to the songs mentioned on
pp. 36-37?
116 8. Crossword for general vocabulary revision.
117 9. Sentence transformation for general syntax
revision.
118 10. Debates: listening comprehension for audio
tracks 1-4
119 11. Visualizing Vocabulary: revise the terms in the
US vs. UK article on pp. 65-67.
120 12. Pronunciation: can you remember the chiming
alternatives for these idioms from pp. 80-83?
13. Pronunciation round-up: review the difficult
words from the footnotes
PAGE EXERCISE
121 14. Word game: test your vocabulary and
understanding of English morphology.
122 15. Phrasal Verbs Round-up: how many new
phrasal verbs have you learned this month?
16. Cinema: a reading comprehension about the
article on pp. 60-63.
123 17. False Friends: test how well you have
understood pp. 72-73.
18. False Friends Round-Up: review the false
friends identified in the footnotes.
124 19. Homophones: find the misused homophones
in this extract from the article on the Profumo
Affair (pp. 46-49)
20. Internet Listening: test your listening
comprehension of this fascinating talk.
125 21. Word Building: can you find the compound
nouns from pp. 68-69?
22. English in Context: match these cutting and
cooking words to foodstuffs to check that you
assimilated pp. 70-71.
126 23. Dialogues: a listening comprehension on
tracks 11-14 (pp. 102-109)
24. Translation: more real broken English to
correct. See pp. 78-79.
127 25. Reading Comprehension: did you understand
the article on still lifes on pp. 42-45?
26. Wordplay: another word game relating to the
articles about pigs on pp. 56-57.
128 27. Food Phrasal Verbs: complete these sentences
containing food-related phrasal verbs from
pp. 75-77.
129 28. Listening comprehension for the monologues
(audio tracks 6-9, pp. 98-102).
29. Feature: reading comprehension. See p. 23.
130 30. Map exercise: a bit of topography relating to
the travel article (pp. 38-41).
31. Poetry: use the rhyme scheme to complete
the poem Daffodils, analyzed on pp. 50-53.
131-133 ANSWERS
YES 2 | 111
 1. Illustrations Round-Up. Many of the definitions in the footnotes are illustrated. Test how well you have learned the
meanings of these words by matching the pictures to their definition. Notice that we have changed [many] of the
pictures to help you fix the concept in your mind:

An aardvark A chopping board Garlic A lettuce A pigeon Tinned food

A basket A cigar A goat Lips A pitchfork A toad
Bone A clam Grapes A loaf A quill A tray
A bowl A cleaver A grater A lobster A rabbit A trout
A bullet A cloud A groundhog A milk churn Raisins A warthog
A butterfly A cockroach A guinea pig Mussels A ring Waves
A candle Coins Ham Mustard A saucepan Wheat
To carve A cradle A hare Nuts Sausages A wheelchair
A carving knife A daffodil A hedgehog Peanuts A seagull Wind
Chalk A drop A hitchhiker A peeler Semaphore A wolf
A chicken wing A dustpan A knife A pepperpot Skipping A worm
To chop A fork A knight A perch A spoon Yawn (n.+v.)
Chopsticks A frying pan A ladle A pie A squirrel Yield

112 | YES 2
2. Title Tag. Read the News (pp. 7-9) and Science News (pp. 10-13) articles. Then try to match the alternative titles
given below to the originals, without looking at the magazine:

i.
1. French Cuisine in Crisis? a. ESL School Gets Good Grade
2. Fast Food Hara-kiri b. Weasel Words on Londons Demographics
3. Honesty Pays c. Brit to Fight for French
4. Spoilt for Choice d. Broke-Back Accent
5. Let Them Eat Horse e. Supersize Fries
6. White Flight, White Fright f. Ronald Macdonald Sells French Fries and Fromage
7. The Death of the Texan Drawl g. How Do You Like Your Coffee?
8. Neuronal Phonetics h. Ring Brings Home to Homeless Harris
9. Babel in Cambridgeshire i. Of Sound Mind
10. Un Anglais Immortal j. Boney Snacked on Ponies

ii.
1. How the Dark Ages Got Darker a. Pugnacious Perch
2. Modern Man Managed on Roast Rabbit b. Mindreading Mutts
3. Bacon Limitations c. Good News for Little Girls and Boxers
4. Burgers Leave Kids Short of Breath d. Beware the Ides of October
5. Its The Fault of the Salt e. Bulls Blood with Your Beef
6. Red in Meat and Wine f. Did Stellar Collision Launch the Viking Invasions?
7. Skipping and Slimming g. Rasher Risks
8. Grandpa Needs a Hobby h. Fewer Strokes for Old Folk with Goals
9. Diabetes Pandemic i. Junk Food and Asthma
10. Fearless Fish j. Autoimmune Risk from Salt
11. Et Tu, Bonzo? k. Big British Kids Are Making Themselves Ill
12. Thieves in the Night l. Were We Saved by a Bunny Bonanza?

3. Confusing Words. Read the article on p. 74. Then, without looking at the article, fill the gaps with the correct word:

1. My favourite _________ is breakfast.

2. Ive been working really hard all morning and Im starving. Whats for _______?
3. Johns signature _______ is chilli con carne. Its absolutely delicious.
4. The secret to eating less is to use a smaller ___________.
5. A three-_________ meal in that restaurant will set you back $200.

4. Economics. Read the article on The Dangers of High-frequency Trading on p. 18. The paragraphs below are
taken from the article. However, there is an unnecessary word in each line. Identify it and write it on the right. Dont
look back at the article until after you have finished the exercise:

Buying and selling at such speeds and in an automatic fashion also 1...........................................................................................................................
contributed to the flash crash of 6 of May 2010. $10 trillion was 2.........................................................................................................................
briefly been knocked off the Dow Jones Industrial Average when a 3..........................................................................................................................
firms high-frequency trading algorithm went in awry for a short time. 4.........................................................................................................................
Prices corrected to themselves after only a few minutes but damage 5..........................................................................................................................
was done to stock prices around about the globe. 6.........................................................................................................................
This has led to governments around the world to scramble to find 7..........................................................................................................................
out ways to regulate the practice. The European Parliament is 8.........................................................................................................................
currently considering legislation to force traders to increase up trading 9.........................................................................................................................
intervals to a safer half of a second. 10......................................................................................................................

