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magazine
1/2005
DESTINATION
VIKING Hgskolan p Gotland
Gotland University
Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
KSAK
JMRK
From Hvmal
Y
TR
IL
M
341
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DESTINATION Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
VIKING
The Building of
a Boathouse at
Avaldsnes
Text and photos:
Karl Johan
Gundersen and
on Karmy
Andrew Peter
De-Martine
Building responsibility
Once the plans were ready, the project
Model
was presented to four construction
of the
boathouse. companies who then discussed various
methods of construction based upon these
drawings. The Didrik Heried building
company, certified by the Norwegian
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05 D E S T I N AT I O N
VIKING
Riksantikvar (Central Board of National
Antiquities), was given the project and so
the building could commence.
The first job was to construct a scale
model, which would help with the
building process.
The first part of the construction
process was carried out at the firms own
site. This was then taken apart and
transported to the island by boat. This
method saved a good deal of time and
expense during the project.
At several points during the project,
meetings were held to discuss details of
the process as there was a great deal of
pressure to construct a building as
authentic as possible.
Tours were made to several old
buildings in West Norway to study
techniques and methods that could help
in the project.
In the beginning it was decided that
the roof timbers should be curved prior to
assembly. This was to be achieved by The rafters were bent using ropes.
steam bending.
The process was discussed at length, achieve the degree of curvature that was churches. On these the first roofing layer
and eventually it was decided that it planned in fact, although the end result is constructed this way and there is
would be both too time-consuming and was satisfactory. evidence that this was indeed the original
expensive. The final decision was taken to The sections were then anchored to outer roofing of these buildings.
use thin trunks of straight grown pine, each other using wooden plugs. The planks overlap one another and
which were left round in section and bent are secured with galvanised boat nails.
into shape with ropes. Roof Here we could have used handmade nails
This method proved to be successful The roof is covered with horizontal planks but, again, the cost would have been
with the result that only two of the trunks of pine, the evidence of this technique excessive.
snapped during the process. We did not being the roofs of old Norwegian stave The underside of these planks had their
The roof planks overlap each other and are secured with large boat
nails.
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DESTINATION Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
VIKING
growth wood removed so that only the
heartwood would be exposed to the
elements.
Between the planks and joins, a strip of
felt was inserted, which had been dipped
in tar to ensure a watertight join. The
lengthwise joins of these planks were sawn
at an angle in two planes. This was a
method we found used in a medieval
church in Hordaland. Finally the building The north
is treated with a coat of tar, a well-known end of the
ancient technique for both roofs and boathouse
walls. has a small
At ground level a row of stones were extension
laid out vertically, the reason being that a according
great deal of water gathers at this point to the
excavation
and this will greatly increase the life of the
reports.
building.
Usage
Now the building stands finished we can
look forward to using it. To date we have
no Viking ship to fill this space, but this
may change in the not-to-distant future.
As of today, we are in possession of a
reconstruction of the largest of the
Gokstad ship follow-boats, and this will
occupy the building during the winter.
The entrance doors were originally The
planned to be large enough to allow a Avaldsnes
large ship to enter, but later this was Viking-age
redesigned and now it is possible to farmstead
with the
boathouse
seen from
above.
The reconstructed Viking-age
farmstead at Avaldsnes is an open-air
museum situated in the municipality remove the entire front of the building to detrimental to the aesthetics of the
of Karmy on the southwest coast of allow access for a large Gokstad-size ship. construction.
Norway. The farmstead consists of a The buildings primary use will be The decision was also taken, on
dwelling house, two pit houses, a arranging events like Viking banquets and financial grounds, not to axe the surfaces
roundhouse, a cook-house, a hall, a other activities such as exhibitions and of the roof planks again. The planks were
boathouse, a service building and concerts. The building has great potential used as delivered, with a rough sawn
other smaller sheds and storage with a calculated seating capacity of finish.
buildings.
around 250. Under the wooden floor at either side
The farm is situated in an area
with many archaeological remains. We A modern kitchen has been installed at of the building, a metal pipe system has
also have a new history centre nearby one end of the building ensuring that been installed. This will be connected to a
which is to be opened in April 05. modern food and hygiene regulations can smaller building, which will house a diesel-
Activities for all ages focus on be observed and followed. burning heating unit with the capacity to
school classes and are aimed at deliver around 80kw of warm air into the
bringing pre-history to life. The Viking Adjustments building. This has been installed to allow
farm at Avaldsnes is operated and There have been some variations in for a greater use of the building during
financed by the municipality of construction that do not follow traditional the autumn and winter months.
Karmy.
methods from the Viking period. For At the north end of the building we
For further information: example the posts of the building were have chosen to install a modern kitchen.
Karl Johan Gundersen not dug into the ground as was the This is hidden from the main hall by a
Vikinggarden original. This was done to combat the wall, and is of course necessary in a
Postboks 1024 problem of the posts rotting. The area building, which is to have the possibility
4294 Kopervik around this building is constantly wet as it of serving food. Being self-contained from
www.vikinggarden.no lies barely above sea level. the main hall will make the life of both
E-mail: As an alternative they were placed on the cooks and serving staff much easier.
karl.johan.gundersen@karmoyped.no
large stones, however this is hidden in the
final construction and thus not
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05 D E S T I N AT I O N
VIKING
The two rows of
roof-bearing posts.
