Shaft 2012 Users Manual PDF

SHAFT v2012 Users Manual
A Program for the Study

of Drilled Shafts
under Axial Loads
by
Lymon C. Reese
Shin Tower Wang
Jose A. Arrellaga
Luis Vasquez
for
ENSOFT, INC.
3003 W. Howard Lane
Austin, Texas 78728
United States of America
(Release Date: July 2017)

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SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT & DISCLAIMER

IMPORTANT NOTICE: Please carefully read the terms of the license
agreement and disclaimer at the end of this book. Usage of this software
signifies acceptance with those terms.
Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

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Contents
CHAPTER 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1 General Description ................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.2 History of Development ............................................................................................................. 1-2
1.2.1 SHAFT1 (1987) .................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.2.2 SHAFT, Version 2 (1989)..................................................................................................... 1-3
1.2.3 SHAFT 3.0 for Windows (1995) .......................................................................................... 1-3
1.2.7 SHAFT 2012 ........................................................................................................................ 1-4
1.3 Organization of SHAFT Manuals ................................................................................................ 1-4
1.4 Typographical Conventions........................................................................................................ 1-4
1.5 Contents of the SHAFT Package ................................................................................................. 1-4
1.6 Hardware Requirements ............................................................................................................ 1-5
1.7 Technical Support ...................................................................................................................... 1-5
1.7.1 Preferred Methods of Software Support ........................................................................... 1-5
1.7.2 Support by Telephone ........................................................................................................ 1-6
1.7.3 Upgrade Verification and Internet Site .............................................................................. 1-6
1.7.4 Changes of Support Policy ................................................................................................. 1-6
CHAPTER 2. Installation and Getting Started ..................................................................................... 2-1
2.1 Installation Procedures .............................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1.1 Installation of Single-User Version ..................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.2 Introduction of Network Version ....................................................................................... 2-6
2.1.3 Backup of Original Software .............................................................................................. 2-7
2.1.4 Software Updates on the Internet ..................................................................................... 2-7
2.2 Getting Started........................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.2.1 Starting the Program .......................................................................................................... 2-8
2.2.2 File Management ............................................................................................................... 2-9
2.2.3 Data Input of Application Problem .................................................................................. 2-10
2.2.4 Computation Options....................................................................................................... 2-11
2.2.5 Graphics ........................................................................................................................... 2-12
2.2.6 Arrangement of Windows ................................................................................................ 2-14
2.2.7 Help Files .......................................................................................................................... 2-15
CHAPTER 3. References for Data Input .............................................................................................. 3-1
3.1 File Menu ................................................................................................................................... 3-2

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3.1.1 File New ........................................................................................................................... 3-2

3.1.2 File - Open .......................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.3 File Save........................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.1.4 File Save As ...................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.1.5 File Exit ............................................................................................................................ 3-4
3.2 Data Menu ................................................................................................................................. 3-5
3.2.1 Numeric Data Entries ......................................................................................................... 3-6
3.2.2 Data Title ......................................................................................................................... 3-7
3.2.3 Data Units........................................................................................................................ 3-7
3.2.4 Data Design Method (ASD or LRFD) ................................................................................ 3-8
3.2.5 Data - Drilled-Shaft Properties ........................................................................................... 3-9
3.2.6 Data - Soil Layer Data ....................................................................................................... 3-10
3.2.7 Data - Soil Layer Data - Layer Data ................................................................................... 3-12
3.2.8 Data - Factor of Safety (Allowable Stress Design) ............................................................ 3-25
3.2.9 Data - Computation Methods .......................................................................................... 3-25
3.2.10 Data - Water Table ........................................................................................................... 3-27
3.2.11 Data - Control Options... .................................................................................................. 3-27
3.3 Help Menu................................................................................................................................ 3-29
CHAPTER 4. References for Program Execution and Output Reviews ............................................... 4-1
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2 Computation Menu .................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.1 Computation - Run Analysis ............................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.2 Computation - Edit Input Text............................................................................................ 4-3
4.2.3 Computation - Edit Processor Run Notes .......................................................................... 4-4
4.2.4 Computation - Edit Output Text......................................................................................... 4-5
4.2.5 Computation - View Shaft Elevation .................................................................................. 4-6
4.3 Graphics Menu ........................................................................................................................... 4-7
4.3.1 Mouse Commands in the Graphics Mode ......................................................................... 4-8
4.3.2 Graphics - Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth ........................................................................ 4-9
4.3.3 Graphics - Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth ................................................................... 4-10
4.3.4 Graphics -Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth .................................................................... 4-11
4.3.5 Graphics ASD/LRFD Skin Friction vs Depth ................................................................... 4-12
4.3.6 ASD/LRFD Graphics - Tip Resistance vs Depth ................................................................. 4-13
4.3.7 ASD/LRFD Graphics -Total Capacity vs Depth .................................................................. 4-14
4.3.8 Graphics - Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) ............................................................... 4-15
4.3.9 Graphics - Combined Plots vs Depth (ASD/LRFD) ............................................................ 4-16
4.3.10 Graphics - Axial Load vs Settlement (Averaged) .............................................................. 4-17
4.3.11 Graphics - Axial Load vs Settlement (Upper Bound) ........................................................ 4-18
4.3.12 Graphics - Axial Load vs Settlement (Lower Bound) ........................................................ 4-19
4.3.13 Graphics Combined Plots of Load vs Settlement .......................................................... 4-20

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4.4 Plot Menu................................................................................................................................. 4-20

CHAPTER 5. Example Problems.......................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5-2
5.2 Example Problem 1 Sand ........................................................................................................ 5-4
5.2.1 Soil Profile .......................................................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.2 Soil Properties .................................................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.3 Construction....................................................................................................................... 5-4
5.2.4 Loadings ............................................................................................................................. 5-4
5.2.5 Factor of Safety .................................................................................................................. 5-5
5.2.6 Ultimate Load ..................................................................................................................... 5-5
5.2.7 Geometry of the Drilled Shaft ............................................................................................ 5-5
5.2.8 Hand Computations ........................................................................................................... 5-5
5.2.9 Comparison of Results ....................................................................................................... 5-5
5.2.10 Input Data for Computer Analysis...................................................................................... 5-6
5.2.11 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis ............................................................................ 5-6
5.2.12 Output Data ....................................................................................................................... 5-8
5.3 Example Problem 2 Mixed Clay/Sand ................................................................................... 5-28
5.3.1 Soil Profile ........................................................................................................................ 5-28
5.3.2 Soil Properties .................................................................................................................. 5-28
5.3.3 Construction ..................................................................................................................... 5-28
5.3.4 Loadings ........................................................................................................................... 5-28
5.3.5 Factor of Safety ................................................................................................................ 5-28
5.3.6 Ultimate Load ................................................................................................................... 5-28
5.3.7 Geometry of the Drilled Shaft .......................................................................................... 5-29
5.3.8 Hand Computations ......................................................................................................... 5-29
5.3.9 Comparison of Results ..................................................................................................... 5-29
5.3.10 Input Data for Computer Analysis.................................................................................... 5-30
5.3.11 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-30
5.3.12 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-33
5.4 Example Problem 3 Clay........................................................................................................ 5-38
5.4.1 Soil Profile ........................................................................................................................ 5-38
5.4.2 Soil Properties .................................................................................................................. 5-38
5.4.3 Construction ..................................................................................................................... 5-38
5.4.4 Loadings ........................................................................................................................... 5-38
5.4.5 Factor of Safety ................................................................................................................ 5-38
5.4.6 Ultimate Load ................................................................................................................... 5-38

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5.4.12 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-41
5.5 Example Problem 4 Belled, Silty Sand & Silty Clay ................................................................ 5-45
5.5.1 Soil Profile ........................................................................................................................ 5-45
5.5.2 Soil Properties .................................................................................................................. 5-45
5.5.3 Construction ..................................................................................................................... 5-45
5.5.4 Loading ............................................................................................................................. 5-45
5.5.5 Factor of Safety ................................................................................................................ 5-45
5.5.11 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-49
5.6 Example Problem 5 Strong Rock ........................................................................................... 5-54
5.6.1 Soil Profile ........................................................................................................................ 5-54
5.6.2 Soil Properties .................................................................................................................. 5-54
5.6.3 Construction ..................................................................................................................... 5-54
5.6.4 Loading ............................................................................................................................. 5-54
5.6.5 Factor of Safety ................................................................................................................ 5-54
5.6.11 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-57
5.7 Example Problem 6 Weak Rock ............................................................................................ 5-61
5.7.1 Description of the Problem -Rough Socket ...................................................................... 5-61
5.7.3 Description of the Problem - Smooth Socket................................................................... 5-63
5.7.7 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-66
5.8 Example Problem 7 Gravel .................................................................................................... 5-69
5.8.1 Description of the Problem .............................................................................................. 5-69
5.8.5 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-72

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5.9 Example Problem 8 Gravelly Sand & Gravel ......................................................................... 5-76

5.9.1 Soil Profile ........................................................................................................................ 5-76
5.9.2 Soil Properties .................................................................................................................. 5-76
5.9.3 Construction ..................................................................................................................... 5-76
5.9.6 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-78
5.10 Example Problem 9 LRFD ...................................................................................................... 5-83
5.10.1 Soil Profile ........................................................................................................................ 5-83
5.10.2 Soil Properties .................................................................................................................. 5-83
5.10.7 Output Data ..................................................................................................................... 5-88
List of Technical References .......................................................................................................................... 1
License Agreement & Disclaimer .................................................................................................................. 1

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List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Main CD-ROM installation screen for ENSOFT software (may change with time) ................. 2-3
Figure 2.2 Installation screen with License Agreement (may change with time) .................................... 2-4
Figure 2.3 Selection of Single-User License (may change with time) ....................................................... 2-4
Figure 2.4 Default Installation Directory for Program Files (may change with time) .............................. 2-5
Figure 2.5 File Extension Association for Shaft Data Files (may change with time) ................................ 2-5
Figure 2.6 Default Shortcut Folder in Windows Start Menu (may change with time) ............................ 2-6
Figure 2.7 Sample organization and operational flow chart..................................................................... 2-8
Figure 2.8 Options contained in the File menu ........................................................................................ 2-9
Figure 2.9 Options contained in the Data menu .................................................................................... 2-11
Figure 2.10 Options contained in the Computation menu .................................................................... 2-12
Figure 2.11 Options contained in the Graphics menu ........................................................................... 2-14
Figure 2.12 Options contained in the Window menu ............................................................................ 2-15
Figure 2.13 Options contained in the Help menu .................................................................................. 2-16
Figure 3.1 Window screen for the File Open dialog............................................................................... 3-3
Figure 3.2 Message window for incomplete or invalid files .................................................................... 3-4
Figure 3.3 Message window advising that changes were not saved to disk............................................ 3-5
Figure 3.4 Options contained in the Data menu ...................................................................................... 3-6
Figure 3.5 Window screen for sample Data - Title ................................................................................... 3-7
Figure 3.6 Window screen for Data Menu Design Method (ASD or LRFD) ........................................... 3-8
Figure 3.7 Window screen for sample Data - Drilled-Shaft Properties .................................................. 3-10
Figure 3.8 Data - Soil Layer Data dialog box for ASD Method................................................................ 3-11
Figure 3.9 Data - Soil Layer Data dialog box for LRFD Method .............................................................. 3-11
Figure 3.10 Soil data for sand layers ...................................................................................................... 3-13
Figure 3.11 Soil data for clay layers ....................................................................................................... 3-16
Figure 3.12 Soil data for shale layers ..................................................................................................... 3-18
Figure 3.13 Soil data for layers of strong rock ....................................................................................... 3-20
Figure 3.14 Soil data for decomposed rock layers ................................................................................. 3-21
Figure 3.15 Soil data for weak rock layers ............................................................................................. 3-22
Figure 3.16 Window screen for sample Data Factor of Safety .............................................................. 3-24
Figure 3.17 Window screen for sample Data-Factor of Safety (ASD Method) ...................................... 3-25
Figure 3.18 Options contained in Data Computation Methods ............................................................. 3-26
Figure 3.19 Options contained in Data Computation Methods - Specify the shaft length .................... 3-27
Figure 3.20 Options contained in Data Computation Methods - Specify the design load..................... 3-27
Figure 3.21 Options contained in Data Water Table.............................................................................. 3-27
Figure 3.22 Options contained in Data Control Options .................................................................. 3-29
Figure 4.1 Command options contained in the Computation menu. ...................................................... 4-2
Figure 4.2 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing input text of Example Problem 1. ............... 4-4
Figure 4.3 Sample Microsoft Notepad session of processor-run notes for a modified Example
Problem 1. ...................................................................................................................... 4-5

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Figure 4.4 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing the output-text file of Example Problem 1.4-6
Figure 4.5 Sample View Shaft Elevation command option. ..................................................................... 4-7
Figure 4.6 Command option contained in the Graphics menu. ............................................................... 4-8
Figure 4.8 Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth command option for Example Problem 1. ........................... 4-9
Figure 4.9 Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth command option for Example Problem 1. ...................... 4-10
Figure 4.10 Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth command option for Example Problem 1. .................... 4-11
Figure 4.11 Skin Friction vs. Depth (w/F.S.) command option for Example Problem 1. ........................ 4-12
Figure 4.12 Tip Resistance vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1. .................................................. 4-13
Figure 4.13 Total Capacity vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1. .................................................... 4-14
Figure 4.14 Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) for Example Problem 1. ............................................ 4-15
Figure 4.15 Combined Plots vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1. ................................................ 4-16
Figure 4.16 Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 1. .............................................................. 4-17
Figure 4.17 Upper-Bound Curves for Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 1. ...................... 4-18
Figure 4.18 Lower-Bound Curves for Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 1. ...................... 4-19
Figure 4.19 Combined Axial Load vs Settlement Curves for Example Problem 1. ................................. 4-20
Figure 4.19 Command options contained in the Plot menu. ................................................................. 4-22
Figure 5.1 General soil description of Example Problem 1. ..................................................................... 5-4
Figure 5.2 Curve of Skin Friction vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1. ........................................... 5-6
Figure 5.3 Curve of Tip Resistance vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1. ........................................ 5-7
Figure 5.4 Curve of Total Capacity vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1. ........................................ 5-7
Figure 5.5 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1. ..................................... 5-8
Figure 5.6 General soil description of Example Problem 2. ................................................................... 5-28
Figure 5.7 Curve of Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 2. ....................................... 5-31
Figure 5.8 Curve of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 2. ..................................... 5-31
Figure 5.9 Curve of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 2. .................................... 5-32
Figure 5.10 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 2. ................................................ 5-32
Figure 5.11 General soil description of Example Problem 3. ................................................................. 5-38
Figure 5.12 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) for Example Problem 3. .............................. 5-40
Figure 5.14 General soil description of Example Problem 4. ................................................................. 5-45
Figure 5.15 Curve of Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 4. ..................................... 5-48
Figure 5.16 Curve of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 4. .................................. 5-48
Figure 5.17 General soil description of Example Problem5. .................................................................. 5-54
Figure 5.18 Curve of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 5. .................................. 5-56
Figure 5.20 General pile and soil description for Example Problem 6. .................................................. 5-61
Figure 5.21 Curves of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 6 (rough and smooth sockets).
Obtained from hand computations (ONeill et al., 1975) ............................................ 5-64
Figure 5.22 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 6using rough socket with closed
joints............................................................................................................................. 5-65
Figure 5.23 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 6using smooth socket with closed
joints............................................................................................................................. 5-65

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Figure 5.24 General pile and soil description for Example Problem 7. .................................................. 5-69
Figure 5.25 Curves of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 7. Obtained from hand
computations (ONeill et al., 1975) .............................................................................. 5-71
Figure 5.27 General soil description of Example Problem..................................................................... 5-76
Figure 5.28 Curve of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 8. .................................. 5-77
Figure 5.30 General soil description of Example Problem 9 .................................................................. 5-84
Figure 5.31 Curve of LRFD Geotechnical Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 9. ........................... 5-87

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List of Tables
Table 2.1 Files created in SHAFT runs .................................................................................................... 2-10
Table 3.1 Supported mathematical operations and constants ................................................................ 3-6
Table 3.2 Relationship between N and (after Gibbs and Holtz, 1957) ................................................ 3-14
Table 4.1 Mouse commands in the graphics mode .................................................................................. 4-8
Table 5.1 Comparison of results for Example Problem 1 ......................................................................... 5-6
Table 5.2 Comparison of results for Example Problem 2 ....................................................................... 5-29
Table 5.5 Comparison of results for Example Problem 5 ...................................................................... 5-55
Table 5.6 Numerical computation of load-transfer factors for Example Problem 7 ............................. 5-70
Table 5.7 Summary of factored loads on the 8-ft OD drilled shaft for Example Problem 9 .................. 5-83
Table 5.8 Summary of factored loads on the 8-ft OD drilled shaft for Example Problem 9 .................. 5-83
Table 5.9 Calculations for axial compressive resistance, Strength I Limit State for Example Problem 9 .. 5-
85
Table 5.10 Comparison of results for Example Problem 9 ..................................................................... 5-86

CHAPTER 1. Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1-2
1.1 General Description

The procedures and programs used for analysis and design of drilled shafts to support axial loading
have undergone changes in recent years. There are two principal reasons for these changes: field tests
have been performed on full-sized, instrumented drilled shafts in a wide variety of soil and rock providing
the availability of data on load-transfer in skin friction and in end bearing; and information has become
available on improved methods of construction. In addition, advances in computer software and operating
systems have improved functionality of computer programs.
It is beyond the scope of this document to discuss methods of construction, but it is certainly
appropriate to emphasize the importance and influence of these methods. While past failures of drilled
shafts to perform properly under axial loading have been relatively rare, the difficulties that have been
reported, almost without exception, have been related to errors in construction. Therefore, the user of the
SHAFT software is urged to give careful attention to the preparation of construction specifications and to
the performance of field inspection by qualified personnel to ensure that good construction is achieved.
At the present time it is well established that drilled shafts can carry a substantial portion of their
load in skin friction or side resistance. Much of the data from field tests of instrumented drilled shafts
show that the initial loads are sustained almost completely by skin friction. Usually, at a relatively small
downward movement, the full resistance in skin friction is mobilized and the remaining load is carried in
end bearing. At the ultimate load, a sizeable portion may be carried in end bearing but at a significant
amount of downward movement of the drilled shaft. In some instances, there is some reduction in the
load carried in side resistance as the downward movement is continued, due probably to the reduction in
shear strength of the soil along the sides of the shaft. Thus, the designer must take into account the
amount of downward movement and the resulting influence on load transfer when both end bearing and
skin friction are being counted on.
As noted above, tests of instrumented drilled shafts have allowed the load that was transferred to
the soil in skin friction (side resistance) to be measured and correlations have been developed between the
skin friction and soil properties. The scatter in the correlation is relatively small where excellent methods
of construction were employed. However, there are several reasons to use caution in making designs that
depend strongly on skin friction: the number of instrumented tests is relatively small, there are some types
of soil where tests have not been performed, and the load transfer in skin friction is influenced strongly by
construction procedures. Therefore, designs that make use of skin friction must be made with care or
field load tests must be made to prove the design or to obtain revised design parameters.
SHAFT is a special-purpose program based on rational procedures for analyzing a drilled shaft
under axial loading. The program computes settlement of the top and base of the shaft as a function of
axial loading, along with the distribution of axial load along the length of the shaft.
1.2 History of Development

1.2.1 SHAFT1 (1987)
With the advent of wide-spread availability of personal computers, the founder of ENSOFT, Inc.,
had a vision to improve the engineering capability for analysis and design of deep foundations by
providing useful software tools. The development of SHAFT1 was completed under the direction of Dr.

Lymon C. Reese and was first commercially distributed in 1987. While based on an earlier mainframe
program, SHAFT1 was developed to use an interactive input method.
1.2.2 SHAFT, Version 2 (1989)

Version 2 of SHAFT was released in 1989. This version incorporated the improved methods of
analysis developed by Reese and ONeill (1988). In addition, a menu-based DOS interface was
introduced.
1.2.3 SHAFT 3.0 for Windows (1995)

The success of Windows 3.1 from Microsoft, Inc., as the dominant platform for personal computers
pushed software development to adopt a standard, graphical-user interface. This version of SHAFT
utilized Windows-based pre-and post-processors, while retaining the original computing engine from
Version 2.

SHAFT 4.0 was a complete recoding of both the pre-and post-processing programs running under
Windows 95/NT and the computing engine. The graphical-user interface was recoded to provide a more
intuitive process for data input and to enhance the graphical capabilities.
In addition, in the technical side, Version4 includes new capabilities to analyze drilled shafts in
intermediate geomaterials, such as gravel and soft rock. Version 4 was capable of automatically com-
puting capacities for shaft subjected to uplift forces.

This version of SHAFT has been improved over the previous version in that the computational
methods have been updated to conform to the recommendations by the Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA, 1999). In addition, the graphical output features have been updated to allow the user to plot
both the ultimate and service load cases for the shaft. SHAFT 5.0 also included an updated help file that
contains information on all areas of the program where the user is asked to input information, as well as
information on program output.

SHAFT Version 6.0 added new soil criteria for computing the axial capacity of drilled shafts in
strata of gravelly sand and gravel based on the studies by Rollins et al (2005). Another new feature in
Version 6.0 is to allow the user to include both side friction and tip resistance for drilled shafts in strong
rock for comparison. The load-versus-settlement curve at the top of the drilled shaft in soils becomes
more and more important to the structural engineers for specifying the stiffness of the foundations. The
new version of SHAFT will allow the user to compare the upper-bound, lower-bound, and trend
(averaged) curves together for engineering assessment. The user may specify the increment length, such
as 1 ft, 2 ft, 1 m, or 2 m, for printing the output. SHAFT Version 6.0 also generates t-z curves for each
soil layer and will save the data in an external file for export. The graphics allow the user to present the
soil profile along the predicted pile capacity as a function of depth

1.2.7 SHAFT 2012

Maintenance services become more demanding and important for Program SHAFT, which has
been used daily by the engineering institutes worldwide. Program SHAFT used the year number as the
version sequence starting in 2012. The major improvement in v2012 was to provide options for
specifying the reduction factors on side friction and tip resistance for each soil/rock layer if the user
selects the LRFD method for design. The option for the conventional Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
method through specifying factors of safety is still available in SHAFT 2012. The program allows the
user to change the line width and font sizes in the generated plots. In addition, the v2012 release
introduces compatibility to Windows 8. The program text book was updated and released in separate
Users and Technical Manuals, both improved plus released electronically in protected PDF format.
1.3 Organization of SHAFT Manuals

The documentation provided with the computer program SHAFT consists of two volumes. The
Users Manual contains full documentation about the operation of the program on personal computers.
The Users Manual covers the areas of installation, preparation of input data, program execution, view of
computational results, and example applications. The distribution of the Users Manual is made via
standard Adobe PDF file format.
The Technical Manual provides information about the theories of load-transfer and settlement of
drilled shafts in different types of soil/rock strata. The Technical Manual includes other helpful
references related to concepts utilized in program SHAFT. ENSOFT holds a copyright of the Technical
Manual so it is distributed in protected form that can only be opened by licensed users of the SHAFT
program.
Both Manuals are installed with the SHAFT program and accessible via any one of the following
three methods: i) from the Windows Start Menu, ii) from the Ensoft tile in Windows 8, or iii) from the
Help menu within the SHAFT program.
1.4 Typographical Conventions

To orient the user to different program features, certain terms are set in typefaces that distinguish
them from the body text. The following formatting conventions are used throughout the manuals:
Commands that are typed directly on the keyboard: Enter ; F1 ; Esc
Commands with keys simultaneously pressed in the keyboard: Alt+F ; Ctr+O
Menu items and other text displayed on the screen are in sans serif:
From the File menu choose Open
File names and names of directories and folder and icon names are in italics:
Open the example file example1.sfd
Internet and electronic mail addresses are underlined:
Send email to support@ensoftinc.com
1.5 Contents of the SHAFT Package

The standard package sent with SHAFT consists of the following items:

One USB device (sometimes known as hardware key or dongle),

one backup CD-ROM (this may be missing in future releases, since the full program is
available for free downloading from the www.ensoftinc.com website.
The user-selected installation directory (default directory is Program Files\Ensoft\Shaft2012)
contains the main Windows-program module (winsh2012.exe), the program engine for direct
computations (Shaft2012_DLL.dll), the Help file (Shaft_2012.chm), and other support files. The Users
and Technical Manuals are also included in the installation directory. Several examples of input files (all
files with extension *.sfd) are installed in a separate Ensoft/Shaft2012-Examples subdirectory in the root
Windows drive (usually c:\).
1.6 Hardware Requirements

To use SHAFT, the user needs the following minimum hardware configuration:
Any personal computer with an Intel Pentium or newer processor.
A hard disk with at least 25 MB of free space.
Microsoft Windows 2000, XP, VISTA, Windows 7 or Windows 8. A newer release of the
Microsoft Windows operating system may need a more recent update of the SHAFT
software.
Minimum of 640 KB of free RAM memory.
A mouse or similar pointing device.
Optional: Any windows-compatible printer.
1.7 Technical Support

Although computer program SHAFT was designed to be distinguished by its ease of use and by its
accompanying Users Manual, some users may still have questions. The technical staff at ENSOFT
strongly supports all registered users with questions related to the installation or use of SHAFT, according
to the stipulations presented below. The software is provided with free maintenance service for the first
year. After the first year the user is encouraged to purchase the yearly maintenance services. The yearly
maintenance services include free download of the latest version and free technical support for installation
and usage issues as described below.
1.7.1 Preferred Methods of Software Support

Software support is given, in order of preference, by the following methods:
Electronic mail to: support@ensoftinc.com
Fax to: (512) 244-6067
Telephone call to: (512) 244-6464, extension 2
Users are strongly encouraged to utilize electronic means of support via email. In any event, users
should include the following information when requesting for software support: software version (obtain
from the Help/About menu), description of the problem copy, input-data file attachment, contact person
and licensed company or user name (or name and office location of the licensed company).

Although immediate answers (less than two hours during regular working hours) are offered on
most technical support requests, up to two business days should be expected in case of difficulties or
conflict of schedules. The users will be informed of ENSOFTs reception of their electronic mails
requesting software support if the problem is complicated and cannot be resolved within two business
days.
1.7.2 Support by Telephone

Technical help by means of direct calls to our local telephone number (512-244-6464) is available,
but limited. The current policy of ENSOFT is that all telephone calls for software support will be
answered free of charge for the first 15 minutes of each call if the user has a current maintenance policy.
A charge of $90.00 US dollars per hour ($1.50 US dollars per minute) may come into effect for every
additional minute after the initial 15 minutes. Applicable charges will be billed to the user.
Software support by any of the methods (fax, email or telephone) is free for all users that have a
current annual maintenance policy.
1.7.3 Upgrade Verification and Internet Site

Starting from SHAFT v2012 the software provides options for the user to check the most recent
maintenance release through an internet connection by selecting Help/Check for Updates. This
command starts the default internet browser and will display the users maintenance expiration date, the
users software release number and the most recent release number that is available for downloading.
If the users version is not the latest version and the maintenance has not been expired, the user can
download the latest version from our web server directly (www.ensoftinc.com). Users may also consult
our internet site for additional information on software updates, demos, and new applications; technical
news; and company information.
1.7.4 Changes of Support Policy

The software support policy and associated expenses are subject to change at ENSOFTs discretion
and without specific mailed notices to the users. However, any change of rules will be verbally provided
during telephone calls for software support.

CHAPTER 2. Installation and Getting
Started
CHAPTER 2 Installation and Getting Started 2-2
2.1 Installation Procedures

Program SHAFT is distributed with an associated USB key (hardware key or dongle). The
hardware key consists of a device that is attached to an empty USB port (or USB hub) of the computer in
use (or in the designated software server in the case of local network licenses). This method of software
protection has been found to provide compatibility with existing operating systems, better stability than
other alternatives, and allows users to obtain software updates or replacements via downloads from the
internet.
2.1.1 Installation of Single-User Version

This version of SHAFT has been tested to be compatible with the following versions of the
Microsoft Windows operating systems: 2000, XP, Vista, Windows 7 and 8.
The following guidelines are recommended to be followed during the installation process of
SHAFT for single-user licenses.
1. Plug the supplied hardware lock (USB device) into one of the available USB ports in your computer.
The USB device is plug-and-play compatible so the operating system will recognize the USB device
automatically and a small solid green light should be noticeable at the end of the USB key (a
flickering green light or no light indicate problems with the standard windows driver or with the
USB key).
2. If the user installs from a distribution CD-ROM and the main installation program does not start
automatically upon insertion of the CD then click on the Windows Start Menu button and select
Run. On the command line, type d:\setup.exe or e:\setup.exe, where d: or e: represents the drive
that contains the distribution CD. Click OK to execute the command and start the main installation
program for ENSOFTs software. A screen similar to the one in Figure 2.1 should appear.
3. If the user installs from a downloaded file then please run the downloaded file (double click) and go
to instruction #5.
4. Click anywhere on the SHAFT icon and then click on the Install Standard button to start the
installation of SHAFT.
5. The user should read the license agreement shown in Figure 2.2. Please click Yes if you agree and
would like to proceed.
6. Select Single-User License in Figure 2.3 then click Next. For network installations please contact
Ensoft support (support@ensoftinc.com).
7. The user will be provided with an option to select a drive and directory for the installation of SHAFT
(see Figure 2.4); the default is c:\Program Files (x86)\Ensoft\Shaft2012. If the desired directory
does not exist, the installation program will automatically create a new directory in the chosen hard
drive.
Most distribution files will be copied to the installation directory (either the default or the one
selected by the user). However, certain files are copied to system directories in Windows and some
Windows services are started during installation (mainly for Network installations). The name of the
system files, their exact locations, and the type of services that are started may change in time and
for different versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Example files are copied to the following subdirectory under the root Windows drive:
(Root Drive)\Ensoft\Shaft2012-Examples
8. During the installation the user will be asked to set the file extension association for opening Shaft
v2012 input data files (see Figure 2.5). If the user agrees (leaves the default check mark) then
double clicking (or running) any input data file with extensions of the type filename.sfd will start the
installed Shaft v2012 software.
9. The user will be prompted to confirm the shortcut directory name that will be created in the
Windows Start Menu (See Figure 2.6). The default is Start Menu/Programs/Ensoft/Shaft2012.
Windows 8 will automatically create an Ensoft tile with the same shortcuts.
Figure 2.1 Main CD-ROM installation screen for ENSOFT software (may change with
time)
After the installation is finished, it is usually not necessary to reboot Windows for the program to
run. The user may run the program by selecting Shaft v2012 from the standard links installed in the
Microsoft Windows Start Menu: Start Menu > All Programs > Ensoft > Shaft2012

Figure 2.2 Installation screen with License Agreement (may change with time)
Figure 2.3 Selection of Single-User License (may change with time)

Figure 2.4 Default Installation Directory for Program Files (may change with time)
Figure 2.5 File Extension Association for Shaft Data Files (may change with time)

Figure 2.6 Default Shortcut Folder in Windows Start Menu (may change with time)
2.1.2 Introduction of Network Version

Special network licenses and USB hardware keys (network keys) are available for users that desire
to operate SHAFT on a Windows network. The network version is limited to users within a specified
range of IP addresses at each licensed physical site. Discounted rates apply for purchases of multiple
network seats for the same site.
Network versions of SHAFT have special subroutines written for installations in software servers
and for installations of individual clients. The software server is known as the computer that will be
carrying the network key provided by ENSOFT, INC. The software server is not necessarily the same as
the existing network server. Any computer in the existing Windows network may be designated software
server for SHAFT as long as the network key is attached to an available USB port (or through an USB
hub) and the server version of the software is installed on its hard drive. Software clients may be all
other computers of the network that have the program installed as client. Client computers do not need
any hardware key attached to their local system. The program installed in client computers will be
allowed to run as long as the computer designated as software server is accessible on the network with
the proper operating system and with its network key secured in place.
Users of the network version of SHAFT are allowed to have the software installed in as many
computers as desired within their specified IP ranges of their local Windows network. However, only a
number of users equal to the total number of purchased licenses will be able to operate the program at the
same time.