YES 2 | 113
 5. The word box below contains 21 words from the articles about food on pp. 33-41 and pp. 69-70. The clues below
should help you to find them:

S P A N D Y R E K C O R C N C G
S E C B I S C U I T N U O R A P
A L V N I D O A C R T O O P I I
U Z A E H D N I V E P L K S S T
C Z C U O E F T I S T N B E I C
E U B Q G G E C A R V E O C E H
P G R E W H C E S U B S O T D E
A R A B A O T O H T O R K O A R
N D P R S R I E O U U E G R L Z
Y C I A H H O H R E C N I M A K
Q P A B H E N N S H I X C S M E
D L T C H E E S E M O N G E R F
P E T O I S R K M S T U T I A N
C O U R S E Y I E S S E S H M E
P R O F E R L Y A K C A R E T X
D I S H B S C U T L E R Y A V E

Clues 5. Orange jam/jelly 13. Knives, forks and spoons

1. An abattoir, place where ani-
mals are butchered
2. The manufacture of sweets
and chocolates
3. Somebody who sells Cam-
embert, Cheddar, Gorgon-
zola, Manchego, etc.
4. A container in which
one heats up food
6. Equine flesh
7. Acidity of taste
8. Trying to lose weight
9. An implement for stir-
ring hot drinks
10. A collection of recipes
11. An outdoor grill usually
shortened in the US to BBQ
12. Plates, bowls, cups, etc.
British silverware
14. Pig swill; nonsense
15. A British cookie; a US scone
16. A US jug; a bowler in baseball
17. Eat noisily and ravenously
18. A British meat grinder
19. A sequential part of a meal
20. Cut meat with a serrated knife
21. A type of plate or a recipe

Remember to write down any new vocabulary. Moreover, if there are any words you dont
recognize, find them in the article and write down the context as an example sentence.

114 | YES 2
6. Prepositions. Read the Explorers & Adventurers article about Ney Elias on pp. 58-59. Below we offer an extract
from Mr Eliass obituary in The Times (2nd June 1897). However, we have removed the prepositions:

Mr Elias had 1______ years past suffered 2______ bad health contracted 3______ the hardships 4______ travel 5______ every
contrast 6______ climate 7______ Siberian cold and Indian heat, 8______ the moist malarial atmosphere 9______ Burma
and Siam, and then 10______ the parched climate 11______ Central Asia. All his latter journeys were made, 12______ the
call 13______ duty, when he was suffering acutely 14______ depressing illnesses. He was remarkable both 15______ his
unswerving courage and determination 16______ pursuing his object and 17______ his modesty 18______ recording the
results 19______ his labour when the object was attained. He was as restive and sensitive 20______ constraint 21______ his
superiors as he was devoted 22______ the interests 23______ those who served 24______ him; and only those who have
followed close 25______ his footsteps 26______ China and Central Asia and those who have had opportunities 27______
noting his work can truly appreciate the sterling value 28______ the services he has rendered his country.

7. Music. Read the articles on pp. 36-37. Then, match the songs on the left to what they are about on the right:

1. The Beatles Shes Leaving Home a. This epistolary song is about how a fans obsessive admiration
becomes violent indignation when he feels ignored.

2. Harry Chapins Cats in the Cradle b. This is the tale of how two women plan and execute
the murder of the abusive husband of one of them.

3. Tracy Chapmans Fast Car c. This is the story of cross-generational non-

communication and incomprehension. A girls parents
have given her everything but despite (or even
because of) this, she feels trapped and runs away.

4. Dixie Chicks Goodbye Earl d. This song tells about the clandestine feelings between
a secondary-school teacher and one of his pupils.

5. Eminems Stan e. This is the tragic tale of a chain of dysfunctional families. A wife
leaves her drunk of a husband, so their teenage daughter has
to look after him. She eventually runs away with her boyfriend
to start a new life but he also becomes an alcoholic. In the end
she decides to raise their child on her own to break the cycle.

6. The Polices Dont Stand So Close To Me f. Another tale of the cycle of social injustice this song parallels
William Blakes poem Infant Sorrow. Social exclusion fuels
a cycle of pain and violence that perpetuates itself.

7. Elvis Presleys In the Ghetto g. A final cycle of neglect. A child is neglected by his workaholic
father. However, when he grows up and starts his own family, he
neglects his father in old age because he feels nothing for him.

YES 2 | 115
 Crossword 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 7 8

9 0 0 10 11 0 12 0

Test how well you have 0 13 14 15 16 0 17

retained the vocabulary from
this issue of Yes by doing
the following crossword 0 18 19 0 0

20 21 0 0 0 0 22 0

0 0 0 0 23 24 25

If you find the crossword

difficult, do the easy clues 0 0 26 27 28 0
(in bold italic) first. This
will make the rest of the
words much easier to find. 0 29 30 31 0 32 33 0 34 35

36 37 38 39 40 0 41 42 0 43 44

45 0 46 47 48 49 0

Across
1. butcher (v.), massacre
2. chuckling, chortling
7. @
9. soft hat
10. exclamation of triumph
or mockery
11. exclamation of surprise.
Hectares (abbreviation)
13. talkative bird; imitate.
Anagram of raptor
16. putrefy
17. recede, retreat
18. strata. Anagram of slayer
20. compete, rival
21. id est (Latin initialism)
22. you and me American?
23. black-shelled molluscs.
Homophone of muscles
26. merchant. Homophone
of 26 DOWN
28. object pronoun
29. putsch. Homophone of coo
31. preposition
32. same as 11 ACROSS
34. as well, also
36. restricted, confined
37. projectile, pointer
38. quarrel; series
41. lightweight (abbreviation)
43. negative adverb.
Homophone of know
50 51
54
45. same as 22 ACROSS
46. knobbly, knotty, twisted.
Anagram of dangler
48. captained, guided
50. chronological progress.
Homophone of thyme
51. object pronoun
52. Haitian black magic
54. origin. British homophone
of sauce
55. wildebeest. Homophone of
knew. Anagram of gun
Down
1. mufflers, stoles
2. Los Angeles (initialism)
3. (forbidden?) fruit
4. fast rabbit-like animal.
Homophone of hair
5. complete, exhaustive
6. devours. Anagram of seat
8. piece of cutlery
9. cuts with a serrated knife.
British homophone of calves
0 52 53 0
0 0 55
10. (they) exist. Anagram of era 44. same as 39 DOWN
12. pudding. Anagram of deserts 47. Romania (Internet address)
14. Alcoholics Anonymous 48. batch
(initialism) 49. hound. Anagram of god
15. cereal. Homophone of wry 51. Mauritius (Internet address)
19. coarse, turbulent. 53. same as 44 DOWN
Homophone of ruff
22. utilize
23. mister (abbreviation)
24. scallion, small onion
25. piece of cutlery.
Anagram of snoop
26. meat patty
27. preposition
29. Japanese manufacturer of
calculators and watches
30. conjunction.
Homophone of oar
33. assign
35. preposition activated?
36. crazy; dried fruit such as
almonds and pistachios
39. same as 35 DOWN
40. undulation
42. marry. Anagram of dew

116 | YES 2
9. Sentence Transformation. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same thing as the first sentence.
The word in bold must be one of the words you use to fill the gap; do not change the form of this word. Each gap
requires between two and five words:

1. His video of his cat watching a game of table tennis became very popular on the Net.
viral
His video of his cat watching a game of table tennis ___________________________________ .

2. There were so many to choose from that is was difficult to decide on one.
spoilt
We were __________________________________________.

3. OK, fine, you like it. But remember that beauty is a subjective concept.
eye
OK, fine, you like it. But beauty is _________________________ the beholder.

4. Cain killed Abel.... or was it vice-versa?

way
Cain killed Abel.... or was it ______________________________________ around.

5. According to legend, he once punched a policeman.

that
Legend _______________________________________ he once punched a policeman.