All photos: Karl
Johan Gundersen
By Jochen Komber
Reconstruction of a Viking-age
Boathouse on the island of Karmy
Introduction generally assumed to have been purpose whatsoever. In this view the
In 1990 remains of a boathouse were constructed with a simple rafter roof construction of prehistoric boathouses
found on the island of Rennesy close to without any transverse beams. remained a mystery.
the city of Stavanger in Norway. The main problem in this respect,
According to datings this boathouse had however, is or was how we (or the Iron- A stable construction
been in use during the Viking Age and in age architects) could handle the enormous In view of the results of the Rennesy dig,
early medieval times. Its ground plan lateral forces at the lower end of the roof. we could solve the problem of
showed a surprising interesting Excavations of several Iron-age reconstruction of a purely wooden
feature.This was the first time that outer boathouses revealed up to two-meter-thick building for the first time.
buttresses were reported from an Iron-age earthen walls outside the outer walls. The actual space for the boat was
boathouse in Norway. There is a certain possibility that the limited by two rows of roof-bearings posts
This discovery opened up a new pressure from the roof was transferred to which formed a trapeziodal ground plan,
discussion of the problems of these earthen walls, either by the roof 6 meters wide at the entrance and
reconstruction of prehistoric boathouses resting directly on these walls, or by the narrowing to 5 meters at the rear end of
in general. Considering the shape of roof resting on wooden walls which in the building. The two rows of outer
known prehistoric Iron-age boats, their turn leaned against these earthen buttresses followed extremely convex lines,
transverse beams connecting and walls. In either case, the earthen walls had resembling a kind of spiderweb or fan.
stabilizing the construction from the to be considered as necessary static At both ends these buttresses stood at
inside could not have been used. elements in boathouse construction. an angle of 50 in relation to the main
This is a rather primitive construction construction, while in the middle of the
The roof considering the level of craftmanship building the buttresses were perpendicular
Some boathouse digs reported two rows of reported from other archaeological data to the line of the roof-bearing posts.
inner roof-bearing posts, but these at a and it is also contradictory to the general Beyond the rear end of the actual
distance of up to between 5 and 6 meters, assumption that the Iron-age buildings in boathouse there was a kind of annex with
which was quite a lot for a three-aisled Scandinavia were purely wooden buildings a triangular ground plan ending in a
building from that period. which in themselves were statically stable. point. This annex had no outer buttresses.
In most cases roof-bearing posts were All outer walls, whether built of stone, Seen from above, the ground plan of this
absent and the roof was assumed to have turf or earth were interpreted as being boathouse resembled more a projection of
been held up by only the outer walls. purely elements of insulation and were an insect than a house.
Therefore, the Iron-age boathouses were assumed not to have had any static Without a doubt this fan of buttresses
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DESTINATION Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
VIKING
reflects an extremely stable construction.
Such a measure might have been necessary
considering the size of the building and
the climatic conditions in that area.
Furthermore, 90% of the buttresses
pointed directly towards a roof-bearing
post. This fact makes it very conceivable
that each buttress together with a roof-
bearing post formed a constructional unit.
Completed by a horizontal beam at their
lower ends, these three elements in turn
formed statically stable triangles. The
existence of these horizontal beams is
highly likely due to the absence of cultural
deposits in the lateral aisles of the
building.
Discussion
From an engineering point-of-view the
assumed buttresses should meet the main
construction as high as possible above the
ground. The quest was to find a
reasonable explanation for the fan-formed The interior of the boathouse.
setting of outer buttresses in relation to
the more or less rectangular main room.
There is none. but have to imagine that they were bent Shell constructions like this are not, as
As long as we interpret this fan-formed inwards. Otherwise the ridge would lie many might assume, a modern invention
array as traces after buttresses, their unreasonably high above the ground and but were built by many pre-industrial
convex arrangement in relation to a we would end up with a concave ridge cultures all over the world. In view of the
straight roof makes absolutely no sense. It line. rather primitive tools these cultures had
is therefore more reasonable to assume Bending the rafters inwards towards developed, it is also more natural to
that the convex formation mirrors the the house, the ridge line will be convex, assume that they preferred to use lighter
placement of the roof rafters which in this thus reflecting the convex lines on the elements in their house construction.
interpretation extended down to ground ground. In this view the bent rafters will The roofing is assumed to follow the
level. form a double curved shell which requires rafters down to the ground. In this case
Furthermore, assuming that this was only modest dimensions but nevertheless inner walls are not necessary. Walls were
the case, we could not use straight rafters, makes a very stable construction. only needed in the triangular annex
behind the real boathouse. The horizontal
beams connecting the lower ends of the
roof-bearing posts and the rafters could be
imagined to have supported a wooden
floor a few decimeters above the bottom
of the boathouse, serving as a dry
platform on which to work and place the
cargo from the boat, when drawn inside
the house.
Conclusion
The interpretation of the archaeological
data thus resulted in a special construction
indeed, which provided much space by
using only very few constructional
elements and which was very resistant to
the hard weather prevailing in that area.
In addition the architects also managed to
re-shape the main house form inherent to
the Viking culture in this boathouse.
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
Casting Trefoil
By Ken Ravn Hedegaard
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
Moulds and Crucibles within three weeks. Any longer and too organic material is needed (max. ca.