2.1.2.1 Installation of Network Version

Installers of network licenses should refer to a separate booklet with installation instructions for the
Network version of this product. The document can be downloaded from the Ensoft web site
(http://www.ensoftinc.com/updates/Ensoft Network Installation Notes.pdf) or can be requested via email
to support@ensoftinc.com
2.1.2.2 Silent Installations on Client Computers

For installation of network licenses on local client computers there is an option for command-based
installations that are completely silent (performed without other user input). Instructions for silent
installations on client computers can be downloaded from the Ensoft web site using the following link:
http://www.ensoftinc.com/updates/Silent Install on Client Computers.pdf
Alternatively, the document can be requested via email to support@ensoftinc.com
2.1.3 Backup of Original Software

The distributed software may be copied for backup purposes. The program may be installed in
several computers at the same time. However, unless network licenses are purchased, the program will
only operate in computers that carry the appropriate hardware key.
2.1.4 Software Updates on the Internet

Occasionally, ENSOFT will produce software improvements and/or fixes and place the latest
software programs on ENSOFTs internet site. Software users may freely download the latest program
update from the following site: http://www.ensoftinc.com
2.2 Getting Started

A general diagram showing the menu choices and operational flow chart of program SHAFT is
presented in Figure 2.7. The following paragraphs provide a short description of the operational features
of SHAFT and should quickly enable the user to get started with the program.

Figure 2.7 Sample organization and operational flow chart
2.2.1 Starting the Program

The program is started by double clicking the left mouse button anywhere in the SHAFT icon. A
new blank window will appear on the screen, with the following top-menu choices: File, Data,
Computation, Graphics, Window, and Help.
As a standard Windows feature, pressing the Alt key displays the menu operations with
underlined letters. Pressing the underlined letter after pressing Alt is the same as clicking the operation.

For example, to open a New File, the user could press Alt+F followed by N, or Ctrl+N, or click
File then New. Additionally, holding the mouse cursor over an icon displays the icon function.
2.2.2 File Management

The File menu option contains five submenus, as shown in Figure 2.8; they are:
New to create a new data file.
Open to open an existing data file.
Save to save input data under the current file name.
Save As to save input data under a different file name.
Exit to exit program SHAFT.
A history list of up to the last ten recently-opened data files is located between the Save As and the Exit
options. This list varies on each users computer and allows for easy access to recent data files.
Figure 2.8 Options contained in the File menu
Several additional files are created in every new SHAFT run. A general description of these files is
presented in Table 2.1. Every run of SHAFT thus generates four text files in the same drive and directory
where the input-data file was saved or opened. Any of these files may be opened with standard text
editors or word processing programs.

File Name Usage File Example

Extension Description Format Files
*.sfd Input-data file Text file example1.sfd
example2.sfd
*.sfo Output-data file Text file example1.sfo
example2.sfo
*.sfp Plot-data file Text file example1.sfp
example2.sfp
*.sfr Processor-data file Text file example1.sfr
example2.sfr
Table 2.1 Files created in SHAFT runs
2.2.3 Data Input of Application Problem

The Data menu contains several choices of submenus, as shown in Figure 2.9. The choices are
listed below, along with a general description of their use.
Title .................. to enter a single line of text with a general description for the project.
Units ................ this option allows the user to select either English Units (using pounds, feet, and inches)
or SI Units (using kiloNewtons and meters) or any other consistent set of units of force
and length. English units are enabled, as a default, for all new data files. The user may
change the system of units as many times as desired and values that were previously
inputted will be automatically converted by the program.
Design Method (ASD or LRFD) ......this option allows the user to select either (using pounds, feet, and
inches) or (using kiloNewtons and meters) or any other consistent set of units of . English
units are enabled, as a default, for all new runs. The user may change the system of units
as many times as desired and values that were previously inputted will be automatically
converted by the program.
Drilled Shaft Properties to describe dimensions, and material properties of the drilled shaft.
Soil Layer Data .............. this submenu is used to define the type and depth of each soil/rock layer and to
enter the associated soil/ rock parameters.
Factor of Safety (Allowable Stress Design).this submenu is used to enter the factor of safety that
will be used during computations.
Computation Methods .. this submenu is used to select the analysis for a specific shaft length or for a
specific design load.
Water Table .... this submenu is used to specify the depth of the water table. The depth of water table is
referenced from the ground surface or finished grade.
Control Options .............. the user should input in this box the complete path and command line for the
preferred text editor or word processor that will be used to examine and print the input,
output, and processor plain text files created by the program. As a default , the command
line is used to operate the standard Microsoft Notepad text editor that is included with
most Windows installations. However, there may be some instances when the output

files are too large for Notepad and a different text editor or word processor should be
used. In those cases it is suggested to use Microsoft WordPad or similar.
Figure 2.9 Options contained in the Data menu
2.2.4 Computation Options

The Computation menu is provided to run the analytical computations after all data are entered
and saved. After the computation is executed successfully this menu also provides options for the
reviews of plain-text input data, notes produced during computation, and output data. It also provides an
option for the graphical observation of the modeled pile and soil layers. Submenu choices, shown in
Figure 2.10, are briefly described below.
Run Analysis .. ............... this option is chosen to run the analytical computations. This option should be
selected after all data have been entered and saved.
Edit Input Text ............... this option calls the chosen Text Editor (selected under Data/Control
Options) to observe and/or edit the analytical input data in plain-text format. The option
becomes available after the input data has been saved to disk, or when opening an
existing input-data file.
Edit Processor-Run Notes ...............this option calls the chosen Text Editor (selected under
Data/Control Options) to observe, format, and/or print the notes provided during

processing. The option becomes available (or modified) after a run attempt has been
made. The user is encouraged to read the processor-run notes if the program is not
running successfully. The processor-run notes may provide the user with some additional
information about possible causes of the problem.
Edit Output Text............. this option calls the chosen Text Editor (selected under Data/Control
Options) to observe, format, and/or print the analytical-output data. The option becomes
available only after a successful run has been made. Certain output files may be too large
for the Microsoft Notepad editor, so other text editors would have to be used (Microsoft
Word Pad should be able to open most text files).
View Shaft Elevation ..... this option provides a graphical representation of the elevation of the modeled
shaft and the location of the specified soil layers.
Figure 2.10 Options contained in the Computation menu
2.2.5 Graphics
The Graphics menu is used to observe plots of output data provided by a successful program run.
Options for the observation of output curves under this menu are only enabled after a successful run has
been made. Even after performing successful runs, some options may still be disabled since the amount

of output data depends on specifications provided in the input file of each program run. Submenu
choices, shown in Figure 2.11, are briefly described below.
Ultimate Skin Friction vs. Depth ......this option provides a plot of ultimate skin friction on the modeled
shaft versus depth.
Ultimate Tip Resistance vs. Depth.this option provides a plot of ultimate end bearing on the
modeled shaft versus depth.
Ultimate Total Capacity vs. Depth.this option provides a plot of the ultimate total capacity (skin
friction + tip resistance) of the modeled shaft versus depth.
ASD/LRFD Skin Friction vs. Depth.this option provides a plot of skin friction on the modeled shaft
versus depth with the specified factor of safety (ASD) or the specified resistance factors
(LRFD).
ASD/LRFD Tip Resistance vs. Depth.this option provides a plot of top resistance of the modeled
shaft versus depth with the specified factor of safety (ASD) or the specified resistance
factors (LRFD).
ASD/LRFD Total Capacity vs. Depth.this option provides a plot of the total capacity (skin friction +
tip resistance) of the modeled shaft versus depth with the specified factor of safety (ASD)
or the specified resistance factors (LRFD).
Combined Plots vs. Depth (ultimate).this option provides a plot of ultimate skin friction, ultimate tip
resistance, and the ultimate total capacity versus depth on the same plot.
Combined Plots vs. Depth (ASD/LRFD).this option provides a plot of skin friction, tip resistance,
and the total capacity versus depth on the same plot all with the specified factor of safety
(ASD) or the specified resistance factors (LRFD).
Axial Load vs. Settlement (Averaged).this option provides a plot of the axial loads versus settlement
at the shaft head based on the averaged trend.
Axial Load vs. Settlement (Upper Bound).this option provides a plot of the axial loads versus
settlement at the shaft head based on the upper-bound data.
Axial Load vs. Settlement (Lower Bound).this option provides a plot of the axial loads versus
settlement at the shaft head based on the lower-bound data.
Combined Plots of Load vs. Settlement.this option provides a plot of the axial loads versus
settlement curves at the shaft head based on the upper-bound, lower-bound, and averaged
trend data.

Figure 2.11 Options contained in the Graphics menu
2.2.6 Arrangement of Windows

The Windows menu provides two standard functions for organizing open- screen windows and/or
minimized screen-window icons. Submenu options, shown in Figure 2.12, are briefly described below.
Cascade .......... this option organizes all open-windowed menus so that all become visible with their tops
cascading from the top left portion of the screen.
Arrange Icons. ............... this option organizes the icons of all minimized windowed menus so that all
become visible and aligned at the bottom portion of the screen.
Other entries under the Windows menu are names of any open windows or plot file, that the user
may select to navigate between open windows.

Figure 2.12 Options contained in the Window menu
2.2.7 Help Files

The Help menu provides an online help reference on topics such as: using the program, entering
data, information about variables used in the program and methods of analyses. Submenu options, shown
in Figure 2.13, are briefly described below. The menu may be accessed at any time while in SHAFT.
Contents ......... the main reference files for help are accessed through this submenu option. The Help
files usually do not provide as much information as the electronic manuals that are also
accessible from the Help menu.
Users Manual ............... this selection calls the installed version of Adobe Acrobat or Acrobat Reader to
open the Users Manual. This document is formatted as an Adobe PDF file.
Technical Manual .......... this selection calls the viewer of the Technical Manual. This is a protected file
(for a copyright document) that can only be opened with this viewer and by users that
are running the program in full mode.
About ............... this provides a screen describing the program version, date, maintenance expiration date,
USB serial number and methods for accessing technical support.
Check for Updates ........ starts the default Internet browser and sends the user to a page that describes
information about the users license (release and maintenance expiration date) as well as

the latest release that is available for downloading at the Ensoft site. Users may only run
in full mode maintenance updates that were released before the expiration date of the
users license.
Figure 2.13 Options contained in the Help menu

CHAPTER 3. References for Data Input
CHAPTER 3 References for Data Input 3-2
3.1 File Menu

This menu contains options related to the management of input-data files and to exit the program.
Input-data files created for SHAFT are provided with a standard file-name extension in the form of
*filename*.sfd (where *filename* represents any allowable file name). All input data files are standard
text files and may be edited with any text editor or word-processing program.
3.1.1 File New

Once the program is started, default values are used for certain operating parameters and a blank
input-data file is created. Selecting New under the File menu resets all SHAFT variables to either default
or blank values, as appropriate. This option should be selected when a new data file is desired to be
created from a blank form. This menu option may also be accessed with the Ctrl+N keyboard
combination.
3.1.2 File - Open

This is used to open a file that has been previously prepared and saved to disk. The File Open
window dialog, shown in Figure 3.1, is used to search for an existing input-data file. By default, the file
is initially searched in the directory where SHAFT was installed. Standard windows-navigation
procedures may be used to locate the name and directory of the desired project file. This menu option
may be accessed with the Ctrl+O keyboard combination.
Every analytical run of SHAFT produces several additional files (previously described in Table 2.1
of this manual). The name of the input-data file indicates the names of all related files produced by a
successful program run (output, graphics, and processor text files). All the additional program files will
be created in the same directory as the input file. Input-data files that are partially completed may be
saved and later opened for completion, run, and observation of results.

Figure 3.1 Window screen for the File Open dialog
Opening some partially-completed SHAFT input files or invalid data files may produce an
information window reporting that an invalid or incomplete file is being opened (Figure 3.2). The user
should click the OK button and all partial-input data that was previously prepared should become
available.
The program allows users to read input-data files created for the previous SHAFT 5.0 or 6.0
versions by selecting the drop-down arrow under the Files of type: option at the bottom of the File
Open window screen. The program will automatically convert the opened SHAFT 5.0 or 6.0 input files
to the latest version of SHAFT when the user saves the opened file.

Figure 3.2 Message window for incomplete or invalid files
3.1.3 File Save

This option is used to save input data under the current file name. With this method of storing data
to disk, any input data that was previously saved with the same file name is replaced with the current
parameters. Input-data files should be saved every time before proceeding with runs for analytical
computation. This menu option may also be accessed with the Ctrl+S keyboard combination.
3.1.4 File Save As

This option allows the user to save any opened or new input data file under a different file name or
different directory. Any input data file saved under an existing file name will replace the contents of the
existing file.
3.1.5 File Exit

This is selected to exit SHAFT. Any input-data file that was modified and not yet saved to disk
will produce a confirmation window before exiting the program (see Figure 3.3).

Figure 3.3 Message window advising that changes were not saved to disk
3.2 Data Menu

The input of specific parameters for an application is controlled under options contained within this
menu (shown in Figure 3.4). It is recommended that the user choose each submenu and enter parameters
in a consecutive manner starting from the top option.
Selecting or clicking any of the submenu choices contained in the Data menu produces various
types of windows. As a reminder of standard commands of Microsoft Windows, open windows may be
closed by all or some of the following methods:
clicking the OK button (if available),or
clicking the X-box on the upper-right corner of the window, or
double-clicking the SHAFT icon on the upper-left corner of the window, or
clicking once on the SHAFT icon on the upper-left corner of the window and then choosing
Close.
Open windows may optionally be left open on the screen. The selection of other menu options will
then produce new windows on top of those that were left open.
Many sub-windows of the Data menu will show an Add Row, Insert Row and/or Delete Row
buttons. The Add Row button always adds new rows at the end after all existing rows. The Insert Row
button always inserts a new row right after an existing row highlighted by the mouse. Clicking on the
Delete Row button deletes the row where the cursor is located.

Figure 3.4 Options contained in the Data menu
3.2.1 Numeric Data Entries

Cells that require numeric data may accept entries of mathematical expressions in addition to
simple numeric entries. Entering a mathematical expression works similarly to normal numeric data. The
user types the expression that represents the data and presses the Return key to calculate the entered
expression and to display the numeric result in the same cell.
Table 3.1 below shows the list of supported operations and constants. The order of operations
follows the order in the list of Table 3.1. Note that implicit multiplication (i.e. 2(4+6)) is not supported
(instead, use 2*(4+6) for the previous example).
OPERATORS
Symbol Description
() Parenthesis (may be nested)
^ Exponentiation
* Multiplication
/ Division
+ Addition
- Subtraction
- Negation (same as subtraction)
CONSTANTS
Symbol Value
PI (or pi) 3.1415927
e (or E) 2.7182818
Table 3.1 Supported mathematical operations and constants

The two constants that are currently supported are PI and e. Implicit multiplications using
constants is not supported (use 2*e instead of 2e). Negation of the constants PI or e is not allowed. For
instance, instead of entering -PI the user must enter - (PI).
Scientific notation (i.e. 1.65e8 or 1.65e-8) may be used to input very large or very small numbers.
After an expression is calculated, very large or very small numbers will be displayed using scientific
notation.
3.2.2 Data Title

This option activates the window shown in Figure 3.5, where the user can enter a line of text
containing a general description for the application problem. Any combination of characters may be
entered in the text box in order to describe a particular application. The user input will be restrained
automatically once the maximum length of text is reached. This is done to prevent the user from going
beyond the maximum permissible length of characters allowed for the title line.
Figure 3.5 Window screen for sample Data - Title
3.2.3 Data Units

This option provides the user with a choice of specifying input data in English Units, and S.I. Units
(international units). In general, the following specific units of measurements will be used throughout the
program:
Units Length Force Modulus
English foot (ft) pounds (lbs) psi
International meters (m), kilo Newtons (kN) kPa
The user should always check the unit specification, which is affixed to each variable, for data
input. For instance, psi instead of psf is used for the elastic modulus of materials.

The user may change from one system of units to the other as many times as desired. The program
will automatically convert all the appropriate input that was already specified by the user before the time
of selection of a different system of units. Small conversion errors may appear if multiple changes of
units are performed. The user must always check that input data have been converted appropriately.
3.2.4 Data Design Method (ASD or LRFD)

This submenu option allows the user to select either the allowable stress design (ASD) method or
the load and resistance factor design referred to as LRFD method as shown in Figure 3.6. In the United
States, many design engineers use a combination of the factor of safety method for geotechnical analysis
of the foundation and the load and resistance factor design method for analysis of the foundation as a
structural member.
The factor of safety method is often referred to as the allowable stress design (ASD) method and
the load and resistance factor design is referred to as LRFD. The ASD method has most often used by
foundation engineers and is termed the global approach. The engineer will consider all of the factors at
hand, including such things as the quality of the subsurface investigation, the statistical nature of the
loading, and the expected competence of the contractor, and an overall factor of safety is selected for
individual piles and for the group of piles.
The LRFD method originated in structural engineering and is termed the component approach. The
LRFD method was accepted formally in 1994 by the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) as a standard.
Figure 3.6 Window screen for Data Menu Design Method (ASD or LRFD)

3.2.5 Data - Drilled-Shaft Properties

This submenu option allows the user to input pile dimensions and section properties. A general
description for the data needed under each entry of the Data - Drilled-Shaft Properties submenu option
is listed below and shown in Figure 3.7.
Minimum Shaft Diameter (smallest stem diameter to be considered)

This is the minimum (or initial) stem diameter to be considered in the computations. The English
unit for this variable is ft, while meter is for the SI unit.
Maximum Shaft Diameter (largest stem diameter to be considered)

This is the largest-stem diameter to be considered in the computations. The English unit for this
variable is ft, while meter is for the SI unit.
The program will compute the axial capacity of drilled shafts starting with the minimum stem
diameter and then add 0.5 ft (0.15 m) to the diameter for each consecutive run until the diameter reaches
the largest (maximum) specified. If the user only wants to run with the initial diameter, the variable for
the largest stem diameter should be left as zero (or same as minimum diameter).
This function to have multiple diameters in one run of SHAFT is not available for cases where a
rock layer is present in the subsoil. The user must prepare a separate model for each socket diameter into
a layer of rock.
Ratio of Base Diameter to Shaft Diameter

For a belled shaft, the user may enter the ratio of the base diameter to the stem diameter. The
program will calculate the dimension of the bell accordingly. For a straight shaft, the value for this
variable should be left as zero.
Belled shafts are not used in cohesionless soils (sand, gravel) or rock.
For belled shafts in uplift, the program computes side resistance of a column with a diameter equal
to that at the base of the bell (Bb).
Angle of Bell with Respect to Vertical

For a belled shaft, the user may enter the angle (in degrees) from the vertical line to the slope of the
bell (always smaller than 90 degrees). The program will calculate the dimension of the bell accordingly.
For a straight shaft, the value for this variable should be left as zero. Belled shafts are not used in
cohesionless soils (sand, gravel) or rock.
Length of Upper Exclusion Zone without Skin Friction

This number (always positive) represents the section length on the top of the shaft that is declared
noncontributing to side resistance.
This upper exclusion zone is not recommended in cohensionless soils.
The English unit for this variable is ft while meter is for the SI unit.
Length of Bottom Portion of Shaft without Skin Friction

This number (always positive) represents the section length at the bottom of the shaft that is
declared noncontributing to side resistance. For a belled shaft, this length is taken above the beginning of
the bell.
This lower exclusion zone is not recommended in cohensionless soils. For shafts in cohesive soils,
this lower exclusion zone is not recommended for uplift loading.
The English unit for this variable is ft while meter is for the SI unit.
Modulus of Elasticity of the Drilled Shaft

This number (always positive) represents the elastic modulus of elasticity of the drilled shaft. The
user may enter in this variable the elastic modulus of the composite section or simply use the elastic
modulus of the concrete. The English unit for this variable is psi while kPa is for the SI unit.
Figure 3.7 Window screen for sample Data - Drilled-Shaft Properties
3.2.6 Data - Soil Layer Data

This submenu allows the user to specify the different types of soil/rock and material properties to
be used for the computations. An illustration of the Soil Layer Data window for example applications
are shown in Figure 3.8 and Figure 3.9.
A general description for the data needed under each column in the Data -Soil Layer Data
submenu option is listed below.

Figure 3.8 Data - Soil Layer Data dialog box for ASD Method
Figure 3.9 Data - Soil Layer Data dialog box for LRFD Method
Layer
This is a sequential number that is provided to each soil layer. This number is computed
automatically by the program as new rows of soil layers are added. The maximum number of soil layers
that may be used in a program run is limited to 20.
Soil Type
There are currently nine internal types of soils that may be specified for program SHAFT. The
user specifies the desired soil type using a dropdown list with the following choices:
Code Number Internal Soil Type
1 Sand (FHWA)
2 Clay (FHWA)
3 Shale (Aurora and Reese)
4 Strong Rock (FHWA, qu > 1000 psi)
5 Decomposed Rock/Gravel (FHWA)
6 Weak Rock (FHWA)
7 Strong Rock (Side friction +Tip Resistance)
8 Gravelly Sand (Rollins et al)
9 Gravel (Rollins et al)
For strong rock FHWA recommends to use either side friction or tip resistance but not both, as
described in the Technical Manual. However, in some cases the user may want to observe the shaft
capacity that includes the side friction and tip resistance together. Such evaluation may be done by
selecting Soil Type 7. The user must consider good engineering judgment when selecting such option.
Depth at Bottom of Each Layer

Values for the bottom of each soil layer are entered with respect to an origin of coordinates set at
the ground surface. As a minimum, the bottom of the last soil layer must be two pile diameters deeper
than the depth of the modeled shaft.
Layer Data
The Layer Data button allows the user to define soil or rock properties for different strata. A sub-
window will pop on the screen when the Layer Data button is selected. The program requires different
input parameters for each type of soil and rock. Therefore, the data column in the sub-window that
appears varies with the selection made by the user in the Soil Type drop-down list. A detailed
description of the parameters needed for each soil and rock type is described in Section 3.2.7.
Max. Side Friction

In this entry the user may specify the maximum value of skin-friction transfer that is permissible
for a given stratum. If the user enters a value for the maximum-permissible skin friction, the program will
compare its internally-computed value with the maximum provided and use the smaller of these two for
the final computation. If the user does not want to add any restriction on the computed value, simply
enter 0 to suppress this option and always use the internally-computed values.
Max. End Bearing

In this entry the user may specify the maximum value of transfer in end bearing that is permissible
for a given stratum. If the user enters a value for the maximum-permissible end bearing, the program will
compare the internally-computed value with the maximum provided and use the smaller of these two for
the final computation. If the user does not want to add any restriction on the computed value, simply
enter 0 to suppress this option and always use the internally-computed values.
LRFD Resistance Factor (Side Friction)

If the user selects the LRFD design method, a new data column for entering the LRFD resistance
factor on side friction is added onto the input table as shown in Figure 3.9. In this entry the user may
specify the resistance factor on skin-friction transfer that is permissible for a given stratum. Enter 1.0 for
no reductions on the computed values of side friction.
LRFD Resistance Factor (End Bearing)

If the user selects the LRFD design method, a new data column for entering the LRFD resistance
factor on tip resistance is added onto the input table as shown in Figure 3.9. In this entry the user may
specify the resistance factor on the tip resistance that is permissible for a given stratum. Enter 1.0 for no
reductions on the computed values of end bearing.
3.2.7 Data - Soil Layer Data - Layer Data

As mentioned earlier, the Layer Data button allows the user to define soil and/or rock properties
for different strata. A sub-window appears on the screen when the Layer Data button is clicked. The
program requires different input parameters for each type of soil and rock. Therefore, the data column in
the sub-window that appears varies with the selection that was previously made by the user in the Soil
Type drop-down list.

In general, each sub-window that comes up under the Soil Data button consists of entry fields for
the top of the layer and the bottom of the layer. The user may enter different parameters for the top and
the bottom of each layer. The program will linearly interpolate the data for any point between those two
depths. The following sections will provide general description on data needed for each soil type.
3.2.7.1 Soil Data for Sand Layers

A sample window for this soil option is shown in Figure 3.10. The required properties for sand
layers are explained below.
Figure 3.10 Soil data for sand layers
Total Unit Weight

This column entry corresponds to values of total unit weight (submerged weight is calculated based
on separate entry for depth of water table). Values for the top and bottom of the sand layer are entered in
standard units of force per unit volume (either lb/ft3 or kN/m3).
Friction Angle
This column entry corresponds to values of the internal angle of friction (also known as friction or
angle) for the top and bottom of the sand layer. The values of Friction Angle are entered in standard
units of degrees. Note that if the Friction Angle is provided by the user (i.e. its value is different than
zero) and user also provides values for Ko, the column entry for Blow Counts is not used in the
computations and may be left as zero. If a Friction Angle is left as zero or if the user is not entering
values for Ko (different than zero) then Blow Counts are used in the internal computations.

Table 3.2 Relationship between N and (after Gibbs and Holtz, 1957)
Blow Counts (Optional)

This column entry corresponds to the number of blow counts obtained at the top and bottom of the
sand layer while performing a Standard Penetration Test (SPT test). The user may optionally input blow
counts obtained from SPT tests in cases where the values of Friction Angle and Ko are not readily
available. When the user provides a value different than zero for Friction Angle and Ko, the values for
Blow Counts are not used in the computations and may be left as zero.
For friction transfers (transfers in side resistance) when Friction Angle is left as zero the computer
program converts internally between the provided values of Blow Counts from SPT tests to equivalent
values of Friction Angle by using Table 3.2 (for further reference see the Technical Manual for
comments of side resistance in sand layers).
For transfers in end bearing, when a Friction Angle is provided (different than zero) the computer
program uses the Quiros and Reese (1977) recommendations for loose sand, medium-dense sand and very
dense sand based on ranges of angles (for further reference see the Technical Manual for comments of
end bearing in sand layers).
When the user provides values of Blow Counts (different than zero) the computer program uses
those for computations of end bearing following equations and limits specified in the Technical Manual
(comments of end bearing in sand layers).
Ko

This column reflect values for the lateral earth pressure coefficient for the top and bottom of the
sand layer. Values for Ko depend on the relative density of the sand and the process by which the sand
deposits were formed. If the sand deposits did not receive any artificial compaction, values of Ko range
from about 0.40 for loose to 0.50 for dense sand. Artificial compaction or tamping may increase Ko
values to 0.80.
If the user intends to use Ko for friction (side resistance) computations, the user must leave Beta as
zero and enter values different than zero for Ko and Friction Angle. Likewise, if the user intends to use
Beta coefficient for friction (side resistance) computations, leave Ko as zero and enter values for Blow
Counts.
Beta
The Beta value is an empirical parameter that takes into account the lateral earth pressure
coefficient and the effective-friction angle at the interface between the concrete of the shaft and the soil.
The parameter thus takes into account the fact that the stress at the interface due to the fluid pressure of
the concrete may be greater than that from the soil itself. Many factors that modify the lateral stress at the
soil-concrete interface can be taken into account with the Beta value. For instance, other factors may
include the use of drilling fluid, use of casing or a dry excavation during the construction process, and the
type of slump used in the concrete.
If the input for Beta is left as zero, the computer program automatically generates Beta values at
each foot of penetration in the sand layer (or at each 0.3 meters if SI units are used). Internally, the
SHAFT program uses the method specified in FHWA and AASHTO guidelines. This method (Reese and
ONeill, 1988) is covered in the Technical Manual of this manual. The method uses a formula that
assumes a drilled shaft construction with a concrete slump of 6 in. or higher. The method also assumes
that drilling slurry, if employed, should be such that it would not cause a weak layer of bentonite to
develop at the wall of the excavation. The following formula is used internally to compute Beta values:
For N > 15... = 1.5 - 0.135 z0.5
For N < 15... = (N/15) (1.5 - 0.135 z0.5)
Where
= empirical value, limited to 1.2 > > 0.25
z = depth belowground surface, in units of ft.
N = uncorrected blow counts from the SPT test.
Optionally the user may input his own value of Beta for the top and bottom of the layer. The
SHAFT program will interpolate linearly between the values provided for the top and the bottom of each
layer.
If the user intends to use Ko (lateral earth pressure coefficient) for friction computations, the user
must leave Beta as zero and input values different than zero for Ko and Friction Angle. If the user
intends to use Beta coefficient for friction (side resistance) computations, the user must leave Ko as zero
and input values for Blow Counts and Beta or leave Beta as zero. If the user designates zero values for
both Ko and Beta, the program will internally generate Beta for friction (side resistance) computations
based on Blow Counts.

3.2.7.2 Soil Data for Clay Layers

A sample window for this soil option is shown in Figure 3.11. The required properties for clay
Total Unit Weight

Cohesion
This column represents the input values for the unconfined-undrained shear strength at the top and
bottom of the clay layer. Ordinarily, these values are taken as one half of the compression strength of
samples obtained from unconsolidated-unconfined triaxial tests.
The user may specify values of zero for the top and bottom of clay layers where the contribution of
side friction should be neglected. As mentioned in the Technical Manual, it is recommended to ignore the
transfer in side friction from the ground surface to the depth of 5 ft (1.5 m) if the drilled shaft is in a soil
profile with clay as the top layer. It is also recommended to ignore transfers in side friction at the bottom
one diameter of straight shafts or at the height of the bell plus the bottom one shaft diameter above the
bell for belled shafts if they are in a soil profile with clay at the bottom section of the shaft. Please review
the Technical Manual for a graphic representation of these recommendations.
Figure 3.11 Soil data for clay layers

clay layer from the performance of a Standard Penetration Test (SPT test). The user may optionally input
Blow Counts obtained from SPT tests in cases where the values of undrained shear strength (Cohesion)
are not readily available. When the user provides a value different than zero for the Cohesion, the values
for Blow Counts are not used in the computations and may be left as zero.
The option to input values of Blow Counts instead of Cohesion (undrained shear strength) should
be selected only when it is desirable to make a rough computation of the load-carrying capacity of a
drilled shaft. The computer program converts internally between the provided values of blow counts from

SPT tests to equivalent values of undrained shear strength by using the following equations (specified in
the Technical Manual):
cu = NSPT / 10, for cu in units of tons/ft2.
cu = NSPT / 0.1, for cu in units of kPa.
Where:
cQ = unconsolidated-undrained shear strength of the clay.
NSPT= average number of blow counts (blows per foot) from the Standard Penetration Test.
Alpha Factor
This is an empirical factor that varies with depth and takes into account the construction procedures
of the drilled shaft. The amount of research that has been performed to date is still insufficient to allow
for a precise prediction of the Alpha Factor as a function of depth.
If the user leaves the default values of zero, the program will automatically compute values of
Alpha Factor according to recommendations from literature (ONeill and Reese, 1999; and ONeill and
Hassan, 1994). It is evident, actually, from the results of the load tests of instrumented drilled shafts that
is not a constant, but that it varies with the magnitude of undrained shear strength (which usually varies
with depth). The SHAFT program follows the FHWA manual, where ONeill and Reese (1999)
recommend the following formulations for variations of alpha values
for
(3.1)
and
for
(3.2)
where
= atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi, 2116 psf or 101.3 kPa).
In Equation (3.1) the value of is 0.55 for up to = 1.5 (which corresponds to of about 1.5
tsf). If is very low, it is possible that may be greater than 0.55, but higher values should not be taken
unless proven by load test. From = 1.5 the values of reduces linearly to 0.4 when = 3. It
is considered that a cohesive geomaterial is no longer a cohesive soil when exceeds 2.5. Drilled
shafts in such geomaterials should be designed according the cohesive intermediate geomaterial
(Cohesive IGMs) criteria covered in Secion 3.2.7.3. However, data from load tests on hard clays and
weak clay shales in the South and Southwest of the United States have indicated that remains at about
0.40 in such geomaterials up to = 5. The cohesive soil method can be used in such geomaterials if
the factors are confirmed by load tests. Evidence has shown that values of are the same for loadings

in compression or tension. For further reference see the Technical Manual for comments of side
resistance in clay layers.
The values suggested for in Equations (3.1) and (3.2) that are internally computed by the
SHAFT program are by no means certain and mainly correspond to undrained loading of drilled shafts in
cohesive soil. The user should input his own values of Alpha Factor if site-specific data is available
from loading tests. It is obvious that better estimates of values can be obtained from loading tests on
drilled shafts that are constructed in situ with the same techniques and procedures that are planned for the
production shafts.
Bearing Capacity Coefficient, Nc

This column corresponds to the value of bearing capacity coefficient to be used in the computations
of end bearing for clay. A value of 7.0 is suggested for the bearing capacity factor, Nc, for shafts built by
the slurry-displacement method. This value can be increased to 8.0 when shafts are constructed by the
casing or in the dry method.
3.2.7.3 Soil Data for Shale Layers

A sample window for this soil option is shown in Figure 3.12. The required properties for shale
Figure 3.12 Soil data for shale layers
Total Unit Weight

Cohesion
This column represents the input values for the unconfined-undrained shear strength at the top and
bottom of the clay-shale layer. Ordinarily, these values are taken as one half of the compression strength
of samples obtained from unconsolidated-unconfined triaxial tests. The user may specify values of zero
for the top and bottom of clay layers where the contribution of side friction should be neglected.

shale layer while performing a Standard Penetration Test (SPT test). The user may optionally input Blow
Counts obtained from SPT tests in cases where the values of undrained shear strength (Cohesion) are
not readily available. When the user provides a value different than zero for the Cohesion, the values for
Blow Counts are not used in the computations and may be left as zero.
soil layer while performing a Standard Penetration Test (SPT test). The user may optionally input blow
counts obtained from SPT tests in cases when the values of undrained shear strength are not readily
available. When the user provides a value different than zero for the Cohesion, the values for Blow
Counts are not used in the computations and may be entered as zero.
The computer program converts internally between the provided values of blow counts from SPT
tests to equivalent values of undrained shear strength by using the following equations (specified in the
Technical Manual):
cQ = NSPT / 53, for cQ in tons/ft2,
cQ = NSPT / 0.55, for cQ in kPa.
Where:
cQ = unconsolidated-undrained shear strength of the clay shale.
NSPT= average number of blow counts (blows per foot) from the Standard Penetration Test.
Alpha Factor
This is the factor that takes into account the construction procedures of the drilled shaft. This is
also known as the adhesion factor or the shear-strength reduction factor. This value can be as high as
0.75 for drilled shafts installed by the dry method in shale. On the other hand, this value is reduced to
0.50 for drilled shafts installed by the casing method or by the slurry-displacement method.
Bearing Capacity Coefficient, Nc

This column corresponds to the value of bearing capacity coefficient to be used in the computations
of end bearing for shale. A value of 7.0 is suggested for the bearing capacity factor, Nc, for shafts built
by the slurry-displacement method. This value can be increased to 8.0 when shafts are constructed by the
casing or in the dry method.
3.2.7.4 Soil Data for Strong Rock

A sample window for this option is shown in Figure 3.13. The required properties for this type of
soil are explained below.