6. After his wife died he started drinking alcohol uncontrollably.

took
After his wife died he ______________________________________________.

7. Dont feel so bad about it. It wasnt really your fault.

beat
Dont __________________________________________ it. It wasnt really your fault.

8. There is a much greater probability that your own gun will kill you rather than a strangers.
likely
It is far ___________________________________ your own gun will kill you than a strangers.

9. Both sides are responsible for the situation to some degree.

extent
Both sides are responsible for the situation to a __________________________________________.

10. The name is full of exotic connotations.

infused
The name is ____________________________________ exotic connotations.

11. They protested because only girls are allowed to study household management.
home
They protested because only girls are allowed to study _____________________________________ .

12. This company is certainly in the technological vanguard.

edge
This company is certainly ________________________________________ of technology.

YES 2 | 117
 10. Debates: Varied Listening. Listen to the Mini-Debates (audio tracks 1-4) and answer the questions according to
what the speakers say:

1. Debate 1: Listen to the first debate and answer the following questions:

i. What do the following numbers and dates refer to: a. 20 b. 1868 c. 1929

ii.
a. What is an amber gambler?
b. What is a four stop?
c. What is the attitude towards traffic lights in India and Iran?

2. Debate 2: Listen to the second debate and answer the following questions:

1. Who was Mary Seacole?

2. What are the arguments for removing her from the National Curriculum?
3. What are the arguments in favour of retaining her on the National Curriculum?
4. Whats wrong with learning history from movies?
5. How is James Bond relevant to the discussion?

3. Debate 3: Listen to the third debate and put the following sentences in the right order:
a. Dogs have been our best friends for much longer.
b. Two cats is pretty much the same work as one cat.
c. No sooner did it eat it went straight to the litter box and did its business.
d. cats, like the two weve got at home, have got a list and our names are top of the list, come the revolution.
e. Mummifyings not exactly having them as pets.
f. Which are better at dressing up, cats or dogs?
g. I have actually read that cats amongst themselves dont use meowing.
h. the sense of smell of cats... is much better than the sense of smell of dogs.
4. Debate 4: Listen to the fourth debate and, as you do, match the half sentences to form complete sentences from
the conversation:

a. if youve got a sport and then the i. but never go to mass.

divinity takes sides,

b. the soccer players, its something that ii. because the use of the word
they see from a very young age miracle in relation to sport is all over the place.

c. its actually interesting what you iii. it doesnt seem to be quite fair.
were saying

d. Its like people who pass churches in their iv. but doesnt take sides.
cars and cross themselves,

e. I would say God is omnipotent and so, v. and its just something they learn
of course, follows sports, and do automatically.

118 | YES 2
11. US vs. UK. Study the words on pp. 65-67. Then, without looking at that article, match British term on the left to the
picture in the middle to the American term on the right:

a. b.
1. an aubergine A. A zucchini

2. avocado B. a stove

c. d.
3. a biscuit C. silverware

4. chips D. a scallion

e. f.
5. a cooker E. a rutabaga

6. cos lettuce F. a romaine lettuce

g. h.
7. a courgette G. a popsicle

8. a crayfish H. a pitcher

i. j.
9. crisps I. a pancake turner

10. cutlery J. a meat grinder

k. l.
11. a fish slice K. French fries

12. an iced lolly L. an eggplant

m. n.
13. a jug M. dessert

14. a mincer N. a crawfish

o. p.
15. pudding O. a cookie

16. a scone P. chips

q. r.
17. a spring onion Q. candy

18. a swede R. a can

s. t.
19. sweets S. a biscuit

20. a tin T. an alligator pear

YES 2 | 119
 12. Idioms. Read the article on pp. 80-83. Then, without looking at the article, decide which is the alternative word to
complete the expression. Remember that it chimes with the word given in some way:

1. Whats the name of the bank clerk again? Ive got a mind like a sieve!
2. God knows what she was doing up on the roof in the first place.
3. Ive never fixed a printer before but Ill have a bash at it if you like.
4. Hes bathing in reflected glory she, in fact, has all the brilliant ideas.
5. The two boxers slogged it out for eight rounds.
6. Please dont talk while Im writing. you put me off my stride.
7. At a pinch I could sell it to you for 100 but I cant go lower than that.
8. Dont believe the hype all that glistens is not gold.
9. The time is ripe for some major changes in how this country is run.
10. Hes a giant of a man but he wouldnt hurt a fly.
11. I saw your granddad yesterday. Hes in fine fettle despite his age.
12. Jacob is the spitting image of his father.
13. Ive been a bag of nerves recently and that really affects my sleep.
14. Show willing, Kenny! Stop dragging your feet and come and help us.
15. A job like that is not to be sniffed at.
16. He hung on to the floating mast like grim death and after nine hours they rescued him.
17. The terrible news dashed all our hopes that they might have survived.
18. What the hell do you think you are doing in my car?
19. When she comes home and sees what the kids have done to her sofa feathers will fly.
20. This years class is a mixed bag there are some bright pupils but a lot of mediocre ones.

13. Pronunciation Round-Up. The pronunciation of difficult words is given in the footnotes throughout the magazine.
See if you can remember how to pronounce these words:

1. accomplished (p. 54, n. 7) a. /kmplit/ b. /kmplit/ c. /kompliid/

2. recipe (p. 54, n.12) a. /respi/ b. /rsi:p/ c. /risipi/
3. swathes (p. 61, n. 10) a. /sws/ b. /swos/ c. /sweiz/
4. learned [adj.] (p. 59, n. 17) a. /l: nid/
r
b. /l:nt/ c. /l:rnd/
5. (red) lead (p. 25, n. 3) a. /led/ b. /leid/ c. /li:d/
6. gnaw (p. 25, n. 23) a. /gnau/ b. /n:/ c. /nau/
7. lettuce (p. 33, n. 4) a. /lets/ b. /letus/ c. /letis/
8. whoremonger (p. 33, n. 8) a. /h: ,mg /
r r
b. /w: ,mg /
r r
c. /h:r,mogr/
9. deaf (p. 33, n. 11) a. /deif/ b. /def/ c. /di:f/
10. effete (p. 34, n. 16) a. /efit/ b. /ifet/ c. /ifi:t/
11. iron (p. 35, n. 2) a. /irn/ b. /airn/ c. /ain/
12. tinned (p. 35, n. 11) a. /tint/ b. /tind/ c. /tinid/
13. threat (p. 35, n. 14) a. /ret/ b. /reit/ c. /ri:t/
14. wind (up) (p. 37, n. 21) a. /wind/ b. /waind/ c. /wi:nd/
15. ladle (p. 70, n. 7) a. /ldl/ b. /lodl/ c. /leidl/
16. lounge (p. 76, n. 14) a. /l:n/ b. /laund/ c. /lu:nd/
17. cater (p. 47, n. 4) a. /kta: / r
b. /kt / r
c. /keitr/

120 | YES 2
14. Wordplay Class Activity. In this activity you have to find words in a box of letters. Words are formed by a series
of adjacent letters. A word can twist and turn provided that each letter is adjacent to the previous letter in the
word. You cannot use the same letter-square twice in the same word (but you can of course use the letter again in
your next word). Words must have two or more letters and be found in a Standard English dictionary. Past forms,
plurals and so on are valid. You get one point for each word you find in the word square which no other player
also has. You have three minutes to find the words.