Casting a crude trefoil brooch in a much of the organic material might have 25%), but a lot more chamotte. The
soapstone mould is not impossible. But decomposed. The idea with the organic chamotte should come from crushed old
no finds so far would indicate that this material is to have a highly porous mould used crucibles; as much chamotte as one
was done. Nor do we have any finds of after the burn-out. These moulds do not possible can mix in must go into the clay.
solid bronze moulds for trefoil brooches. need any airvents for the metal gases, and If there are no old crucibles around, sand
What we do know though is that they indeed all the original finds show no can be used. The high content of sharp-
were cast in mainly two-piece clay airvents. edged crucible-chamotte will make it
moulds. To make the crucibles much less difficult to shape the crucibles and these
Actually the main content of these
moulds was horse or cow dung, fresh
from animals at pasture. I prefer horse
dung, but I am sure cow dung was used
more in the Viking Age. You also need
hair horsehair is good, but human hair
works fine too. The clay has to be free
from lime and as fine-grained as possible.
Then you need some chamotte to
temper the mixture. Here you reuse old
used moulds (crushed pottery when no
old moulds are at hand). I normally go
for a mixture of 50% dung, 3540%
clay, 812% chamotte and some 3% hair
(ca. volume). If in doubt, add more dung
and hair, not more clay.
After this is mixed (bare feet do the
job best) you take out a small portion
which you mix with an equal amount of
fine clay. This new portion is for the thin
inner layer (ca. 2 mm thick) in the
mould that is to take the impression of
Author
the finer ornamentations (ornament-
casting.
loam). The first mixture is referred to as Stone and
regular mould-loam. You also need a turf lined
third portion of mixed loam. In this case melting pit
it may contain coarser clay and sand. with
This last portion is for joining soapstone
(armouring-loam) the multipiece tuyere.
Notice
moulds together later on.
mould
It is best if the new loam-mixtures are fragments in
allowed to mature in a pit for a day or front of
two. But it has to be used and fired author.
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
must have as thin sides as possible. it. Cut or press some negative guide taps Casting
In the Viking Age this problem was along the edge of mould piece. Now you The most important factor for the
solved by forming a small ball of grass or build up the other part of the two-piece Viking period bronze-caster was the
hay. This was pressed into the half- mould. A little ashes between the two quality of his charcoal. Badly burned
finished wet crucible with a finger. At the mould pieces will prevent the layers charcoal can have too much resin in it,
same time the bottom of the wet crucible fusing together. which will produce sparks and you will
is held in the slightly rounded palm of After another day (depends on size of have a hard time getting the temperature
your other hand. This grass-cushion mould and the weather) the half-dried that you need.
greatly helps to give the lower sides and mould pieces can be taken apart and the The quality of the metal is naturally
bottom of the crucible an even thickness. also an issue. From the relatively few
Traces of grass can be seen on the metal analyses made so far on
inside of the original crucibles. copper-alloy material from the
Many original crucibles have a Viking Age we see that brass was
tap on the side. This will be a preferred. But this brass often
help when the crucible is held by had a content of tin, lead and
a pair of (thin almost tweezer- even a little silver too.
like) thongs for the casting. The following alloy is a good
But the taps have more exampel of what a Viking-age
important functions! First they bronze-caster would have tried to
help stabilize the crucible in a obtain. But remember that he
slightly slanted position in the only had colour and ductility of
melting pit. The tap must point the metal, the colour of the metal
towards the opening of the gases and a set of scales to go by!
tuyere. The bottom of a Viking- To get this rather exact alloy at
period crucible is always round every casting was impossible for a
and is likely to tip when the bronze caster in the 911th
glowing charcoals start to shift. century AD.
Secondly the tap will disperse the
heat applied to the crucible, so 85% Cu, 7% Zn, 4% Sn,
that welding-holes can be 12% Pb, 12% Ag rest
prevented (or at least delayed). could be Fe
These clay crucibles are not This alloy would be good for
truly fire-resistant! Sometimes casting the thin tortoise brooches
they will have to be repaired with or trefoil brooches. An
a new layer of loam after just one commonly used alternative would
casting, but normally you can get be an alloy richer in zink. Quite a
three to four castings out of one few trefoil brooches were cast in
good crucible. silver.
To establish a Viking-age
Forming the Moulds melting workshop does not call
The masters are put on a flat for much. Castings were done in
Bronze-casting team at work inside longhouse (Trelleborg.
piece of wood. If these masters the open, sometimes protected
Denmark). Raised stone-lined melting pit and circular stone-
have incorporated taps for lined fireplace for burning the moulds. In between sandpit from rain by a makeshift shelter
needle-rest and holder, then holes for placing moulds just prior to casting. Notice size of with just one or no wall.
will be drilled into the wood to bellows. At the Fyrkat Ringcastle in
take these taps. It helps to draw Denmark a melting pit had been
the general outline of the planned mould set up inside one of the long houses. But
with charcoal. master removed. Here we must not it does not appear to have been used for
If the lost-wax method is planned one forget the sprue. Using the lost-wax work over a prolonged period.
first builds up a layer of fine ornament- method one should have a well-fixed You need a normal-sized open
loam right unto the fixed wax model and wax-sprue on the model from the start. fireplace to burn the moulds and the
then later mould-loam. But with a solid Using a solid master you have the option crucibles in. Here you use regular small
lead or bone master you first form a of cutting the sprue in the half-dried chopped logs. In such a fireplace you
22,5 cm thick plate of mould-loam and mould later. The sprues are conical. But should be able to reach 700 degrees
into this you rub 23 mm of fine seen head-on they must have a flat-to- Celcius. It helps if you fan the fireplace
ornament-loam. Let the plate dry for a oval cross section. now and then. Moulds for trefoil
few hours it should not be too soggy The mould pieces are now joined brooches will have to fired for 4 hours.
and then press it down carefully over the again and armoured with the third and Then you need a melting pit. I like to
master. last layer of loam. The moulds now have work with pits lined with fist-size rocks.