Figure 3.13 Soil data for layers of strong rock
Rock Strength
This column corresponds to the values of uniaxial compressive strength of rock as taken from core
samples (not intact or mass). The strong rock criterion requires the unconfined compressive strength of
rock to be at least 144,000 psf (6,900 kPa). The SHAFT program takes into consideration the smallest
value between the compressive strengths of concrete and rock to compute the capacity in side resistance.
Values are entered in units of stress (force per unit area, either lb/ft2 or kPa=kN/m2).
Concrete Strength
This column corresponds to the values of unconfined compressive strength (cylinder test) of
concrete. The program takes into consideration the smallest value between the compressive strengths of
concrete and rock to compute the capacity in side resistance. Values are entered in units of force per unit
area (either lb/ft2 or kPa = kN/m2).
Discontinuity Spacing
The spacing of discontinuities is taken into account to compute the bearing capacity of the rock.
The formula is valid for a rock mass with spacing of discontinuities larger than 12 in. (305 mm).
Engineering judgment is required for shorter spacing. Values are entered in units of length (either ft or
m).
Discontinuity Thickness
The thickness of discontinuities is taken into account to compute the bearing capacity of the rock.
The formula is valid for a rock mass with thickness of discontinuities smaller than 0.2 in. (5 mm).
Engineering judgment is required for larger thickness. Values are entered in units of length (either ft or
m).
Socket Diameter
The diameter of the socket is taken into account to compute the bearing capacity of the rock.
Values are entered in units of length (either ft or m).
Elastic Modulus
This column corresponds to the value of Youngs modulus of the intact rock. The computer
program internally modifies the value of the elastic modulus of the intact rock according to the RQD
values that are placed in the last input data for strong rock. The objective is to obtain values for the
modulus of the in-situ rock that take into account the number of joints and their spacings. If values of the
modulus of elasticity for the rock are available from in-situ tests, the test values should be used along with

an input of 100 in the RQD column (to avoid modifications of the in-situ rock modulus). Values are
entered in standard units of force per unit area (either lb/ft2 or kPa=kN/m2).
RQD
This column corresponds to the values of rock quality designation or RQD obtained from in-situ
soil tests. According to the RQD value, the modulus of the intact rock is modified to account for joints in
the rock. The adjustments are performed internally by the computer program using formulations in the
Technical Manual.
3.2.7.5 Soil Data for Decomposed Rock Layers

A sample window for this option is shown in Figure 3.14. The required properties for Decomposed
Rock, Gravel or Decomposed Geomaterial are explained below.
Total Unit Weight

on separate entry for depth of water table). Values for the top and bottom of the layer are entered in

layer while performing a Standard Penetration Test (SPT test). The user should preferably input the value
of N60, which is the SPT blow counts, in blows per foot (or blows per 300 mm) for the condition in
which the energy transferred to the top of the drive string is 60% of the drop energy of the SPT hammer.
Figure 3.14 Soil data for decomposed rock layers
Poissons Ratio
The Poisson ratio of the decomposed rock (gravel or decomposed geomaterial) at the top and
bottom of the layer. This value can be approximated as 0.3 to 0.4 for drained loading in gravel, unless
more specific values are available for the site. This value is only used in the computations of load versus
settlement for this type of soil.
Youngs Modulus (Optional)

This column represents Youngs modulus of elasticity of the granular material at the top and at the
bottom of the socket in the gravel/decomposed rock layer. These values are only used in the
computations of load versus settlement for this type of soil. If the user leaves the default values of zero

for Youngs Modulus, the program will automatically compute values at the top and bottom of the gravel
layer based on the values of Blow Counts inputted earlier. The program computes the modulus of
elasticity of the soil based on equations presented in the Technical Manual.
Socket Diameter
The diameter of the socket in the gravel/decomposed rock may be specified to be different than at
other layers. The values on this column are only used in the computation of load versus settlement.
Values are entered in standard units of length (either ft or m).
3.2.7.6 Soil Data for Weak Rock Layers

A sample window for this option is shown in Fig. 4.15. The required properties for this type of soil
are explained below.
Figure 3.15 Soil data for weak rock layers
Rock Strength
This column corresponds to the values of qu, the uniaxial compressive strength of rock. Whenever
possible, the weak rock cores should be consolidated to the mean effective stress in the ground and then
subjected to undrained loading to establish the value for qu. The validity of this solution is for soft rocks
with 0.5< qu < 5.0 MPa (73< qu < 725 psi). The method also assumes that high-quality samples, such as
those obtained using triple-walled, core barrels, have been recovered. Values are entered in standard units
of force per unit area (either lb/ft2 or kPa = kN/m2).
Interface Condition
This column input is related to the condition of the borehole after drilling. Weak rocks behave
quite differently if the borehole is either rough or smooth after drilling. The user must select only one of
the four available options for the top and bottom of the layer of weak rock: Rough Surface w/closed
joints, Smooth Surface w/closed joints, Rough Surface w/open joints, or Smooth Surface w/ open joints.
In general, if the user selects to use a Rough Surface option, one of the following conditions
should be present:
The construction specifications should require that the drilling contractor roughen the borehole
by cutting circular grooves of approximately 50 mm. (2 in.) height into the sides of the
borehole. Each circular groove should penetrate at least 25 mm (1 in.) into the borehole walls
over the full 360 degrees around the holes. The circular grooves should have vertical spacing
no greater than 0.3 m (1 ft).

The designer must be otherwise convinced that the drilling will produce a roughness pattern
generally equivalent to the specification recommended above (circular grooves), without
leaving any soft, soil-like material (or smears) on the wall of the borehole.
It is recommended to consider a Smooth Surface option if none of the conditions specified earlier
con be achieved. In addition, if there is a possibility that the borehole is drilled using a drilling slurry,
unless circular grooves are cut into the weak rock and verified by callipering, the user should assume a
Smooth Surface condition.
Joints are considered closed if they contain no voids or soft material in the joint. Likewise a joint is
considered open if the joint contains voids or soft material.
Concrete Slump
This column represents the value for the slump of the concrete that will be used in the weak-rock
socket. This is provided in units of length (in or m). The user would normally use the same concrete
slump at the top and bottom of the layer. The fluidity of the concrete (as measured by the concrete
slump) along with the depth of concrete are used as an indication of the pressures that the concrete will
exert against the borehole walls.
The internal formulas used in the computer program are only valid for the following conditions:
the concrete slump must be between 125 to 225 mm (5 in to 9 in),
the rate of placement of concrete in the borehole should exceed 12 m/hour (40 ft per hour, or
about 8 in. per minute), and
the ratio of the maximum size of the coarse aggregate to the borehole diameter should be less
than 0.02.
Interface Friction Angle

This column represents the value for rc in degrees. The parameter rc, represents the angle of
internal friction of the weak rock at the interface with the concrete. A value for rc that is considered
typical of most clay-shales and mudstones in the United States is rc = 30 degrees. This is a value that
was measured at a test site in clay-shale.
Socket Diameter
This column represents the value for D, the diameter of the rock socket, in units of length (ft or m).
The value of socket diameter is used in the computation of settlement. The SHAFT program thus uses
only the value specified at the bottom of the layer.
The computations of settlement are only considered accurate for drilled shafts satisfying the
following conditions:
2< L/D< 20,where L is the length of the socket in weak rock and D the socket diameter, and
D > 0.5 m (or D > 20 in.).
Elastic Modulus of Rock Core

This column represents the value for Ei, Youngs elastic modulus of elasticity of intact rock cores
at the top and bottom of the socket. The parameter must be provided in units of stress (force per unit area,
either lb/ft2 or kPa=kN/m2).
RQD
This column corresponds to the values of rock quality designation or RQD obtained from in-situ
soil tests at the top and bottom of the socket. Internally, the computer program uses the RQD to modify
the modulus of elasticity of the rock, Ei, to obtain the mass modulus of elasticity, Em, based on the values
of Table 7.1 in the Technical Manual. Linear interpolation is used for intermediate values.
Em can be estimated from the ratios in the referenced table based on the RQD of the weak rock
(IGM) cores. In cases in which the RQD of the cores is less than 50 percent, it is advisable to make direct
measurements of Em in situ through plate loading tests, borehole jack tests, large-scale pressure meter
tests, or by back-calculating Em from drilled shaft loading tests, since the correlations in the referenced
table become less accurate with decreasing RQD.
3.2.7.7 Soil Data for Strong Rock Layers Including Side Friction and Tip Resistance
The same data format described for Strong Rock in Section 3.2.7.4 is applicable to this soil option.
As described in the Technical Manual, in strong rock FHWA recommends to use either side friction or tip
resistance only, but not both. However, this soil option becomes convenient for cases where the user
desires to observe the calculated capacity that includes the side friction and tip resistance together. The
user should use a good engineering judgment when considering this option.
3.2.7.8 Soil Data for Gravelly Sand and Gravel Layers

A sample window for gravelly sand layers or gravel layers is shown in Figure 3.16. The required
properties for these soils are explained below.
Figure 3.16 Window screen for sample Data Factor of Safety
Total Unit Weight

on separate entry for depth of water table). Values for the top and bottom of the layer are entered in
Blow Counts

layer while performing a Standard Penetration Test (SPT test). It should be noted that the Blow Counts
should be greater than 25 for usage of either criteria of gravelly sand or gravel (soils with Blow Counts
less than 25 would be modeled better using the Sand criteria). User-inputted values of Blow Counts are
used to calculate End Bearing following Table 3.2 in the Technical Manual.
Beta (Optional)
The Beta value is an empirical parameter that takes into account the lateral earth pressure
coefficient and the effective-friction angle at the interface between the concrete of the shaft and the soil.
The parameter thus takes into account the fact that the stress at the interface due to the fluid pressure of
the concrete may be greater than that from the soil itself. Many factors that modify the lateral stress at the
soil-concrete interface can be taken into account with the Beta value. For instance, other factors may
include the use of drilling fluid, use of casing or a dry excavation during the construction process, and the
type of slump used in the concrete.
If the input for Beta is left as zero, the computer program automatically generates Beta values at
each foot of penetration in the layer (or at each 0.3 meters if SI units are used). Internally, the SHAFT
program uses the equations recommended by Rollins et al (2005) for the Beta value, which is covered in
the Technical Manual.
Optionally the user may input his own value of Beta for the top and bottom of the layer. The
SHAFT program will interpolate linearly between the values provided for the top and the bottom of each
layer.
3.2.8 Data - Factor of Safety (Allowable Stress Design)

This submenu allows the user to specify the factor of safety that will be used during internal
computations (Figure 3.17) for ASD method. The user may enter a global factor of safety for the total
ultimate capacity, or merely apply a factor of safety to the ultimate tip resistance. Despite the factor of
safety that is specified by the user, the computer program will provide full printouts of the unfactored
ultimate skin friction and ultimate tip resistance for reference.
Figure 3.17 Window screen for sample Data-Factor of Safety (ASD Method)
3.2.9 Data - Computation Methods

The user has the option to run the analysis by specifying either a desired depth or design load. As
shown in Figure 3.18, the Computation Methods under the Data menu provides the user the following
options:
Specify the shaft length

Specify the design load
Figure 3.18 Options contained in Data Computation Methods
If the user selects to specify the shaft length, the dialog box in Fig. 4.19 will appear for the user
to enter the proposed shaft length. Similarly, if the user selects to specify the design load, the dialog box
in Fig. 4.20 will appear for the user to enter the proposed design load.
In both cases, as seen in Figure 3.19 and Figure 3.20, the user should also specify the Type of
Loading by selecting one of the following options:
Compression. When the loads are in compression, the SHAFT program ads the contribution
from side friction and end bearing. Please notice that the weight of the shaft is not taken into
account during computations of pile capacity for compressive loads.
Uplift. For loads in tension, the program takes into account the contributions from side friction
and weight of the shaft. The user may also reduce the side-friction contribution to uplift loads
by specifying a reduction factor smaller than 1.
The depth specified for the bottom layer must be at least two diameters deeper than the specified-
shaft length. The program uses the averaged-soil properties within two diameter below the shaft tip for
computations of end bearing. In general, users are recommended to specify the shaft length.
The program uses 150 lb/ft3 to compute the concrete weight in tension. In most cases, the weight
of concrete is ignored in compression due to the small differences that exist between the weight of the
displaced soil and the concrete.

Figure 3.19 Options contained in Data Computation Methods - Specify the shaft length
Figure 3.20 Options contained in Data Computation Methods - Specify the design load
3.2.10 Data - Water Table

This submenu, shown in Figure 3.21, allows the user to specify the depth of the water table. If this
entry is left at the default value of zero then the SHAFT program will consider that the water table is
located at the ground surface. The water-table depth is referenced from the ground surface.
Figure 3.21 Options contained in Data Water Table
3.2.11 Data - Control Options...

The windows dialog screen that comes up under this menu option (Data/Control Options..) is
shown in Figure 3.22. The various options are described as follows:
Output Increment

This numeric entry describes the increments of depth for which the SHAFT program will provide
tabular output of its computational results. The output increment should be entered in standard units of
length (either ft or m).
End Bearing in Sands

This dialog box is only applicable for models that have a layer of Sand, Gravel or Gravelly Sand at
the tip of the shaft. For those cases the SHAFT program computes end bearing based on
recommendations from Quiros and Reese (1977) that considers a linear variation of qb from zero at
ground surface to maximum values (shown in Tables 3.2 and 8.1 of the Technical Manual) at a
penetration of 10 pile diameters.
In Gravelly Sand and Gravel, this assumption of linear interpolation from zero at ground surface
may be too conservative so designers may choose to use values from Table 3.2 of the Technical Manual
according to their input and variations of NSPT (Blow Counts) values from ground surface. For this
option the user would select the radio button to Use maximum values at any depth and enter appropriate
values of NSPT (Blow Counts) in the applicable Data/Soil Layer Data screens.
Text Editor
The user should input in this box the complete path and command line for the preferred-text editor
or word processor that will be used to examine and print the input, output, and the processor run notes
files created by the SHAFT program.
As a default, the command line c:\windows\notepad.exe is used to operate a standard text editor.
Microsoft Notepad is included with Microsoft Windows XP, VISTA and Windows 7. However, the path
to the directory where notepad.exe is installed varies in different versions of the Microsoft Windows
operating system.
There may be some instances when the output files are too large for Notepad and a different text
editor or word processor should be used. In those cases it is suggested to use Microsoft WordPad
(c:\windows\wordpad.exe).

Figure 3.22 Options contained in Data Control Options
3.3 Help Menu

The Help/Contents submenu starts the standard Help interface for guidelines on data input of the
SHAFT program. The Help/Contents submenu has been developed for all areas of the program where
the user needs to input data. This submenu may be accessed for reference at any time while preparing
data input.
The Help/Users Manual will start up the default installed version of Adobe Acrobat or Adobe
Reader and open the installed PDF version of the standard Users Manual of the SHAFT program. The
Adobe Reader program is freely distributed by Adobe Systems Inc. at www.adobe.com
The Help/Technical Manual will start up a viewer of a protected file for the electronic version of
this manual. The Technical Manual is copyrighted and only works when the proper USB dongle is
connected to the computer in use.
If the Technical Manual is not opening with Acrobat or Reader (while having the proper USB key
connected to the computer in use) then perhaps the Adobe software is not configured correctly. Start
Adobe Reader (or full Adobe Acrobat) then click on "Edit/Preferences" and "Internet" under
"Categories". Please make sure that a check mark is placed under "Display PDF in Browser" then click
OK and exit Reader. You can then try to run the Technical Manual once again.
The Help/About... submenu provides general references about the program (program version, date,
maintenance expiration date, USB serial number) and how to reach Ensoft, Inc. for technical support or
sales.
The Help/Check for Updates submenu will start up the default Internet browser and report the
user of the current program version and maintenance expiration date as well as any new update that is
available for downloading from Ensofts website (www.ensoftinc.com). Users will be able to download,
install and run in full mode any SHAFT program release that is older than their maintenance expiration
date.

CHAPTER 4. References for Program
Execution and Output
Reviews
CHAPTER 4 Program Execution and Output Reviews 4-2
4.1 Introduction
CHAPTER 4 presents options related to execution of the program and includes methods of
addressing run-time errors. This Chapter also includes suggestions for reviewing input, output, and
processor text files. The final section of this Chapter includes descriptions about all the output curves that
may be observed in graphical form. The commands covered in this chapter are contained in the top menu,
under the Computation and the Graphics titles.
4.2 Computation Menu

This menu option is selected to execute the program using the parameters that were saved in the
input-data file. Within the options contained under this menu, shown in Figure 4.1, there are commands
that facilitate the reviews of the text files produced for storing input data, output results, and processor
notes. In addition, the user may select an option to observe a graphical representation of the side view of
the modeled pile and soil layers. Detailed description of the submenu options contained under the
Computation menu are explained in the following topics.
4.2.1 Computation - Run Analysis

An input file, after preparation or modification, must be saved to disk before selecting the
Computation/Run Analysis submenu option, which executes the analytical portion of program SHAFT.
The user should remember to save the input data under an user-specified name before
executing the analytical module. When saving data to disk, SHAFT will automatically add an extension
of the type *.sfd to the name of the input file.
Figure 4.1 Command options contained in the Computation menu.
When the execution process is finished the active command is returned to the main SHAFT
program with a screen indicating that computations are completed. The user should always check the
output text file for any error messages that were produced during computations.

At the beginning of the run, the analytical module will read the saved input data progressively. If
an input-data format is incorrect during reading, the analytical module will stop immediately and in many
cases display an error message and a status report in a file with the same name as the input and with the
extension *.sfr. This file may be accessed by selecting Edit Processor-Run Notes in the Computation
menu. Within the processor-run notes, if all input data was read correctly, the analytical module will
show the message THE EXECUTION IS IN PROGRESS.
The analytical module automatically creates an output file with the same name as the input and
with the extension *.sfo. This file may be accessed by selecting Edit Output Text in the Computation
menu. Once a successful run is produced, the user may proceed to the next items for observation of
results.
The Computation/View Shaft Elevation submenu option will provide a graphical screen that
displays an elevation view of the drilled shaft and soil layers along with their various depths. Any
extension of the drilled shaft above ground surface is only done for graphical purposes and has no
implication in the resulting computations (the shaft is only modeled starting from ground surface). The
vertical position of the cursor in the screen will indicate an approximate indication of the depth (from
ground surface to the cursor position).
4.2.2 Computation - Edit Input Text

This submenu option is used to review/edit the input-data file that is currently processed by the
program. This command becomes active after new data files have been saved to disk or when opening
existing data files. The command is helpful for experienced users who may want to change one or two
parameters quickly using a plain-text editor, or for those users wishing to observe the prepared input data
in text mode.
This submenu automatically invokes the word processor or text editor specified in Control
Options... under the Data menu. The default setting is to use the utility program named notepad.exe
provided by Microsoft Windows. Input-data files are automatically saved to disk with the user-
specified file name and the extension of *.sfd by program SHAFT. Use of the notepad program for
editing the input data is shown in Figure 4.2.

Figure 4.2 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing input text of Example
Problem 1.
4.2.3 Computation - Edit Processor Run Notes

This submenu option is used to edit an intermediate text file that is automatically produced during
each analytical run. This file only includes notes produced during the processing of the input data. This
submenu option becomes active after new data files have been saved to disk and executed, or when
opening previously-executed data files.
This submenu automatically invokes the word processor or text editor specified in Control
Options... under the Data menu. The default setting is to use the utility program named notepad.exe
provided by Microsoft Windows.
Files containing processor-run notes are automatically saved to disk with the same file name as the
input-data file but with the extension *.sfr. Use of the Microsoft Notepad for editing the processor- run
notes for Example Problem 1 is shown in Figure 4.3.
Observation of the notes produced during a processor run may become helpful to debug a data file
that did not produce a successful run. A successful run usually produces a file of processor-run notes
containing similar lines of text as those in Figure 4.3.

Figure 4.3 Sample Microsoft Notepad session of processor-run notes for a modified
Example Problem 1.
4.2.4 Computation - Edit Output Text

This submenu option is used to edit the output-text file that is automatically produced during each
successful analytical run. This command becomes active after new data files have been saved to disk and
successfully executed, or when opening previously-executed data files.
The submenu automatically invokes the word processor or text editor that was previously specified
in Control Options... under the Data menu. The default setting is to use the utility program named
notepad.exe provided by Microsoft Windows.
Output files are automatically saved to disk with the same file name as the input-data file but with
the extension *.sfo. Use of Microsoft Notepad for editing the output file for Example Problem 1 is
shown in Figure 4.4.

Figure 4.4 Sample use of Microsoft Notepad for editing the output-text file of
Example Problem 1.
4.2.5 Computation - View Shaft Elevation

The Computation/View Shaft Elevation submenu option will provide a graphical screen that
displays an elevation view of the drilled shaft and soil layers along with their various depths. This
command option becomes active after data of Drilled-Shaft Properties and Soil Layer Data have been
entered under the Data menu, or when opening previously-executed data files. A sample graphics of the
View Shaft Elevation command option is shown in Figure 4.5.
Any extension of the drilled shaft above ground surface is only done for graphical purposes and has
no implication in the resulting computations (the shaft is only modeled starting from ground surface).
The vertical position of the cursor in the screen will indicate an approximate indication of the depth (from
ground surface to the cursor position).

Figure 4.5 Sample View Shaft Elevation command option.
4.3 Graphics Menu

This menu option is selected to observe the different graphical representations of the program
results contained in the output file. Submenu options contained under this menu are shown in Figure 4.6.
Not all of the graphics may be enabled for observation, active curves depend on specifications contained
in the input.
All of the graphical representation of output data that may be produced by the program are
contained in the following commands of the Graphics menu:
Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth
Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth
Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth
ASD/LRFD Skin Friction vs Depth
ASD/LRFD Tip Resistance vs Depth
ASD/LRFD Total Capacity vs Depth
Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate)
Combined Plots vs Depth (ASD/LRFD)
Axial Load vs Settlement (averaged)
Axial Load vs Settlement (upper bound)
Axial Load vs Settlement (lower bound)
Combined Plots of Load vs Settlement
The observation of any of the above-listed curves will activate the graphics mode of SHAFT.
Several changes occur during use of the graphics mode: new mouse commands are enabled and a new
top-menu option becomes available.

Figure 4.6 Command option contained in the Graphics menu.
4.3.1 Mouse Commands in the Graphics Mode

Table 4.1 describes mouse commands that become enabled automatically during all graphical
observations of output curves.
Event Description
Mouse Left Click Zooms in on the graphics at the clicked position (up to five zoom levels)
Mouse Right Click Zooms out from the graphics
Mouse Double Click on Legend Turns the selected curve on/off at every click
Table 4.1 Mouse commands in the graphics mode

4.3.2 Graphics - Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the curve of the
ultimate skin friction (side resistance) versus depth for the modeled-drilled shaft. This curve is
automatically generated in all analytical runs of a drilled shaft. The curve consists of data points at every
foot (30.5 cm) of the shaft. The data value at each depth represents the unfactored, total friction (ultimate
values) from the ground surface down to that depth.
A sample graphics screen of the Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth command option is shown in
Figure 4.7. In cases of uplift, the values of skin friction represented in the graphics have been modified
by the reduction factor that was specified for uplift loads (under Data/Computations Method). The
values of skin friction, although reduced for uplift, are still ultimate and do not take into account the
specified load factors.
Figure 4.7 Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth command option for Example Problem 1.

4.3.3 Graphics - Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth

ultimate tip resistance versus depth for the modeled pile. This curve is automatically generated in all
analytical runs of a drilled shaft. The curve consists of data points at every foot (30.5 cm) of the shaft.
The data value at each depth represents the unfactored, tip resistance (ultimate values) developed at that
depth. A sample graphics screen of the Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth command option is shown
in Figure 4.8. The curve of Tip Resistance vs Depth is disabled for cases with uplift loads.
Figure 4.8 Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth command option for Example Problem 1.

4.3.4 Graphics -Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth

ultimate total capacity versus depth for the modeled-drilled shaft. This curve is automatically generated
in all analytical runs of an axially-loaded drilled shaft. The curve consists of data points at every foot
(30.5 cm) of the shaft. The data value at each depth represents the unfactored, total capacity (ultimate
loads) from the ground surface down to that depth. A sample graphics screen of the Ultimate Total
Capacity vs Depth command option is shown in Figure 4.9.
Values of total capacity are equal to skin friction plus tip resistance for compressive loads. Total
capacity is equal to skin friction plus shaft weight for uplift loads. For uplift loads, the values have been
modified according to the reduction factor that the user has previously specified (under the
Data/Computations Method). The values of Ultimate Total Capacity, although reduced for uplift (if
selected), are still ultimate and do not take into account the specified factors of safety.
Figure 4.9 Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth command option for Example Problem 1.

4.3.5 Graphics ASD/LRFD Skin Friction vs Depth

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the curve of skin
friction (side resistance) versus depth for the modeled-drilled shaft. This curve is automatically generated
in all analytical runs of a drilled shaft. The curve consists of data points at every foot (30.5 cm) of the
shaft. The data value at each depth represents the factored, total friction from the ground surface down to
that depth. In ASD analyses the curve uses the factor of safety that the user specified for ultimate side
friction under the Data/Factor of Safety menu. In LRFD analyses the curve uses the resistance factors
for Side Friction of each soil layer that the users specified under the Data/Soil Layer Data menu.
A sample graphics screen of the ASD/LRFD Skin Friction vs Depth command option is shown in
Figure 4.10. In cases of uplift, the values of skin friction represented in the graphics have been modified
by the reduction factor that was specified for uplift loads.
Figure 4.10 Skin Friction vs. Depth (w/F.S.) command option for Example Problem 1.

4.3.6 ASD/LRFD Graphics - Tip Resistance vs Depth

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the curve of tip
resistance versus depth for the modeled pile. This curve is automatically generated in all analytical runs
of a drilled shaft, except for cases with uplift loads. In ASD analyses the curve uses the factor of safety
for ultimate base capacity that the user specified under the Data/Factor of Safety menu. In LRFD
analyses the curve uses the resistance factors for End Bearing of each soil layer that the users specified
under the Data/Soil Layer Data menu.
The curve consists of data points at every foot (30.5 cm) of the shaft. The data value at each depth
represents the factored, tip resistance developed at that depth. A sample graphics screen of the
ASD/LRFD Tip Resistance vs Depth command option is shown in Figure 4.11. The curve of Tip
Resistance vs Depth is disabled for uplift loads.
Figure 4.11 Tip Resistance vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1.

4.3.7 ASD/LRFD Graphics -Total Capacity vs Depth

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the curve of total
capacity versus depth for the modeled-drilled shaft. This curve is automatically generated in all analytical
runs of an axially-loaded drilled shaft. The curve consists of data points at every foot (30.5 cm) of the
shaft. The data value at each depth represents the factored, total capacity from the ground surface down
to that depth. A sample graphics screen of the ASD/LRFD Total Capacity vs Depth command option is
shown in Figure 4.12.
Values of total capacity are equal to skin friction plus tip resistance for compressive loads. Total
capacity is equal to skin friction plus shaft weight for uplift loads. For uplift loads, the values have been
modified according to the reduction factor that the user has previously specified under the
Data/Computations Method menu. In ASD analyses the curve uses the factor of safety for ultimate
base capacity and for ultimate side friction that the user specified under the Data/Factor of Safety menu.
In LRFD analyses the curve uses the resistance factors for End Bearing and Side Friction of each soil
layer that the users specified under the Data/Soil Layer Data menu.
Figure 4.12 Total Capacity vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1.

4.3.8 Graphics - Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate)

The user may select this command option to observe a graphical representation of the curves of
ultimate skin friction, ultimate tip resistance, and ultimate total capacity versus depth for the modeled
drilled shaft on the same plot. This curve is automatically generated in all analytical runs of a drilled
shaft. The curve consists of data points at every foot (30.5 cm) of the shaft.
A sample graphics screen of the Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) command option is shown
in Figure 4.13. For models evaluating multiple shaft diameters, this graphics will present only display the
combined plots for the drilled shaft with the initial diameter (smallest).
Figure 4.13 Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) for Example Problem 1.

4.3.9 Graphics - Combined Plots vs Depth (ASD/LRFD)

skin friction, tip resistance, and total capacity, all with a factor of safety applied, versus depth for the
modeled-drilled shaft on the same plot. This curve is automatically generated in all analytical runs of a
drilled shaft. The curve consists of data points at every foot (30.5 cm) of the shaft.
A sample graphics screen of the Combined Plots vs Depth (ASD/LRFD) command option is
shown in Figure 4.14. In ASD analyses the curve uses the factor of safety for ultimate base capacity and
for ultimate side friction that the user specified under the Data/Factor of Safety menu. In LRFD
analyses the curve uses the resistance factors for End Bearing and Side Friction of each soil layer that the
users specified under the Data/Soil Layer Data menu.
Figure 4.14 Combined Plots vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1.

4.3.10 Graphics - Axial Load vs Settlement (Averaged)

axial load versus settlement for the modeled drilled shaft based on the trend (averaged) curves shown in
FHWA manual. This curve is automatically generated in all analytical runs of a drilled shaft. A sample
graphics screen of the Axial Load vs Settlement (Averaged) command option is shown in Figure 4.15.
Figure 4.15 Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 1.

4.3.11 Graphics - Axial Load vs Settlement (Upper Bound)

axial load versus settlement for the modeled drilled shaft based on the upper-bound curves shown in
graphics screen of the command option is shown in Figure 4.16.
Figure 4.16 Upper-Bound Curves for Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 1.

4.3.12 Graphics - Axial Load vs Settlement (Lower Bound)

axial load versus settlement for the modeled drilled shaft based on the lower-bound curves shown in
graphics screen of the Axial Load vs Settlement (Lower Bound) command option is shown in Figure
4.17.
Figure 4.17 Lower-Bound Curves for Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 1.

4.3.13 Graphics Combined Plots of Load vs Settlement

axial load versus settlement for the modeled drilled shaft based on the trend (averaged), upper-bound, and
lower-bound curves shown in FHWA manual. These combined plots provide the user with some
comparison between each condition. For the analysis using multiple diameters, this graphics will only
display the combined plots for the drilled shaft with the initial diameter (smallest). A sample graphics
screen of the command Combined Plots of Load vs Settlement option is shown in Figure 4.18.
Figure 4.18 Combined Axial Load vs Settlement Curves for Example Problem 1.
4.4 Plot Menu

This menu command only appears in the top-menu bar while in the graphics mode. Command
options contained in this menu, shown in Figure 4.19, are explained below.
Show Legend
This activates or deactivates the floating legend included in the graphics mode. The legend box
can be moved with click-and-drag operations of the mouse to any position in the graphics screen. Despite
its location in the screen, the legend is always located at the right-bottom corner of the printouts.