Practice square:

S T O V E
F O R K S
L A D L E
K N I F E
S P O O N
i.In this practice square you should be able to see the words STOOL and ELSE. Can you find any more? There are at
least another 105 words!

ii.Now you should be ready to play against each other. Each player in turn should choose a letter to fill the letter-
boxes in the square below. We recommend that you mix vowels and consonants otherwise its more difficult!
We suggest that you photocopy this page and use the photocopy if you dont then you can only play once!

Make a note of any new vocabulary you have found in the course of the exercise.
Try and use each word several times in the course of the next few days.

YES 2 | 121
 15. Phrasal Verbs Round-Up. Throughout the magazine phrasal verbs are identified and explained in the footnotes.
Fill the following sentences with phrasal verbs from Yes 2. The first letter of the base verb and the particle are
given to help you. The page (p.) and footnote (n.) reference is also given:

1. Nobody thought the dance would t______ o_____ in the way that it did. (p. 43, n. 6)
2. That fish will soon g____ o_____ unless you put it in the fridge. (p. 44, n. 6)
3. You s____ u____ a company in the middle of a recession? Are you crazy?! (p. 44, n. 8)
4. What does that symbol in the corner of the screen s_______ f____? (p. 44, n. 20)
5. P_____ u___ the figure with both hands, please. Its very fragile and very expensive. (p. 45, n. 5)
6. Mmm! The smell of that stew c________ u___ memories of our trip to Ireland. (p. 55, n. 10)
7. I think one of the black kids should play Othello. It would be a bit ridiculous in this day and age to have one of the
English boys b______ u____. (p. 60, n. 8)
8. Some of the values of the Impressionist c______ o______ into the work of later artists such as Czanne and Van Gogh.
(p. 60, n. 14)
9. His apology in those terms a_______ u____ to an admission of guilt. (p. 28, n. 14)
10. Are you going to s_____ u____ to go on the business English course? (p. 22, n. 3)
11. He promised to take the kids to the zoo this weekend but he l_____ them d______ again. (p. 22, n. 12)
12. You disappear for months on end and then you s_______ u_____ and expect everything to continue as if nothing had
happened. (p. 22, n. 13)
13. Lets hope this craze doesnt c______ o____ its very dangerous. (p. 34, n. 15)
14. Do you think Malcolm will be able to k______ u_____ with the other kids? Theyre nearly a year older than him.
(p. 35, n. 9)
15. She was under house arrest in Burma so he had to b______ the two boys u____ on his own. (p. 37, n. 6)
16. How did we w_______ u____ in this desperate situation? (p. 37, n. 21)
17. What is this lamp m_____ o______ of? (p. 69, n. 6)
18. Heres a slice of cake and some tea to w______ it d_______ with. (p. 11, n. 17)
19. Ive decided to t______ u_____ Pilates. (p. 12, n. 3)
20. The Prime Minister has been trying to f_______ o____ his critics from within his own party. (p. 47, n. 1)

16. Cinema. Read the article on Ethnicity & Hollywood (pp. 60-63). Try to answer the following questions:

1. Why was it expedient to represent all non-black characters as white in the early years of the cinema?
2. Black characters were often played by white people in the early years of the movies. What two traditions do the
parodic negro in Birth of A Nation and the nuanced lead role in The Jazz Singer represent?
3. Why did Orson Welles made a much more convincing movie Othello than Laurence Olivier?
4. What did Brynner, Sharif and Quinn have in common?
5. Why was the studios attempt to cast Redford ridiculous?
6. Why did Married with Children explode the segregation of US sitcoms?
7. How has the casting of blacks, Brits and Hispanics been differentiated in recent years?

122 | YES 2
17. False Friends. Read the article on p. 72. Then, without looking at the article, correct the underlined words in these
sentences so that they make sense:

1. Which would you prefer to drink beer or wino?

2. I wont have any pastel for dessert, thank you. Im slimming.
3. Finally, add salt and pepper according to gusto.
4. What a lovely meal. It was very rich.
5. Which flavour marmalade should I buy?
6. Have you seen my lentils? I cant find them.. or my glasses!
7. The best fashion designers start out in confectionery.
8. Dont eat too many aperitifs or you wont have room for dinner.

ii. Read the article on p. 73. Then match the dish to its main ingredient (without looking at the article):

1. Welsh rabbit a. chicken

2. Toad in the hole b. offal
3. Sweetbread c. fish
4. Scotch woodcock d. dried fruit
5. Rockie-Mountain oysters e. cheese
6. Prairie oysters f. testicles
7. Prairie eel g. anchovies and egg
8. Mincemeat h. rattlesnake
9. Buffalo wings i. raw egg
10. Bombay duck j. sausage

18. False-Friend Round-Up. Throughout the magazine false friends are identified and explained in the footnotes. The
following sentences contain false friends from Yes 2 that are incorrectly used here. Correct the underlined words
in the following sentences so that they make sense. The page (p.) and footnote (n.) reference is given:

1. Which tie do you prefer the large one or the short one? (p. 7, n. 10)
2. Did the translation course realize your expectations? (p. 7, n. 18)
3. The airline has installed wider seats for your commodity. (p. 45, n. 8)
4. Cook the carrots until they are bland and then mashed them. (p. 45, n. 9)
5. Actually, its 9.25a.m. in Dubai. Theres a six hour time difference. (p. 55, n. 5)
6. His daughter stole some money but thats no reason to treat her like a criminal. (p. 63, n. 6)
7. Hes just a movie star. I dont think hes ever acted on a scenery. (p. 60, n. 7)
8. Do drivers always respect the semaphore in your country? (p. 60, n. 18)
9. Ultimately, the pollen count has sky-rocketed and my hay fever has been awful. (p. 84, n. 16)
10. I dont mind his bigot but his sideburns are ridiculous! (p. 59, n. 14)
11. British children have to attend college until they are 16. (p. 36, n. 8)
12. Should I whip the cream or just remove it? (AS p. 88, n. 13)
13. It was irresponsible of him to link the crime wave and the unemployment rate to the number of strangers in the
country. (AS p. 100, n. 281)
14. For their silver-wedding anniversary he bought her a pearl collar. (AS p. 102, n. 327)

YES 2 | 123
 19. Homophones. The following texts come from Colmans fascinating article on the Profumo Affair. However, we
have changed 35 words for their homophones. See if you can change them back so that the text makes sense:
The Politician & the Call Girl (from p. 47)
Watt later became known as the Profumo Affair may bee said to have begun on the weekend of Saturday, 8th July to
Sunday, 9th July 1961. That weekend a glittering party was throne at the grate house in Cliveden buy Lord Astor for
over a score of important guests including John Profumo, British Secretary of State for War. As Lord Astor and John
Profumo whirr strolling inn the grounds of the Cliveden Estate, they past the pool (near the big house butt used also
bye the tenant of the cottage and his friends) wear Christine Keeler was swimming. Lord Astor invited her and Stephen
Ward to join the party up at the house for a drink. John Profumo was much attracted buy this beautiful girl with wistful
eyes butt he was bye know means the only man that weekend who was to fall for her beauty. The following day Keeler
met Eugene Ivanov, a Naval Attach at the Russian embassy. The Russian fell for the sultry brunette and the seen was
set for a fascinating storey involving a call girl, her influential pimp, a Russian spy and the British Secretary of State
for War.

