Vishay

HUMIDITY
SENSOR

CONCEPTS FOR HUMIDITY
The measurement and control of humidity are more and
more important in the world of the human comfort.
Automated systems developments, increase of speed in
industrial processes and sophistication of control systems
need current possibilities of proper humidity
measurement and monitoring.
Heating, ventilating, air conditioning (HVAC) field,
industrial and automobile activities, greenhouse
cultivation, ambience stabilization in museums, storing
of hygroscope material and protection against static
electricity. These are a few of the numerous applications.
The heart of measurement instruments is the humidity
sensor.
Absolute humidity (g.m )
-3
Humidity and people comfort
People comfort is largely depending on humidity.
Usually, the most comfortable climatic conditions are
situated between 45 and 65% rh and for us to remain
comfortable, the humidity must decrease as the
temperature rises. For example, at 30 C, 70% rh is
considered uncomfortable while 30% rh is quite
tolerable.
By introducing humidity monitoring instrumentation, the
energy management systems of office and industrial
buildings could be better optimized. Considerable energy
could be saved without loss of comfort and well-being by
adapting the hygrometry according to the season and the
external climatic conditions.
Fig 1 represents a usual comfort chart appearing for still
air working in offices (from a study of American Society
Heating and Ventilating Engineers; tested subjects were
engaged in light activities and seated in comfortable
chairs)[2]. Some corrections would be introduced
according to the season (summer or winter) and the
population race.
35
Minimum
COMFORT
LINE Maximum 100 %rh
30 Comfort
comfort
90 %rh
25 80 %rh

Among the different types of humidity measurement, our 70 %rh

20
capacitive sensor type provides optimal features in fields 60 %rh

of price, contamination tolerance and stability in use. 15 50 %rh

40 %rh
10 30 %rh
What is humidity? 20 %rh
Air and other gas have a given capacity to absorb water 5
10 %rh
vapor. This capacity depends mainly on temperature 0
The word humidity denotes the presence of water 15 20 25 30
Temperature (C)
vapor in air or other gas. Wherever there is water or ice,
there is evaporation or condensation and air or other gas
contains water vapor in a concentration depending upon
a number of factors, the most important of which is Fig. 1
temperature.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY OF AIR
Terms and definition
This vocabulary, specific to humidity, is copied from A Definition
Guide to the Measurement of Humidity [1] The mass of water vapor present in unit volume of moist
- The term humidity indicates the presence of air at a given temperature and a given pressure is said
water vapor in air or other gas. Moisture commonly absolute humidity.
refers to liquid water or water vapor in any form. Air that contains its full capacity of water vapor is said,
Moisture is the term particularly used to mean water saturated
that is absorbed or bound into any material. The ratio of the actual vapor pressure (e) to the saturation
- The absorption of water vapor is the retention water vapor pressure over a liquid water surface (es) at
of water vapor by penetration into the bulk of a material. the same temperature, expressed as a percentage, is said
The adsorption of water vapor is the retention of water relative humidity:
vapor as a surface layer on a material.
- A probe is the part of an instrument that houses Relative humidity (in %rh) = e/ es X 100.
the sensor remotely from the main body of the
instrument. A sensor is the active or sensing part of a NB: The unit of relative humidity is abbreviated as % rh
measuring instrument. and not as % RH as commonly abbreviated [1].
- The dew point is the temperature at which dew,
or condensation forms, on cooling, a gas. At this The saturation rate depends on temperature and pressure;
temperature, air becomes saturated in equilibrium with the relative humidity must be expressed for a given
water. The term frost point is used for the temperature temperature and a given pressure.
at which air is saturated in equilibrium with ice.