Show Soil Layers

Click this menu-item to activate or deactivate a soil profile plotted at the right side of the graphics.
Show Markers
This menu provides the option to activate or deactivate the markers for each point of all the curves
displayed in the active screen of the graphics mode. By default, the program automatically plots at every
foot of penetration, or every 30.5 cm when using metric units. The user may optionally select to show
markers every 1, 2, 3, 5, or 10 increments of unit. The type of markers used in each curve is
automatically selected by the program. Once activated, the markers are enabled for all visible curves of
the active graphics screen.
Font Sizes
This menu provides the option to enlarge the default size of fonts used in plots. The user may
optionally select to enlarge the font by 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, or 4 times of the default size.
Line Width
This menu provides the option to enlarge the default width of lines used in plots. The user may
optionally select to enlarge the width by 2, 4, 6, or 10 times of the default width.
Graph Title
The user may optionally add a title to the active graphics using this command. However, the
parameters selected here are not saved with the output file and must be changed each time the file is
opened.
Edit Legend
The user may change the text of the legend in the active graphics using this command. However,
the modified names are not saved with the output file and must be changed each time the file is opened.
Print...
This command is used to produce a hard copy of the active graphics screen. The Print sub-
windows includes a drop-down menu that allows the user to select any of the installed Windows printers,
allows for change of printer properties, and allows the selection of the total number of copies to be
printed. The printed graphics is sized according to the margins that the user specifies in the Plot Page
Setup menu.
Page Setup
The user can here specify the printed size of the active-graphics screen. The size of the plot is
based on the specified margins and selection of paper orientation. The parameters selected here are not
saved with the output file and must be changed each time that the graphics is plotted.
Active Graphs...
This command is used to active or de-active curves on the screen.
Save to Disk...

This command is used to save the active-graphics screen to disk. The format of the saved file is as
bmp graphics (bitmap file), which is the internal-file format used in Microsoft Windows.
Figure 4.19 Command options contained in the Plot menu.

CHAPTER 5. Example Problems
CHAPTER 5 Example Problems 5-2
5.1 Introduction
This chapter presents several example problems studied using the computer program SHAFT. In
order to assure accuracy from the computer results, some examples have been compared with results from
hand calculations. The step-by-step hand calculations in this chapter are carried out based on the
procedures described in the Technical Manual. The user can have confidence in their results if limited
amounts of hand calculations are performed for comparison. The studies in this chapter also provide
additional guidance for the method of analyses of axially loaded piles with SHAFT.
Several problems are provided herein as examples of different applications that may be solved
using our computer program SHAFT. Each example focuses on a particular computational feature of the
program. Input files for each example are automatically copied to the SHAFT data directory during
installation (Root Drive\Ensoft\Shaft2012-Examples).
Example problems provide the user information on input and output of various cases, and present a
quick tutorial for real-world applications. The user is encouraged to study these examples and, with
modifications, may even use them to solve similar problems. However, by no means can these limited
examples explore the full functions and features provided by SHAFT.
The main features of each example included with SHAFT are summarized as follows.
Example 1 ..... Drilled shaft in sand.

three layers of sand,
method for sand (user-specified values),
inputted values of blow counts, NSPT, from Standard Penetration Tests for sand properties,
Example 2 ..... Drilled shaft in layers of clay and sand.

top two layers of clay,
ignored side resistance on top 5 ft,
internally-generated values of Nc,
bottom three layers of sand, and
method for sand (using internally-generated values).
Example 3 ..... Drilled shaft in clay.

two layers of clay,
variable cu on top layer of clay,
small bell at bottom,
ignored side resistance at top 5 ft, and
ignored side resistance at bottom one diameter over bell.
Example 4 ..... Drilled shaft with enlarged base.

three layers of clay,
one intermediate layer of sand,
method for sand (user-specified values),

CHAPTER 5 Example Problems 5-3
large bell at bottom,

ignored side resistance at top 5 ft, and
ignored side resistance at bottom one diameter over bell.
Example 5 ..... Drilled shaft in strong rock.

top layer of clay, and
bottom is dolomite rock (strong rock).
Example 6 ..... Drilled shaft in weak rock.

top layer of sand,
bottom is a weak rock, and
example with metric units.
Example 7 ..... Drilled shaft in decomposed rock.

top layer of sand with neglected skin friction,
two bottom layers of decomposed rock,
internally generated elastic modulus of decomposed rock based on blow counts (NSPT), and
example with metric units.
Example 8 ..... Drilled shaft in gravelly sand and gravel.

top layer of sand,
two bottom layers of gravelly sand and gravel strata,
internally generated Beta values for gravel based on blow counts (NSPT), and
example with English units.
Example 9 ..... Model using the LRFD method.

top layer of clay,
bottom layer with sand,
separate resistance factors used for side resistance and end bearing for each soil layer.

CHAPTER 5 Example Problem 1 5-4
5.2 Example Problem 1 Sand

This is an example of a shaft drilled into sand. The example has been studied in the referenced
literature of Reese and ONeill, 1988. The example is also modeled after load tests in sand, Owens and
Reese, 1982.
5.2.1 Soil Profile

The soil profile is shown in Figure 5.1. The water table is at a depth of 4 ft below the ground
surface.
5.2.2 Soil Properties

N-values (blow counts per foot) from the Standard Penetration Test are included in Figure 5.1.
Figure 5.1 General soil description of Example Problem 1.
5.2.3 Construction
High-quality construction is assumed. The contractor will have all the required equipment in good
order and experienced personnel will be on the job.
5.2.4 Loadings
The working-axial load is 170 tons, lateral load is negligible, and no downdrag is expected.

5.2.5 Factor of Safety

It is assumed that a load test has been performed nearby but considering the possible variation in
the soil properties over the site and other factors, an overall factor of safety of 2.5 is selected. The
diameter will be sufficiently small so that reduced-end bearing will not be required. Consequently, the
global factor of safety can be applied to both components of resistance.
5.2.6 Ultimate Load

The ultimate-axial load is thus established as 2.5 x 170 = 425 tons, since a global factor of safety
(of 2.5) is used.
5.2.7 Geometry of the Drilled Shaft

A straight-sided, drilled shaft is selected with a diameter of 3.0 ft and a penetration of 60 feet.
5.2.8 Hand Computations
Side Resistance
Computations are performed assuming a total-unit weight of sand equal to 115 pcf. The hand
computations are as follows:
Depth interval A Avg. effective stress DQs

ft. ft Tsf Tons
0-4 37.7 0.115 0.8 3.5
4-30 245.0 0.572 0.8 112.1
30-60 282.7 1.308 0.6 221.9
Qs = 337.5
Base Resistance
Computations for base resistance are performed using the soil at the base of the shaft.
At the 60-ft location:
NSPT= 21.
qB = (0.6) (21) = 12.6 tsf
AB = 7.07 ft2
QB = (7.07) (12.6) = 89.1 tons
Total Resistance
QU = 337.5 + 89.1 = 427 tons QT= 425 tons (OK).
5.2.9 Comparison of Results

Table 5.1 contains a comparison of the results obtained from hand computations against those from
computer run in SHAFT.

Category Manual Calculations Computer Analysis Deviation

(tons) (tons)
Side Resistance 338 343 1.5%
Tip Resistance 89 89 0%
Total Capacity 427 432 1.2%
Table 5.1 Comparison of results for Example Problem 1
5.2.10 Input Data for Computer Analysis

The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem1 is reproduced below in
courier typeface, for distinction.
5.2.11 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis

Each of the resulting plots of skin friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth (w/F.S.)
provided by the computer program contains three curves, as may be seen in Figure 5.2, Figure 5.3 and
Figure 5.4 respectively. These curves correspond to three increments in drilled shaft diameter, since the
data input specified 6 ft as the largest and 3 ft as the smallest diameters for consideration. The program
automatically computed results for the smallest diameter and for each 0.5-ft increase in diameter up to the
largest specified by the user.
Results of combined plots versus depth, shown in Figure 5.5, only contains the curves of skin
friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth for the initial shaft diameter.
Figure 5.2 Curve of Skin Friction vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1.

Figure 5.3 Curve of Tip Resistance vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1.
Figure 5.4 Curve of Total Capacity vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1.

Figure 5.5 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth (w/F.S.) for Example Problem 1.
5.2.12 Output Data

Contents of the output-data file for Example Problem 1 is reproduced below in courier typeface, for
distinction.
VERTICALLY LOADED DRILLED SHAFT ANALYSIS PROGRAM SHAFT

VERSION 2012 (C)COPYRIGHT ENSOFT,INC.1989 - 2012
Example Problem 1, Owens and Reese, 1982, Shaft E-2
PROPOSED DEPTH = 60.0 FT

----------------
NUMBER OF LAYERS = 3
------------------
WATER TABLE DEPTH = 4.0 FT.

-------------------
FACTOR OF SAFETY APPLIED TO THE TOTAL ULTIMATE CAPACITY = 2.50

-------------------------------------------------------
FACTOR OF SAFETY APPLIED TO THE ULTIMATE BASE CAPACITY = 2.50
------------------------------------------------------

SOIL INFORMATION
---------------
LAYER NO 1----SAND
AT THE TOP
SKIN FRICTION COEFFICIENT- BETA = 0.800E+00

UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH, LB/SQ FT = 0.000E+00
INTERNAL FRICTION ANGLE, DEG. = 0.000E+00
BLOWS PER FOOT FROM STANDARD PENETRATION TEST = 0.110E+02
SOIL UNIT WEIGHT, LB/CU FT = 0.115E+03
MAXIMUM LOAD TRANSFER FOR SOIL, LB/SQ FT = 0.400E+04
DEPTH, FT = 0.000E+00
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.400E+01
LAYER NO 2----SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.400E+01
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.300E+02
LAYER NO 3----SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.300E+02

AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.800E+02
DRILLED SHAFT INFORMATION

-------------------------
DIAMETER OF STEM = 3.000 FT.

DIAMETER OF BASE = 3.000 FT.
END OF STEM TO BASE = 0.000 FT.
ANGLE OF BELL = 0.000 DEG.
IGNORED TOP PORTION = 0.000 FT.
IGNORED BOTTOM PORTION = 0.000 FT.
AREA OF ONE PERCENT STEEL = 10.180 SQ.IN.
ELASTIC MODULUS, Ec = 0.350E+07 LB/SQ IN
VOLUME OF UNDERREAM = 0.000 CU.YDS.
PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------
QS = ULTIMATE SIDE RESISTANCE;

QB = ULTIMATE BASE RESISTANCE;
WT = WEIGHT OF DRILLED SHAFT (FOR UPLIFT CAPACITY ONLY);
QU = TOTAL ULTIMATE RESISTANCE;
QBD = TOTAL ALLOWABLE LOAD USING A FACTOR OF SAFETY
APPLIED TO THE ULTIMATE BASE RESISTANCE;
QDN = TOTAL ALLOWABLE LOAD USING FACTORS OF SAFETY
APPLIED TO THE ULTIMATE SIDE RESISTANCE AND
THE ULTIMATE BASE RESISTANCE.
LENGTH VOLUME QS QB QU QBD QDN QU/VOLUME

(FEET) (CU.YDS) (TONS) (TONS) (TONS) (TONS) (TONS) (TONS/CU.YDS)
1.0 0.26 0.00 10.19 10.19 4.08 4.08 30.31
2.0 0.52 1.30 12.32 13.62 6.23 5.45 26.01
3.0 0.79 2.60 14.46 17.06 8.38 6.82 21.72
4.0 1.05 4.34 16.44 20.77 10.91 8.31 19.83
5.0 1.31 6.27 18.41 24.68 13.63 9.87 18.85
6.0 1.57 8.40 20.39 28.79 16.56 11.52 18.33
7.0 1.83 10.73 22.37 33.10 19.68 13.24 18.06
8.0 2.09 13.26 24.35 37.61 23.00 15.04 17.96
9.0 2.36 15.98 26.33 42.32 26.52 16.93 17.96
10.0 2.62 18.91 28.31 47.22 30.23 18.89 18.03
11.0 2.88 22.03 30.29 52.32 34.15 20.93 18.17
12.0 3.14 25.35 32.27 57.62 38.26 23.05 18.34
13.0 3.40 28.87 34.25 63.12 42.57 25.25 18.54
14.0 3.67 32.59 36.23 68.82 47.08 27.53 18.77
15.0 3.93 36.50 38.21 74.71 51.79 29.89 19.02
16.0 4.19 40.62 40.19 80.81 56.69 32.32 19.29
17.0 4.45 44.93 42.17 87.10 61.80 34.84 19.57

18.0 4.71 49.44 44.15 93.59 67.10 37.44 19.86

19.0 4.97 54.15 46.13 100.28 72.60 40.11 20.16
20.0 5.24 59.06 48.11 107.16 78.30 42.87 20.46
21.0 5.50 64.16 50.09 114.25 84.20 45.70 20.78
22.0 5.76 69.47 52.07 121.53 90.29 48.61 21.10
23.0 6.02 74.97 54.05 129.02 96.59 51.61 21.42
24.0 6.28 80.67 56.02 136.70 103.08 54.68 21.75
25.0 6.55 86.57 63.88 150.45 112.12 60.18 22.98
26.0 6.81 92.67 72.16 164.83 121.53 65.93 24.21
27.0 7.07 98.96 80.80 179.76 131.28 71.90 25.43
28.0 7.33 105.46 86.38 191.83 140.01 76.73 26.17
29.0 7.59 112.15 89.08 201.23 147.78 80.49 26.50
30.0 7.86 119.04 89.08 208.12 154.67 83.25 26.49
31.0 8.12 124.36 89.08 213.43 159.99 85.37 26.30
32.0 8.38 129.82 89.08 218.90 165.45 87.56 26.13
33.0 8.64 135.44 89.08 224.51 171.07 89.81 25.98
34.0 8.90 141.20 89.08 230.28 176.83 92.11 25.87
35.0 9.16 147.11 89.08 236.19 182.74 94.48 25.77
36.0 9.43 153.17 89.08 242.25 188.80 96.90 25.70
37.0 9.69 159.38 89.08 248.46 195.01 99.38 25.65
38.0 9.95 165.74 89.08 254.82 201.37 101.93 25.61
39.0 10.21 172.25 89.08 261.32 207.88 104.53 25.59
40.0 10.47 178.90 89.08 267.98 214.53 107.19 25.59
41.0 10.74 185.71 89.08 274.78 221.34 109.91 25.60
42.0 11.00 192.66 89.08 281.74 228.29 112.69 25.62
43.0 11.26 199.76 89.08 288.84 235.39 115.54 25.65
44.0 11.52 207.01 89.08 296.09 242.64 118.44 25.70
45.0 11.78 214.41 89.08 303.49 250.04 121.39 25.76
46.0 12.04 221.96 89.08 311.04 257.59 124.41 25.82
47.0 12.31 229.66 89.08 318.73 265.29 127.49 25.90
48.0 12.57 237.50 89.08 326.58 273.13 130.63 25.98
49.0 12.83 245.50 89.08 334.57 281.13 133.83 26.08
50.0 13.09 253.64 89.08 342.71 289.27 137.09 26.18
51.0 13.35 261.93 89.08 351.01 297.56 140.40 26.29
52.0 13.62 270.37 89.08 359.45 306.00 143.78 26.40
53.0 13.88 278.96 89.08 368.04 314.59 147.21 26.52
54.0 14.14 287.70 89.08 376.77 323.33 150.71 26.65
55.0 14.40 296.58 89.08 385.66 332.21 154.26 26.78
56.0 14.66 305.62 89.08 394.70 341.25 157.88 26.92
57.0 14.92 314.80 89.08 403.88 350.43 161.55 27.06
58.0 15.19 324.14 89.08 413.21 359.77 165.29 27.21
59.0 15.45 333.62 89.08 422.69 369.25 169.08 27.36
60.0 15.71 343.25 89.08 432.32 378.88 172.93 27.52
RESULT FROM TREND (AVERAGED) LINE
TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT TIP LOAD TIP MOVEMENT

ton IN. ton IN.
0.3867E-01 0.1912E-04 0.8660E-03 0.1000E-04
0.1934E+00 0.9558E-04 0.4330E-02 0.5000E-04
0.3867E+00 0.1912E-03 0.8660E-02 0.1000E-03
0.1934E+02 0.9558E-02 0.4330E+00 0.5000E-02
0.2900E+02 0.1434E-01 0.6495E+00 0.7500E-02
0.3874E+02 0.1912E-01 0.8660E+00 0.1000E-01
0.9654E+02 0.4783E-01 0.2165E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1707E+03 0.9117E-01 0.4330E+01 0.5000E-01
0.2227E+03 0.1299E+00 0.6495E+01 0.7500E-01
0.2548E+03 0.1637E+00 0.8660E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3383E+03 0.3374E+00 0.2148E+02 0.2500E+00
0.3648E+03 0.5973E+00 0.4043E+02 0.5000E+00
0.3702E+03 0.7245E+00 0.4646E+02 0.6250E+00

0.3804E+03 0.1004E+01 0.5701E+02 0.9000E+00

0.4128E+03 0.1917E+01 0.9041E+02 0.1800E+01
RESULT FROM UPPER-BOUND LINE

ton IN. ton IN.
0.5525E-01 0.2274E-04 0.1237E-02 0.1000E-04
0.2763E+00 0.1137E-03 0.6186E-02 0.5000E-04
0.5525E+00 0.2274E-03 0.1237E-01 0.1000E-03
0.2763E+02 0.1137E-01 0.6186E+00 0.5000E-02
0.4155E+02 0.1707E-01 0.9279E+00 0.7500E-02
0.5548E+02 0.2277E-01 0.1237E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1366E+03 0.5682E-01 0.3093E+01 0.2500E-01
0.2322E+03 0.1058E+00 0.6186E+01 0.5000E-01
0.2897E+03 0.1469E+00 0.9279E+01 0.7500E-01
0.3183E+03 0.1804E+00 0.1237E+02 0.1000E+00
0.3675E+03 0.3464E+00 0.3024E+02 0.2500E+00
0.3932E+03 0.6067E+00 0.5592E+02 0.5000E+00
0.3988E+03 0.7340E+00 0.6157E+02 0.6250E+00
0.4050E+03 0.1011E+01 0.6770E+02 0.9000E+00
0.4335E+03 0.1923E+01 0.9620E+02 0.1800E+01
RESULT FROM LOWER-BOUND LINE

ton IN. ton IN.
0.2380E-01 0.1574E-04 0.4949E-03 0.1000E-04
0.1190E+00 0.7868E-04 0.2474E-02 0.5000E-04
0.2380E+00 0.1574E-03 0.4949E-02 0.1000E-03
0.1190E+02 0.7868E-02 0.2474E+00 0.5000E-02
0.1785E+02 0.1180E-01 0.3711E+00 0.7500E-02
0.2380E+02 0.1574E-01 0.4949E+00 0.1000E-01
0.5962E+02 0.3936E-01 0.1237E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1110E+03 0.7698E-01 0.2474E+01 0.5000E-01
0.1543E+03 0.1129E+00 0.3711E+01 0.7500E-01
0.1890E+03 0.1467E+00 0.4949E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3085E+03 0.3283E+00 0.1272E+02 0.2500E+00
0.3365E+03 0.5878E+00 0.2494E+02 0.5000E+00
0.3415E+03 0.7150E+00 0.3135E+02 0.6250E+00
0.3558E+03 0.9959E+00 0.4632E+02 0.9000E+00
0.3921E+03 0.1911E+01 0.8462E+02 0.1800E+01

-------------------------


PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


1.0 0.36 0.00 13.34 13.34 5.33 5.33 28.65
2.0 0.71 1.52 15.78 17.29 7.83 6.92 24.26
3.0 1.07 3.04 18.22 21.25 10.32 8.50 19.88
4.0 1.43 5.06 20.53 25.59 13.27 10.23 17.95
5.0 1.78 7.31 22.84 30.15 16.45 12.06 16.92
6.0 2.14 9.80 25.15 34.95 19.86 13.98 16.34
7.0 2.49 12.52 27.46 39.97 23.50 15.99 16.02
8.0 2.85 15.47 29.77 45.23 27.37 18.09 15.86
9.0 3.21 18.65 32.07 50.72 31.48 20.29 15.81
10.0 3.56 22.06 34.38 56.44 35.81 22.58 15.84
11.0 3.92 25.70 36.69 62.39 40.38 24.96 15.92
12.0 4.28 29.58 39.00 68.58 45.18 27.43 16.04
13.0 4.63 33.68 41.31 74.99 50.21 30.00 16.19
14.0 4.99 38.02 43.62 81.64 55.47 32.66 16.36
15.0 5.35 42.59 45.93 88.52 60.96 35.41 16.56
16.0 5.70 47.39 48.24 95.63 66.68 38.25 16.77
17.0 6.06 52.42 50.55 102.97 72.64 41.19 17.00
18.0 6.41 57.68 52.86 110.54 78.83 44.22 17.23
19.0 6.77 63.18 55.17 118.34 85.24 47.34 17.48
20.0 7.13 68.90 57.48 126.38 91.89 50.55 17.73
21.0 7.48 74.86 59.79 134.64 98.77 53.86 17.99
22.0 7.84 81.05 62.10 143.14 105.88 57.26 18.26
23.0 8.20 87.47 64.41 151.87 113.23 60.75 18.53
24.0 8.55 94.12 73.08 167.20 123.35 66.88 19.55
25.0 8.91 101.00 82.75 183.75 134.10 73.50 20.62
26.0 9.27 108.11 93.45 201.57 145.49 80.63 21.75
27.0 9.62 115.46 103.61 219.07 156.90 87.63 22.77
28.0 9.98 123.03 111.62 234.65 167.68 93.86 23.52
29.0 10.34 130.84 116.78 247.62 177.55 99.05 23.96
30.0 10.69 138.88 118.93 257.81 186.45 103.13 24.11
31.0 11.05 145.08 120.32 265.40 193.21 106.16 24.02
32.0 11.40 151.46 121.01 272.47 199.87 108.99 23.89
33.0 11.76 158.01 121.24 279.25 206.51 111.70 23.74
34.0 12.12 164.73 121.24 285.98 213.23 114.39 23.60
35.0 12.47 171.63 121.24 292.87 220.13 117.15 23.48
36.0 12.83 178.70 121.24 299.94 227.20 119.98 23.38
37.0 13.19 185.95 121.24 307.19 234.44 122.88 23.30
38.0 13.54 193.36 121.24 314.61 241.86 125.84 23.23
39.0 13.90 200.96 121.24 322.20 249.45 128.88 23.18
40.0 14.26 208.72 121.24 329.96 257.22 131.98 23.15
41.0 14.61 216.66 121.24 337.90 265.16 135.16 23.13
42.0 14.97 224.77 121.24 346.01 273.27 138.40 23.12
43.0 15.32 233.06 121.24 354.30 281.55 141.72 23.12
44.0 15.68 241.51 121.24 362.76 290.01 145.10 23.13
45.0 16.04 250.15 121.24 371.39 298.64 148.56 23.16
46.0 16.39 258.95 121.24 380.19 307.45 152.08 23.19
47.0 16.75 267.93 121.24 389.17 316.43 155.67 23.23

48.0 17.11 277.09 121.24 398.33 325.58 159.33 23.29

49.0 17.46 286.41 121.24 407.65 334.91 163.06 23.34
50.0 17.82 295.91 121.24 417.15 344.41 166.86 23.41
51.0 18.18 305.59 121.24 426.83 354.08 170.73 23.48
52.0 18.53 315.43 121.24 436.67 363.93 174.67 23.56
53.0 18.89 325.45 121.24 446.70 373.95 178.68 23.65
54.0 19.24 335.65 121.24 456.89 384.14 182.76 23.74
55.0 19.60 346.02 121.24 467.26 394.51 186.90 23.84
56.0 19.96 356.56 121.24 477.80 405.05 191.12 23.94
57.0 20.31 367.27 121.24 488.51 415.77 195.41 24.05
58.0 20.67 378.16 121.24 499.40 426.66 199.76 24.16
59.0 21.03 389.22 121.24 510.46 437.72 204.19 24.28
60.0 21.38 400.46 121.24 521.70 448.95 208.68 24.40

ton IN. ton IN.
0.3710E-01 0.1656E-04 0.1010E-02 0.1000E-04
0.1855E+00 0.8280E-04 0.5052E-02 0.5000E-04
0.3710E+00 0.1656E-03 0.1010E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1855E+02 0.8280E-02 0.5052E+00 0.5000E-02
0.2782E+02 0.1242E-01 0.7578E+00 0.7500E-02
0.3710E+02 0.1656E-01 0.1010E+01 0.1000E-01
0.9301E+02 0.4143E-01 0.2526E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1720E+03 0.8085E-01 0.5052E+01 0.5000E-01
0.2339E+03 0.1175E+00 0.7578E+01 0.7500E-01
0.2744E+03 0.1504E+00 0.1010E+02 0.1000E+00
0.3862E+03 0.3234E+00 0.2514E+02 0.2500E+00
0.4278E+03 0.5839E+00 0.4829E+02 0.5000E+00
0.4365E+03 0.7116E+00 0.5840E+02 0.6250E+00
0.4549E+03 0.1142E+01 0.7759E+02 0.1050E+01
0.4992E+03 0.2205E+01 0.1231E+03 0.2100E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.5225E-01 0.1909E-04 0.1443E-02 0.1000E-04
0.2612E+00 0.9543E-04 0.7217E-02 0.5000E-04
0.5225E+00 0.1909E-03 0.1443E-01 0.1000E-03
0.2612E+02 0.9543E-02 0.7217E+00 0.5000E-02
0.3919E+02 0.1431E-01 0.1083E+01 0.7500E-02
0.5233E+02 0.1909E-01 0.1443E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1311E+03 0.4778E-01 0.3608E+01 0.2500E-01
0.2362E+03 0.9199E-01 0.7217E+01 0.5000E-01
0.3110E+03 0.1315E+00 0.1083E+02 0.7500E-01
0.3522E+03 0.1651E+00 0.1443E+02 0.1000E+00
0.4291E+03 0.3327E+00 0.3562E+02 0.2500E+00
0.4605E+03 0.5920E+00 0.6697E+02 0.5000E+00
0.4742E+03 0.7211E+00 0.8068E+02 0.6250E+00
0.4856E+03 0.1149E+01 0.9214E+02 0.1050E+01
0.5244E+03 0.2211E+01 0.1309E+03 0.2100E+01

ton IN. ton IN.

0.2317E-01 0.1416E-04 0.5773E-03 0.1000E-04
0.1158E+00 0.7081E-04 0.2887E-02 0.5000E-04
0.2317E+00 0.1416E-03 0.5773E-02 0.1000E-03
0.1158E+02 0.7081E-02 0.2887E+00 0.5000E-02
0.1738E+02 0.1062E-01 0.4330E+00 0.7500E-02
0.2317E+02 0.1416E-01 0.5773E+00 0.1000E-01
0.5798E+02 0.3541E-01 0.1443E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1110E+03 0.7007E-01 0.2887E+01 0.5000E-01
0.1573E+03 0.1036E+00 0.4330E+01 0.7500E-01
0.1953E+03 0.1356E+00 0.5773E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3424E+03 0.3140E+00 0.1466E+02 0.2500E+00
0.3951E+03 0.5758E+00 0.2962E+02 0.5000E+00
0.3988E+03 0.7022E+00 0.3611E+02 0.6250E+00
0.4242E+03 0.1135E+01 0.6305E+02 0.1050E+01
0.4739E+03 0.2200E+01 0.1152E+03 0.2100E+01

-------------------------

PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


1.0 0.47 0.00 16.84 16.84 6.74 6.74 27.33
2.0 0.93 1.73 19.59 21.33 9.57 8.53 22.91
3.0 1.40 3.47 22.35 25.81 12.41 10.33 18.49
4.0 1.86 5.78 24.99 30.77 15.78 12.31 16.52
5.0 2.33 8.36 27.62 35.98 19.41 14.39 15.46
6.0 2.79 11.20 30.26 41.46 23.31 16.59 14.85
7.0 3.26 14.31 32.90 47.21 27.47 18.88 14.49
8.0 3.72 17.68 35.54 53.22 31.89 21.29 14.29
9.0 4.19 21.31 38.18 59.49 36.58 23.80 14.20
10.0 4.65 25.21 40.82 66.03 41.54 26.41 14.19
11.0 5.12 29.37 43.46 72.83 46.76 29.13 14.22
12.0 5.59 33.80 46.10 79.90 52.24 31.96 14.30
13.0 6.05 38.49 48.74 87.23 57.99 34.89 14.42
14.0 6.52 43.45 51.38 94.83 64.00 37.93 14.55

15.0 6.98 48.67 54.02 102.69 70.28 41.08 14.71

16.0 7.45 54.16 56.66 110.81 76.82 44.33 14.88
17.0 7.91 59.91 59.30 119.20 83.63 47.68 15.06
18.0 8.38 65.92 61.94 127.86 90.70 51.14 15.26
19.0 8.84 72.20 64.57 136.78 98.03 54.71 15.47
20.0 9.31 78.74 67.21 145.96 105.63 58.38 15.68
21.0 9.78 85.55 69.85 155.40 113.49 62.16 15.90
22.0 10.24 92.62 72.49 165.12 121.62 66.05 16.12
23.0 10.71 99.96 81.27 181.23 132.47 72.49 16.93
24.0 11.17 107.56 90.92 198.49 143.93 79.39 17.77
25.0 11.64 115.43 101.48 216.91 156.02 86.76 18.64
26.0 12.10 123.56 112.96 236.52 168.74 94.61 19.54
27.0 12.57 131.95 122.66 254.61 181.02 101.84 20.26
28.0 13.03 140.61 130.51 271.12 192.82 108.45 20.80
29.0 13.50 149.53 136.45 285.98 204.11 114.39 21.19
30.0 13.96 158.72 140.41 299.13 214.89 119.65 21.42
31.0 14.43 165.81 144.37 310.18 223.56 124.07 21.50
32.0 14.90 173.10 148.33 321.43 232.43 128.57 21.58
33.0 15.36 180.58 151.69 332.28 241.26 132.91 21.63
34.0 15.83 188.27 154.40 342.67 250.03 137.07 21.65
35.0 16.29 196.15 156.38 352.53 258.70 141.01 21.64
36.0 16.76 204.23 157.57 361.80 267.26 144.72 21.59
37.0 17.22 212.51 158.16 370.67 275.77 148.27 21.52
38.0 17.69 220.99 158.36 379.34 284.33 151.74 21.45
39.0 18.15 229.66 158.36 388.02 293.01 155.21 21.37
40.0 18.62 238.54 158.36 396.89 301.88 158.76 21.32
41.0 19.08 247.61 158.36 405.97 310.95 162.39 21.27
42.0 19.55 256.88 158.36 415.24 320.22 166.09 21.24
43.0 20.02 266.35 158.36 424.71 329.69 169.88 21.22
44.0 20.48 276.02 158.36 434.37 339.36 173.75 21.21
45.0 20.95 285.88 158.36 444.24 349.22 177.70 21.21
46.0 21.41 295.95 158.36 454.30 359.29 181.72 21.22
47.0 21.88 306.21 158.36 464.57 369.55 185.83 21.23
48.0 22.34 316.67 158.36 475.03 380.01 190.01 21.26
49.0 22.81 327.33 158.36 485.68 390.67 194.27 21.29
50.0 23.27 338.19 158.36 496.54 401.53 198.62 21.33
51.0 23.74 349.24 158.36 507.60 412.58 203.04 21.38
52.0 24.21 360.49 158.36 518.85 423.84 207.54 21.44
53.0 24.67 371.95 158.36 530.30 435.29 212.12 21.50
54.0 25.14 383.60 158.36 541.95 446.94 216.78 21.56
55.0 25.60 395.45 158.36 553.80 458.79 221.52 21.63
56.0 26.07 407.49 158.36 565.85 470.84 226.34 21.71
57.0 26.53 419.74 158.36 578.10 483.08 231.24 21.79
58.0 27.00 432.18 158.36 590.54 495.53 236.22 21.87
59.0 27.46 444.83 158.36 603.18 508.17 241.27 21.96
60.0 27.93 457.67 158.36 616.02 521.01 246.41 22.06

ton IN. ton IN.
0.3615E-01 0.1497E-04 0.1155E-02 0.1000E-04
0.1807E+00 0.7483E-04 0.5773E-02 0.5000E-04
0.3615E+00 0.1497E-03 0.1155E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1807E+02 0.7483E-02 0.5773E+00 0.5000E-02
0.2711E+02 0.1122E-01 0.8660E+00 0.7500E-02
0.3615E+02 0.1497E-01 0.1155E+01 0.1000E-01
0.9052E+02 0.3743E-01 0.2887E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1743E+03 0.7421E-01 0.5773E+01 0.5000E-01
0.2393E+03 0.1083E+00 0.8660E+01 0.7500E-01
0.2907E+03 0.1411E+00 0.1155E+02 0.1000E+00