Next day turn over this new mould to be dried, always in the shade, for 4-5 My pits are normally ca. 30 centimeter
piece with the master still embedded in days. across and some 20 cm deep. At one side
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
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13 www.hgo.se/viking
Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
special land areas adjacent to the Thing meant that they were also important as It is fully possible that the find material
site. navigable water routes. from Guldker is a sign of a trading place
The Althing was probably held around located directly adjacent to the Gotlandic
midsummer every year and would have The archaeological surveys Althings meeting place during the Viking
collected a big number of people and even In the spring and the autumn 1990 a Age. The finds indicating trade (like
animals that were brought along, e.g. couple of archaeological surveys were fragments of coins and weights) originate
horses. People gathered to discuss undertaken with the aid of metal mainly from the 10th century.
important matters of common concern, detectors in the fields around Roma Yet another survey was carried out in a
made sacrifices, and decided about Kungsgrd. In the so-called Gold Field field that was earlier part of the Krklinge
marriages, planned trading voyages and Guldkern (the field got its name during Thing meadow. Here, in a concentrated
engaged in trade. 19th century, when three gold coins were area, Viking-age objects of a different
It is tempting to compare this with the found there) northeast of the monastery nature than the objects in the Guldkern
description of the Icelandic Althing, and north of the ancient Krklinge Thing were found. The find material can
where the equivalent to the Gotlandic meadow a find was discovered which probably be linked to the remains of a
Thing, godordet, had their own special indicated that the place must have had a typical Gotlandic settlement from mainly
houses sheds for accommodating their special function. It was not a typical find the Viking Age, but also the Vendel
thing-men. These sheds were owned by from a ploughed-over Gotlandic Period. Among the objects are two
the godarna the equivalent of the farmstead. Instead it gives the impression fragmentary silver coins, a piece of melted
Gotlandic Thing judges but rich and of having originated from a trading place, silver, whole and parts of bronze jewellery,
otherwise influential persons could have reinforced by the way the objects were bronze bars, a bronze casting cone and 12
their own sheds. According to the spread out in the field. The objects have pieces of melted bronze, that is a relatively
description in the Icelandic Sagas, these been found scattered over an area of 200 x rich trace of remains from making bronze
sheds were located at a certain distance 300 meters with certain concentrations. handicrafts.
from each other. However the presumed trading place
It might seem rather odd that the doesnt seem to have had any great extent Linking the Althing to Roma monastery
things also had a share in the bogs at the of the activities so typical for these places, It is probably no coincidence that the
Althing place, but on one hand, the like bronze casting. There are few bronze Thing names exist just within Roma
wetlands have always been important for smelts and casting cones are missing. On monasterys domain and that the
grazing and the animals also needed the other hand, several parts of pieces of monastery is situated right next to the
pasture while the Thing was being held, silver were found, a small silver bar, a bent Thing names.
while, on the other hand, the bogs can finger ring of silver, just over 20 silver The monastery was probably
also have provided straw thatch for the coins (mainly fragments of Arabic coins) established in the year 1164, according to
things sheds. Moreover during the Viking and just over 40 weights. The weights are Yrwing, on initiative of or in consultation
Age, the bogs were actually lakes, forming of varying shapes and age but most of with the Gotlandic Althing, and for that
large connected water systems, which them are polyhedral (multi-sided). very reason was situated at the thing site.
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
The Althing was not only enterprises in the regions where divided between the Althing and the
the highest administrative and they established themselves. town, while the county council was
judicial body, but also the highest Yet another strong link between the gradually weakened. Finally, during 15th
religious body. It seems natural therefore Althing and the monastery is the name of century, the Althing in Roma had had its
that, after the introduction of the monastery itself. The original name day. The power now lay completely with
Christianity, it is also the Althing that that the monastery received when Visbys burghers and the Danish sheriff in
takes the initiative in building a church consecrated was obviously Guthnalia, Visborgs castle.
(which is clear from the Gutasaga) and which is a latinisation of Gutnalting,
establishing the monastery. meaning the Gotlanders Althing. The The Gotlandic Althings meeting
Moreover Gotland with its leading monastery would hardly have received place common land?
position within the eastern sea trade that name had it not been located in right It is possible that the area at the present
ought to have been of particular interest next to the Althing meeting place. Roma Kungsgrd has served as a kind of
to the Cistercian order. The Cistercians During the Middle Ages, concurrent common ground, where the 20 things had
were known to be great innovators with the development of the town of the right to use certain special land areas
involved in the most important Visby, the political power on Gotland was as well as parts of the bog. Within these
areas named after the things there was
pasture for the horses and houses built for
accommodation while the thing was in
session. From the Icelandic Sagas, we
know that each farm was represented with
several persons at the Thing. Therefore
there could have been several thousand
people who gathered at Roma every year .
However it is possible that the things
did not each have an area with their own
sheds. Since only Burs and Krklinge
Tingsngar are known, it might very well
be that only the Sixth (sttingar) (Bro,
Burs, Hejde, Hoburg, Krklinge, Rute)
had areas with sheds and that the things
within each stting had to share the areas.