The Fallout (from p. 49)

When this storey of sexual and political intrigue became known awl hell broke loose inn a country still reeling at watt
had bean disclosed during the trials of George Blake and William Vassall, a country from witch Kim Philby had recently
defected. The fallout was massive. John Profumo was forced to resign whyll broadside after broadside whirr fired at
a beleaguered Harold Macmillan who, after surviving a vote of confidence inn the Commons, gnu his daze whirr num-
bered when only his sun and his sun-inn-lore joined hymn after the vote inn the smoking-room for the traditional cigar.

20. Internet Video Listening. This exercise is based on the excellent TED talk by Dan Barber entitled A Surprising
Foie Gras Parable. As you watch the video (http://goo.gl/yF5cx) answer the following questions. If necessary
listen a second time:
1. What is it about foie gras that provokes violent reactions?
2. What is his cycling metaphor?
3. When was the Sousa pt invented?
4. What did the French newspapers accuse Eduardo of doing?
5. How long did Dan stay on Eduardos farm?
6. What did Dan think Eduardos hand gesture meant?
7. Whats strange about Eduardos fences?
8. How did Eduardo make his foie gras yellower?
9. Why did Eduardo make Dan and the translator hide behind a bush?
10. What does Eduardo season his foie gras with?
11. Who invented foie gras?
12. Why did they have to invent gavage?

124 | YES 2
21. Word Building. Read the article on pp. 68-69 and then fill the gaps to form terms mentioned on those pages:

1. As a wedding present we gave them an exquisite 17th-century salt cellar wit a matching pepper_____.
2. I cant read the tiny reference numbers and have to use a _________ glass.
3. I never go out hiking in the woods without my compass and ____knife.
4. The cheapest places to have lunch in London are _________ spoons.
5. I had to use a whisky measure because I didnt have an egg_____.
6. The favourite spread in the USA is _____nut butter, surely.
7. Apparently, one can live off nothing but ______nuts for a surprisingly long time.
8. Can I use your ____spoon to stir my coffee?
9. The peasants attacked the barons yeomen with ______forks and flails.
10. Ive just broken a dish of the kitchen floor. Could you get me a ______pan and brush so that I can sweep it up, please?
11. I dont need a _______ fork. I have an app to do that now!
12. The garage was filled with old ______pots, jam jars and assorted rubbish accumulated over the decades.
13. Every home in the British Isles has a ____pot in it. How else would we make our national drink?!
14. Ill bring you a _______spoon to eat your tiramisu with.
15. Colonel Custer rode up to the crest of the hill, got out his ____glass and scanned the horizon for signs of the Apache
war party.
16. Always use a _________ spoon so that you dont damage the non-stick surface of the ________ pan.

22. English in Context: Reading Comprehension. Read the articles on pp. 70-71. Then match the verbs on the left
to the foodstuffs on the right. Notice that there is no one-to-one correspondence, there are often several answers
for each:
1. bake a. fish
2. boil b. egg
3. braise c. hamburger
4. carve d. parsley
5. casserole e. meat and mixed vegetables
6. chop f. banana
7. dice g. pork
8. fry h. potato
9. grate i. cucumber
10. grill j. carrot
11. mash k. biscuits/cookies
12. mince l. cake
13. peel m. turkey
14. poach n. beef
15. roast o. bread
16. saut/pan-fry p. cheese
17. shred q. milk
18. slice r. cabbage
19. steam s. onion
20. stew t. lamb

YES 2 | 125
 23. Dialogues. Listen to audio files 11 to 15. As you listen answer the following multiple-choice questions. Obviously
this can be done as one, two or even four separate exercises:
1. Which of these reasons does the man not give for refusing the umbrella?
a. The womans hair is longer
b. It wouldnt be gentlemanly
c. He would look silly with it
d. He can turn his jacket collar up.

2. What are the three steps in the counsellors dialogue process?

a. mirroring, parroting and validating
b. listening, empathizing and answering
c. mirroring, validating and we dont hear the third
d. parroting, confirming and replying

3. Which of these phrases does the accent coach not expect his students to learn?
a. Top of the morning to you.
b. Soft day, thank God!
c. How are you, you whore you?!
d. Fancy a pint of the black stuff?

4. Which of these factors will the department head take into account?
a. How long each employee has been working in the department.
b. Each employees contribution to the department over the years.
c. Each employees age.
d. Each employees performance over the next four weeks.

24. Translation. Here are a series of real examples of broken English relating to food. See if you can improve them:
1. Salad Caprecce (tomato, mozarela of her spit and sweet basil) 1 [on a menu in Spain]
2. Cierzo Salad (lettuce, fresh spinich, goats cheese rolled in almonds and vinigre tte of dates 2 [on a menu in Spain]
3. Through years of experience, Doutor Danish is produced from the finest materials to create a happy time on tables.
[on a breakfast pastry in Japan]
4. Burning politely, one by one, these cakes send deliciousness to you. [Japanese rice cakes]
5. Sweat and sour sauce 3 [on a menu in Tashkent]
6. We serve Pork with fresh garbage4 [in a Vietnamese restaurant]
7. Spaghetti Boneless 5 [on a menu in Kathmandu]
8. Pork Condom Bleu6 [on a menu in Vietnam]
9. Gordon Blu7 [on a menu in Moraira, Spain]
10. French creeps 8 [on a menu in Los Angeles]

1
misspelling: there are sev-
eral spelling problems. More-
over, spit (= ejected saliva)
doesnt sound very nice.
2
misspelling: there are sev-
eral spelling problems
3
misspelling: sweat is
perspiration
4
misspelling: garbage
(= rubbish) should be a green
vegetable with a similar
sounding name.
5
misspelling: boneless
means not having any bones
(= osseous material). It should
be a similar sounding word.
6
misspelling: the French word
condom has been confused
with another French term
used in English.
7
misspelling: a different
spelling problem with the
same term.
8
misspelling: two letters
have been transposed.
Creeps (= irritatingly unpleas-
ant people)

126 | YES 2
25. Reading Comprehension. Read the article on still lifes on pp. 42-45. Then, answer the following questions. Read
through all the questions and see if there are any you can answer straightaway. After that, return to the text, check
your answers and see if you can find the answers to the remaining questions:

p. 42
1. How was still life explicitly relegated to the lowest importance in the past?
2. How was it implicitly relegated to a low importance?
3. Why did Cro-Magnon people paint bison and other game?
4. Under what circumstances did the Ancient Egyptians paint still lifes?
5. What anecdotal evidence is there of the realism of Zeuxiss still lifes?

p. 43
6. Why does English use the inappropriate term still life?
7. Why did still life become popular in northern Europe from the 16th Century onwards?
8. Why were the subgenres of still life often geographically specific?

p. 44
9. How was the Catholic concept of still lifes different?
10. Why might Zurbarn have arranged his still life like an altar?
11. What is the basic problem with symbolism?

p. 45
12. In what way do Warhols Campbells Soup Cans represent the culmination of still life?