0.4273E+03 0.3121E+00 0.2883E+02 0.2500E+00

0.4884E+03 0.5734E+00 0.5648E+02 0.5000E+00
0.5012E+03 0.7013E+00 0.6803E+02 0.6250E+00
0.5326E+03 0.1284E+01 0.1013E+03 0.1200E+01
0.5906E+03 0.2497E+01 0.1607E+03 0.2400E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.5042E-01 0.1684E-04 0.1650E-02 0.1000E-04
0.2521E+00 0.8419E-04 0.8248E-02 0.5000E-04
0.5042E+00 0.1684E-03 0.1650E-01 0.1000E-03
0.2521E+02 0.8420E-02 0.8248E+00 0.5000E-02
0.3782E+02 0.1263E-01 0.1237E+01 0.7500E-02
0.5042E+02 0.1684E-01 0.1650E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1264E+03 0.4213E-01 0.4124E+01 0.2500E-01
0.2393E+03 0.8300E-01 0.8248E+01 0.5000E-01
0.3219E+03 0.1197E+00 0.1237E+02 0.7500E-01
0.3807E+03 0.1539E+00 0.1650E+02 0.1000E+00
0.4868E+03 0.3217E+00 0.4111E+02 0.2500E+00
0.5282E+03 0.5809E+00 0.7852E+02 0.5000E+00
0.5439E+03 0.7095E+00 0.9419E+02 0.6250E+00
0.5701E+03 0.1290E+01 0.1204E+03 0.1200E+01
0.6207E+03 0.2502E+01 0.1710E+03 0.2400E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.2279E-01 0.1317E-04 0.6598E-03 0.1000E-04
0.1140E+00 0.6584E-04 0.3299E-02 0.5000E-04
0.2279E+00 0.1317E-03 0.6598E-02 0.1000E-03
0.1140E+02 0.6584E-02 0.3299E+00 0.5000E-02
0.1709E+02 0.9876E-02 0.4949E+00 0.7500E-02
0.2279E+02 0.1317E-01 0.6598E+00 0.1000E-01
0.5699E+02 0.3292E-01 0.1650E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1119E+03 0.6563E-01 0.3299E+01 0.5000E-01
0.1584E+03 0.9714E-01 0.4949E+01 0.7500E-01
0.2007E+03 0.1282E+00 0.6598E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3664E+03 0.3023E+00 0.1656E+02 0.2500E+00
0.4485E+03 0.5659E+00 0.3444E+02 0.5000E+00
0.4585E+03 0.6930E+00 0.4187E+02 0.6250E+00
0.4951E+03 0.1277E+01 0.8235E+02 0.1200E+01
0.5605E+03 0.2492E+01 0.1504E+03 0.2400E+01

-------------------------


PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


1.0 0.59 0.00 19.20 19.20 7.68 7.68 24.44
2.0 1.18 1.95 22.05 24.00 10.77 9.60 20.37
3.0 1.77 3.90 24.89 28.79 13.86 11.52 16.29
4.0 2.36 6.50 27.64 34.14 17.56 13.66 14.49
5.0 2.95 9.40 30.39 39.79 21.56 15.92 13.51
6.0 3.53 12.60 33.14 45.74 25.85 18.29 12.94
7.0 4.12 16.09 35.88 51.98 30.45 20.79 12.60
8.0 4.71 19.89 38.63 58.52 35.34 23.41 12.42
9.0 5.30 23.97 41.38 65.36 40.53 26.14 12.33
10.0 5.89 28.36 44.13 72.49 46.01 29.00 12.31
11.0 6.48 33.04 46.88 79.93 51.80 31.97 12.33
12.0 7.07 38.03 49.63 87.66 57.88 35.06 12.40
13.0 7.66 43.30 52.38 95.69 64.26 38.27 12.49
14.0 8.25 48.88 55.13 104.01 70.93 41.60 12.61
15.0 8.84 54.76 57.88 112.63 77.91 45.05 12.75
16.0 9.43 60.93 60.63 121.55 85.18 48.62 12.90
17.0 10.02 67.40 63.38 130.77 92.75 52.31 13.06
18.0 10.60 74.16 66.13 140.29 100.61 56.12 13.23
19.0 11.19 81.23 68.88 150.10 108.78 60.04 13.41
20.0 11.78 88.59 71.63 160.21 117.24 64.08 13.60
21.0 12.37 96.25 74.37 170.62 126.00 68.25 13.79
22.0 12.96 104.20 82.73 186.93 137.29 74.77 14.42
23.0 13.55 112.46 91.83 204.28 149.19 81.71 15.08
24.0 14.14 121.01 101.69 222.69 161.68 89.08 15.75
25.0 14.73 129.86 112.32 242.18 174.78 96.87 16.44
26.0 15.32 139.00 122.63 261.63 188.05 104.65 17.08
27.0 15.91 148.45 131.48 279.92 201.04 111.97 17.60
28.0 16.50 158.19 138.80 296.99 213.71 118.80 18.00
29.0 17.08 168.23 144.55 312.78 226.05 125.11 18.31
30.0 17.67 178.56 148.68 327.24 238.03 130.90 18.52
31.0 18.26 186.54 152.80 339.34 247.66 135.74 18.58
32.0 18.85 194.74 156.92 351.66 257.51 140.66 18.65
33.0 19.44 203.16 161.05 364.21 267.58 145.68 18.73
34.0 20.03 211.80 165.17 376.97 277.87 150.79 18.82
35.0 20.62 220.67 169.30 389.97 288.39 155.99 18.91
36.0 21.21 229.76 173.42 403.18 299.13 161.27 19.01
37.0 21.80 239.07 177.00 416.08 309.87 166.43 19.09
38.0 22.39 248.61 179.99 428.60 320.61 171.44 19.15
39.0 22.98 258.37 182.32 440.69 331.30 176.28 19.18
40.0 23.57 268.35 183.95 452.30 341.93 180.92 19.19
41.0 24.15 278.56 184.92 463.48 352.53 185.39 19.19
42.0 24.74 288.99 185.41 474.40 363.15 189.76 19.17
43.0 25.33 299.64 185.57 485.22 373.87 194.09 19.15
44.0 25.92 310.52 185.57 496.09 384.75 198.44 19.14

45.0 26.51 321.62 185.57 507.19 395.85 202.88 19.13

46.0 27.10 332.94 185.57 518.51 407.17 207.41 19.13
47.0 27.69 344.48 185.57 530.06 418.71 212.02 19.14
48.0 28.28 356.25 185.57 541.83 430.48 216.73 19.16
49.0 28.87 368.24 185.57 553.82 442.47 221.53 19.19
50.0 29.46 380.46 185.57 566.03 454.69 226.41 19.22
51.0 30.05 392.90 185.57 578.47 467.13 231.39 19.25
52.0 30.63 405.56 185.57 591.13 479.79 236.45 19.30
53.0 31.22 418.44 185.57 604.01 492.67 241.61 19.34
54.0 31.81 431.55 185.57 617.12 505.78 246.85 19.40
55.0 32.40 444.88 185.57 630.45 519.11 252.18 19.46
56.0 32.99 458.43 185.57 644.00 532.66 257.60 19.52
57.0 33.58 472.21 185.57 657.78 546.44 263.11 19.59
58.0 34.17 486.21 185.57 671.78 560.44 268.71 19.66
59.0 34.76 500.43 185.57 686.00 574.66 274.40 19.74
60.0 35.35 514.87 185.57 700.45 589.10 280.18 19.82

ton IN. ton IN.
0.3543E-01 0.1388E-04 0.1203E-02 0.1000E-04
0.1771E+00 0.6941E-04 0.6014E-02 0.5000E-04
0.3543E+00 0.1388E-03 0.1203E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1771E+02 0.6941E-02 0.6014E+00 0.5000E-02
0.2657E+02 0.1041E-01 0.9021E+00 0.7500E-02
0.3543E+02 0.1388E-01 0.1203E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8865E+02 0.3471E-01 0.3007E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1756E+03 0.6935E-01 0.6014E+01 0.5000E-01
0.2415E+03 0.1017E+00 0.9021E+01 0.7500E-01
0.3025E+03 0.1338E+00 0.1203E+02 0.1000E+00
0.4602E+03 0.3027E+00 0.3007E+02 0.2500E+00
0.5429E+03 0.5642E+00 0.5935E+02 0.5000E+00
0.5490E+03 0.6052E+00 0.6402E+02 0.5400E+00
0.6039E+03 0.1425E+01 0.1188E+03 0.1350E+01
0.6720E+03 0.2787E+01 0.1884E+03 0.2700E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.4908E-01 0.1532E-04 0.1718E-02 0.1000E-04
0.2454E+00 0.7662E-04 0.8591E-02 0.5000E-04
0.4908E+00 0.1532E-03 0.1718E-01 0.1000E-03
0.2454E+02 0.7662E-02 0.8591E+00 0.5000E-02
0.3681E+02 0.1149E-01 0.1289E+01 0.7500E-02
0.4908E+02 0.1532E-01 0.1718E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1230E+03 0.3833E-01 0.4296E+01 0.2500E-01
0.2412E+03 0.7643E-01 0.8591E+01 0.5000E-01
0.3267E+03 0.1110E+00 0.1289E+02 0.7500E-01
0.4010E+03 0.1448E+00 0.1718E+02 0.1000E+00
0.5363E+03 0.3122E+00 0.4296E+02 0.2500E+00
0.5887E+03 0.5710E+00 0.8275E+02 0.5000E+00
0.5950E+03 0.6121E+00 0.8908E+02 0.5400E+00
0.6469E+03 0.1431E+01 0.1410E+03 0.1350E+01
0.7063E+03 0.2792E+01 0.2004E+03 0.2700E+01


ton IN. ton IN.
0.2250E-01 0.1249E-04 0.6873E-03 0.1000E-04
0.1125E+00 0.6244E-04 0.3437E-02 0.5000E-04
0.2250E+00 0.1249E-03 0.6873E-02 0.1000E-03
0.1125E+02 0.6244E-02 0.3437E+00 0.5000E-02
0.1687E+02 0.9366E-02 0.5155E+00 0.7500E-02
0.2250E+02 0.1249E-01 0.6873E+00 0.1000E-01
0.5625E+02 0.3122E-01 0.1718E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1123E+03 0.6243E-01 0.3437E+01 0.5000E-01
0.1590E+03 0.9266E-01 0.5155E+01 0.7500E-01
0.2045E+03 0.1228E+00 0.6873E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3825E+03 0.2932E+00 0.1718E+02 0.2500E+00
0.4971E+03 0.5575E+00 0.3595E+02 0.5000E+00
0.5029E+03 0.5984E+00 0.3897E+02 0.5400E+00
0.5608E+03 0.1419E+01 0.9650E+02 0.1350E+01
0.6376E+03 0.2783E+01 0.1763E+03 0.2700E+01

-------------------------

PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


1.0 0.73 0.00 20.83 20.83 8.33 8.33 21.38
2.0 1.45 2.17 23.66 25.82 11.63 10.33 17.75
3.0 2.18 4.34 26.48 30.82 14.93 12.33 14.12
4.0 2.91 7.23 29.23 36.46 18.92 14.58 12.53
5.0 3.64 10.45 31.98 42.43 23.24 16.97 11.67
6.0 4.36 14.00 34.73 48.73 27.89 19.49 11.17
7.0 5.09 17.88 37.48 55.36 32.87 22.14 10.87
8.0 5.82 22.09 40.23 62.32 38.18 24.93 10.71
9.0 6.55 26.64 42.98 69.61 43.83 27.85 10.63
10.0 7.27 31.51 45.72 77.24 49.80 30.89 10.62
11.0 8.00 36.72 48.47 85.19 56.11 34.08 10.65

12.0 8.73 42.25 51.22 93.47 62.74 37.39 10.71

13.0 9.46 48.12 53.97 102.09 69.71 40.84 10.80
14.0 10.18 54.31 56.72 111.03 77.00 44.41 10.90
15.0 10.91 60.84 59.47 120.31 84.63 48.12 11.03
16.0 11.64 67.70 62.22 129.92 92.58 51.97 11.16
17.0 12.36 74.88 64.97 139.85 100.87 55.94 11.31
18.0 13.09 82.40 67.72 150.12 109.49 60.05 11.47
19.0 13.82 90.25 70.47 160.72 118.44 64.29 11.63
20.0 14.55 98.43 73.22 171.65 127.72 68.66 11.80
21.0 15.27 106.94 80.90 187.84 139.30 75.14 12.30
22.0 16.00 115.78 89.19 204.97 151.46 81.99 12.81
23.0 16.73 124.95 98.10 223.06 164.19 89.22 13.33
24.0 17.46 134.45 107.65 242.11 177.51 96.84 13.87
25.0 18.18 144.28 117.86 262.14 191.43 104.86 14.42
26.0 18.91 154.45 126.93 281.38 205.22 112.55 14.88
27.0 19.64 164.94 134.83 299.77 218.87 119.91 15.27
28.0 20.36 175.76 141.51 317.28 232.37 126.91 15.58
29.0 21.09 186.92 146.94 333.86 245.69 133.54 15.83
30.0 21.82 198.40 151.06 349.47 258.83 139.79 16.02
31.0 22.55 207.26 155.19 362.45 269.34 144.98 16.08
32.0 23.27 216.37 159.31 375.68 280.10 150.27 16.14
33.0 24.00 225.73 163.44 389.17 291.10 155.67 16.21
34.0 24.73 235.34 167.56 402.89 302.36 161.16 16.29
35.0 25.46 245.19 171.68 416.87 313.86 166.75 16.38
36.0 26.18 255.29 175.81 431.10 325.61 172.44 16.46
37.0 26.91 265.64 179.93 445.57 337.61 178.23 16.56
38.0 27.64 276.23 184.06 460.29 349.86 184.12 16.65
39.0 28.37 287.08 188.18 475.26 362.35 190.10 16.75
40.0 29.09 298.17 192.30 490.47 375.09 196.19 16.86
41.0 29.82 309.51 195.95 505.46 387.89 202.18 16.95
42.0 30.55 321.10 199.07 520.18 400.73 208.07 17.03
43.0 31.27 332.94 201.64 534.57 413.59 213.83 17.09
44.0 32.00 345.02 203.59 548.61 426.46 219.44 17.14
45.0 32.73 357.35 204.89 562.24 439.31 224.90 17.18
46.0 33.46 369.93 205.67 575.61 452.20 230.24 17.20
47.0 34.18 382.76 206.06 588.82 465.19 235.53 17.23
48.0 34.91 395.84 206.19 602.03 478.31 240.81 17.24
49.0 35.64 409.16 206.19 615.35 491.64 246.14 17.27
50.0 36.37 422.73 206.19 628.93 505.21 251.57 17.29
51.0 37.09 436.55 206.19 642.74 519.03 257.10 17.33
52.0 37.82 450.62 206.19 656.81 533.10 262.72 17.37
53.0 38.55 464.93 206.19 671.13 547.41 268.45 17.41
54.0 39.27 479.50 206.19 685.69 561.97 274.28 17.46
55.0 40.00 494.31 206.19 700.50 576.79 280.20 17.51
56.0 40.73 509.37 206.19 715.56 591.84 286.22 17.57
57.0 41.46 524.67 206.19 730.87 607.15 292.35 17.63
58.0 42.18 540.23 206.19 746.42 622.71 298.57 17.69
59.0 42.91 556.03 206.19 762.23 638.51 304.89 17.76
60.0 43.64 572.08 206.19 778.28 654.56 311.31 17.83

ton IN. ton IN.
0.3488E-01 0.1312E-04 0.1203E-02 0.1000E-04
0.1744E+00 0.6558E-04 0.6014E-02 0.5000E-04
0.3488E+00 0.1312E-03 0.1203E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1744E+02 0.6558E-02 0.6014E+00 0.5000E-02
0.2616E+02 0.9837E-02 0.9021E+00 0.7500E-02
0.3488E+02 0.1312E-01 0.1203E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8721E+02 0.3279E-01 0.3007E+01 0.2500E-01

0.1745E+03 0.6559E-01 0.6014E+01 0.5000E-01

0.2440E+03 0.9697E-01 0.9021E+01 0.7500E-01
0.3074E+03 0.1277E+00 0.1203E+02 0.1000E+00
0.4881E+03 0.2952E+00 0.3007E+02 0.2500E+00
0.5947E+03 0.5567E+00 0.5945E+02 0.5000E+00
0.6099E+03 0.6587E+00 0.7114E+02 0.6000E+00
0.6710E+03 0.1568E+01 0.1320E+03 0.1500E+01
0.7466E+03 0.3079E+01 0.2093E+03 0.3000E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.4806E-01 0.1426E-04 0.1718E-02 0.1000E-04
0.2403E+00 0.7130E-04 0.8591E-02 0.5000E-04
0.4806E+00 0.1426E-03 0.1718E-01 0.1000E-03
0.2403E+02 0.7130E-02 0.8591E+00 0.5000E-02
0.3605E+02 0.1069E-01 0.1289E+01 0.7500E-02
0.4806E+02 0.1426E-01 0.1718E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1203E+03 0.3565E-01 0.4296E+01 0.2500E-01
0.2399E+03 0.7131E-01 0.8591E+01 0.5000E-01
0.3302E+03 0.1046E+00 0.1289E+02 0.7500E-01
0.4110E+03 0.1370E+00 0.1718E+02 0.1000E+00
0.5803E+03 0.3043E+00 0.4296E+02 0.2500E+00
0.6453E+03 0.5626E+00 0.8316E+02 0.5000E+00
0.6611E+03 0.6649E+00 0.9897E+02 0.6000E+00
0.7188E+03 0.1573E+01 0.1567E+03 0.1500E+01
0.7848E+03 0.3083E+01 0.2227E+03 0.3000E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.2227E-01 0.1200E-04 0.6873E-03 0.1000E-04
0.1113E+00 0.6001E-04 0.3437E-02 0.5000E-04
0.2227E+00 0.1200E-03 0.6873E-02 0.1000E-03
0.1113E+02 0.6001E-02 0.3437E+00 0.5000E-02
0.1670E+02 0.9002E-02 0.5155E+00 0.7500E-02
0.2227E+02 0.1200E-01 0.6873E+00 0.1000E-01
0.5567E+02 0.3001E-01 0.1718E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1114E+03 0.6002E-01 0.3437E+01 0.5000E-01
0.1600E+03 0.8944E-01 0.5155E+01 0.7500E-01
0.2056E+03 0.1186E+00 0.6873E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3946E+03 0.2861E+00 0.1718E+02 0.2500E+00
0.5440E+03 0.5508E+00 0.3574E+02 0.5000E+00
0.5586E+03 0.6525E+00 0.4330E+02 0.6000E+00
0.6231E+03 0.1562E+01 0.1072E+03 0.1500E+01
0.7084E+03 0.3075E+01 0.1959E+03 0.3000E+01

-------------------------



PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


1.0 0.88 0.00 22.47 22.47 8.99 8.99 18.99
2.0 1.76 2.38 25.28 27.66 12.50 11.07 15.72
3.0 2.64 4.77 28.09 32.86 16.01 13.14 12.45
4.0 3.52 7.95 30.84 38.79 20.29 15.52 11.02
5.0 4.40 11.49 33.59 45.08 24.93 18.03 10.25
6.0 5.28 15.40 36.34 51.74 29.93 20.69 9.80
7.0 6.16 19.67 39.09 58.76 35.30 23.50 9.54
8.0 7.04 24.30 41.84 66.14 41.04 26.46 9.39
9.0 7.92 29.30 44.59 73.89 47.14 29.55 9.33
10.0 8.80 34.66 47.33 82.00 53.60 32.80 9.32
11.0 9.68 40.39 50.08 90.47 60.42 36.19 9.35
12.0 10.56 46.48 52.83 99.31 67.61 39.72 9.40
13.0 11.44 52.93 55.58 108.51 75.16 43.40 9.48
14.0 12.32 59.74 58.33 118.08 83.08 47.23 9.58
15.0 13.20 66.92 61.08 128.00 91.36 51.20 9.70
16.0 14.08 74.47 63.83 138.30 100.00 55.32 9.82
17.0 14.96 82.37 66.58 148.95 109.00 59.58 9.96
18.0 15.84 90.64 69.33 159.97 118.37 63.99 10.10
19.0 16.72 99.28 72.08 171.35 128.11 68.54 10.25
20.0 17.60 108.27 79.27 187.55 139.98 75.02 10.66
21.0 18.48 117.63 86.98 204.62 152.43 81.85 11.07
22.0 19.36 127.36 95.22 222.58 165.45 89.03 11.50
23.0 20.24 137.45 103.99 241.44 179.04 96.58 11.93
24.0 21.12 147.90 113.32 261.21 193.22 104.49 12.37
25.0 22.00 158.71 122.46 281.17 207.70 112.47 12.78
26.0 22.88 169.89 130.67 300.56 222.16 120.23 13.14
27.0 23.76 181.43 137.92 319.35 236.60 127.74 13.44
28.0 24.64 193.34 144.16 337.50 251.00 135.00 13.70
29.0 25.52 205.61 149.36 354.97 265.35 141.99 13.91
30.0 26.40 218.24 153.48 371.72 279.63 148.69 14.08
31.0 27.28 227.99 157.60 385.59 291.03 154.24 14.13
32.0 28.16 238.01 161.73 399.74 302.70 159.90 14.19
33.0 29.04 248.30 165.85 414.15 314.64 165.66 14.26
34.0 29.92 258.87 169.98 428.84 326.86 171.54 14.33
35.0 30.80 269.71 174.10 443.81 339.35 177.52 14.41
36.0 31.68 280.82 178.22 459.04 352.11 183.62 14.49
37.0 32.56 292.20 182.35 474.55 365.14 189.82 14.57
38.0 33.44 303.86 186.47 490.33 378.45 196.13 14.66
39.0 34.32 315.79 190.59 506.38 392.02 202.55 14.75
40.0 35.20 327.99 194.72 522.71 405.88 209.08 14.85
41.0 36.08 340.46 198.84 539.31 420.00 215.72 14.95

42.0 36.96 353.21 202.97 556.18 434.40 222.47 15.05

43.0 37.84 366.23 207.09 573.32 449.07 229.33 15.15
44.0 38.72 379.52 211.21 590.74 464.01 236.29 15.26
45.0 39.60 393.09 214.91 608.00 479.05 243.20 15.35
46.0 40.48 406.93 218.14 625.06 494.18 250.02 15.44
47.0 41.36 421.04 220.86 641.90 509.38 256.76 15.52
48.0 42.24 435.42 223.05 658.47 524.64 263.39 15.59
49.0 43.12 450.08 224.66 674.74 539.94 269.90 15.65
50.0 44.00 465.00 225.74 690.74 555.30 276.30 15.70
51.0 44.88 480.21 226.38 706.59 570.76 282.64 15.74
52.0 45.76 495.68 226.71 722.39 586.36 288.95 15.79
53.0 46.64 511.43 226.81 738.24 602.15 295.30 15.83
54.0 47.52 527.45 226.81 754.26 618.17 301.70 15.87
55.0 48.40 543.74 226.81 770.55 634.46 308.22 15.92
56.0 49.28 560.30 226.81 787.12 651.03 314.85 15.97
57.0 50.16 577.14 226.81 803.95 667.87 321.58 16.03
58.0 51.04 594.25 226.81 821.06 684.98 328.43 16.09
59.0 51.92 611.63 226.81 838.45 702.36 335.38 16.15
60.0 52.80 629.29 226.81 856.10 720.02 342.44 16.21

ton IN. ton IN.
0.3447E-01 0.1256E-04 0.1203E-02 0.1000E-04
0.1724E+00 0.6279E-04 0.6014E-02 0.5000E-04
0.3447E+00 0.1256E-03 0.1203E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1724E+02 0.6279E-02 0.6014E+00 0.5000E-02
0.2586E+02 0.9418E-02 0.9021E+00 0.7500E-02
0.3447E+02 0.1256E-01 0.1203E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8618E+02 0.3139E-01 0.3007E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1725E+03 0.6279E-01 0.6014E+01 0.5000E-01
0.2471E+03 0.9344E-01 0.9021E+01 0.7500E-01
0.3101E+03 0.1232E+00 0.1203E+02 0.1000E+00
0.5158E+03 0.2895E+00 0.3007E+02 0.2500E+00
0.6440E+03 0.5505E+00 0.5956E+02 0.5000E+00
0.6708E+03 0.7134E+00 0.7825E+02 0.6600E+00
0.7381E+03 0.1711E+01 0.1452E+03 0.1650E+01
0.8213E+03 0.3372E+01 0.2302E+03 0.3300E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.4732E-01 0.1349E-04 0.1718E-02 0.1000E-04
0.2366E+00 0.6744E-04 0.8591E-02 0.5000E-04
0.4732E+00 0.1349E-03 0.1718E-01 0.1000E-03
0.2366E+02 0.6744E-02 0.8591E+00 0.5000E-02
0.3549E+02 0.1012E-01 0.1289E+01 0.7500E-02
0.4732E+02 0.1349E-01 0.1718E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1184E+03 0.3372E-01 0.4296E+01 0.2500E-01
0.2370E+03 0.6746E-01 0.8591E+01 0.5000E-01
0.3348E+03 0.9992E-01 0.1289E+02 0.7500E-01
0.4161E+03 0.1310E+00 0.1718E+02 0.1000E+00
0.6235E+03 0.2981E+00 0.4296E+02 0.2500E+00
0.7019E+03 0.5559E+00 0.8358E+02 0.5000E+00
0.7272E+03 0.7190E+00 0.1089E+03 0.6600E+00
0.7907E+03 0.1717E+01 0.1724E+03 0.1650E+01
0.8633E+03 0.3375E+01 0.2450E+03 0.3300E+01


ton IN. ton IN.
0.2210E-01 0.1165E-04 0.6873E-03 0.1000E-04
0.1105E+00 0.5824E-04 0.3437E-02 0.5000E-04
0.2210E+00 0.1165E-03 0.6873E-02 0.1000E-03
0.1105E+02 0.5824E-02 0.3437E+00 0.5000E-02
0.1657E+02 0.8736E-02 0.5155E+00 0.7500E-02
0.2210E+02 0.1165E-01 0.6873E+00 0.1000E-01
0.5524E+02 0.2912E-01 0.1718E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1105E+03 0.5824E-01 0.3437E+01 0.5000E-01
0.1612E+03 0.8706E-01 0.5155E+01 0.7500E-01
0.2065E+03 0.1155E+00 0.6873E+01 0.1000E+00
0.4069E+03 0.2808E+00 0.1718E+02 0.2500E+00
0.5856E+03 0.5450E+00 0.3553E+02 0.5000E+00
0.6143E+03 0.7078E+00 0.4763E+02 0.6600E+00
0.6855E+03 0.1706E+01 0.1179E+03 0.1650E+01
0.7793E+03 0.3368E+01 0.2155E+03 0.3300E+01

-------------------------

PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


1.0 1.05 0.00 24.08 24.08 9.63 9.63 17.05
2.0 2.09 2.60 26.88 29.49 13.35 11.79 14.08
3.0 3.14 5.20 29.68 34.89 17.08 13.95 11.10
4.0 4.19 8.67 32.43 41.11 21.65 16.44 9.81
5.0 5.24 12.54 35.18 47.72 26.61 19.09 9.11
6.0 6.28 16.80 37.93 54.73 31.97 21.89 8.71
7.0 7.33 21.46 40.68 62.14 37.73 24.86 8.48
8.0 8.38 26.51 43.43 69.94 43.89 27.98 8.35

9.0 9.43 31.97 46.18 78.14 50.44 31.26 8.29

10.0 10.47 37.81 48.93 86.74 57.39 34.70 8.28
11.0 11.52 44.06 51.68 95.74 64.73 38.29 8.31
12.0 12.57 50.70 54.43 105.13 72.47 42.05 8.36
13.0 13.62 57.74 57.18 114.92 80.61 45.97 8.44
14.0 14.66 65.18 59.93 125.10 89.15 50.04 8.53
15.0 15.71 73.01 62.67 135.68 98.08 54.27 8.64
16.0 16.76 81.24 65.42 146.66 107.41 58.66 8.75
17.0 17.80 89.86 68.17 158.03 117.13 63.21 8.88
18.0 18.85 98.88 70.92 169.81 127.25 67.92 9.01
19.0 19.90 108.30 77.69 185.99 139.38 74.39 9.35
20.0 20.95 118.12 84.89 203.00 152.07 81.20 9.69
21.0 21.99 128.33 92.54 220.87 165.34 88.35 10.04
22.0 23.04 138.94 100.65 239.58 179.19 95.83 10.40
23.0 24.09 149.94 109.22 259.16 193.63 103.67 10.76
24.0 25.14 161.34 118.28 279.62 208.65 111.85 11.12
25.0 26.18 173.14 126.59 299.73 223.78 119.89 11.45
26.0 27.23 185.34 134.12 319.45 238.98 127.78 11.73
27.0 28.28 197.93 140.84 338.77 254.26 135.51 11.98
28.0 29.33 210.92 146.73 357.64 269.61 143.06 12.20
29.0 30.37 224.30 151.75 376.05 285.00 150.42 12.38
30.0 31.42 238.08 155.87 393.95 300.43 157.58 12.54
31.0 32.47 248.72 159.99 408.71 312.71 163.48 12.59
32.0 33.51 259.65 164.12 423.77 325.29 169.51 12.64
33.0 34.56 270.88 168.24 439.12 338.17 175.65 12.71
34.0 35.61 282.40 172.37 454.77 351.35 181.91 12.77
35.0 36.66 294.23 176.49 470.72 364.82 188.29 12.84
36.0 37.70 306.35 180.61 486.96 378.59 194.78 12.92
37.0 38.75 318.77 184.74 503.50 392.66 201.40 12.99
38.0 39.80 331.48 188.86 520.34 407.03 208.14 13.07
39.0 40.85 344.49 192.99 537.48 421.69 214.99 13.16
40.0 41.89 357.81 197.11 554.92 436.65 221.97 13.25
41.0 42.94 371.41 201.23 572.65 451.91 229.06 13.34
42.0 43.99 385.32 205.36 590.68 467.46 236.27 13.43
43.0 45.04 399.52 209.48 609.00 483.32 243.60 13.52
44.0 46.08 414.02 213.60 627.63 499.47 251.05 13.62
45.0 47.13 428.82 217.73 646.55 515.91 258.62 13.72
46.0 48.18 443.92 221.85 665.77 532.66 266.31 13.82
47.0 49.22 459.31 225.98 685.29 549.70 274.12 13.92
48.0 50.27 475.00 230.10 705.10 567.04 282.04 14.03
49.0 51.32 490.99 233.84 724.83 584.53 289.93 14.12
50.0 52.37 507.28 237.15 744.43 602.14 297.77 14.22
51.0 53.41 523.86 240.02 763.88 619.87 305.55 14.30
52.0 54.46 540.74 242.41 783.15 637.71 313.26 14.38
53.0 55.51 557.92 244.29 802.22 655.64 320.89 14.45
54.0 56.56 575.40 245.64 821.04 673.65 328.41 14.52
55.0 57.60 593.17 246.54 839.71 691.78 335.88 14.58
56.0 58.65 611.24 247.07 858.31 710.07 343.33 14.63
57.0 59.70 629.61 247.34 876.95 728.55 350.78 14.69
58.0 60.75 648.27 247.43 895.71 747.25 358.28 14.75
59.0 61.79 667.24 247.43 914.67 766.21 365.87 14.80
60.0 62.84 686.50 247.43 933.93 785.47 373.57 14.86

ton IN. ton IN.
0.3417E-01 0.1214E-04 0.1203E-02 0.1000E-04
0.1708E+00 0.6069E-04 0.6014E-02 0.5000E-04
0.3417E+00 0.1214E-03 0.1203E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1708E+02 0.6069E-02 0.6014E+00 0.5000E-02

0.2563E+02 0.9103E-02 0.9021E+00 0.7500E-02

0.3417E+02 0.1214E-01 0.1203E+01 0.1000E-01
0.8542E+02 0.3034E-01 0.3007E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1710E+03 0.6069E-01 0.6014E+01 0.5000E-01
0.2506E+03 0.9076E-01 0.9021E+01 0.7500E-01
0.3133E+03 0.1197E+00 0.1203E+02 0.1000E+00
0.5437E+03 0.2849E+00 0.3007E+02 0.2500E+00
0.6884E+03 0.5452E+00 0.5966E+02 0.5000E+00
0.7317E+03 0.7689E+00 0.8536E+02 0.7200E+00
0.8052E+03 0.1856E+01 0.1584E+03 0.1800E+01
0.8960E+03 0.3666E+01 0.2511E+03 0.3600E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.4676E-01 0.1291E-04 0.1718E-02 0.1000E-04
0.2338E+00 0.6455E-04 0.8591E-02 0.5000E-04
0.4676E+00 0.1291E-03 0.1718E-01 0.1000E-03
0.2338E+02 0.6455E-02 0.8591E+00 0.5000E-02
0.3507E+02 0.9682E-02 0.1289E+01 0.7500E-02
0.4676E+02 0.1291E-01 0.1718E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1169E+03 0.3227E-01 0.4296E+01 0.2500E-01
0.2341E+03 0.6456E-01 0.8591E+01 0.5000E-01
0.3402E+03 0.9633E-01 0.1289E+02 0.7500E-01
0.4207E+03 0.1264E+00 0.1718E+02 0.1000E+00
0.6669E+03 0.2931E+00 0.4296E+02 0.2500E+00
0.7585E+03 0.5506E+00 0.8399E+02 0.5000E+00
0.7933E+03 0.7741E+00 0.1188E+03 0.7200E+00
0.8626E+03 0.1861E+01 0.1880E+03 0.1800E+01
0.9418E+03 0.3669E+01 0.2672E+03 0.3600E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.2197E-01 0.1138E-04 0.6873E-03 0.1000E-04
0.1098E+00 0.5690E-04 0.3437E-02 0.5000E-04
0.2197E+00 0.1138E-03 0.6873E-02 0.1000E-03
0.1098E+02 0.5690E-02 0.3437E+00 0.5000E-02
0.1648E+02 0.8535E-02 0.5155E+00 0.7500E-02
0.2197E+02 0.1138E-01 0.6873E+00 0.1000E-01
0.5492E+02 0.2845E-01 0.1718E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1098E+03 0.5690E-01 0.3437E+01 0.5000E-01
0.1627E+03 0.8524E-01 0.5155E+01 0.7500E-01
0.2078E+03 0.1131E+00 0.6873E+01 0.1000E+00
0.4194E+03 0.2767E+00 0.1718E+02 0.2500E+00
0.6177E+03 0.5398E+00 0.3533E+02 0.5000E+00
0.6700E+03 0.7638E+00 0.5196E+02 0.7200E+00
0.7478E+03 0.1852E+01 0.1287E+03 0.1800E+01
0.8501E+03 0.3662E+01 0.2351E+03 0.3600E+01

5.3 Example Problem 2 Mixed Clay/Sand

This is an example of a shaft drilled into a soil of a mixed profile with layers of clay and sand. The
example is modeled after load tests performed and reported by Touma and Reese, 1972, at the G1 site.
5.3.1 Soil Profile

surface.