The Cistercian monastery ought to
have been erected on the Althings
common land and probably in close
proximity to the site for the Thing
A selection of the objects found in the so-called Guldkern on the property of the Roma
proceedings. Exactly where the Thing site
monastery. Drawing Pelle Fahln.
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
This article was first published in Swedish The Viking ships from
by the County Museum of Gotland in the
Gokstad and Oseberg are
annual book Gotlndskt Arkiv 2004, this
year called Gotland Vikingan (Gotland known worldwide. These
Viking Island). finds were incorporated
into written history and
many believed that the
interpretation was safe
Literature and sound. But a silent
Fornnordiska sagor. Bearbetade p
svenska av A. Ekermann. Nyutgva 1983, revolution took place
reviderad av E. Stenborg. inside academia and
Holmbck, & Wessn, E, 1946.
Svenska landskapslagar. Fjrde serien: history was rewritten.
Sknelagen och Gutalagen. The old and well-known
Olsson, Ingemar, 1994. Gotlndska
ortnamn. Visby.
history disappeared. How
Revisionsbok fr Gotland 1653. do we deal with this
1. Sudertredingen (Gotlandica 1).
2. Medeltredingen (Gotlandica 18).
experience in Vestfold? Is The map presents names of regions which
3. Nordertredingen (Gotlandica 19). it really a loss? hosted leaders who played central roles
Utgivna 1974, 1979 och 1979. Visby. in the changing power structures around
Yrwing, Hugo, 1978. Gotlndsk medeltid. 900 AD (After Myhre & Gansum 1993:98).
The networks of loyalty were personal
and death and change of interests made
the social system instable. Investment in
death rituals may be seen as one strategy
to rearrange the network.
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
not all barrows preserved equally well. At Ironically the old national history his campaign in Vestfold?
Borre the ship had decomposed due to synthesized by Andreas Holmsen, pre- Claus Krag, a history professor,
poorer conditions for the preservation of World War II, was kept and reproduced analysed the Ynglingasaga and the
wood. in schoolbooks and in university literature Ynglingatal poem and concluded that
It is evident that these barrows with until the mid 1990s. How can we explain Haralds stronghold was on the
ships represent aristocracy in one way or that? Part of the answer is that the old southwestern coast of Norway. Krag
another. Such graves are not randomly story was celebrated and escaped scientific formed a maxim: The younger the written
spread in geography or situated just critique because of the vital position the sources were the more Harald became
anywhere in topography. Therefore it Yngligasaga and the Ynglingatal poem implanted in the history of Vestfold. The
seemed natural to search for kings in the fulfilled in the mythological origins of the older written sources told quite a different
written documents and sagas after the making of Norway. story of Harald and his forefathers,
graves were excavated in 1852, 1880 and In 2005, Norway celebrates its 100- linking them to Sogn and Rogaland.
1904 and combine the sources when year anniversary as a sovereign national Krag was not the first to interpret the
creating the national history. state. Seen in a long-range perspective, sources in this way, but such
The story that was told for ages and 100 years is a short period. Many connect interpretations were ignored and
also presented by Sveaas Andersen in Norway with an ancient history beginning marginalized until the late 1980s. There
1977, was that Harald Finehair started his with the Vikings. This shows us that was no mental room for this alternative
campaign in Vestfold, the home of his historians and archaeologists successfully story, which questioned and therefore
father Halvdan the Black. The sagas, launched the building of national identity offended the accepted national history,
especially Snorri Sturlusons Ynglingasaga, in the period 18801939. An important with a capital H.
give Vestfold a prominent place in the part of this history has been analysing the At the same time, early 1990s,
building of the Norwegian kingdom. conquest, focusing on how one warlord, archaeology professor Bjrn Myhre
After World War II, the Nazis use of King Harald Finehair, got control over the wanted to find out if the chronology of
symbols and their narrow interpretation coast called Norway (the route to the the barrows did in fact match the
of heroic histories led knowledge of the north). He became The King and his chronology of the written sources. He
Viking Age into discredit. Much of the family the only one that could recruit concluded that there were reasonable
scientific work on major political issues in kings. doubts as to whether Haralds sons were
the Viking Age was tuned down. actually buried in the barrows in Vestfold.
Archaeologists studied artefacts and The revolution from within Some of the grounds for the old story
historians did not spend much effort on In the late 1980s scholars of history and was weakened, and scholars raised more
the Viking Age. The period was a archaeology started to question the old questions concerning the process of
historical backwater until the late 1980s. history. Did Harald Finehair really start unification of the areas that were to
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
become the kingdom of Norway. And, knowledge seems worthless. Teachers at New
not surprisingly, critical voices were raised schools are torn between the loyalty to book!
in the southwestern part of Norway. In good old books (the truth...) and the
Rogaland scientists were invited to come authority of the scientists who tell new
and contribute to new perspectives on the stories.