26. Wordplay. Read the article about Pigs (pp. 56-57). Then, without looking at the magazine, find six terms from the
footnotes. Use the clues and the numbers; each number represents a letter:

1 2 3 4 5
an archaic word for a pig, still used as an adjective

6 7 8 9

the meat of a pig

10 3 11 5 1 12 7 13 9

farm animals

2 7 7 14 10 15 4 14

forest

16 7 17 2 15 1 16
pig swill; nonsense

1 7 2
a female pig

ii. Match the names of these mammals to their literal meaning:

1. aardvark a. pig fish
2. hedgehog b. spiny pig
3. porcupine c. earth pig
4. porpoise d. verrucous/tumorous pig
5. warthog e. bush pig

YES 2 | 127
 27. Food Phrasal Verbs. Read the articles on food-related phrasal verbs on pp. 75-77. Then, without looking at the
article, fill the gaps in the following sentences to complete the expressions correctly:

i. Study the verbs on p. 75. Then, without looking at the article, fill the gaps with one of these verbs. The initial letters
have been given to help you:
1. To make Russian salad, first you have to d_____ u___ an assortment of vegetables.
2. Nick, dont w______ d_______ your food. Eat slowly and appreciate the flavours.
3. Your job is to l_______ o______ punch into these drinking bowls, OK?
4. Traditionally, the man of the household c______ u___ the meat for Sunday lunch.
5. S_______ u_____ the onion as thinly as possible, please.
6. He b________ d________ his breakfast because he was desperate to get outside to play in the snow.
7. D_______ o_____ the food as quickly as possible so that people arent waiting too long for their meals.
8. Does one person d______ u___ the food or do we each serve ourselves?
9. C______ u___ the meat using this cleaver. Careful, its very sharp.
10. Jaime says he can k______ u_____ a three-course meal in a quarter of an hour.

ii. Study the verbs on p. 76. Then, without looking at the article, fill the gaps with a food word:
1. Jackies always trying to _______ up the teacher with her compliments.
2. In the TV show they ________ up an old pickup so it roared like a tiger!
3. Could you help me to ________ my hat out of the pond? The wind blew it off.
4. He ________ his time away daydreaming about being a movie star.
5. If we all ______ in we can buy the time machine and then share it.
6. Apparently, the party treasurer was _________ off a sizeable commission for himself.
7. Hes meant to be a serious actor but he really ______ it up in that film.
8. Are you going to _____ yourself up or are you ready to leave now?
9. She ________ up when I mentioned her wayward brother.
10. Stop ________ about and help me with the cleaning.

iii. Study the verbs on p. 77. Then, without looking at the article, fill the gaps with a preposition:
1. I dont feel like going out tonight. Lets just chill _____ here.
2. Come on, kids. Simmer ______. The class has started.
3. His letter was peppered ______ exclamation marks.
4. Does the restaurant cater ______ vegetarians?
5. They gingered _____ the party by adding vodka to the fruit juice.
6. She churned ______ romantic novels at an unbelievable rate.
7. In periods of expansion the government should be salting _______ resources for times of recession.
8. How can we spice ______ the atmosphere in the club?

128 | YES 2
28. Monologues. Read through the following statements. Then, listen to the monologues on Youth is Wasted on the
Young (audio tracks 6-9). You can do this as one, two or even four separate exercises. As you do, decide whether
the statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the speakers:

1. The first speaker says he never used to help his mother with the housework.
2. He says he used to practise playing the guitar every day for years.
3. As a teenager he couldnt wait to get older but then found being older disappointing.
4. The second speaker suggests that young people only have the courage to be ambitious because they are ignorant
of the realities of life.
5. She uses a metaphor about making a boat from a strong tree.
6. She is more afraid of life now than when she was younger.
7. The third speaker says the biggest check on enjoying oneself when one is young is lack of experience.
8. He says the good thing about youth is that having fun is cheap and ones body suffers less from excess.
9. He had a more adventurous attitude to travel when he was younger.
10. The old lady in the anecdote said she missed being young because she could do more gardening.
11. The fourth speaker says that he was still a teenager when he toured with Bon Jovi.
12. He says he misses the feeling of constantly being in love with one girl or another.

29. Feature Reading Comprehension. Read the article on pp. 22-23. Then, without looking at the magazine, answer
the following questions:

Questions about p. 22:

1. What, according to the article, is the tacit agreement between gyms and their members?
2. What is the secret to committing to regular exercise, according to Matt Roberts?
3. What does Dr Heymsfield say about the effects of being overweight on life expectancy?

Questions about p. 23:

4. Why does living in an urban environment make it more difficult to lose weight?
5. If you cant move to the countryside, whats the next best alternative?
6. Whats the problem with central heating?
7. Why should you vaccinate against adrenovirus-36 if you want to lose weight?
8. How do horror films help you to lose weight?
9. How is stress part of the dieting equation?
10. Why is fresh food inherently better for healthy eating?
11. How does wrapping affect your metabolism?
12. How are slimming and our circadian cycle related?
13. How is alcohol consumption related to slimming?
14. Why should you take pictures of your meals and snacks?

YES 2 | 129
 30. Topography. Match the place names on the left to the letters on the map:

1. The Andaman Sea

F B
2. Bangladesh
G
D
3. The Bay of Bengal

4. Bhutan H

5. Cambodia

A I
6. China

L
7. The Gulf of Thailand
J
8. India

9. Laos
K

C
10. Mandalay
O
11. Myanmar/Burma
E
12. Nepal

N
13. Thailand

14. Vietnam
M
15. Yangon

31. Poetry. The poem Daffodils has an alternating rhyme (ABABCC etc.). Use this fact to fill the gaps in the poem:

I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high oer vales and h_________________,
When all at once I saw a cr_________________,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the br_________________.
The waves beside them danced; but they
Out-did the sparkling waves in gl_________________:
A poet could not but be g_________________,
In such a jocund company:
I gazed and gazed but little thought
What wealth the show to me had br_________________:

Continuous as the stars that shine
And twinkle on the Milky Way,
They stretched in never-ending l_________________
Along the margin of a b_________________:
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,
Tossing their heads in sprightly d_________________.
For oft, when on my couch I l_________________
In vacant or in pensive m_________________,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure f_________________,
And dances with the daffodils.