2
 In most of the cases of the usual conditions of life, the air
is not saturated and the notion of relative humidity is
most commonly used to express how much water vapor
is present in air at a given temperature under atmospheric
pressure.
The graph in Figure 2 illustrates the relative humidity of
air, according to the quantity of water vapor in air
(absolute humidity) at the usual temperature range.
60
50
Mass of water vapor (g,m-3)
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Temperature (C)
Fig. 2
Effects of temperature
The effect of temperature on relative humidity is highly
significant. Differences of temperature, from place to place
in rooms and chambers are the largest source of uncertainty
in a humidity measurement.
This is in relation to the variation of saturation vapor
pressure of water according to temperature. Near room
temperature, the airs capacity to hold water vapor doubles
for every 10 C increase in temperature.
At room temperature, a change in dew point of 1 C
corresponds to a change of 6 percent of the relative humidity
value.
Overall, a useful rule of thumb is that 1 C uncertainty in
temperature leads to an uncertainty of 6%rh.
Effect of pressure
In standard measurement conditions of relative humidity, a
standard atmospheric pressure of 101325 Pa is considered.
In a gas mixture as air room, the total pressure of the system
can be expressed as the sum of partial pressures:
P(total) = P(nitrogen) + P(oxygen) + P(water) + P(others)
It therefore follows that if the total system pressure is
changed (either by compression or expansion), each of the
component partial pressures will change by a similar factor
to P(total).
As a general approximate rule, the actual relative humidity
value can be multiplied by the fractional change in total
system pressure to give the resultant value of relative
humidity.
MEASURING RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Operating principles
Different kinds of humidity-related effects can be exploited
to indicate changes in humidity: the most current are
mechanical (expansion and contraction of organic materials),
wet- and dry-bulb method, condensation at the dew-point,
electrolysis of phosphorus pentoxide and electrical
impedance variation.
This last method of measurement is usually preferred for its
convenience, in the majority of modern hygrometers:
100 %rh
portable and compact, possible specially shaped probes,
90 %rh
possibility of fitting with a temperature sensor.
80 %rh
The sensor is fabricated from a hygroscopic material, the
70 %rh
electrical properties of which alter as it absorbs water
60 %rh
molecules. Changes in humidity are measured as a change in
50 %rh the electrical capacitance or resistance of the sensor.
40 %rh
30 %rh
Capacitive sensor
20 %rh
A humidity sensing polymer is a porous polymer allowing a
10 %rh
rapid diffusion of water vapor in its molecular network.
35 40
In the construction of a sensor, porous conductive electrodes
are deposited over a thin film of polymer, permitting the
water to enter and easily leave the material.
The electrical capacitance of such a device is given by:
C = 0 * p * s/t
In this formula, 0 is the dielectric constant of vacuum,
p is the dielectric constant of the polymer material, s is
the surface of the electrodes, and t is the thickness of the
film.
By absorption of water, the dielectric constant of the
material is modified and consequently the value of the
capacitance.
CAPACITIVE HUMIDITY SENSOR OF
Vishay
The Vishay capacitive humidity sensor, proven over many
years, continues to be one of the most popular components
for fast, reliable humidity measurement.
Construction
The capacitive humidity sensor of Vishay is made up of a
polymer film pastille coated on both sides with a very thin
air-permeable gold layer to form a capacitive element.
The film is clamped between gold-coated spring contacts
inside a perforated plastic housing. The housing construction
protects the capacitive humidity sensor against short circuit
conditions at high humidity, and improves largely the
mechanical stresses withstanding.
The gold-coated terminations allow insertion on a printed
board with a lead space of 2E.
3
Features Mechanical

The Vishay capacitive humidity sensor offers:

- long-term stability
- reliability
- sensitivity
- good response time
- withstanding against contamination
- one point field calibration
- economical solution

Examples of application
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning
Greenhouses
Museums
Stores
Hospitals
Libraries
Computer rooms
Climatic chambers
Printing industry
Poultry rearing
Swimming pools
Fig. 3
Bulk
Height : 20.0 mm
SPECIFICATION
Width : 15.5 mm
Thickness : 5.0 mm
Electrical
Humidity range : 10 to 90%rh Climatical
Capacitance at Climatic category is 25/85/56
+25 C, 43%rh, 100 kHz : 122 pF 15%
Dissipation factor (Tan ) at
+25 C, 43%rh, 100 kHz : 0.035
Sensitivity
Relationship between relative humidity and sensor
between 11.3 and 80.5%rh : 0.4 0.05pF/%rh
capacitance
Frequency range : 1 to 1000 kHz The characteristic point of the humidity/capacitance relation
Temperature dependence at has been fixed at 122 pF for a relative humidity 43 %rh, at
25 C and for an electrical frequency of 100 kHz.
+25 C, 43%rh, 100 kHz : 0.1 %rh/K
The 43 %rh point was chosen on account of the very stable
Response time (1):
humidity level of the potassium carbonate at the time of
between 10 and 43%rh : < 3 min
calibration.
between 43 and 90%rh : < 5 min
For the typical characteristic, the relationship can be
Hysteresis (2) : 3% expressed by:
Maximum voltage : 15 Vpp
Operating and C = 0.003 (%rh) + 0.144 (%rh) + 110.26
storage temperature range : -25 to + 85 C