Viking-age period, which resulted in a
series of books. The international Changing times changing frameworks
approach widened the narrow national Lets be frank, the old story did not
excesses in interpreting only written disappear. It just moved from Vestfold to
sources, and transformed the regional Rogaland. The story got a new home
historical identity by moving the royal and new material facilities and is being
family of Harald Finhair to Rogaland and well taken care of. The grand history is
Hordaland. based on a historical framework, and
Even in Vestfold there was a critical archaeological material has been added to
examination of the barrows and what support and materialize the story.
roles they were given in the interpretation Seen from Vestfolds point of view, the
of Viking Age. Much effort was put into grand history is gone, but the
investigating how the old story could archaeological finds are still here and need
survive in academia. The mythical origins to be explained. In Vestfold we have to
of the Norwegian kingdom had to be create as much knowledge about the
politically protected against criticism, Viking Age as possible and, especially Retold by Brynhildur
because mythical logic cannot withstand with regards the extraordinary ships Thrarinsdttir
the critique based on scientific logic graves, to tell stories based on an Illustrated by Margrt E.Laxness
because these types of logics are archaeological framework instead of the Translated from Icelandic to
incommensurable. The Norwegian history historical one. Swedish by John Swedenmark
was to be pure and simple, easy to grasp, There seems to be a great challenge to
so people could be proud and quote their tell stories of Viking-age Vestfold in the
poems and sagas. years to come. New investigations of the
original documentation and scientific
The backlash of national history
Vestfold lost the story of Harald Finehair
research into towns, settlements, ships and
graves give us input to write Njls saga
who led the conquest of Norway and the new interregional
Njls saga is the longest of the
become sovereign king. Vestfold lost the history placing Vestfold
major role in the creation of Norway, and in a European Icelandic sagas, probably originating
even worse, much of the time Vestfold context. in the 13th century, but its names and
was part of Denmark during the Viking happenings still influence present-day
Age. Could it be worse? Icelandic names and culture.
Oh yes, the latest news is that Kaupang Here the saga is revised and retold
was founded by a Danish king and that with a focus on its principal
the Osebergship, our national pride was characters and main happenings. The
probably made in Denmark! The Danish
classic lines and pungent saga tone
kings are now given a central role in the
interregional history of Viking Age in have been preserved and
southwestern Scandinavia. complemented by colourful
How do people in Vestfold react illustrations, and spiced with
to the fact that the history they interesting facts and glossary
knew and believed in has explanations. Learn about ancient
disappeared? The old and About the manuscripts, weapons, burial
experienced audience is authors mounds, social aspects of Viking
shocked and feel Terje Gansum Fil.dr. Archaeologist
at Midgard Historic Center at society and many other tidbits of
misguided. All
Borre. He has written books and information from Njls period.
their articles on different topics dealing
with the Viking Age. terjega@vfk.no This book is meant for a younger
Lars Ueland Kobro is managing audience but makes an excellent
Much has been
written about the director at Midgard Historic Center introduction to the world of Icelandic
Norwegian connections at Borre, where he is engaged in sagas for the uninitiated adult reader!
to the isles to the west, heritage development and cultural
identity in Vestfold County. At present it is available only in
but archaeology has not
larsko@vfk.no Icelandic (www.ebba.is) and Swedish
focused on eastern connections
obvious in written sources. In the Midgard Historic Center at Borre is (www.berghsforlag.se).
famous find from Borre there are several items an observer member of the
that have eastern parallels, amongst them the Destination Viking Sagalands LG
draught harness and the scabbard confiscation projects.
(After Myhre & Gansum 1993:28-29, 35).
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VIKING
when the farm was in use. important elements, and the group the results of the Sagalands project and
The reconstruction was placed close to includes a number of specialists in these take a look at the future.
the current shore, however, so that you areas too.
The project has been working along
can feel the close relationship between In connection with the meeting, the
three main lines
farming and fishing that once prevailed group also visited the High Coast, an area
here. with the highest elevation of land in the living history and establishment of
The prehistoric farm is run by a world. This area became a World Heritage Saga trails
foundation of national, regional and local area in 2001. revival of story telling
parties. Today the living history aspect is We also visited the Regional Museum marketing of the Sagalands as a
probably the most prominent and visible, of Vsternorrbotten County. Here we concept and tourist destination.
but throughout its history Gene has also were guided through a new and Several partners run reconstructed
been a site for experimental archaeology. interesting exhibition on the subject of Viking-age villages, and a number of
Experiments are still being carried out. land elevation. Mr Bertil Nordin from the measures have been taken to ensure
Quite recently, the pit house for flax rock-art centre at Nmsforsen gave us an continuous quality improvement there.
weaving was completely rebuilt, based on introduction into this exciting world of Several partners have also signposted Saga
experiences from actual use. The new Stoneand Bronze-age carvings. trails in their areas. In addition, several
construction is much lighter and more partners have produced leaflets and
open than the first attempt. Summing up the results booklets to promote understanding of
The reconstruction of the farm started The time is now approaching to sum up important sagas.
1991. Today the farm consists of a There have been a number of story-
longhouse, a barn, a large smithy and the telling courses, story-telling events and
pit house. even storybooks published.
The marketing of the Sagalands
Sagalands as a marketing brand concept is well underway. An illustrated
The Sagalands meeting itself addressed a Sagalands map is under production, as is
number of vital questions. The most an illustrated Sagalands book. The latter
important ones concern the future and describes all partner areas, departing from
the continued development of the a Saga story and linking it to places and
network and its products. Sagalands is landscapes in the area.
gradually emerging as a powerful For each of these three priorities,
marketing brand. The new Sagalands map separate working groups have been
will strengthen this, as will the Sagalands established, and they will present updated
book to be published soon. The project suggestions for the future development of
intends to present these products at the the network and the Sagalands concept at
upcoming West Norden Travel Mart in the upcoming project meeting on the
Copenhagen later this year. Faroe Islands in July 2005.