Values of undrained shear strength obtained from laboratory tests and N-values (blow counts per
foot) from the Standard Penetration Test are included in Figure 5.6.
5.3.3 Construction
High-quality construction, good specifications, and excellent inspection are assumed.
5.3.4 Loadings
Working axial load is 150 tons, no downdrag is expected, and lateral loading is negligible. The
depth to the zone of seasonal moisture change is judged to be about 10 feet.

Soil conditions across the site are variable, and the foundation is for a major and complex structure.
An overall factor of safety of 3.0 was selected.
5.3.6 Ultimate Load

Using the factor of safety of 3, the ultimate axial load is computed to be 450 Tons.


A straight-sided shaft is selected, with a diameter of 3.0 ft and a penetration of 59 feet.
Side Resistance
Computations are performed assuming a total unit weight of clay equal to 125 pcf and total unit
weight of sand equal to 115 pcf. For ease of hand computations, an average value of was selected for the
sand layer. However, the computer program has been instructed to generate internally the values of and
to interpolate linearly with depth. The hand computations are as follows:
Soil Depth Interval A Avg. effective stress z Qs
or
2
Type ft. ft tsf tons
Clay 0-5 ---- (cased) 0 0
Clay 5-32 207.3 0.81 0.55 116.7
Sand 32.59 254.5 1.887 0.6 288.1
Qs = 404.8
Base Resistance
At the 59-ft location:
NSPT= 25.
qB = (0.6) (25) = 15.0 tsf
AB = 7.07 ft2
QB = (7.07) (15.0) = 106.0 tons
Total Resistance
QU = 404.8 + 106.0 = 510 tons > QT= 450 tons (OK).


(tons) (tons)
Side Resistance 405 392(a) 3.2%
(b)
Tip Resistance 106 129 21.7%
(a)
Values of were generated at the top and bottom of each sand layer and
were interpolated linearly by the program.
(b)
The computer takes into account soil properties of two diameters below the
bottom of the drilled shaft.


The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem2 is reproduced below in
Example Problem 2, Touma and Reese, 1972, G1 Site

1
2 1 1 1 1 2
3 3 0 0 5 0 3500000
5 17 59 3 3
2 5
0 125 0.0 0 0 6400 0 1 1
0 125 0.0 0 0 6400 0 1 1
0.55 0.55
2 32
0 125 0.0 1600 0 6400 0 1 1
0 125 0.0 1600 0 6400 0 1 1
0.55 0.55
1 40
0.0 115 0 0.0 20 4000 0 1 1
0.0 115 0 0.0 20 4000 0 1 1
2
0 0
1 64
0.0 115 0 0.0 25 4000 0 1 1
0.0 115 0 0.0 25 4000 0 1 1
2
0 0
1 80
0.0 115 0 0.0 50 4000 0 1 1
0.0 115 0 0.0 50 4000 0 1 1
2
0 0

Resulting plots of ultimate skin friction, ultimate tip resistance, and ultimate total capacity versus
depth provided by the computer program may be observed in Figure 5.7, Figure 5.8 and Figure 5.9
respectively. Results of axial load versus short-term settlement are included in Figure 5.10.

Figure 5.7 Curve of Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 2.
Figure 5.8 Curve of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 2.

Figure 5.9 Curve of Ultimate Total Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 2.
Figure 5.10 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 2.

5.3.12 Output Data

The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem2 is reproduced below in

VERSION 2012 (C)COPYRIGHT ENSOFT,INC.1989- 2012
Example Problem 2, Touma and Reese, 1972, G1 Site

----------------
------------------

-------------------

-------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
SOIL INFORMATION
---------------
LAYER NO 1----CLAY
AT THE TOP
STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR-ALPHA = 0.550E+00

END BEARING COEFFICIENT-Nc = 0.600E+01
DEPTH, FT = 0.000E+00
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.500E+01
LAYER NO 2----CLAY

AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.500E+01
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.320E+02
LAYER NO 3----SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.320E+02
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.400E+02
LAYER NO 4----SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.400E+02
AT THE BOTTOM


DEPTH, FT = 0.640E+02
LAYER NO 5----SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.640E+02
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.800E+02

-------------------------

PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------



6.0 1.57 4.15 46.36 50.50 19.60 16.83 31.59
7.0 1.83 8.29 46.57 54.86 23.82 18.29 29.93
8.0 2.09 12.44 46.77 59.22 28.03 19.74 28.27
9.0 2.36 16.59 46.98 63.57 32.25 21.19 26.98
10.0 2.62 20.74 47.19 67.93 36.47 22.64 25.94
11.0 2.88 24.88 47.40 72.29 40.69 24.10 25.10
12.0 3.14 29.03 47.61 76.64 44.90 25.55 24.39
13.0 3.40 33.18 47.82 81.00 49.12 27.00 23.80
14.0 3.67 37.33 48.03 85.36 53.34 28.45 23.29
15.0 3.93 41.47 48.24 89.72 57.55 29.91 22.84
16.0 4.19 45.62 48.45 94.07 61.77 31.36 22.46
17.0 4.45 49.77 48.66 98.43 65.99 32.81 22.11
18.0 4.71 53.92 48.87 102.79 70.21 34.26 21.81
19.0 4.97 58.06 49.08 107.14 74.42 35.71 21.54
20.0 5.24 62.21 49.29 111.50 78.64 37.17 21.29
21.0 5.50 66.36 49.50 115.86 82.86 38.62 21.07
22.0 5.76 70.51 49.71 120.21 87.08 40.07 20.87
23.0 6.02 74.65 49.92 124.57 91.29 41.52 20.69
24.0 6.28 78.80 50.13 128.93 95.51 42.98 20.52
25.0 6.55 82.95 50.34 133.28 99.73 44.43 20.36
26.0 6.81 87.10 50.54 137.64 103.94 45.88 20.22
27.0 7.07 91.24 57.91 149.15 110.55 49.72 21.10
28.0 7.33 95.39 66.25 161.64 117.47 53.88 22.05
29.0 7.59 99.54 75.56 175.10 124.73 58.37 23.06
30.0 7.86 103.69 81.75 185.44 130.94 61.81 23.61
31.0 8.12 107.83 84.83 192.67 136.11 64.22 23.74
32.0 8.38 111.98 84.83 196.81 140.26 65.60 23.49
33.0 8.64 122.62 84.83 207.46 150.90 69.15 24.01
34.0 8.90 133.27 84.83 218.10 161.55 72.70 24.50
35.0 9.16 143.92 89.33 233.25 173.70 77.75 25.45
36.0 9.43 154.57 94.47 249.04 186.06 83.01 26.42
37.0 9.69 165.21 100.26 265.47 198.63 88.49 27.40
38.0 9.95 175.85 104.11 279.96 210.55 93.32 28.14
39.0 10.21 186.47 106.04 292.52 221.82 97.51 28.65
40.0 10.47 197.09 106.04 303.13 232.43 101.04 28.94
41.0 10.74 207.68 106.04 313.73 243.03 104.58 29.22
42.0 11.00 218.26 106.04 324.30 253.61 108.10 29.49
43.0 11.26 228.81 106.04 334.86 264.16 111.62 29.74
44.0 11.52 239.34 106.04 345.38 274.69 115.13 29.98
45.0 11.78 249.84 106.04 355.88 285.19 118.63 30.20
46.0 12.04 260.31 106.04 366.35 295.66 122.12 30.42
47.0 12.31 270.74 106.04 376.78 306.09 125.59 30.62
48.0 12.57 281.13 106.04 387.18 316.48 129.06 30.81
49.0 12.83 291.49 106.04 397.53 326.84 132.51 30.98
50.0 13.09 301.80 106.04 407.84 337.14 135.95 31.15
51.0 13.35 312.06 106.04 418.10 347.41 139.37 31.31
52.0 13.62 322.27 106.04 428.32 357.62 142.77 31.46
53.0 13.88 332.43 106.04 438.48 367.78 146.16 31.60
54.0 14.14 342.54 106.04 448.58 377.89 149.53 31.73
55.0 14.40 352.59 106.04 458.63 387.94 152.88 31.85
56.0 14.66 362.57 106.04 468.62 397.92 156.21 31.96
57.0 14.92 372.50 106.04 478.54 407.84 159.51 32.06
58.0 15.19 382.35 106.04 488.39 417.70 162.80 32.16
59.0 15.45 392.14 128.54 520.67 434.98 173.56 33.70


ton IN. ton IN.
0.5697E-01 0.2201E-04 0.1250E-02 0.1000E-04
0.2849E+00 0.1101E-03 0.6248E-02 0.5000E-04
0.5697E+00 0.2201E-03 0.1250E-01 0.1000E-03
0.2850E+02 0.1101E-01 0.6248E+00 0.5000E-02
0.4288E+02 0.1652E-01 0.9372E+00 0.7500E-02
0.5727E+02 0.2205E-01 0.1250E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1379E+03 0.5483E-01 0.3124E+01 0.2500E-01
0.2239E+03 0.1014E+00 0.6248E+01 0.5000E-01
0.2865E+03 0.1430E+00 0.9372E+01 0.7500E-01
0.3199E+03 0.1781E+00 0.1250E+02 0.1000E+00
0.4043E+03 0.3550E+00 0.3099E+02 0.2500E+00
0.4330E+03 0.6176E+00 0.5834E+02 0.5000E+00
0.4346E+03 0.7451E+00 0.6704E+02 0.6250E+00
0.4481E+03 0.1026E+01 0.8226E+02 0.9000E+00
0.4955E+03 0.1945E+01 0.1305E+03 0.1800E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.8698E-01 0.2738E-04 0.1785E-02 0.1000E-04
0.4349E+00 0.1369E-03 0.8926E-02 0.5000E-04
0.8698E+00 0.2738E-03 0.1785E-01 0.1000E-03
0.4369E+02 0.1370E-01 0.8926E+00 0.5000E-02
0.6573E+02 0.2059E-01 0.1339E+01 0.7500E-02
0.8775E+02 0.2748E-01 0.1785E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1979E+03 0.6716E-01 0.4463E+01 0.2500E-01
0.2941E+03 0.1188E+00 0.8926E+01 0.5000E-01
0.3534E+03 0.1618E+00 0.1339E+02 0.7500E-01
0.3854E+03 0.1967E+00 0.1785E+02 0.1000E+00
0.4430E+03 0.3666E+00 0.4363E+02 0.2500E+00
0.4731E+03 0.6305E+00 0.8069E+02 0.5000E+00
0.4771E+03 0.7583E+00 0.8885E+02 0.6250E+00
0.4853E+03 0.1037E+01 0.9769E+02 0.9000E+00
0.5264E+03 0.1953E+01 0.1388E+03 0.1800E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.3204E-01 0.1722E-04 0.7141E-03 0.1000E-04
0.1602E+00 0.8611E-04 0.3570E-02 0.5000E-04
0.3204E+00 0.1722E-03 0.7141E-02 0.1000E-03
0.1602E+02 0.8611E-02 0.3570E+00 0.5000E-02
0.2403E+02 0.1292E-01 0.5356E+00 0.7500E-02
0.3208E+02 0.1722E-01 0.7141E+00 0.1000E-01
0.8023E+02 0.4310E-01 0.1785E+01 0.2500E-01
0.1476E+03 0.8382E-01 0.3570E+01 0.5000E-01
0.2035E+03 0.1223E+00 0.5356E+01 0.7500E-01
0.2435E+03 0.1579E+00 0.7141E+01 0.1000E+00
0.3652E+03 0.3433E+00 0.1835E+02 0.2500E+00
0.3888E+03 0.6042E+00 0.3599E+02 0.5000E+00
0.3913E+03 0.7318E+00 0.4524E+02 0.6250E+00
0.4110E+03 0.1015E+01 0.6684E+02 0.9000E+00
0.4646E+03 0.1936E+01 0.1221E+03 0.1800E+01

5.4 Example Problem 3 Clay

This is an example of a shaft drilled into clay. The example is modeled after load tests performed
and reported by Whitaker and Cooke, 1966, Pile A.
5.4.1 Soil Profile

The soil profile is shown in Figure 5.11. The clay is overconsolidated. The depth to the water
table was not given and is not needed in capacity calculations. However, the water table should be
obtained for construction considerations.

Values of undrained shear strength obtained from laboratory tests are included in Figure 5.11.
5.4.3 Construction
High-quality construction, good specifications, and excellent inspection are assumed.
5.4.4 Loadings
Working axial load is 230 tons, no downdrag is expected, expansive clay is not a problem, and
lateral loading is negligible. The depth to the zone of seasonal moisture change is judged to be about 10
feet.

It is assumed that a load test has been performed in the area, that the Design parameters have been
proven, and that the soil conditions across the site are relatively uniform; therefore, an overall factor of
safety of 2.0 was selected.
5.4.6 Ultimate Load

Using a factor of safety of 2, the ultimate axial load was computed to be 460 tons.


An under-reamed shaft was selected to penetrate a total of 40 ft into the clay. The height of the bell
is 4.0 ft, making the length of the straight-sided portion 36.0 feet. The diameter of the straight-sided
portion of the shaft is 2.58 ft and the diameter of the bell is 5.5 feet. Since 5.5 ft (66 in) is less than 75 in,
reduced end bearing need not be considered.
Side Resistance
For ease of hand computations, it is assumed a constant value of Az equal to 0.55 and an average
cu of 2,280 psf. However, the computer program interpolates linearly the top and bottom values of cu
with depth. The hand computations are as follows:
Depth interval A Avg. effective z Qs

ft. ft2 stress, tsf tons
0-5 0 0
5-33.4 230.2 1.14 0.55 144.3
33.4-40 0 0
Qs=144.3
Base Resistance
The average undrained shear strength over one base diameter below the base is 1.48 tsf and the
area of the base is 23.76 ft2.
qB = (1.48) (9) = 13.32 tsf
AB = 23.76 ft2
QB = (13.32) (23.76) = 316.5 tons
Total Resistance
QU = 144.3 + 316.5 = 461 tons QT= 460 tons (OK).


(tons) (tons)
Side Resistance 144 139* -3.5%
Tip Resistance 317 330 -4.1%
*values of cu at the top and bottom of the clay layer were interpolated linearly by the
program


The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem 3 is reproduced below in courier
typeface, for distinction.
Example Problem 3, Whitaker and Cooke, 1996, Pile A

1
2 1 1 1 1 2
2.58 0 2.13 20 5 2.58 3500000
2 0 40 2 2
2 50
9 125 0.0 1600 0 6400 0 1 1
9 125 0.0 3200 0 6400 0 1 1
0.55 0.55
2 80
9 125 0.0 3200 0 6400 0 1 1
9 125 0.0 3200 0 6400 0 1 1
0.55 0.55

The resulting plot of combined ultimate axial capacities versus depth provided by the computer
program may be observed in Figure 5.12. Results of axial load versus short-term settlement are included
in Figure 5.13.
Figure 5.12 Curve of Combined Plots vs Depth (ultimate) for Example Problem 3.

5.4.12 Output Data

The contents of the output-data file prepared for Example Problem 3 is reproduced below in

Example Problem 3, Whitaker and Cooke, 1996, Pile A

----------------
------------------

-------------------

-------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------

SOIL INFORMATION
---------------
LAYER NO 1----CLAY
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.000E+00
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.500E+02
LAYER NO 2----CLAY
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.500E+02
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.800E+02

-------------------------


PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


13.0 3.64 3.92 237.86 241.78 122.85 120.89 66.35
14.0 3.83 8.06 241.27 249.33 128.70 124.67 65.09
15.0 4.02 12.20 244.69 256.89 134.54 128.44 63.83
16.0 4.22 16.41 248.10 264.51 140.46 132.26 62.71
17.0 4.41 20.69 251.52 272.21 146.45 136.10 61.70
18.0 4.61 25.04 254.94 279.97 152.51 139.99 60.80
19.0 4.80 29.46 258.35 287.81 158.64 143.91 59.98
20.0 4.99 33.96 261.77 295.72 164.84 147.86 59.23
21.0 5.19 38.52 265.18 303.70 171.11 151.85 58.56
22.0 5.38 43.16 268.60 311.76 177.46 155.88 57.95
23.0 5.57 47.87 272.01 319.88 183.87 159.94 57.39
24.0 5.77 52.65 275.43 328.08 190.36 164.04 56.89
25.0 5.96 57.50 278.85 336.34 196.92 168.17 56.43
26.0 6.15 62.42 282.26 344.68 203.55 172.34 56.01
27.0 6.35 67.41 285.68 353.09 210.25 176.55 55.62
28.0 6.54 72.48 289.09 361.57 217.02 180.79 55.27
29.0 6.74 77.61 292.51 370.12 223.87 185.06 54.95
30.0 6.93 82.82 295.93 378.75 230.78 189.37 54.66
31.0 7.12 88.10 299.34 387.44 237.77 193.72 54.40
32.0 7.32 93.45 302.76 396.21 244.83 198.10 54.15
33.0 7.51 98.87 306.17 405.05 251.96 202.52 53.93
34.0 7.70 104.36 309.59 413.95 259.16 206.98 53.73
35.0 7.90 109.93 313.01 422.93 266.43 211.47 53.55
36.0 8.09 115.56 316.42 431.99 273.78 215.99 53.39
37.0 8.28 121.27 319.84 441.11 281.19 220.55 53.24
38.0 8.48 127.05 323.25 450.30 288.68 225.15 53.11
39.0 8.67 132.90 326.67 459.57 296.23 229.78 53.00
40.0 8.87 138.82 330.09 468.91 303.86 234.45 52.89

ton IN. ton IN.
0.2558E-01 0.1517E-04 0.3954E-02 0.1000E-04
0.1279E+00 0.7587E-04 0.1977E-01 0.5000E-04
0.2558E+00 0.1517E-03 0.3954E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1279E+02 0.7587E-02 0.1977E+01 0.5000E-02

0.1923E+02 0.1138E-01 0.2966E+01 0.7500E-02

0.2569E+02 0.1518E-01 0.3954E+01 0.1000E-01
0.6386E+02 0.3797E-01 0.9886E+01 0.2500E-01
0.9862E+02 0.7092E-01 0.1977E+02 0.5000E-01
0.1274E+03 0.1027E+00 0.2966E+02 0.7500E-01
0.1448E+03 0.1326E+00 0.3954E+02 0.1000E+00
0.2091E+03 0.3030E+00 0.9886E+02 0.2500E+00
0.2610E+03 0.5712E+00 0.1585E+03 0.5000E+00
0.2761E+03 0.7019E+00 0.1792E+03 0.6250E+00
0.2978E+03 0.8580E+00 0.2009E+03 0.7740E+00
0.3741E+03 0.1657E+01 0.2772E+03 0.1548E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.3907E-01 0.1779E-04 0.5906E-02 0.1000E-04
0.1954E+00 0.8893E-04 0.2953E-01 0.5000E-04
0.3907E+00 0.1779E-03 0.5906E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1960E+02 0.8897E-02 0.2953E+01 0.5000E-02
0.2951E+02 0.1336E-01 0.4430E+01 0.7500E-02
0.3941E+02 0.1783E-01 0.5906E+01 0.1000E-01
0.9550E+02 0.4438E-01 0.1477E+02 0.2500E-01
0.1332E+03 0.7878E-01 0.2953E+02 0.5000E-01
0.1554E+03 0.1102E+00 0.4430E+02 0.7500E-01
0.1731E+03 0.1406E+00 0.5906E+02 0.1000E+00
0.2655E+03 0.3205E+00 0.1477E+03 0.2500E+00
0.3319E+03 0.5934E+00 0.2220E+03 0.5000E+00
0.3488E+03 0.7244E+00 0.2420E+03 0.6250E+00
0.3669E+03 0.8793E+00 0.2602E+03 0.7740E+00
0.4186E+03 0.1670E+01 0.3118E+03 0.1548E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.1364E-01 0.1278E-04 0.2002E-02 0.1000E-04
0.6818E-01 0.6389E-04 0.1001E-01 0.5000E-04
0.1364E+00 0.1278E-03 0.2002E-01 0.1000E-03
0.6818E+01 0.6389E-02 0.1001E+01 0.5000E-02
0.1023E+02 0.9583E-02 0.1502E+01 0.7500E-02
0.1364E+02 0.1278E-01 0.2002E+01 0.1000E-01
0.3420E+02 0.3196E-01 0.5005E+01 0.2500E-01
0.6315E+02 0.6300E-01 0.1001E+02 0.5000E-01
0.8762E+02 0.9325E-01 0.1502E+02 0.7500E-01
0.1048E+03 0.1223E+00 0.2002E+02 0.1000E+00
0.1528E+03 0.2856E+00 0.5005E+02 0.2500E+00
0.1868E+03 0.5483E+00 0.9500E+02 0.5000E+00
0.2033E+03 0.6794E+00 0.1163E+03 0.6250E+00
0.2287E+03 0.8367E+00 0.1416E+03 0.7740E+00
0.3296E+03 0.1644E+01 0.2426E+03 0.1548E+01

5.5 Example Problem 4 Belled, Silty Sand & Silty Clay

This is an example of a drilled shaft with an enlarged base into layers of silty sand, and sandy clay.
5.5.1 Soil Profile

The soil profile is shown in Figure 5.14. The water table is at a depth of 10 ft during part of the
year. The depth of seasonal moisture change is 5 feet.

Values of undrained shear strength obtained from laboratory tests and the N-values from the
Standard Penetration Test are included in Figure 5.14. The N value for the interbedded silt and fine sand
is 18.
5.5.3 Construction
Advantage is to be taken of the strong bearing material below the sand, and a large bell will be
installed. High-quality construction (including elimination of water from the bell), good specifications,
and excellent inspection are assumed. Slurry and casing will be employed to a depth of 24 feet.
5.5.4 Loading
The working axial load is 640 tons, distributed as 500 tons dead load and 140 tons live load. No
downdrag is expected, no lateral loading is to be considered, and effects of expansive clays near the
surface are to be considered in a separate analysis.

No load test has been conducted but soil conditions are consistent across the site and are familiar to
the designer. A global factor of safety of 2.5 is selected.


A belled shaft with a 12-ft-diameter bell cut at 45 degrees at a depth of 40 feet is initially designed.
The shaft is also designed with a 4-ft diameter straight portion.
Side Resistance
For ease of hand computations, average values of z and were selected for the clay and sand layers.
In this model, the computer program has been instructed to use internally the same constant values of z
and that are used in the hand computations. The hand computations are as follows:
Soil Depth interval A Avg. effective z Qs
or
2
Type ft. ft stress, tsf tons
Clay 0-5 62.8 1.5 0 0
Clay 5-10 62.8 1.5 0.55 51.8
Sand/silt 10-20 125.7 0.744 0.80 74.8
Clay 20-32 150.8 2.5 0.55 207.4
Clay 32-40 - - 0 0
Qs = 334.0
Base Resistance
Nc = 6.0 [1 + 0.2(40/12)] = 10.0 > 9; use 9.
qb = 9(2.5) = 22.5 tsf
a = 0.0071 + 0.0021 (40/12) = 0.0141
b = 0.45(5)0.5 = 1.01
Fr = 2.5/[0.0141(144) + 2.5 (1.01)] = 0.55
qbr = 0.55 (22.5) = 12.4 tsf
AB = ( p/4 ) ( 122) = 113.1 ft2
QB = 12.4(113.1) = 1402 tons.
Total Resistance
QT = 334 + 1402 = 1736 tons.
Check Structural Capacity of Bell
The ultimate load applied to the base of the bell, using dead load factor of 1.4 and live load factor
of 1.7, is as follows:
Qu = 1.4 (500) + 1.7 (140) - 334 = 604 tons.
It is predicted that the ultimate structural capacity of a 45 degree bell with a 3:1 slope is 15 ksf. A
concrete strength reduction factor of 0.85 is applied to this value; however no other factors are applied.
The ultimate structural capacity, using a material factor of 0.85 is thus the following:
Qu = (15/2)(0.85)(113.1) = 721.0 tons.
Ultimate Load Capacity
(a) based on the global F.S. = 1736/2.5 = 694.4 tons > 604 tons

(b) based on the structural capacity of the bell and F.S. of 2.5 on side resistance: 334/2.5 + 721.0 =
854.6 tons >> 604 tons
OK both ways, structural capacity of bell does not control.


(tons) (tons)
Side Resistance 334 335 0.3%
Total Capacity 1736 1697 -2.2%

The contents of the input-data file prepared for Example Problem 4 is reproduced below in
Example Problem 4, Drilled Shaft With Enlarged Base

1
2 1 1 1 1 2
4 0 3 45 5 4 3500000
4 10 40 2.5 2
2 10
0 120 0.0 3000 0 6400 0 1 1
0 120 0.0 3000 0 6400 0 1 1
0.55 0.55
1 20
0.0 120 0 0.0 0 4000 0 1 1
0.0 120 0 0.0 0 4000 0 1 1
2
0.8 0.8
2 80
9 120 0.0 5000 0 6400 0 1 1
9 120 0.0 5000 0 6400 0 1 1
0.55 0.55
2 100
9 120 0.0 5000 0 6400 0 1 1
9 120 0.0 5000 0 6400 0 1 1
0.55 0.55

The resulting plots of ultimate skin friction and ultimate tip resistance versus depth provided by the
computer program may be observed in Figure 5.15 and Figure 5.16. Note that the load-transfer curve of
skin friction versus depth in Figure 5.15 starts from about the 14-ft depth. This is because the program
was instructed to ignore skin friction at the top 5 ft and at the bottom 4 ft (one shaft diameter). In

addition, the program automatically ignores transfers in skin friction for the height of the bell, which is an
additional 4 ft.
Figure 5.15 Curve of Ultimate Skin Friction vs Depth for Example Problem 4.
Figure 5.16 Curve of Ultimate Tip Resistance vs Depth for Example Problem 4.

5.5.11 Output Data


Example Problem 4, Drilled Shaft With Enlarged Base

----------------
------------------

-------------------

-------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
SOIL INFORMATION
---------------
LAYER NO 1----CLAY
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.000E+00
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.100E+02
LAYER NO 2----SAND

AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.100E+02
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.200E+02
LAYER NO 3----CLAY
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.200E+02
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.800E+02
LAYER NO 4----CLAY
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.800E+02

AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.100E+03

-------------------------

PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


14.0 13.26 10.37 1375.73 1386.10 698.23 692.01 104.47
15.0 13.73 20.74 1400.84 1421.58 721.16 708.72 103.57
16.0 14.19 31.11 1425.96 1457.07 744.09 725.42 102.68
17.0 14.66 41.47 1442.65 1484.12 762.80 737.91 101.26
18.0 15.12 51.84 1450.95 1502.79 777.32 746.21 99.38
19.0 15.59 58.17 1450.93 1509.09 783.63 748.73 96.82
20.0 16.05 64.78 1442.63 1507.41 786.09 747.23 93.90
21.0 16.52 71.68 1434.43 1506.10 788.89 745.88 91.18
22.0 16.98 78.87 1426.59 1505.46 792.17 744.84 88.64
23.0 17.45 86.35 1419.18 1505.53 795.94 744.13 86.28
24.0 17.91 94.12 1412.20 1506.32 800.22 743.75 84.08
25.0 18.38 102.18 1405.66 1507.84 805.01 743.70 82.04
26.0 18.85 110.53 1399.56 1510.09 810.31 743.99 80.13
27.0 19.31 119.17 1393.92 1513.09 816.13 744.63 78.35
28.0 19.78 128.10 1388.74 1516.84 822.47 745.61 76.70
29.0 20.24 145.38 1384.03 1529.41 837.39 750.17 75.56
30.0 20.71 162.66 1379.80 1542.46 852.56 754.96 74.49
31.0 21.17 179.94 1376.05 1555.99 867.96 760.00 73.49

32.0 21.64 197.22 1372.79 1570.01 883.62 765.28 72.56

33.0 22.10 214.50 1370.03 1584.53 899.52 770.82 71.69
34.0 22.57 231.78 1367.74 1599.52 915.65 776.58 70.87
35.0 23.03 249.06 1365.86 1614.92 931.99 782.56 70.11
36.0 23.50 266.34 1364.36 1630.70 948.52 788.72 69.39
37.0 23.97 283.62 1363.19 1646.82 965.22 795.05 68.71
38.0 24.43 300.91 1362.31 1663.22 982.06 801.52 68.08
39.0 24.90 318.19 1361.68 1679.87 999.03 808.12 67.47
40.0 25.36 335.47 1361.26 1696.72 1016.10 814.82 66.90

ton IN. ton IN.
0.3162E-01 0.1270E-04 0.7468E-02 0.1000E-04
0.1581E+00 0.6352E-04 0.3734E-01 0.5000E-04
0.3162E+00 0.1270E-03 0.7468E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1581E+02 0.6352E-02 0.3734E+01 0.5000E-02
0.2372E+02 0.9528E-02 0.5601E+01 0.7500E-02
0.3162E+02 0.1270E-01 0.7468E+01 0.1000E-01
0.7929E+02 0.3177E-01 0.1867E+02 0.2500E-01
0.1521E+03 0.6318E-01 0.3734E+02 0.5000E-01
0.2009E+03 0.9268E-01 0.5601E+02 0.7500E-01
0.2461E+03 0.1220E+00 0.7468E+02 0.1000E+00
0.4100E+03 0.2900E+00 0.1867E+03 0.2500E+00
0.6034E+03 0.5644E+00 0.3734E+03 0.5000E+00
0.6942E+03 0.7011E+00 0.4668E+03 0.6250E+00
0.9025E+03 0.1303E+01 0.6874E+03 0.1200E+01
0.1205E+04 0.2542E+01 0.9903E+03 0.2400E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.4657E-01 0.1397E-04 0.1115E-01 0.1000E-04
0.2328E+00 0.6987E-04 0.5577E-01 0.5000E-04
0.4657E+00 0.1397E-03 0.1115E+00 0.1000E-03
0.2328E+02 0.6987E-02 0.5577E+01 0.5000E-02
0.3493E+02 0.1048E-01 0.8366E+01 0.7500E-02
0.4667E+02 0.1398E-01 0.1115E+02 0.1000E-01
0.1170E+03 0.3497E-01 0.2789E+02 0.2500E-01
0.2185E+03 0.6909E-01 0.5577E+02 0.5000E-01
0.2781E+03 0.9981E-01 0.8366E+02 0.7500E-01
0.3270E+03 0.1299E+00 0.1115E+03 0.1000E+00
0.5242E+03 0.3034E+00 0.2789E+03 0.2500E+00
0.8020E+03 0.5890E+00 0.5577E+03 0.5000E+00
0.9381E+03 0.7316E+00 0.6972E+03 0.6250E+00
0.1180E+04 0.1338E+01 0.9483E+03 0.1200E+01
0.1425E+04 0.2569E+01 0.1193E+04 0.2400E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.1768E-01 0.1149E-04 0.3781E-02 0.1000E-04
0.8839E-01 0.5746E-04 0.1891E-01 0.5000E-04
0.1768E+00 0.1149E-03 0.3781E-01 0.1000E-03

0.8839E+01 0.5746E-02 0.1891E+01 0.5000E-02

0.1326E+02 0.8619E-02 0.2836E+01 0.7500E-02
0.1768E+02 0.1149E-01 0.3781E+01 0.1000E-01
0.4423E+02 0.2873E-01 0.9453E+01 0.2500E-01
0.8743E+02 0.5740E-01 0.1891E+02 0.5000E-01
0.1247E+03 0.8562E-01 0.2836E+02 0.7500E-01
0.1600E+03 0.1137E+00 0.3781E+02 0.1000E+00
0.2946E+03 0.2766E+00 0.9453E+02 0.2500E+00
0.4048E+03 0.5397E+00 0.1891E+03 0.5000E+00
0.4481E+03 0.6704E+00 0.2363E+03 0.6250E+00
0.6250E+03 0.1269E+01 0.4265E+03 0.1200E+01
0.9852E+03 0.2515E+01 0.7873E+03 0.2400E+01

5.6 Example Problem 5 Strong Rock

This is an example of a drilled shaft into strong rock.
5.6.1 Soil Profile

The soil profile is shown in Figure 5.17. Only a small amount of water was encountered at the site
during the geotechnical investigation.
Figure 5.17 General soil description of Example Problem5.