(1) to 90% of indicated %rh change at + 25 C, in circulating

air
(2) for excursion from 10%rh to 90%rh and back to 10%rh

4
Fig. 4 shows a chart of the typical characteristic. For the same reason, the temperature dependence will be
higher for high humidity than for low humidity rate.
150

The overall error in relative humidity reading stays low over

140 temperature. In fact when measuring capacitive humidity
sensors, the temperature dependence error introduced by
electronics exceeds often the temperature coefficient of the
Capacitance (pF)

130

sensor alone.
120
In the range 0 to 40C ambient temperature the relative
humidity error reading is below 0.1%rh per degree Celcius
110
ambient change. For temperatures above 70 C and high
humidity, the error can be considerable higher and should be
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
compensated by electronics.
Relative Humidity (%rh)

Fig 4 OPERATING IN ADVERSE CONDITIONS

OPERATING FREQUENCY The withstanding capability of the Vishay humidity sensor

against dust and adverse conditions is very reliable.
The dielectric properties of the polymer disc are modified by Most air pollutants have no effect on the performance of the
the humidity rate. sensor.
More especially, the dissipation factor of the capacitor
increases with humidity and decreases with the measurement Dust
frequency for the range under 1 kHz, while it increases anew Dust is the first enemy of the sensitive part of a humidity
for higher frequencies. sensor. Most dust materials are hygroscopic and could lead
When working at a low humidity rate (< 50%rh), relatively to uncertainty in humidity measurement.
low measurement frequencies (< 1 kHz) may be used. The sensitive element of the capacitive humidity sensor of
Nevertheless, perfectly reliable results on the total range of Vishay is located in a perforated plastic housing, offering an
humidity will be obtained by measuring at frequencies important advantage over other non-protected sensors.
between 1 and 1000 kHz. Working in airflow transporting dust needs nevertheless
some wariness. Using an aluminium or stainless steel dust
Electrical frequency dependence filter is a suitable precaution. Such a device will arrest most
of the condensable matter present in the gas. Positioning the
As for capacitor components, the measured capacitance of a sensor so as air meet a minimum surface is also a suitable
capacitive humidity sensor is depending on the measuring precaution.
frequency.
Fig. 5 shows the general trend in the capacity for Ammonia
measurements performed at 100 Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz, Tests have been performed in air with an ammonia content
100 kHz and 1 MHz. of 1500 mg/m3 and 80%rh. After 10 days, the shift in
capacitance was less than 3%.
160 100 Hz
1 kHz
10 kHz Organic solvents
150
100 kHz
1 MHz
Vapours of solvents, such as acetone, will attack the plastic
140 foil and should be avoided when incorporating the sensor in
Capacitance (pF)

an assembly.
130

120
Chemicals
The Vishay humidity sensor is protected against most
110 industrial acid and oxidizing chemical agents in air.
This feature makes it very suitable for applications in poultry
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
farms or fruit, flowers and vegetable storage environments.
Relative humidity (%rh)
Applications in of chlorinated atmosphere nevertheless limit
the lifetime at about 3 years.
Fig. 5
Dew point
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE The construction of the sensor allows it to survive when
exposed to 100%rh-condensing environments. Once the
Due to the variation in saturation rate of air in water vapor liquid water has been thoroughly eliminated, the sensor
with the temperature, there is also a temperature dependence revert to its initial features
of the capacitance of a capacitive sensor.