The project also addresses the question
of product quality. Here, both re- Storytelling. David Cooper from Shetland
enactment and saga and storytelling are Islands. Photo Rgnvaldur Gudmundsson
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The Icelander
in New York.
Photo
Einar Falur
slendingur
(Icelander)
sailing by the
west coast of
Iceland.
Photo Rafn
Hafnfjr
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that ancient enemy pack ice was Greenlands home-rule governor, Jonatan built after she converted to Christianity
simply unbelievable. And it was a proud Mosfeld, and his wife; Queen Margarete around the year 1000. According to a
captain who discovered, after a detailed and Prince Henrik of Denmark; and famous legend, Thjdhildur refused to
inspection, that the ship had emerged Icelandic President lafur Ragnar sleep with her husband unless he also
from the crisis virtually as sound as the Grmsson boarded the Icelander and converted. Eirkur the Red took a dim
day it was built. embarked on a two-hour sail around view of such an ultimatum, however, and
The Icelander was entirely undamaged Eirksfjrdur fjord after the reception dug his heels in.
merely bruised, if one can call it that ceremony. The church itself is so small that it
after this battle that demanded the Prince Henrik, who is well known for requires a stretch of the imagination even
unstinting skill and tenacity of both ship his skill at handling modern sailboats, to call it a church. The word chapel may
and crew. To survive such an ordeal on a asked to be allowed to take the helm and be a more accurate term, though perhaps
vessel designed in the year 870 by a genius was astounded at how close to the wind it doesnt matter much to God what
whose name, unfortunately, we will never he was able to sail the ship. people call their houses of worship. (Read
know was an experience that is nothing On the morning of the Icelanders more about Thdhildurs church in VHM
short of awe-inspiring. departure from Greenland, the crew went 4/04, Eds.note.)
There was an elaborate ceremony when to Thjdhildarkirkja Thjdhildurs
we arrived at Brattahld, the farm church and had a quiet moment there LAnse aux Meadows
belonging to Eirkur the Red and his wife, to pray for good weather and good sailing In the Icelanders case, it seemed as though
Thjdhildur, who were the parents of on the way to Vinland. the crews prayers were heard because,
Leifur Eirksson and his siblings. A The church is a replica of the one immediately upon our departure from the
number of dignitaries including Eirkur the Reds wife, Thjdhildur, had coast of Greenland, impeccable weather
and wind conditions met the ship. A
northwest wind of 1520 knots followed
us all the way to LAnse aux Meadows in
Newfoundland, some six-and-a-half days
away. Another celebration, with a crowd
of spectators 25,000 strong, met the
Icelander in LAnse aux Meadows.
Never before had such a large group of
people congregated in this secluded place.
Among the guests at the ceremony were a
large number of dignitaries from the
participating countries.
The Icelanders subsequent ports of call
in Newfoundland included 10 harbours,
where the crew and ship received an
unforgettable welcome. By the time we
left the island and continued on our way
to Nova Scotia, we had met so many
wonderful people that it was with heavy
hearts that we stepped on board to set sail
for Halifax.
The crew of the Icelander in Eiriksstadir replica farm, Haukadalur valley, Iceland. Photo While we were in Newfoundland, a
Magns Hjrleifsson crew of 45 people with trailers containing
Reykjanes Peninsula played a vital role in Europeans grandfather is on the American side of
discovery of North America. the boundary!
On Reykjanes peninsula, about a 20- In fact, Reykjanes is a very interesting The Viking ship Icelander is housed
minute drive from Icelands Leifur place for many reasons. Very near the about 10 minutes from the international
Eirksson International Airport, ruins of a airport lie the geological boundaries airport. Visitors to Iceland cannot avoid
Settlement-age farmstead have recently where the American and European driving past the building where the
been discovered. It is considered quite tectonic plates meet. The city of Icelander dwells, as the road to
likely that this farmstead belonged to Reykjanesbaer has erected a bridge Reykjavk passes right by. Those who
the great-grandfather of Bjarni spanning the boundary between the two are interested in seeing the ship are
Herjlfsson, the first European to set plates, thus enabling the visitor to walk welcome to contact the author using the
eyes on the American continent. from Europe to America in a minutes phone number or e-mail address below.
It will be certainly intriguing to keep time. This year, construction will begin on
abreast of developments as this site is An interesting aside is that the newly a building where the Icelander will be
excavated this site that probably discovered Settlement-age farm the centre of attention, surrounded by
belonging to Bjarni Herjlfssons great- the Viking exhibition that the
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New
copper weapons and battle equipment e.g. divisions have come under question. At book!
bronze horns (!), 3: iron items, 4: the large Viking exhibition in Florence in
household items, 5: decorative items, 6:
cultural items, 7: cinerary urns and 8:
1990, that the author was given the
opportunity of being responsible, unique Vikingerne p
other items. grave finds and other finds, such as the
In the first three groups Thomsen had
collected items of stone, bronze and iron.
golden men from Bornholm were
exhibited, which are attributed to the 8th
Den Iberiske
However, he was still unclear as to
whether these groups represented a
century. No doubt these and other
magnificent finds from this century cast a Halv (The Vikings in the
Iberian Peninsula)
definite time line extending from an older new light on the initial phases of this
to younger period. To begin with the period of high culture that came to be
grouping was only a practical means of known as the Viking Age.