130 | YES 2
ANSWERS modesty 18. in recording the results 19. of his labour when
the object was attained. He was as restive and sensitive 20. of
1. Check your answers against the footnotes constraint 21. from his superiors as he was devoted 22. to
the interests 23. of those who served 24. under him; and
2. only those who have followed close 25. upon his footsteps
i. 1f, 2e, 3h, 4g, 5j, 6b, 7d, 8i, 9a, 10c. 26. in China and Central Asia and those who have had
ii. 1f, 2l, 3g, 4i, 5j, 6e, 7c, 8h, 9k, 10a, 11d, 12b opportunities 27. of noting his work can truly appreciate the
sterling value 28. of the services he has rendered his country.
3.
1. meal 2. lunch 3. dish 7. 1c, 2g, 3e, 4b, 5a, 6d, 7f
4. plate 5. course
8.
4.
1. also
3. been
2. of (we say this of but we dont write it)
4. in 5. to S L A U G H T E R A T
6. about
8. out
7. to (the one directly after led)
9. up 10. of C A P A H A D A
5. A P A R R O T E B B
S P A N D Y R E K C O R C N C G R L A Y E R S S L
S E C B I S C U I T N U O R A P V I E E O U S E
A L V N I D O A C R T O O P I I
U Z A E H D N I V E P L K S S T
E M U S S E L S
C Z C U O E F T I S T N B E I C S B U R G H E R P
E U B Q G G E C A R V E O C E H C O U P H A T O O
P G R E W H C E S U B S O T D E
A R A B A O T O H T O R K O A R
N A R R OW L W N O
N D P R S R I E O U U E G R L Z U S G N A R L E D N
Y C I A H H O H R E C N I M A K T I M E V O O D O O
Q P A B H E N N S H I X C S M E
D L T C H E E S E M O N G E R F
S O U R C E T G N U
P E T O I S R K M S T U T I A N
9.
C O U R S E Y I E S S E S H M E 1. went viral 2. spoilt for choice
3. in the eye of 4. the other way
P R O F E R L Y A K C A R E T X
5. has it that 6. took to drink(ing)
D I S H B S C U T L E R Y A V E 7. beat yourself up about 8. more likely that
9. certain extent 10. infused with
1. Slaughterhouse 2. Confectionery 3. Cheesemonger 11. home economics 12. at the cutting edge
4. Saucepan 5. Marmalade 6. Horsemeat
7. Sourness 8. Slimming 9. Teaspoon 10.
10. Cookbook 11. Barbeque 12. Crockery 1.
13. Cutlery 14. Hogwash 15. Biscuit i.
16. Pitcher 17. Guzzle 18. Mincer a. The number of sets of traffic lights that have
19. Course 20. Carve 21. Dish been removed recently in London.
b. When the first (gas-powered) traffic lights were
6. installed outside the Houses of Parliament in
Mr Elias had 1. for years past suffered 2. from bad health London. They exploded soon afterwards.
contracted 3. under the hardships 4. of travel 5. in every c. When the first electric traffic lights were installed.
contrast 6. of climate 7. in Siberian cold and Indian heat, ii.
8. in the moist malarial atmosphere 9. of Burma and Siam, a. Somebody who tries to race past the traffic
and then 10. in the parched climate 11. of Central Asia. All lights as they are changing.
his latter journeys were made, 12. at the call 13. of duty, b. An intersection where cars have to stop in all four
when he was suffering acutely 14. from depressing illnesses. directions and then whoever arrived first has priority.
He was remarkable both 15. for his unswerving courage c. Local drivers completely ignore them.
and determination 16. in pursuing his object and 17. for his