5
FAILURE MODES
Electrical failure
Electrical failure mode will usually result from working out
of specified operating conditions. By action of an excessive
temperature, or excessive adverse conditions, the porous
coating layer can be destroyed and the resulting capacitance
would be modified.
Most of the failures are characterized by a decrease of the
capacitance of the sensor.
Mechanical failure
Mechanical failures are resulting from a labile contact
between the golden coated spring contacts and the coating
layer of the polymer pastille.
Such failures are usually resulting from excessive vibrations
or mechanical chocks.
DATA SHEET
Measuring range
The range of operation for temperature and relative humidity
measurements of the Vishay humidity sensor makes it
particularly suitable for most applications.
Operating frequency
The preferred operating frequency range will be between
100 kHz and 1 MHz (better loss angle tangent) for high
humidity. For medium and low humidity, measurements at
less than 100 kHz dont create any problem.
Voltage
The Vishay humidity sensor is a very strong component.
It withstands DC and AC voltages up to 15 V.
As the water absorption principle is based on the two active
surfaces of the polymer sheet, the component has a very high
dielectric strength
With its low dissipation factor, it accepts high amplitude
measurement voltages without heat dissipation and,
contrarily to most of the other humidity sensors, it meets the
specification of all the static discharge tests.
Variation of the voltage level has no effect on capacity
values.
Sensitivity
The capacitance of the Vishay humidity sensor increases
with a 35 pF average increase over the full operating range.
The resulting sensitivity is 0.434 pF/%rh.
Calculated between 10 and 43%RH, the sensitivity is
0.3 pF/%rh; between 43%rh and 90%rh, the sensitivity is
0.53 pF/%rh.
Reproducibility
In general terms, reproducibility is an instruments capacity
to reproduce a previous measurement. This may be at a later
date, or after undergoing significant changes in conditions,
for example after a change of operator or of location.
The Vishay humidity sensor quoted an excellent dispersion
spread of results during the tests leading to the preparation
of this specification.
Linearity deviation
Most sensors exhibit a calibration curve, as opposed to a
straight line. This result of physical properties differs
according to the relative humidity rate.
The Vishay humidity sensor exhibits a perfect parallelism of
its characteristic curves, and the capacitance/relative
humidity relation (C = 0.003 (%rh)2 + 0.144 (%rh) + 110.18)
can easily be loaded into EEPROM in the measuring circuit
in order to calibrate the device.
Hysteresis
Hysteresis can be seen increasing or decreasing according to
the humidity.
This results from the difference between an absorption speed
and a desertion speed of the polymer material.
To evaluate the hysteresis, the amplitude of the variation
steps and the stabilisation time must be precised after each
step.
Hysteresis should be considered if the measurement is to be
used for control purposes, for example to activate on-off
control of air conditioning.
For our sensor, hysteresis is defined as the maximum
difference between two cycles 10%rh to 90%rh and 90%rh
to 10%rh. Cycling is performed with a stabilization time of
30 minutes after each step.
Response time
The response time is defined as the time it takes for the
sensors reading to change by 90% of the total change,
following an immediate change of relative humidity.
The response time is obviously different according to the
relative humidity level. For a low humidity level, it will be
shorter than for a high humidity level. This results from the
different quantity of water to be absorbed or desorbed by the
polymer material.
Response times are included in specifications to provide an
indication of how long the sensor takes to react to changes in
the applied conditions. Effective air movements speed up the
response time.
Operating outside normal range
It is best to avoid using an instrument at the upper or lower
extreme of its range of measurement.
In humidity measurement, the temperature range needs to be
strictly respected; using the sensor at excessive temperature
would lead to a decrease of the measured capacitance.
Working at the saturation point of the humidity ambiance
would indicate more than 100%rh.
6
 EXAMPLES OF MEASURING CIRCUITS CALIBRATION PROCEDURE
Converting %rh to voltage out
Circuit diagram International standard specifications
A method for generating constant relative humidity
U3
LM7805CT
VCC VCC
environments in relatively small containers is described in
the ASTM Designation E 104. [3]
5V 5V
Vreg

IN OUT R4 U2
1

30.1kOhm_1% 3

D1 2
8 1N4148 R3
U1

R2
4
RST
VCC
R1
61.9kOhm_1%
30.1kOhm_1%
R7
30.1kOhm_1% R8
Humidity generation
7 3
100kOhm_1%
6

2
DIS

THR
OUT
R6
Key = a 50%
C4
4.7uF
845kOhm_1% Standard value relative humidity environments are generated
20K_LIN