The dolomite rock found at the site has a compressive strength of 8,000 psi and the RQD was 100
percent. The Youngs modulus of the intact rock was estimated as 2.0 x 106 psi and the modulus of the
rock mass was identical to this value. Assume the spacing of discontinuities is about 7 ft and that the
thickness of the discontinuities is negligible.
5.6.3 Construction
The excavation can be made dry. A socket can be drilled into the strong rock and inspected
carefully before concrete is poured.
5.6.4 Loading
The lateral load is negligible. The working axial load is 300 tons. No downdrag or uplift is
expected.

An overall factor of safety of 3.0 is selected.


A diameter of 3.5 ft is selected, and a socket of 3.5 ft into the dolomite is specified.

Assuming all load is transferred in end bearing and using the method proposed by the Canadian
Geotechnical Society (1978):
qa = Ksp qu
3 cs / Bb
K sp = 0.5
10 1 300 / cs
qa = (0.5) (8000) = 4,000 psi

QB = (4,000) (/4) (42)2 = 5.54 x 106 lb = 2,771 tons
The value of end bearing includes a factor of safety of 3.


(tons) (tons)
Side Resistance ---- 90* ----
Total Capacity ---- 2795 ----
Transfer in side friction is computed by the program for the upper clay layer

Example Problem 5, Drilled Shaft in Strong Rock

1
2 1 1 1 1 2
3.5 0 0 0 0 0 3800000
2 50 20 3 3
2 15
0 120 0.0 2000 0 6400 0 1 1
0 120 0.0 2000 0 6400 0 1 1
0.55 0.55
4 50
1152000 1152000 7 0.0001 3.5 1152000 2000000 100 0 1 1
1152000 1152000 7 0.0001 3.5 1152000 2000000 100 0 1 1


The resulting plots of ultimate total capacity versus depth provided by the computer program may
be observed in Figure 5.18. A large increase in total capacity can be observed in Figure 5.18 due to the
larger end bearing in the strong rock.
Figure 5.19 includes a plot of axial load versus settlement. As expected, the linear curve indicates
that most settlement is due to the elastic compression of the shaft.

5.6.11 Output Data


Example Problem 5, Drilled Shaft in Strong Rock

----------------
------------------

-------------------

-------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------

SOIL INFORMATION
---------------
LAYER NO 1----CLAY
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.000E+00
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.150E+02
LAYER NO 2----STRONG ROCK
AT THE TOP
DIAMETER OF SOCKET, FT = 0.350E+01

SPACING OF DISCONTINUITIES,FT = 0.700E+01
THICKNESS OF INDIVIDUAL DISCONTINUITIES,FT = 0.100E-03
UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION STRENGTH OF ROCK,LB/SQ FT = 0.115E+07
UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION STRENGTH OF CONCRETE,LB/SQ FT = 0.115E+07
ELASTIC MODULUS FOR THE INTACT ROCK, LB/SQ IN. = 0.200E+07
ROCK QUALITY DESIGNATION (RQD) % = 0.100E+03
DEPTH, FT = 0.150E+02
AT THE BOTTOM
DIAMETER OF SOCKET, FT = 0.350E+01

SPACING OF DISCONTINUITIES,FT = 0.700E+01
THICKNESS OF INDIVIDUAL DISCONTINUITIES,FT = 0.100E-03
UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION STRENGTH OF ROCK,LB/SQ FT = 0.115E+07
UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION STRENGTH OF CONCRETE,LB/SQ FT = 0.115E+07
ELASTIC MODULUS FOR THE INTACT ROCK, LB/SQ IN. = 0.200E+07
DEPTH, FT = 0.500E+02

-------------------------



PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


1.0 0.36 6.05 69.07 75.12 29.07 25.04 147.97
2.0 0.71 12.10 70.99 83.09 35.76 27.70 116.57
3.0 1.07 18.15 72.92 91.06 42.45 30.35 85.17
4.0 1.43 24.19 74.84 99.03 49.14 33.01 69.47
5.0 1.78 30.24 76.77 107.01 55.83 35.67 60.05
6.0 2.14 36.29 78.69 114.98 62.52 38.33 53.77
7.0 2.49 42.34 80.61 122.95 69.21 40.98 49.29
8.0 2.85 48.39 82.54 130.93 75.90 43.64 45.92
9.0 3.21 54.44 84.12 138.56 82.48 46.19 43.20
10.0 3.56 60.48 85.32 145.80 88.92 48.60 40.91
11.0 3.92 66.53 86.09 152.62 95.23 50.87 38.93
12.0 4.28 72.58 86.47 159.05 101.40 53.02 37.19
13.0 4.63 78.63 86.60 165.23 107.50 55.08 35.66
14.0 4.99 84.68 86.60 171.28 113.54 57.09 34.33
15.0 5.35 90.73 8294.92 8385.64 2855.70 2795.21 1568.65
16.0 5.70 90.73 8294.92 8385.64 2855.70 2795.21 1470.61
17.0 6.06 90.73 8294.92 8385.64 2855.70 2795.21 1384.10
18.0 6.41 90.73 8294.92 8385.64 2855.70 2795.21 1307.21
19.0 6.77 90.73 8294.92 8385.64 2855.70 2795.21 1238.41
20.0 7.13 90.73 8294.92 8385.64 2855.70 2795.21 1176.49
LOAD SETTLEMENT RELATIONSHIP

------------------------------------------
TOP LOAD TOP MOVEMENT

TONS IN.
0.6987E+03 0.2482E-01
0.1048E+04 0.3722E-01
0.1572E+04 0.5581E-01
0.2344E+04 0.8281E-01
0.3474E+04 0.1213E+00
0.5168E+04 0.1791E+00
0.7710E+04 0.2657E+00
0.8386E+04 0.2887E+00
0.8386E+04 0.2887E+00
0.8386E+04 0.2887E+00

0.8386E+04 0.2887E+00
0.8386E+04 0.2887E+00
0.8386E+04 0.2887E+00
0.8386E+04 0.2887E+00
0.8386E+04 0.2887E+00

5.7 Example Problem 6 Weak Rock

This is an example of a drilled shaft in weak rock.
5.7.1 Description of the Problem -Rough Socket

Consider the shaft and soil profile shown in Figure 5.20. The user is asked to compute the load-
settlement relation for the socket, and to estimate the ultimate resistance at a settlement of = 25mm.
The socket is assumed to be rough. The RQD for the sample is 100%.
Figure 5.20 General pile and soil description for Example Problem 6.

1. Since the core recovery and RQD are high, assume that: Em= 115 qu. Note that Ec/Em= 100%.
2. faa = fa = 2.4/2 = 1.2 MPa, or 1200 kPa (Technical Manual, Eq. 7-3).
3. zc = 6.1 m (depth from top of concrete to middle of socket). Considering concrete placement
specifications:
from figure 3.15, or
4. n = 115 kPa / 2400 kPa = 0.048 (Technical Manual, Eq. 7-7).

5. L/D = 6.1 / 0.61 = 10.
6. (Technical Manual, Eq. 7-12)
7. or
(Technical Manual, Eq. 7-13)
8.

(Technical Manual, Eq. 7-10).

9.
(Technical Manual, Eq.
7-11).
10. At the end of the elastic stage, (implied by Technical Manual, Eq. 7-8). Therefore,
where signifies wt at the end of the elastic stage. (Note that elastic response occurs only up
to a very small settlement in this example.)
11. (Technical Manual, Eqs. 7-14 and 7--15)
. Note that = 383.7.
12. ;
13. Compute Qt corresponding to , signified by :

Note that at this point, 670 kN is transferred to the weak rock in side resistance and 103 kN is
transferred in base resistance. ( , ) is a point on the load-settlement curve, and a straight
line can be drawn from ( = 0, = 0) to this point.
14. Compute the values of for selected values of on the nonlinear portion of the load-
settlement curve. Numerical evaluations are made in the following table.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Kf(Step 9)
(mm) (kPa)
(kN)
(kN)
5 0.271 0.229 3210 1128 330 3540
10 0.542 0.373 5232 1795 524 5756
15 0.813 0.472 6621 2355 688 7309
25 1.355 0.599 8402 3316 969 9371
Note that:
Which is OK for definition of ultimate resistance. Based on base resistance, working load should
be limited to = or should be limited to about 12 mm at working load. Note also that the
compressive stress in the shaft at = 15 mm is 25,000 kPa (7309 kN/cross-sectional area),
which may be approaching the structural failure load in the drilled shaft.
15. The numerical values from steps 13 and 14 are graphed in Figure 5.21. Also shown in Figure
5.21 is the case with smooth socket for the same problem. Hand computations for the case of
smooth socket are included in the next section.
The physical significance of the parameters and Kf is evident from the numerical solution.
is a proportionality constant for elastic resistance for side shear, and Kf is a proportionality
parameter for actual side shear, including elastic, plastic and interface slip effects.

5.7.3 Description of the Problem - Smooth Socket

Consider the same example as before (shaft and soil profile shown in Figure 5.20). The rock
socket is now assumed to be smooth. Estimate that rc = 30 degrees. The user is asked to compute the
load-settlement relation for the socket, and to estimate the ultimate resistance at a settlement of wt = 25
mm.

1.
2. Referring to Technical Manual, Figure 7-1, for , and q = 2.4 MPa, we have = 0.12.
u
3.
4. qu/ p= 2400 / 101.3 = 24, and Em/ n = 115 (2.4) (1000) / 115 = 2400
5. From Technical Manual, Figure 7-2, n = 0.11.
6. = 2.94 (unchanged); = 0.651 (unchanged)
7.
8. Kf = 0.11+[(0.226 wt - 0.11)(1- 0.11)]/[0.226 wt -2(0.11)+1];
Kf = 0.11+(0.226 wt - 0.11)(0. 89)/(0.226 wt + 0.78).
9. At = n, wte = 0. 11/0.226 = 0.487 mm.
10. qb = 383.7 (wt)0.67, where wt is in mm. and qb in kPa. From Technical Manual, Eqs. 7-14 and 7-
15 (unchanged).
11. Qte = 11.7 (0.226) (0.487) (288) + (0.2922) (383.7) (0.487) 0.67;
Qte = 371 + 103 = 474 kN (Technical Manual, Eq. 7-8).
12. Qte = 474 kN, wte = 0.487 mm is the point at the end of the linear portion of the load settlement
curve.
13. Compute the values of Qt for selected values of wt on the nonlinear portion of the load-
settlement curve. Numerical evaluations are made in the table below.
14. The numerical values for smooth socket are graphed in Figure 5.21 in comparison with the
values from rough socket to illustrate the effect of borehole roughness in this problem. Note
again that qb< 2.5 qu

Figure 5.21 Curves of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 6 (rough and
smooth sockets). Obtained from hand computations (ONeill et al., 1975)


The resulting plots of axial load versus settlement provided by the computer program for the cases
of a rough socket with closed joints and a smooth socket with closed joints may be observed in Figure
5.22 and Figure 5.23.

Figure 5.22 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 6using rough socket
with closed joints.
Figure 5.23 Curve of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 6using smooth
socket with closed joints.

5.7.7 Output Data


Example Problem 6, Drilled Shaft in Weak Rock
PROPOSED DEPTH = 9.1 M

----------------
------------------
WATER TABLE DEPTH = 9.1 M

-------------------

-------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
SOIL INFORMATION
---------------
LAYER NO 1----SAND
AT THE TOP

UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH, KN/SQ M = 0.000E+00
SOIL UNIT WEIGHT, KN/CU M = 0.189E+02
MAXIMUM LOAD TRANSFER FOR SOIL, KN/SQ M = 0.240E+03
DEPTH, M = 0.000E+00
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, M = 0.305E+01
LAYER NO 2----WEAK ROCK
AT THE TOP

DIAMETER OF SOCKET, M = 0.610E+00

SLUMP OF CONCRETE, M = 0.175E+00
ANGLE OF INTERFACE FRICTION, DEG. = 0.300E+02
UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION STRENGTH OF ROCK,KN/SQ M = 0.240E+04
ELASTIC MODULUS FOR THE INTACT ROCK, KN/SQ M = 0.276E+06
DEPTH, M = 0.305E+01
AT THE BOTTOM
DIAMETER OF SOCKET, M = 0.610E+00

SLUMP OF CONCRETE, M = 0.175E+00
ANGLE OF INTERFACE FRICTION, DEG. = 0.300E+02
UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION STRENGTH OF ROCK,KN/SQ M = 0.240E+04
ELASTIC MODULUS FOR THE INTACT ROCK, KN/SQ M = 0.276E+06
DEPTH, M = 0.120E+02

-------------------------
DIAMETER OF STEM = 0.610 M

DIAMETER OF BASE = 0.610 M
END OF STEM TO BASE = 0.000 M
IGNORED TOP PORTION = 0.000 M
IGNORED BOTTOM PORTION = 0.000 M
AREA OF ONE PERCENT STEEL = 0.003 SQ. M
ELASTIC MODULUS, Ec = 0.276E+08 KN/SQ M
VOLUME OF UNDERREAM = 0.000 CU. M
PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


( M ) (CU.M ) ( KN ) ( KN ) ( KN ) ( KN ) ( KN ) ( KN /CU.M)
0.3 0.1 0.0 77.0 76.8 25.5 25.6 679.54
0.6 0.2 7.8 95.3 103.1 39.6 34.4 586.45
0.9 0.3 15.7 113.7 129.4 53.6 43.1 493.37
1.2 0.4 26.2 132.0 158.2 70.2 52.7 451.65
1.5 0.4 39.2 150.4 189.6 89.4 63.2 432.72
1.8 0.5 54.9 168.8 223.6 111.1 74.5 425.11
2.1 0.6 73.1 543.0 616.1 254.1 205.4 994.50
2.4 0.7 94.0 1019.1 1113.0 433.7 371.0 1578.36
2.7 0.8 117.4 1298.3 1415.7 550.2 471.9 1791.54

3.0 0.9 143.5 1343.4 1486.9 591.3 495.6 1697.45

3.3 1.0 633.5 1346.6 1980.1 1082.3 660.0 2046.77
3.6 1.1 1211.8 1338.8 2550.7 1658.1 850.2 2419.16
3.9 1.1 1778.9 1324.8 3103.8 2220.5 1034.6 2718.90
4.2 1.2 2333.6 1307.9 3641.5 2769.6 1213.8 2963.18
4.5 1.3 2877.2 1289.6 4166.9 3307.1 1389.0 3165.39
4.8 1.4 3411.0 1270.8 4681.8 3834.6 1560.6 3334.82
5.1 1.5 3935.7 1251.9 5187.6 4353.0 1729.2 3478.19
5.4 1.6 4452.2 1233.1 5685.4 4863.3 1895.1 3600.47
5.7 1.7 4961.1 1214.7 6175.8 5366.0 2058.6 3705.48
6.0 1.8 5463.0 1196.5 6659.6 5861.9 2219.9 3796.16
6.3 1.8 5958.3 1178.8 7137.2 6351.3 2379.1 3874.84
6.6 1.9 6447.5 1161.6 7609.0 6834.6 2536.3 3943.38
6.9 2.0 6930.8 1144.7 8075.5 7312.4 2691.8 4003.29
7.2 2.1 7408.6 1128.3 8536.9 7784.7 2845.6 4055.75
7.5 2.2 7881.0 1112.3 8993.3 8251.8 2997.8 4101.76
7.8 2.3 8348.3 1096.6 9444.9 8713.9 3148.3 4142.15
8.1 2.4 8810.7 1081.4 9892.1 9171.2 3297.4 4177.64
8.4 2.5 9268.4 1066.5 10334.9 9623.9 3445.0 4208.81
8.7 2.5 9721.5 1052.0 10773.5 10072.2 3591.2 4236.19
9.0 2.6 10170.3 1037.8 11208.1 10516.2 3736.0 4260.19

------------------------------------------

kN M
0.7927E+03 0.3545E-03
0.8185E+03 0.3917E-03
0.8562E+03 0.4471E-03
0.9116E+03 0.5298E-03
0.9932E+03 0.6533E-03
0.1113E+04 0.8377E-03
0.1291E+04 0.1113E-02
0.1554E+04 0.1525E-02
0.1935E+04 0.2138E-02
0.2467E+04 0.3043E-02
0.3191E+04 0.4372E-02
0.4143E+04 0.6314E-02
0.5559E+04 0.9726E-02
0.8121E+04 0.1832E-01
0.1089E+05 0.3462E-01

5.8 Example Problem 7 Gravel

This is an example of a drilled shaft in gravel.
5.8.1 Description of the Problem

Consider the shaft and soil profile shown in Figure 5.24. The user is asked to compute the load-
settlement relation and to estimate the ultimate resistance.
Figure 5.24 General pile and soil description for Example Problem 7.

1.
, (Technical Manual, Eqs. 6-6 and 6-7)
2. Assessment of moduli:

.

The numerical computation for load-transfer factors are included in Table 5.6.
Table 5.6 Numerical computation of load-transfer factors for Example Problem 7
3. Compute the influence coefficient, I, according to Technical Manual, Eq. 6-10:
4.
5. (Technical Manual, Eq. 6-11, segmentally)
6. (Technical Manual, Eq. 6-34).
7.
8.
9. The numerical values obtained from hand computations for versus , are graphed in Figure 5.25

Figure 5.25 Curves of Axial Load vs Settlement for Example Problem 7. Obtained from
hand computations (ONeill et al., 1975)

Example Problem 7, Drilled Shaft in Gravel

2
2 1 1 1 1 2
0.915 0 0 0 6.1 0 27600000
3 6.1 15.25 3 3
1 6.1
0.0 21 35 0.0 0 240 0 1 1
0.0 21 35 0.0 0 240 0 1 1
2
0.8 0.8
5 12.2
21 75 0.4 0 0.915 4000 0 1 1
21 75 0.4 0 0.915 4000 0 1 1
5 18.5
21 80 0.4 0 0.915 4000 0 1 1
21 100 0.4 0 0.915 4000 0 1 1

The resulting plots of axial load versus settlement provided by the computer program may be
observed in Figure 5.26.

5.8.5 Output Data


Example Problem 7, Drilled Shaft in Gravel
PROPOSED DEPTH = 15.3 M

----------------
------------------
WATER TABLE DEPTH = 6.1 M

-------------------

-------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
SOIL INFORMATION
---------------

LAYER NO 1----SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, M = 0.000E+00
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, M = 0.610E+01
LAYER NO 2----DECOMPOSED ROCK
AT THE TOP
ELASTIC MODULUS OF GRAVEL, KN/SQ M = 0.000E+00

POISSION RATIO OF GRAVEL = 0.400E+00
DEPTH, M = 0.610E+01
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, M = 0.122E+02
LAYER NO 3----DECOMPOSED ROCK
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, M = 0.122E+02
AT THE BOTTOM



DEPTH, M = 0.185E+02

-------------------------
DIAMETER OF STEM = 0.915 M

DIAMETER OF BASE = 0.915 M
END OF STEM TO BASE = 0.000 M
IGNORED TOP PORTION = 6.100 M
IGNORED BOTTOM PORTION = 0.000 M
AREA OF ONE PERCENT STEEL = 0.007 SQ. M
ELASTIC MODULUS, Ec = 0.276E+08 KN/SQ M
VOLUME OF UNDERREAM = 0.000 CU. M
PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


( M ) (CU.M ) ( KN ) ( KN ) ( KN ) ( KN ) ( KN ) ( KN /CU.M)
7.0 4.6 363.3 1226.4 1589.8 772.1 529.9 345.29
8.0 5.3 774.9 1254.6 2029.5 1193.1 676.5 385.64
9.0 5.9 1195.6 1280.5 2476.1 1622.4 825.4 418.23
10.0 6.6 1624.8 1304.5 2929.3 2059.6 976.4 445.35
11.0 7.2 2062.1 1370.4 3432.5 2518.9 1144.2 474.43
12.0 7.9 2507.2 1468.6 3975.7 2996.7 1325.2 503.70
13.0 8.5 2986.1 1534.4 4520.5 3497.5 1506.8 528.67
14.0 9.2 3491.9 1600.0 5092.0 4025.3 1697.3 553.00
15.0 9.9 4020.5 1665.4 5685.9 4575.7 1895.3 576.33

------------------------------------------

kN M
0.4534E+03 0.5831E-03
0.9068E+03 0.1166E-02
0.1360E+04 0.1749E-02
0.1814E+04 0.2332E-02
0.2267E+04 0.2915E-02
0.2721E+04 0.3498E-02
0.3174E+04 0.4081E-02
0.3627E+04 0.4665E-02

0.4081E+04 0.5248E-02
0.4534E+04 0.5831E-02
0.4943E+04 0.1548E-01
0.5352E+04 0.2514E-01
0.5762E+04 0.3479E-01
0.6171E+04 0.4444E-01
0.6171E+04 0.5333E-01

5.9 Example Problem 8 Gravelly Sand & Gravel

This is an example of a shaft drilled installed in gravelly sand and gravel strata. The example used
the values recommended by Rollins et al (2005) for computing the side friction in gravelly sand and
gravel. The blow counts (SPT-N) in gravelly layers have to be greater than 5 in order to use the
recommended criteria for gravelly soils.
5.9.1 Soil Profile

surface.

N-values (blow counts per foot) from the Standard Penetration Test are included in Figure 5.27.
Figure 5.27 General soil description of Example Problem
5.9.3 Construction
High-quality construction is assumed. For gravelly soils, the contractor may start with the slurry
method with a good control of slurry quality. In some case the contractor may experience lost of the
slurry in the hole. The contractor needs to be very careful to avoid the hole cave-in or collapse during
operation in gravelly strata. The contractor may need to use the casing method if the slurry method
cannot work for a particular condition. The contractor will have all the required equipment in good order
and experienced personnel will be on the job for drilling holes in gravelly soils.

Example Problem 8, Drilled shaft in gravelly sand and gravel strata

1
2 1 1 1 1 2
4 4 0 0 0 0 3500000

3 4 60 2.5 2.5
1 4
0.0 115 0 0.0 11 0 0 1 1
0.0 115 0 0.0 11 0 0 1 1
2
0.8 0.8
8 30
130 40 0 0 0 1 1
130 50 0 0 0 1 1
9 80
130 60 0 0 0 1 1
130 80 0 0 0 1 1

The results of skin friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth provided by the computer
program were plotted together in Figure 5.28. Figure 5.29 includes a plot of axial load versus settlement.
As expected, the full capacity can be fully mobilized at settlement of 0.6 inches.

5.9.6 Output Data


Example Problem 8, Drilled shaft in gravelly sand and gravel strata

----------------
------------------

-------------------

-------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
SOIL INFORMATION

---------------
LAYER NO 1----SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.000E+00
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.400E+01
LAYER NO 2----GRAVELLEY SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.400E+01
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.300E+02
LAYER NO 3----GRAVEL
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.300E+02
AT THE BOTTOM


DEPTH, FT = 0.800E+02

-------------------------

PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------


1.0 0.47 0.00 47.80 47.80 19.12 19.12 76.51
2.0 0.93 1.73 57.30 59.04 24.66 23.62 63.42
3.0 1.40 3.47 66.80 70.27 30.19 28.11 50.32
4.0 1.86 5.78 75.35 81.14 35.92 32.45 43.58
5.0 2.33 11.73 84.05 95.78 45.35 38.31 41.15
6.0 2.79 18.33 92.89 111.22 55.49 44.49 39.82
7.0 3.26 25.56 101.88 127.43 66.31 50.97 39.11
8.0 3.72 33.39 111.01 144.40 77.80 57.76 38.78
9.0 4.19 41.82 120.29 162.10 89.93 64.84 38.69
10.0 4.65 50.81 129.71 180.52 102.70 72.21 38.78
11.0 5.12 60.36 139.27 199.64 116.07 79.85 38.99
12.0 5.59 70.45 148.98 219.43 130.04 87.77 39.28
13.0 6.05 81.05 158.84 239.89 144.58 95.95 39.64
14.0 6.52 92.14 168.84 260.99 159.68 104.39 40.05
15.0 6.98 103.72 178.99 282.71 175.32 113.08 40.49
16.0 7.45 115.77 189.28 305.05 191.48 122.02 40.96
17.0 7.91 128.26 199.72 327.97 208.15 131.19 41.45
18.0 8.38 141.18 210.30 351.48 225.30 140.59 41.95
19.0 8.84 154.52 221.02 375.54 242.93 150.22 42.46
20.0 9.31 168.26 231.89 400.15 261.02 160.06 42.98
21.0 9.78 182.38 242.91 425.29 279.54 170.12 43.51
22.0 10.24 196.87 254.07 450.94 298.50 180.38 44.03
23.0 10.71 211.71 274.16 485.86 321.37 194.35 45.38
24.0 11.17 226.88 295.66 522.54 345.15 209.02 46.77
25.0 11.64 242.38 318.62 561.00 369.83 224.40 48.21
26.0 12.10 258.18 343.06 601.24 395.41 240.50 49.68
27.0 12.57 274.28 365.12 639.39 420.32 255.76 50.87

28.0 13.03 290.65 384.69 675.34 444.53 270.14 51.82

29.0 13.50 307.28 401.69 708.97 467.96 283.59 52.52
30.0 13.96 324.16 416.02 740.17 490.57 296.07 53.00
31.0 14.43 346.03 430.49 776.52 518.22 310.61 53.81
32.0 14.90 367.97 445.11 813.08 546.01 325.23 54.59
33.0 15.36 389.96 458.07 848.03 573.19 339.21 55.21
34.0 15.83 411.99 469.13 881.12 599.64 352.45 55.67
35.0 16.29 434.04 478.06 912.10 625.27 364.84 55.99
36.0 16.76 456.10 484.64 940.74 649.95 376.30 56.14
37.0 17.22 478.14 489.45 967.59 673.92 387.04 56.18
38.0 17.69 500.16 493.07 993.23 697.39 397.29 56.15
39.0 18.15 522.14 496.08 1018.22 720.57 407.29 56.09
40.0 18.62 544.07 499.10 1043.17 743.71 417.27 56.03
41.0 19.08 565.94 502.12 1068.06 766.79 427.22 55.96
42.0 19.55 587.74 505.13 1092.87 789.79 437.15 55.90
43.0 20.02 609.46 508.15 1117.61 812.72 447.04 55.84
44.0 20.48 631.08 511.17 1142.24 835.54 456.90 55.77
45.0 20.95 652.60 514.18 1166.78 858.27 466.71 55.70
46.0 21.41 674.00 517.20 1191.20 880.88 476.48 55.63
47.0 21.88 695.29 520.21 1215.50 903.37 486.20 55.56
48.0 22.34 716.45 523.23 1239.68 925.74 495.87 55.48
49.0 22.81 737.47 526.25 1263.72 947.97 505.49 55.41
50.0 23.27 758.35 529.26 1287.61 970.06 515.05 55.32
51.0 23.74 779.08 532.28 1311.36 992.00 524.55 55.24
52.0 24.21 799.66 535.30 1334.96 1013.78 533.98 55.15
53.0 24.67 820.08 538.31 1358.39 1035.40 543.36 55.06
54.0 25.14 840.33 541.33 1381.66 1056.86 552.66 54.97
55.0 25.60 860.41 544.35 1404.76 1078.15 561.90 54.87
56.0 26.07 880.32 547.36 1427.68 1099.26 571.07 54.77
57.0 26.53 900.04 550.38 1450.42 1120.19 580.17 54.67
58.0 27.00 919.59 553.39 1472.98 1140.94 589.19 54.56
59.0 27.46 938.94 556.41 1495.35 1161.51 598.14 54.45
60.0 27.93 958.11 559.20 1517.31 1181.79 606.92 54.33

ton IN. ton IN.
0.1425E+00 0.2787E-04 0.4078E-02 0.1000E-04
0.7124E+00 0.1393E-03 0.2039E-01 0.5000E-04
0.1425E+01 0.2787E-03 0.4078E-01 0.1000E-03
0.7144E+02 0.1394E-01 0.2039E+01 0.5000E-02
0.1075E+03 0.2095E-01 0.3058E+01 0.7500E-02
0.1435E+03 0.2795E-01 0.4078E+01 0.1000E-01
0.3543E+03 0.6981E-01 0.1019E+02 0.2500E-01
0.5847E+03 0.1282E+00 0.2039E+02 0.5000E-01
0.7102E+03 0.1709E+00 0.3058E+02 0.7500E-01
0.8125E+03 0.2119E+00 0.4078E+02 0.1000E+00
0.9910E+03 0.3946E+00 0.1018E+03 0.2500E+00
0.1079E+04 0.6661E+00 0.1994E+03 0.5000E+00
0.1103E+04 0.7981E+00 0.2402E+03 0.6250E+00
0.1148E+04 0.1390E+01 0.3579E+03 0.1200E+01
0.1358E+04 0.2637E+01 0.5676E+03 0.2400E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.2350E+00 0.3820E-04 0.5825E-02 0.1000E-04

0.1175E+01 0.1910E-03 0.2913E-01 0.5000E-04

0.2350E+01 0.3820E-03 0.5825E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1185E+03 0.1917E-01 0.2913E+01 0.5000E-02
0.1782E+03 0.2881E-01 0.4369E+01 0.7500E-02
0.2379E+03 0.3845E-01 0.5825E+01 0.1000E-01
0.5549E+03 0.9438E-01 0.1456E+02 0.2500E-01
0.8161E+03 0.1608E+00 0.2913E+02 0.5000E-01
0.9038E+03 0.2005E+00 0.4369E+02 0.7500E-01
0.9593E+03 0.2356E+00 0.5825E+02 0.1000E+00
0.1107E+04 0.4147E+00 0.1452E+03 0.2500E+00
0.1224E+04 0.6931E+00 0.2773E+03 0.5000E+00
0.1257E+04 0.8278E+00 0.3326E+03 0.6250E+00
0.1295E+04 0.1416E+01 0.4250E+03 0.1200E+01
0.1474E+04 0.2657E+01 0.6039E+03 0.2400E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.7123E-01 0.1935E-04 0.2330E-02 0.1000E-04
0.3561E+00 0.9676E-04 0.1165E-01 0.5000E-04
0.7123E+00 0.1935E-03 0.2330E-01 0.1000E-03
0.3561E+02 0.9676E-02 0.1165E+01 0.5000E-02
0.5342E+02 0.1451E-01 0.1748E+01 0.7500E-02
0.7136E+02 0.1936E-01 0.2330E+01 0.1000E-01
0.1789E+03 0.4846E-01 0.5825E+01 0.2500E-01
0.3421E+03 0.9549E-01 0.1165E+02 0.5000E-01
0.4767E+03 0.1388E+00 0.1748E+02 0.7500E-01
0.5920E+03 0.1802E+00 0.2330E+02 0.1000E+00
0.8732E+03 0.3743E+00 0.5848E+02 0.2500E+00
0.9333E+03 0.6392E+00 0.1216E+03 0.5000E+00
0.9306E+03 0.7663E+00 0.1478E+03 0.6250E+00
0.1001E+04 0.1363E+01 0.2908E+03 0.1200E+01
0.1241E+04 0.2618E+01 0.5312E+03 0.2400E+01

5.10 Example Problem 9 LRFD

An example is presented in Appendix A of NHI Drilled Shaft Manual (2010) to illustrate design of
drilled shafts as foundations for a proposed replacement bridge. This case study is included in Example 9
for demonstrating the accuracy and convenience of using SHAFT in design of drilled shafts under axial
loads based on the LRFD design procedures. The proposed shaft is 8-ft in diameter and the total length
(penetration) below the original grade (without scouring) is 192 ft.
The factored axial, lateral, and moment forces at the foundation level were derived through a
separate comprehensive structural modeling based on the LRFD design requirement. The summary of
factored loads on the proposed drilled shaft at the existing mudline is presented in Table 5.7.
Table 5.7 Summary of factored loads on the 8-ft OD drilled shaft for Example Problem
9
5.10.1 Soil Profile

A generalized subsurface profile along the alignment of the bridge is shown in Figure 5.30. Soils
subdivided into general strata with identified layer thickness (Table 5.8) can be used in analysis. The
water table is at the existing ground surface. Based on hydrologic studies at this location a scour depth of
38 ft is recommended for the design flood (100 year flood).
Table 5.8 Summary of factored loads on the 8-ft OD drilled shaft for Example Problem
9

Soil properties for use in analysis including unit weight, internal friction angle (sand layers),
undrained shear strength (clay layers), and others can be found in Figure 5.30. Corrected N-value, (N1)60,
for the sand layer at the tip of the drilled shaft is 41.