YES 2 | 131
 2.
1. A woman who became a Victorian celebrity
because she bankrupted herself in order to go to
the Crimea War and help the soldiers there.
2. Opponents say that she is only on the National
Curriculum because she was a black woman and so
her inclusion is a case of political correctness.
3. Supporters say that studying only the lives of generals
gives a distorted view of the past. Mary was famous in her
time and she is someone that an important section of the
population, who would otherwise be excluded from history,
can relate to. Above all, she challenges our stereotype of the
Victorians and Victorian values showing us that 19th-century
Britain was a much richer society than the stereotype.
4. Movies tend to reflect the anxieties of the time in which they
are made rather than the values of the society they portray.
5. The Englishwoman mentions a Bond novel which
includes grotesque stereotypes of African Americans.
3. a4, b8, c7, d2, e5, f1, g6, h3
4. a. iii, b. v, c. ii, d. i, e. iv.
11.
aubergine-eggplant, avocado-alligator pear, biscuit-
cookie, chips-French fries, cooker-stove,
cos lettuce-romaine lettuce, courgette-
zucchini, crayfish-crawfish, crisps-chips,
cutlery-silverware, fish slice-pancake turner,
iced lolly-popsicle, jug-pitcher,
mincer-meat grinder, pudding-dessert,
scone-biscuit, spring onion-scallion,
swede-rutabaga, sweets-candy, tin-can
12.
1. memory 2. Goodness 3. stab 4. basking
5. slugged 6. stroke 7. push 8. glitters/glisters
9. right 10. harm 11. feather 12. living
13. bundle 14. heels 15. sneezed 16. held
17. shattered 18. heck 19. fur 20. bunch
13.
1b, 2a, 3c, 4a, 5a, 6b, 7c, 8a, 9b, 10c,
11c, 12b, 13a, 14b, 15c, 16b, 17c.
14.
AN, AND, ARK, DANK, DARK, DIAL, DIN, DIP, DO, DOOR, DORK,
DOST, DRAIN, EEL, ELF, FAD, FAN, FAR, FEE, FEEL, FEN, FILE,
FIN, FINK, FINS, FLAN, FLANK, FLEE, FOE, FOIL, FOLK, FOOT,
FOP, FOPS, FORD, FORK, FORKS, IF, ILK, IN, INK, INKS, KEEN,
KNIFE, LAD, LADLE, LAIN, LAND, LANK, LARD, LARK, LEEK, LID,
LIFE, LINK, LIP, LOAF, LOO, LOOK, LOOT, LORD, NARK, NIP, NO,
NOON, OAF, OAK, OAR, OF, OIL, ON, ONE, PILE, PIN, PINK, POOF,
RAIN, RAN, RANK, ROAD, ROOK, ROOT, ROT, ROVE, SEE, SEEN,
SELF, SLINK, SLIP, SNIP, SO, SOD, SOOT, SORT, SPIN, SPOOF,
SPOON, STORK, STOVE, STOVES, TO, TOAD, TOO, TOOK, TOOL
15.
1. take off 2. go off 3. set up
4. stand for 5. pick up 6. conjures up
7. black up 8. carried over 9. adds/added up
10. sign up 11. let... down 12. show up
13. catch on 14. keep up 15. bring... up
16. wind up 17. made out 18. wash... down
19. take up 20. ferret out
132 | YES 2
16.
1. Because the black-and-white films did not
show the nuances of skin colour.
2. The black-and-white minstrels and
blacking up on the English stage
3. Both because the realism of colour emphasized the artificiality
of the English actor blacked up and because Olivier did
not modify his stage-acting style to the movie format.
4. They were all cast in any role considered
neither totally white nor black.
5. Both because Redford doesnt look Italian and because
they suggested that Vito Corleone, named after his home
village in Sicily, could come from the north of Italy.
6. Because it was written by an African American who
originally conceived of the family as black.
7. Blacks are not normally cast as delinquents. Britons are
cast as evil masterminds intelligent, malevolent and
powerful. Hispanics tend to be given the roles of thugs.
17.
i.
1. wine, 2. cake, 3. taste, 4. tasty, 5. jam/jelly,
6. contact lenses, 7. dressmaking, 8. appetizers
ii.
1e, 2j, 3b, 4g, 5f, 6i, 7h, 8d, 9a, 10c.
18.
1. long 2. fulfil/live up to 3. comfort 4. soft
5. Right now 6. murderer/felon 7. stage
8. traffic lights 9. Lately/Recently 10. moustache
11. school 12. stir 13. foreigners 14. necklace
19.
The Politician & the Call Girl
What later became known as the Profumo Affair may be said
to have begun on the weekend of Saturday, 8th July to Sunday,
9th July 1961. That weekend a glittering party was thrown at
the great house in Cliveden by Lord Astor for over a score of
important guests including John Profumo, British Secretary of
State for War. As Lord Astor and John Profumo were strolling
in the grounds of the Cliveden Estate, they passed the pool
(near the big house but used also by the tenant of the cottage
and his friends) where Christine Keeler was swimming. Lord
Astor invited her and Stephen Ward to join the party up at the
house for a drink. John Profumo was much attracted by this
beautiful girl with wistful eyes but he was by no means the only
man that weekend who was to fall for her beauty. The following
day Keeler met Eugene Ivanov, a Naval Attach at the Russian
embassy. The Russian fell for the sultry brunette and the scene
was set for a fascinating story involving a call girl, her influential
pimp, a Russian spy and the British Secretary of State for War.
The Fallout
When this story of sexual and political intrigue became
known all hell broke loose in a country still reeling at
what had been disclosed during the trials of George Blake
and William Vassall, a country from which Kim Philby had
recently defected. The fallout was massive. John Profumo
was forced to resign while broadside after broadside were
fired at a beleaguered Harold Macmillan who, after surviving
a vote of confidence in the Commons, knew his days were
numbered when only his son and his son-in-law joined him
after the vote in the smoking-room for the traditional cigar.
20.
1. The gavage/forced feeding
2. Trying to made a delicious meal without foie gras is
possible but its more difficult to accomplish like trying
to win the Tour de France without taking steroids.
3. In 1812
4. Of bribing the judges (at the Coup de Coeur)
5. Two days.
6. Calm down you are too excitable and aggressive.
7. Theyre electrified only on the outside (to protect
the geese from predators).
8. By planting lupin bushes so the geese could eat their seeds.
9. To watch how his geese called wild geese
that were flying past to join them.
10. Nothing.
11. The Jews
12. Because the Pharaoh wanted to be able
to have foie gras all year round.
21.
1. pot 2. magnifying 3. pen 4. greasy
5. cup 6. pea 7. coco 8. tea
9. pitch 10. dust 11. tuning 12. paint
13. tea 14. dessert 15. spy 16. wooden... frying
22.
1. a, h, k, l, o, 2. a, b, h, q, r, 3. e, 4. g, m, n, t, 5. e, n, 6. a, d, j, 7. h,
i, j, s, 8. a, b, h, 9. j, p, 10. a, c, 11. h, 12. n, 13. f, h, 14. b, 15. a, g,
m, n, t, 16. a, h, 17. j, r, 18. a, h, i, j, m, r, s, 19. a, j, r, 20. a, e, g, t.
No doubt other reasonable combinations exist.
The important thing is to have a clear idea of
the meaning and the use of the terms.
23. 1b, 2c, 3c, 4d
24.
1. Caprese salad (tomato, mozzarella and sweet basil)
2. Cierzo salad (lettuce, fresh spinach, goats cheese
rolled in almonds and date vinaigrette
3. Thanks to years of experience, Doutor Danish is produced
from the finest ingredients to create a delicious snack.
4. Carefully baked one by one, these cakes are delicious.
5. Sweet-and-sour sauce
6. We serve pork with fresh cabbage
7. Spaghetti Bolognese
8. Cordon Bleu Pork
9. Cordon Bleu
10. French crepes
25.
1. It was the lowest genre in the hierarchy of genres.
2. Women were allowed or even encouraged to paint still lifes.
3. To remember times of plenty and hopefully
ensure that they returned.
4. They painted still lifes of food in the pharaohs tombs to
magically ensure that they had food in the Afterlife.
5. Birds tried to eat the grapes he had painted.
6. Because it is a calque translation of Dutch stilleven,
which referred to motionless animals.
7. Because most Protestants rejected religious imagery,
so painters had to look for alternatives.
8. Because they often reflected the dominant trade in each town.
9. Catholic still lifes were infused with symbolism.
10. Because the elements may all refer to the Virgin Mary.
11. Symbolism is open to interpretation and so
does not transmit a clear statement.
12. Because food is now mass-produced and characterless.
26.
SWINE, PORK, LIVESTOCK, WOODLAND, HOGWASH, SOW
ii. 1c, 2e, 3b, 4a, 5d
27.
i.
1. dice up 2. wolf down 3. ladle out 4. carves up/carved up
5. Slice up 6. bolted down 7. Dole/Dish out
8. dish up 9. Chop (or Cut) up 10. knock up
ii.
1. butter 2. souped 3. fish 4. frittered 5. chip
6. creaming 7. hammed 8. tart 9. clammed 10. loafing
iii.
1. out 2. down 3. with 4. for
5. up 6. out 7. away 8. up
28. 1F, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5F, 6T, 7F, 8T, 9T, 10F, 11T, 12F
29.
1. That the members pay to join the gym so that they feel
that they are doing something to keep fit. However,
the gym knows that most people dont have time
to actually use the gym frequently, and so they can
overbook the facilities, provided they dont ask their
members why they havent been coming more often.
2. Committing to team sports and group activities. If
someone will hold you to account for not coming,
you are much more likely to find time.
3. Being overweight does not shorten you life.
However, being morbidly obese certainly does.
4. Because air-born pollution has been linked to
insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes.
5. To take exercise outside the city.
6. Warmer homes have been linked to obesity. Lowering the
temperature forces your body to burn more calories.
7. because the catarrh virus has been linked
to the accumulation of body fat.
8. They quicken your heartbeat and cause shallow
breathing, which means you burn more calories.
9. Stress causes you to eat more unhealthy comfort
foods. If you are stressed out, yoga may reduce
your weight more than stressful dieting.
10. Its much easier to control your intake of sugar, fat and
salt with homemade food than with processed food.
11. Many wrapping materials contain endocrine disrupters, which
leach into the food and cause the body to store more fat.
12. Sleep deprivation, irregular hours and
working at night cause us to eat more.
13. Few people realize that as much as 10% of
their calorie intake comes from alcohol.
14. Photographing your food makes you more aware of
what you eat, so you eat less and more healthily.
30.
1E, 2H, 3K, 4B, 5N, 6D, 7M, 8G, 9J, 10A, 11L, 12F, 13O, 14I, 15C
31.
Check your answers against p. 51.
YES 2 | 133
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