5
TRI

CON
GND R5 C5
using selected aqueous saturated salt solutions.
C1
1
LM555CN
20kOhm_5%
100nF
The saturated salt solutions (with solid salt present) have the
150pF
Key = a 50% C2
270pF
R9
30.1kOhm_1%
special property that a stable water concentration is
C3 maintained on the surface of the solution.
10uF
A variety of relative humidity fixed points is so available
under form of a small-enclosed atmosphere.
Fig. 7 The container, including a cover that can be secured airtight,
should be small to minimise the influence of any
temperature variations acting upon the container and
Converting %rh to frequency out contents.
Circuit diagram The properties of some salt solutions change with
temperature and just as it is for relative humidity in general,
VCC
5V
a stability of temperature is critical during the calibration.
8
U1 So, the relative humidity of the saturated salt solution of
4 VCC
RST lithium chloride is rather constant (11.2%rh at 0 C,
7 3

6
DIS
OUT 11.3%rh at 25 C, 11.1%rh at 50 C); while for the
R1
2
TRI
THR
240kOhm_5% R2
potassium chloride, the values are more dependent on the
5
CON
30kOhm_5% temperature (88.6%rh at 0 C, 84.3%rh at 25 C and
GND LM555CM
R3 81.2%rh at 50 C).
1 Key = a
100K_LIN
0%
The saturated salt-water systems are prepared from reagent
grade chemical and reagent water produced by distillation or
C3
150pF C1
by ion exchange.
30%
Key = a
10uF
ASTM E 104 recommends different salts for equilibrium
relative humidity at 25 C:
- Lithium Chloride LiCl 11.3%rh
- Potassium Acetate KC2H3O2 22.5%rh
- Magnesium Chloride MgCl2 32.8%rh
Fig. 8 - Potassium carbonate K2CO3 43.2%rh
- Magnesium Nitrate Mg(NO3)2 52.9%rh
Corrective algorithms may be loaded into EEPROM and - Sodium Chloride NaCl 75.3%rh
used as calibration data. - Potassium Chloride KCl 84.3%rh
The algorithm below should be used for this purpose: - Potassium Nitrate KNO3 93.6%rh
- Potassium sulphate K2SO4 97.3%rh.
Rel. Humidity (%rh) = 0.0009578(CpF)3 0.4078272 (CpF)2
+ 59.4520094(CpF) 2878.8
Potassium carbonate is usually chosen as reference point
(with 43.2%rh) for its mean position in humidity scale and
100
its temperature stability
90 y = 0,0009578x3 - 0,4078272x2 + 59,4520094x - 2878,8
(43.1%rh at 0 C to 43.2%rh at 30 C).
80
The ASTM recommended stable saturated salt solutions are
70 suitable for calibration or inspection but are not
Relative humidity (%rh)

60 recommended for long term tests, especially at high

50 humidity.
40

30

20
Calibration recommendations
10
The saturated salt solutions must be prepared 24 hours
0
110 120 130 140 150 before their application.
Capacitance (pF)
A stabilization period of 15 minutes is recommended before
any measurement.
Fig. 9

7
Sources of error and uncertainty Stability in equatorial conditions (Fig. 12)
Temperature is the largest source of error in a humidity STO RAG E AT +40C 95 % rh

measurement. Saturated salt solutions can also be depending 6

M EAN DEV IATIO N dC/C (% )

on temperature. ASTM Designation E 104 indicates the 4

M INIM UM D EV. dC/C (% )
M AX IM U M D EV. dC/C (% )

temperature dependence of the principal salts in the range of

CAPACITANCE SHIFT AT 43.2 %rh

usual applications temperatures. 2

The capacitance (and the general impedance) of the probe 0

connection is also a usual source of mistake.

The Vishay humidity sensor can achieve uncertainties of 2% -2

to 3% of value. -4

Only the measurement method by condensation, working by

sampling, can beat such a performance (0.2 to 1.0%). -6
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
DU RATIO N (H O UR S)

Application recommendations Fig. 12

By the quality of the gold coated terminations of the sensor,
a reliable soldering on printed board or other leads can be Stability under maximum DC voltage (Fig. 13)
obtained in 2 s max. at a soldering temperature of 240 C. ENDURANCE AT +40C 95 %rh UNDER 15 Vdc
6
Non removed flux residues could disrupt the working of the MEAN DEVIATION dC/C (%)

component. 4
MINIMUM DEV. dC/C (%)
MAXIMUM DEV. dC/C (%)

CAPACITANCE SHIFT (%)