Figure 5.30 General soil description of Example Problem 9

Calculations of nominal side and base resistance were carried out using a spreadsheet tool. Table
5.9 shows the calculation results for the Strength I limit state of this example. The table is divided into
three areas: (A) side resistance in cohesionless soil layers; (B) side resistance in cohesive soil layers, and
(C) base resistance.

Table 5.9 Calculations for axial compressive resistance, Strength I Limit State for
Example Problem 9
At the depth of 192 ft:
NSPT= 41
qB = (0.6) (41) = 24.6 tsf
AB = 50.27 ft2
QB = (50.27) (24.6) = 1,236.6 tons = 2,474 kips
Total Nominal Resistance
QU = 2469 + 2922 + 2474 = 7865 kips

Table 5.10 contains a comparison of the results obtained from hand computations against those
from computer run in SHAFT.


(kips) (kips)
Factored Side Resistance 2673 2614 2.2%
Factored Tip Resistance 1237 1237 0%
Factored Total Capacity 3910 3851 1.5%

Example 9 LRFD design

1
2 1 1 1 0 1
8 0 0 0 38 0 3600000
7 0 192 2.5 3
1 25
0.0 125 41 0.0 0 0 0 0.55 0.5
0.0 125 41 0.0 0 0 0 0.55 0.5
2
0 0
1 65
0.0 125 44 0.0 0 0 0 0.55 0.5
0.0 125 44 0.0 0 0 0 0.55 0.5
2
0 0
1 85
0.0 120 40 0.0 0 0 0 0.55 0.5
0.0 120 40 0.0 0 0 0 0.55 0.5
2
0 0
2 100
0 110 0.0 1750 0 0 0 0.45 0.5
0 110 0.0 1750 0 0 0 0.45 0.5
0.55 0.55
1 110
0.0 120 40 0.0 0 0 0 0.55 0.5
0.0 120 40 0.0 0 0 0 0.55 0.5
2
0 0
2 190.5
0 110 0.0 2300 0 0 0 0.45 0.5
0 110 0.0 2300 0 0 0 0.45 0.5
0.55 0.55
1 212.5
0.0 120 0 0.0 41 0 0 0.55 0.5
0.0 120 0 0.0 41 0 0 0.55 0.5
2
0 0


The results of skin friction, tip resistance, and total capacity versus depth provided by the computer
program were plotted together in Figure 5.31. Figure 5.32 includes a plot of axial load versus settlement.
As expected, the full capacity can be fully mobilized at settlement of 0.6 inches.
Figure 5.31 Curve of LRFD Geotechnical Capacity vs Depth for Example Problem 9.

5.10.7 Output Data

=========================================================================
SHAFT for Windows, Version 2012.7.10
Serial Number : 162969628
VERTICALLY LOADED DRILLED SHAFT ANALYSIS

(c) Copyright ENSOFT, Inc., 1987-2012
All Rights Reserved
=========================================================================
Path to file locations : C:\Ensoft-Working-Progs\Shaft2012\Examples\

Name of input data file : Examplev7-9-LRFD.sfd
Name of output file : Examplev7-9-LRFD.sfo
Name of plot output file : Examplev7-9-LRFD.sfp
Name of runtime file : Examplev7-9-LRFD.sfr
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Time and Date of Analysis

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date: July 14, 2014 Time: 16:41:40
Exampe 9 with LRFD Method

----------------
------------------

-------------------
SOIL INFORMATION
---------------
LAYER NO 1----SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.000E+00
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.250E+02
LRFD RESISTANCE FACTOR (SIDE FRICTION) = 0.550E+00

LRFD RESISTANCE FACTOR (TIP RESISTANCE) = 0.500E+00
LAYER NO 2----SAND
AT THE TOP


DEPTH, FT = 0.250E+02
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.650E+02

LAYER NO 3----SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.650E+02
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.850E+02

LAYER NO 4----CLAY
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.850E+02
AT THE BOTTOM


DEPTH, FT = 0.100E+03

LAYER NO 5----SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.100E+03
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.110E+03

LAYER NO 6----CLAY
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.110E+03
AT THE BOTTOM



DEPTH, FT = 0.190E+03

LAYER NO 7----SAND
AT THE TOP

DEPTH, FT = 0.190E+03
AT THE BOTTOM

DEPTH, FT = 0.212E+03


-------------------------

PREDICTED RESULTS
-----------------

WT = WEIGHT OF DRILLED SHAFT (UPLIFT CAPACITY ONLY);
LRFD QS = TOTAL SIDE FRICTION USING LRFD RESISTANCE FACTOR
TO THE ULTIMATE SIDE RESISTANCE;

LRFD QB = TOTAL BASE BEARING USING LRFD RESISTANCE FACTOR

TO THE ULTIMATE BASE RESISTANCE
LRFD QU = TOTAL CAPACITY WITH LRFD RESISTANCE FACTOR.
LENGTH VOLUME QS QB QU LRFD QS LRFD QB LRFD QU

(FEET) (CU.YDS) (TONS) (TONS) (TONS) (TONS) (TONS) (TONS)
39.0 72.62 19.90 2010.88 2030.78 10.94 1005.44 1016.38
40.0 74.48 39.98 2010.88 2050.86 21.99 1005.44 1027.43
41.0 76.34 60.23 2010.88 2071.11 33.13 1005.44 1038.57
42.0 78.20 80.64 2010.88 2091.52 44.35 1005.44 1049.79
43.0 80.06 101.20 2010.88 2112.08 55.66 1005.44 1061.10
44.0 81.92 121.89 2010.88 2132.77 67.04 1005.44 1072.48
45.0 83.79 142.70 2010.88 2153.58 78.48 1005.44 1083.92
46.0 85.65 163.62 2010.88 2174.50 89.99 1005.44 1095.43
47.0 87.51 184.63 2010.88 2195.51 101.55 1005.44 1106.99
48.0 89.37 205.74 2010.88 2216.62 113.15 1005.44 1118.59
49.0 91.23 226.91 2010.88 2237.79 124.80 1005.44 1130.24
50.0 93.10 248.15 1994.34 2242.49 136.48 997.17 1133.65
51.0 94.96 269.45 1976.82 2246.27 148.20 988.41 1136.61
52.0 96.82 290.78 1958.34 2249.12 159.93 979.17 1139.10
53.0 98.68 312.14 1938.88 2251.02 171.68 969.44 1141.12
54.0 100.54 333.52 1918.44 2251.97 183.44 959.22 1142.66
55.0 102.41 354.91 1897.04 2251.95 195.20 948.52 1143.72
56.0 104.27 376.29 1874.66 2250.95 206.96 937.33 1144.29
57.0 106.13 397.67 1851.31 2248.97 218.72 925.65 1144.37
58.0 107.99 419.01 1830.87 2249.89 230.46 915.44 1145.89
59.0 109.85 440.32 1813.36 2253.68 242.18 906.68 1148.86
60.0 111.72 461.59 1798.76 2260.36 253.87 899.38 1153.26
61.0 113.58 482.80 1787.09 2269.89 265.54 893.54 1159.09
62.0 115.44 503.95 1778.33 2282.28 277.17 889.17 1166.34
63.0 117.30 525.02 1772.49 2297.51 288.76 886.25 1175.01
64.0 119.16 546.00 1769.57 2315.57 300.30 884.79 1185.09
65.0 121.03 566.88 1769.57 2336.46 311.79 884.79 1196.57
66.0 122.89 587.65 1769.57 2357.23 323.21 884.79 1208.00
67.0 124.75 608.28 1769.57 2377.86 334.55 884.79 1219.34
68.0 126.61 628.76 1769.57 2398.33 345.82 884.79 1230.60
69.0 128.47 649.08 1769.57 2418.65 356.99 884.79 1241.78
70.0 130.33 669.23 1671.44 2340.68 368.08 835.72 1203.80
71.0 132.20 689.21 1567.54 2256.75 379.07 783.77 1162.84
72.0 134.06 709.01 1457.86 2166.87 389.96 728.93 1118.89
73.0 135.92 728.61 1342.41 2071.02 400.74 671.20 1071.94
74.0 137.78 748.02 1221.19 1969.21 411.41 610.59 1022.00
75.0 139.64 767.21 1094.19 1861.41 421.97 547.10 969.06
76.0 141.51 786.19 961.42 1747.62 432.41 480.71 913.12
77.0 143.37 804.95 822.89 1627.83 442.72 411.44 854.16
78.0 145.23 823.47 701.66 1525.13 452.91 350.83 803.74
79.0 147.09 841.75 597.76 1439.51 462.96 298.88 761.84
80.0 148.95 859.78 511.17 1370.95 472.88 255.59 728.46
81.0 150.82 877.55 441.90 1319.45 482.65 220.95 703.60
82.0 152.68 895.06 389.95 1285.01 492.28 194.97 687.26
83.0 154.54 912.29 355.31 1267.60 501.76 177.66 679.42
84.0 156.40 929.24 338.00 1267.24 511.08 169.00 680.08
85.0 158.26 945.91 436.13 1382.04 520.25 218.06 738.31
86.0 160.13 958.00 540.03 1498.04 525.69 270.02 795.71
87.0 161.99 970.10 649.71 1619.81 531.14 324.86 855.99
88.0 163.85 982.20 765.16 1747.36 536.58 382.58 919.16
89.0 165.71 994.29 886.38 1880.68 542.02 443.19 985.21
90.0 167.57 1006.39 1013.38 2019.77 547.47 506.69 1054.16
91.0 169.44 1018.49 1146.14 2164.63 552.91 573.07 1125.98
92.0 171.30 1030.58 1284.68 2315.27 558.35 642.34 1200.70
93.0 173.16 1042.68 1405.91 2448.59 563.80 702.95 1266.75
94.0 175.02 1054.78 1509.81 2564.59 569.24 754.91 1324.15
95.0 176.88 1066.87 1503.44 2570.31 574.68 751.72 1326.40

96.0 178.74 1078.97 1474.28 2553.25 580.13 737.14 1317.27

97.0 180.61 1091.07 1422.34 2513.41 585.57 711.17 1296.74
98.0 182.47 1103.16 1347.61 2450.77 591.02 673.80 1264.82
99.0 184.33 1115.26 1250.09 2365.35 596.46 625.05 1221.51
100.0 186.19 1127.36 1129.79 2257.15 601.90 564.90 1166.80
101.0 188.05 1146.10 1004.02 2150.12 612.21 502.01 1114.22
102.0 189.92 1165.02 872.79 2037.80 622.61 436.39 1059.01
103.0 191.78 1184.12 757.95 1942.07 633.12 378.98 1012.10
104.0 193.64 1203.40 659.52 1862.92 643.72 329.76 973.49
105.0 195.50 1222.86 577.50 1800.36 654.43 288.75 943.18
106.0 197.36 1242.50 511.88 1754.38 665.23 255.94 921.17
107.0 199.23 1262.33 462.67 1724.99 676.14 231.33 907.47
108.0 201.09 1282.33 429.86 1712.19 687.14 214.93 902.07
109.0 202.95 1302.52 413.45 1715.97 698.24 206.73 904.97
110.0 204.81 1322.88 413.45 1736.34 709.44 206.73 916.17
111.0 206.67 1338.78 413.45 1752.24 716.60 206.73 923.32
112.0 208.54 1354.68 413.45 1768.14 723.75 206.73 930.48
113.0 210.40 1370.58 413.45 1784.03 730.91 206.73 937.63
114.0 212.26 1386.48 413.45 1799.93 738.06 206.73 944.79
115.0 214.12 1402.38 413.45 1815.83 745.21 206.73 951.94
116.0 215.98 1418.28 413.45 1831.73 752.37 206.73 959.10
117.0 217.85 1434.17 413.45 1847.63 759.52 206.73 966.25
118.0 219.71 1450.07 413.45 1863.53 766.68 206.73 973.40
119.0 221.57 1465.97 413.45 1879.43 773.83 206.73 980.56
120.0 223.43 1481.87 413.45 1895.32 780.99 206.73 987.71
121.0 225.29 1497.77 413.45 1911.22 788.14 206.73 994.87
122.0 227.15 1513.67 413.45 1927.12 795.29 206.73 1002.02
123.0 229.02 1529.57 413.45 1943.02 802.45 206.73 1009.18
124.0 230.88 1545.46 413.45 1958.92 809.60 206.73 1016.33
125.0 232.74 1561.36 413.45 1974.82 816.76 206.73 1023.48
126.0 234.60 1577.26 413.45 1990.72 823.91 206.73 1030.64
127.0 236.46 1593.16 413.45 2006.61 831.07 206.73 1037.79
128.0 238.33 1609.06 413.45 2022.51 838.22 206.73 1044.95
129.0 240.19 1624.96 413.45 2038.41 845.37 206.73 1052.10
130.0 242.05 1640.86 413.45 2054.31 852.53 206.73 1059.26
131.0 243.91 1656.75 413.45 2070.21 859.68 206.73 1066.41
132.0 245.77 1672.65 413.45 2086.11 866.84 206.73 1073.57
133.0 247.64 1688.55 413.45 2102.01 873.99 206.73 1080.72
134.0 249.50 1704.45 413.45 2117.90 881.15 206.73 1087.87
135.0 251.36 1720.35 413.45 2133.80 888.30 206.73 1095.03
136.0 253.22 1736.25 413.45 2149.70 895.46 206.73 1102.18
137.0 255.08 1752.15 413.45 2165.60 902.61 206.73 1109.34
138.0 256.95 1768.04 413.45 2181.50 909.76 206.73 1116.49
139.0 258.81 1783.94 413.45 2197.40 916.92 206.73 1123.65
140.0 260.67 1799.84 413.45 2213.30 924.07 206.73 1130.80
141.0 262.53 1815.74 413.45 2229.19 931.23 206.73 1137.95
142.0 264.39 1831.64 413.45 2245.09 938.38 206.73 1145.11
143.0 266.26 1847.54 413.45 2260.99 945.54 206.73 1152.26
144.0 268.12 1863.44 413.45 2276.89 952.69 206.73 1159.42
145.0 269.98 1879.33 413.45 2292.79 959.84 206.73 1166.57
146.0 271.84 1895.23 413.45 2308.69 967.00 206.73 1173.73
147.0 273.70 1911.13 413.45 2324.59 974.15 206.73 1180.88
148.0 275.57 1927.03 413.45 2340.48 981.31 206.73 1188.03
149.0 277.43 1942.93 413.45 2356.38 988.46 206.73 1195.19
150.0 279.29 1958.83 413.45 2372.28 995.62 206.73 1202.34
151.0 281.15 1974.73 413.45 2388.18 1002.77 206.73 1209.50
152.0 283.01 1990.62 413.45 2404.08 1009.93 206.73 1216.65
153.0 284.87 2006.52 413.45 2419.98 1017.08 206.73 1223.81
154.0 286.74 2022.42 413.45 2435.88 1024.23 206.73 1230.96
155.0 288.60 2038.32 413.45 2451.77 1031.39 206.73 1238.12
156.0 290.46 2054.22 413.45 2467.67 1038.54 206.73 1245.27
157.0 292.32 2070.12 413.45 2483.57 1045.70 206.73 1252.42
158.0 294.18 2086.02 413.45 2499.47 1052.85 206.73 1259.58

159.0 296.05 2101.91 413.45 2515.37 1060.01 206.73 1266.73

160.0 297.91 2117.81 413.45 2531.27 1067.16 206.73 1273.89
161.0 299.77 2133.71 413.45 2547.17 1074.31 206.73 1281.04
162.0 301.63 2149.61 413.45 2563.06 1081.47 206.73 1288.20
163.0 303.49 2165.51 413.45 2578.96 1088.62 206.73 1295.35
164.0 305.36 2181.41 413.45 2594.86 1095.78 206.73 1302.50
165.0 307.22 2197.30 413.45 2610.76 1102.93 206.73 1309.66
166.0 309.08 2213.20 413.45 2626.66 1110.09 206.73 1316.81
167.0 310.94 2229.10 413.45 2642.56 1117.24 206.73 1323.97
168.0 312.80 2245.00 413.45 2658.45 1124.39 206.73 1331.12
169.0 314.67 2260.90 413.45 2674.35 1131.55 206.73 1338.28
170.0 316.53 2276.80 413.45 2690.25 1138.70 206.73 1345.43
171.0 318.39 2292.70 413.45 2706.15 1145.86 206.73 1352.58
172.0 320.25 2308.59 413.45 2722.05 1153.01 206.73 1359.74
173.0 322.11 2324.49 413.45 2737.95 1160.17 206.73 1366.89
174.0 323.98 2340.39 413.45 2753.84 1167.32 206.73 1374.05
175.0 325.84 2356.29 413.45 2769.74 1174.47 206.73 1381.20
176.0 327.70 2372.19 469.89 2842.07 1181.63 234.94 1416.57
177.0 329.56 2388.09 529.64 2917.72 1188.78 264.82 1453.60
178.0 331.42 2403.98 592.71 2996.69 1195.94 296.35 1492.29
179.0 333.28 2419.88 659.10 3078.98 1203.09 329.55 1532.64
180.0 335.15 2435.78 728.81 3164.59 1210.25 364.40 1574.65
181.0 337.01 2451.68 801.84 3253.52 1217.40 400.92 1618.32
182.0 338.87 2467.58 878.18 3345.76 1224.55 439.09 1663.65
183.0 340.73 2483.48 957.85 3441.33 1231.71 478.93 1710.63
184.0 342.59 2499.37 1027.56 3526.94 1238.86 513.78 1752.64
185.0 344.46 2515.27 1087.31 3602.59 1246.02 543.66 1789.67
186.0 346.32 2531.17 1137.11 3668.28 1253.17 568.55 1821.72
187.0 348.18 2547.07 1176.94 3724.01 1260.33 588.47 1848.80
188.0 350.04 2562.97 1206.82 3769.78 1267.48 603.41 1870.89
189.0 351.90 2578.87 1226.73 3805.60 1274.63 613.37 1888.00
190.0 353.77 2594.77 1236.69 3831.46 1281.79 618.35 1900.13
191.0 355.63 2610.66 1236.69 3847.35 1288.94 618.35 1907.29
192.0 357.49 2643.33 1236.69 3880.02 1306.91 618.35 1925.25

ton IN. ton IN.
0.1921E+00 0.2729E-04 0.4509E-02 0.1000E-04
0.9605E+00 0.1364E-03 0.2254E-01 0.5000E-04
0.1921E+01 0.2729E-03 0.4509E-01 0.1000E-03
0.9605E+02 0.1364E-01 0.2254E+01 0.5000E-02
0.1441E+03 0.2047E-01 0.3382E+01 0.7500E-02
0.1922E+03 0.2729E-01 0.4509E+01 0.1000E-01
0.4816E+03 0.6830E-01 0.1127E+02 0.2500E-01
0.9564E+03 0.1365E+00 0.2254E+02 0.5000E-01
0.1375E+04 0.2018E+00 0.3382E+02 0.7500E-01
0.1675E+04 0.2563E+00 0.4509E+02 0.1000E+00
0.2588E+04 0.5020E+00 0.1127E+03 0.2500E+00
0.3015E+04 0.7988E+00 0.2252E+03 0.5000E+00
0.3276E+04 0.1299E+01 0.4267E+03 0.9600E+00
0.3484E+04 0.2783E+01 0.7915E+03 0.2400E+01
0.3943E+04 0.5265E+01 0.1255E+04 0.4800E+01

ton IN. ton IN.

0.3069E+00 0.3674E-04 0.6441E-02 0.1000E-04

0.1535E+01 0.1837E-03 0.3221E-01 0.5000E-04
0.3069E+01 0.3674E-03 0.6441E-01 0.1000E-03
0.1535E+03 0.1837E-01 0.3221E+01 0.5000E-02
0.2305E+03 0.2756E-01 0.4831E+01 0.7500E-02
0.3076E+03 0.3677E-01 0.6441E+01 0.1000E-01
0.7708E+03 0.9206E-01 0.1610E+02 0.2500E-01
0.1493E+04 0.1826E+00 0.3221E+02 0.5000E-01
0.2072E+04 0.2647E+00 0.4831E+02 0.7500E-01
0.2401E+04 0.3243E+00 0.6441E+02 0.1000E+00
0.3022E+04 0.5439E+00 0.1610E+03 0.2500E+00
0.3342E+04 0.8382E+00 0.3210E+03 0.5000E+00
0.3602E+04 0.1345E+01 0.5936E+03 0.9600E+00
0.3820E+04 0.2829E+01 0.9399E+03 0.2400E+01
0.4216E+04 0.5299E+01 0.1336E+04 0.4800E+01

ton IN. ton IN.
0.1018E+00 0.1937E-04 0.2576E-02 0.1000E-04
0.5089E+00 0.9686E-04 0.1288E-01 0.5000E-04
0.1018E+01 0.1937E-03 0.2576E-01 0.1000E-03
0.5089E+02 0.9686E-02 0.1288E+01 0.5000E-02
0.7633E+02 0.1453E-01 0.1932E+01 0.7500E-02
0.1018E+03 0.1937E-01 0.2576E+01 0.1000E-01
0.2547E+03 0.4844E-01 0.6441E+01 0.2500E-01
0.5098E+03 0.9691E-01 0.1288E+02 0.5000E-01
0.7553E+03 0.1451E+00 0.1932E+02 0.7500E-01
0.9731E+03 0.1909E+00 0.2576E+02 0.1000E+00
0.1951E+04 0.4376E+00 0.6441E+02 0.2500E+00
0.2671E+04 0.7585E+00 0.1293E+03 0.5000E+00
0.2948E+04 0.1252E+01 0.2597E+03 0.9600E+00
0.3147E+04 0.2737E+01 0.6431E+03 0.2400E+01
0.3670E+04 0.5230E+01 0.1175E+04 0.4800E+01

List of Technical References
List of Technical References R-2
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), AASHTO Guide
Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design. Prepared by R.A. Imbsen, 2007.
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Design Specifications, Customary U.S. Units, 4th Ed., Section 10. Washington, D.C. 2007.
Aurora, Ravi and L. C. Reese, Field Tests of Drilled Shafts in Clay-Shales. Ninth International Conference
on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, July, 1977.
Bernal, J. and L. C. Reese, Study of the Lateral Pressure of Fresh Concrete as Related to the Design of
Drilled Shaft. A Research Report No. 308-1F, conducted for the Texas Highway Department, in
cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
Center for Highway Research, The University of Texas at Austin, November, 1983.
Bieniawski, Z. T., Rock Mechanics Design in Mining and Tunneling, A. A. Balkema: Rotterdam/Boston,
1984, 272 pages.
Brown, D.A., J.P. Turner, and R.J. Castelli, Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and LRFD Design
Methods, prepared for U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
Publication No. FHWA-NHI-10-016, 2010
Canadian Geotechnical Society, Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, Part 2, Shallow Foundations,
Canadian Geotechnical Society, Montreal, 1978, 99 pages.
Chuang J. W. and L. C. Reese, Studies of Shearing Resistance between Cement Mortar and Soil,
Research Report No. 89-3, Project 3-5-65-89, conducted for the Texas Highway Department, in
Center for Highway Research, The University of Texas at Austin, October, 1968, 71 pages.
Deere, D. V., Geological Considerations, Chapter l in Rock Mechanics in Engineering Practice by K. G.

Stagg and O. C. Zienkiewicz, Wiley, New York, 1968, pp.1-20.
Donald, I. B., S.W. Sloan, and H. K. Chiu, Theoretical Analyses of Rock-socketed Piles, Proceedings,
International Conference on Structural Foundations on Rock, Sydney, Balkema: Rotterdam,
1980.
Engeling, D. and L. C. Reese, Behavior of Three Instrumented Drilled Shafts Under Short Term Axial
Loading. Research Report No. 176-3, Project 3-5-72-176, conducted for the Texas Highway
Department, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration, Center for Highway Research, The University of Texas at Austin, May, 1974, 116
pages.
Horvath, R.G., and T.C. Kenney, Shaft Resistance of Rock-Socketed Drilled Piers, Proceedings,
Symposium on Deep Foundations, ASCE, Atlanta, Georgia, 1979, pp.182-214.

Johnston, I. W., I. B. Donald, A. B. Bennet, and J. W. Edwards, The Testing of Large Diameter Pile Rock
Sockets with a Retrievable Test Rig, Proceedings, Third Australian-New Zealand Conference on
Geomechanics,Wellington, 1980a.
Johnston, I.W.,A. F. Williams, and H. K. Chiu, Properties of Soft Rock Relevant to Socketed Pile Design,
Proceedings, International Conference on Structural Foundations on Rock, Sydney, Balkema:
Rotterdam, l980b.
Kulhawy, F. H., Transmission Line Structures Foundations for Uplift-Compression Loading,

Geotechnical Group, Cornell University, Report No. EL-2870, Report to Electrical Power Research
Institute, Geotechnical Group, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, February, 1983.
LCPC (le Laboratoire Centraldes Ponts et Chaussees,) Bored Piles, English Translation of Les Pieux
Fores, (FHWA TS-86-206, March, 1986).
Mayne, P.W. and D.E. Harris, Axial Load-Displacement Behavior of Drilled Shaft Foundations in
Piedmont Residuum. , Georgia Tech Research Corporation, Geotechnical Engineering Division,
Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Civil Engineering, Atlanta, GA, February, 1993.
Meyerhof, G. G., Bearing Capacity and Settlement of Pile Foundations, Journal of the SoilMechanics
and Foundation Engineering, Proceedings, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 102, No.
GT3, March, 1976, pp. 197-228.
Mogenstern, N. R. and K. D. Eigenbrod, Classification of Argillaceous Soils and Rocks, Journal of the
Geotechnical Engineering Division, Proceedings, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 100,
No. GT10, October, 1974, pp. 1137- 1156.
ONeill M.W. and L.C. Reese, Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and Design Methods, prepared
for U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of
Implementation McLean, Virginia, 1999
ONeill M.W. and L. C. Reese, Behavior of Axially Loaded Drilled Shafts in Beaumont Clay. Research
Report No. 89-8,Project 3-5-65-89, conducted for the Texas Highway Department, in
Center for Highway Research, The University of Texas at Austin, December, 1970.
ONeill, M.W. and S.A. Sheikh, Geotechnical Behavior of Underreams in Pleistocene Clay, Drilled Piers
and Caissons II, Ed. by C. N. Baker, Jr., ASCE, May, 1985, pp. 57-75.
ONeill, M. W., F.C. Townsend, K.M. Hassan, A. Buller, and P.S. Chan, Load Transfer for Drilled Shafts in
Intermediate Geomaterials, Report No. FHWA-RD-95-172, Federal Highway Administration,
McLean, VA, November, 1996.
Owens,M. J. and L. C. Reese, The Influence of a Steel Casing on the Axial Capacity of A Drilled Shaft, A
report to the Texas State Department of Highways and Public Transportation, Research Report

255-1F, Center for Transportation Research, Bureau of Engineering Research, The University of
Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, July, 1982, 204 pages.
Peck, R. B., Rock Foundations for Structures, Proceedings, Specialty Conference on Rock Engineering
for Foundations and Slopes, Boulder, Colorado, ASCE, 1976.
Quiros, G. W. and L. C. Reese, Design Procedures for Axially Loaded Drilled Shafts, Research Report
176-5F, Center for Highway Research, The University of Texas at Austin, 1977.
Randolph, M.F. and C.P. Wroth, Analysis of Deformation of Vertically Loaded Piles, Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering Division , ASCE, Vol. 104, No. 12, December, 1978.
Reese, L. C., Analysis of Data from Mustran Cells, Axial-Load Test of Caisson CS1, Eugene Talmadge
Memorial Bridge, Chatham Country, Georgia, an unpublished report to Dames & Moore, Boca
Raton, Florida, 1985.
Reese, L. C. and T. Bowman, Report on Testing of a Drilled Shaft at Georgetown Steel Company in
Beaumont, an unpublished report to Tracor, 1975.
Reese, L. C. and K. J. Nyman, Field Load Tests of Instrumented Drilled Shafts at Islamorada, Florida, a
report to Girdler Foundation and Exploration Corporation, Clearwater, Florida, February, 1978.
Reese, L. C. and M.W. ONeill Drilled Shafts: Construction Procedures and Design Methods, prepared
for U. S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Office of
Implementation McLean, Virginia, 1988
Reese, L. C., M. W. ONeill, and S. T. Wang, Drilled Shaft Tests, Interchange of West Belt Toll Road and
US 290 Harris County, Texas, an unpublished report to Harris County Toll Road Authority,
Houston, Texas, 1988.
Rollins, K.M.,R. J. Clayton, R.C. Mikesell, and B.C. Bradford, Drilled Shaft Side Friction in Gravelly Soils,
Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers,
Vol. 131, No. 8, August, 2005, pp. 987-1003.
Schmertmann, J.H., Report on Development of a Keys Limerock Shear Test for Drilled Shaft Design, A
Report to Girdler Foundation and Exploration Company, Clearwater, Florida, December, 1977.
Sheikh, S. A., M. W. ONeill, and K. Kapasi, Behavior of 45- Degree Underream Footing in Eagle Ford
Shale, Research Report No. 85-12, University of Houston, University Park, December, 1985.
Skempton,A.W., The Bearing Capacity of Clays, Proceedings, Building Research Congress, Division I,
Building Research Congress, London, 1951.
Williams, A. F., Principles of Side Resistance Development in Rock Socketed Piles, Proceedings, Third
Australian-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics, Wellington, 1980.

Williams, A. F., I. B.Donald, and H.K. Chiu, Stress Distributions in Rock Socketed Piles, Proceedings,
International Conference on Structural Foundations on Rock, Sydney, Balkema: Rotterdam,
1980a.
Williams, A. F, I. W. Johnston, and I. B. Donald, The Design of Socketed Piles in Weak Rock,
Proceedings, International Conference on Structural Foundations on Rock, Sydney, Balkema:
Rotterdam, 1980b.
Williams,A. F., and M. C. Erwin, The Design and Performance of Cast-in-situ Piles in Extensively Jointed
Silurian Mudstone, Proceedings, Third Australian-New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics,
Wellington, 1980.

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SHAFT v2012 Users Manual

A Program for the Study

(Release Date: July 2017)

SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT & DISCLAIMER

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

3.1.1 File New ........................................................................................................................... 3-2

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

4.4 Plot Menu................................................................................................................................. 4-20

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

5.4.11 Graphical Results of Computer Analysis .......................................................................... 5-40

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

5.9 Example Problem 8 Gravelly Sand & Gravel ......................................................................... 5-76

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

1.1 General Description

1.2 History of Development

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

1.2.2 SHAFT, Version 2 (1989)

1.2.3 SHAFT 3.0 for Windows (1995)

1.2.4 SHAFT 4.0 for Windows (1998)

1.2.5 SHAFT 5.0 for Windows (2001)

1.2.6 SHAFT 6.0 for Windows (2007)

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

1.2.7 SHAFT 2012

1.3 Organization of SHAFT Manuals

1.4 Typographical Conventions

1.5 Contents of the SHAFT Package

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

One USB device (sometimes known as hardware key or dongle),

1.6 Hardware Requirements

1.7 Technical Support

1.7.1 Preferred Methods of Software Support

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

1.7.2 Support by Telephone

1.7.3 Upgrade Verification and Internet Site

1.7.4 Changes of Support Policy

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

2.1 Installation Procedures

2.1.1 Installation of Single-User Version

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

Figure 2.3 Selection of Single-User License (may change with time)

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

2.1.2 Introduction of Network Version

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

2.1.2.1 Installation of Network Version

2.1.2.2 Silent Installations on Client Computers

2.1.3 Backup of Original Software

2.1.4 Software Updates on the Internet

2.2 Getting Started

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

Figure 2.7 Sample organization and operational flow chart

2.2.1 Starting the Program

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

2.2.2 File Management

Figure 2.8 Options contained in the File menu

Users Manual (Rel. Jul/2017) SHAFT for Windows

File Name Usage File Example