2
PERFORMANCES AND STABILITY
0

Reliability and stability -2

An extensive series of statistically designed tests were
performed to assess the effects of time on the sensor -4

performance. The stability of the component in different

-6
working conditions is illustrated by the graphs below. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
DURATION (HOURS)
Sample size for each test is 10 parts.
The drift of the characteristic is illustrated in below figures: Fig. 13

Stability at (room) ambient atmosphere (Fig.10) Stability under maximum AC voltage (Fig. 14)
ENDURANCE AT +40C 95 %rh UNDER 15 Vrms

STORAGE AT +25C 50 %rh 6

MEAN DEVIATION dC/C (%)

6 MAXIMUM DEV. dC/C (%)
CAPACITANCE SHIFT AT 43.2 %rh (%)

MEAN DEVIATION dC/C (%) 4 MINIMUM DEV. dC/C (%)

CAPACITANCE SHIFT AT 43,2 %rh

4 MINIMUM DEV. dC/C (%)

MAXIMUM DEV. dC/C (%) 2

2

0 0

-2
-2

-4
-4
-6
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
-6
DURATION (HOURS)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
DURATION (HOURS)

Fig. 14
Fig. 10
Stability at the maximum specified temperature (Fig. 15)
Stability in cold air (Fig. 11)
STORAGE AT +85C 50 %rh
STORAGE AT -40C 6
6 MEAN DEVIATIO N dC/C (%)
MEAN DEVIATION dC/C (%) MAXIMUM DEV. dC/C (% )

MINIMUM DEV. dC/C (%)

4 MINIM UM DEV. dC/C (%)

4
CAPACITANCE SHIFT AT 43.2 %rh

MAXIMUM DEV. dC/C (%)

CAPACITANCE SHIFT AT 43.2 %rh

2
2

0
0

-2
-2

-4
-4

-6
-6 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 DURATION (HO URS)

DURATION (HOURS)

Fig. 15
Fig.11

8
Field application results GREENHOUSE
The Vishay humidity sensor has been tested by the 10

Technical and Physical Research Service of the National JULY

8 SEPTEMBER
Agricultural Institute of the Netherlands, and by the DECEMBER

Applications Laboratories of Philips.

READING DEVIATION (%rh)

6

To obtain a reference for stability measurements, all 4

humistors were calibrated in the 30 to 90%rh rang at an
ambient temperature of 25 C. 2

The test period lasted six months, and measurements were 0

performed monthly between July and December in four

-2
typical environments: outdoor environment, cheese store, a
pig sty and a greenhouse. Figs 16 to 19 show the results of -4
15 30 45 60 75 90
these tests. MEASUREMENT HUMIDITY (%rh)

In particular, the atmosphere in a pig sty normally contains a

rather high proportion of ammonia, and although the results Fig. 19
here (Fig.18) were quite satisfactory.

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENT

10

JULY Reading list

8 SEPTEMBER
DECEMBER

[1] A Guide to the Measurement of Humidity

READING DEVIATION (%rh)

4
(1996)
The Institute of Measurement and Control
2
87 Gower St
0 London WC1E6AA
-2
[2] Humidity Effects on the Comfort and Well-
-4
15 30 45 60 75 90
being of People
MEASUREMENT HUMIDITY (%rh)
Ralph G Nevins (Kansas State University, Manhattan,
Fig. 16 Kansas) and James D. Hardy (John B. Pierce Foundation,
New Haven, Connecticut).
CHEESE STORE
10

JULY
[3] ASTM E 104 85 (Re-approved 1991), Standard
8 SEPTEMBER
DECEMBER
Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidity by
Means of Aqueous Solutions.
READING DEVIATION (%rh)

2 Web sites
0
(1) www.Vishay.com
-2 The Vishay company
-4
(2) www.Sablesys.com
15 30 45 60 75 90 For information about linearization
MEASUREMENT HUMIDITY (%rh)
(3) www.sensorsmag.com
Fig. 17 (4) Site of Sensors Online, Sensors Express and
PIG STY Sensors Magazine
10 Especially :
8
JULY
SEPTEMBER
http://archives.sensorsmag.com/articles/0701/54/
DECEMBER
main.shtml
(5) www.npl.co.uk
READING DEVIATION (%rh)

4
For National Physical Laboratory

-2

-4
15 30 45 60 75 90
MEASUREMENT HUMIDITY (%rh)

Fig. 18