sorting the items. As soon as they had In addition, it has been established by
been placed in their respective groups they year-ring dating that the building of
were put on exhibit. Danevirke, the impressive defensive wall Published
In the year 1819 the citizens of system constructed all the way across by:
Copenhagen could, for the first time, Jutland in Denmark, had begun during Dronning
wander up the spiralling pathway in the the early part of the 8th century. This Isabella
Round Tower to visit the new museum in clearly proves that a large well-organised Fonden
the church loft. The young museum and powerful Nordic society already Publishing
curator had placed items of stone, bronze existed one century before the time data:
and iron respectively in three separate traditionally attributed to the start of the Nrhaven
rooms; thus the museum became the first Viking Age. Book,
in the world to use these later classical Viborg,
Ending the Viking Age with an
Denmark,
time divisions. unsuccessful Nordic conquest attempt on
ISBN 87-7964-999-8 2004
From the very start, the museum England in 1066 has also been
proved a great success. The questioned. As far as
young curator was appointed Scandinavia was concerned, The Vikings travels in the Iberian
Peninsula was the title of a seminar
that took place in Bilbao in Spain on
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
I was there
The Launch of the Viking Longship
Havhingsten fra Glendalough at
Roskilde in Denmark on Sept 4, 2004
Havhingsten fra Glendalough: One can only try and visualise the I observed the fitting of the steering
The Thoroughbred of the Sea fleets of such ships numbered in the oar to the ship by a boatyard crew, a
hundreds, carrying thousands of men, massive paddle-shaped piece of oak held
from Glendalough weapons and supplies, and in many cases in place by a large crown-knotted length
horses and cattle, to raid, invade and of rope. This passes through a central hole
colonise lands far away. into the hull and a leather strap keeps the
Text and photos by Converting those hulls and rigging to top tight to the gunnel, allowing it to
Martin Murphy raw materials would involve a measurable pivot both vertically and horizontally and
calculation of the tree-cover loss on the be lifted clear of the seabed in shallow
Since the excavations of the Viking-age earths surface. There must have been a water. Its length is approximately 3
ships in the fjord near Roskilde, slowly constant quest for timber in every meters.
but surely information has accumulated as direction and of course Ireland was one of In Bergen, Norway a steering oar was
the remnants of the ships have been these locations. Did such expeditions alter found, 6.7 meters long and of equal
measured, recovered, preserved and the face of that country and its people? dimensions, over twice the size of this
reassembled. Once the Viking Ship It had to have! one. Was the ship it steered twice the size
Museum became a reality a more overall of this one? The mind finds it hard to
picture was established as to how and comprehend.
where the ships were made, and of what Once fitted, the steering mechanism
materials (see VHM 3/2004, Eds.note). gave the ship another dimension as would
Shipbuilding techniques have the mast, sail, yard and rigging in their
developed through time as they did turn to complete the structure.
during the Viking period. At the time the Two more additions were made at this
longship was built it would have been the stage: a golden wind vane on the bow, and
height of Viking ship-building a green pennant on the stern. These sat on
achievement, whether it was for better or the slender extremities silhouetted against
worse only a loud voice from the past the sky.
would tell us or lots of trial and error in
present day. The change from cleats and On the day of the Launch many
lashings to trenails can only be assessed by thousands of people gathered in the warm
experience upon the cresting waves of the sunshine. A splendid open canopy was
ocean, by men who understand the provided for the many dignitaries and
construction and requirements in all monarch coming to celebrate the
conditions and circumstances. occasion. A covered rostrun in an elevated
It has been my privilege to observe the position was provided for the musicians
construction of the longship over a three- and the singer.
year period, alas, only momentarily on The lady compere did an excellent job
three separate occasions. Enough for me of introducing the event and celebrities,
to understand the considerable effort who were to speak of their enthusiasm for
involved and to be filled with awe and the project and achievement to the
admiration for the whole project as well as gathered thousands.
envious of those involved. A new composition called Fanfare for
a Longship by Savin Davey was
Seeing the completed vessel adorned performed by Palle Mikkborg (trumpet
in its colours resting comfortably in its and keyboard) Helen Davies (Harp), Ilam
chocks awaiting the first journey was an OFlynn (Killean Pipes) Lena Willemark
exciting moment. The word Long (Vocal) and Svend Kjeldsen (Bodhrain).
Serpent come to mind from some long- The music and human voice created an
forgotten text, truly if it had a head and atmosphere of space and time, lifting the
tail it would resemble some great beast of Close-up of steering oar. Note texture of spirit into another age and dimension.
another age. handwork on boards. A military brass band played and
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to leap forward with the sense of things that would have been valuable in
exploration and adventure in its Viking times and still are today. The
movements, a more confident crew authenticity of the camps occupants both About the author
thrusting it onwards. in dress and accommodation was excellent Martin Murphy comes from Derbyshire
England where he worked as a
Having acquired a position on the and to see those figures around the fires in
plumbing and heating engineer for 25
Gokstad Viking replica, the Gaia from the evening was to be transported into years, specialising in sheet lead work.
Sandefjord, Norway, my final observations another age. He has travelled extensively, including
were conducted from the deck of this In the boatyard complex it would have Viking settlements in Iceland, the
sister ship. As we headed out of the fjord been good to talk more to people like Faroes, Greenland, Newfoundland and
towards the site of the Skuldelev wrecks Flemming Alruin, the bowmaker of note Scandinavia. He is a master of a
we had an excellent view of the Skuldelev and Anna Norgaard, the weaver of Viking number of crafts such as jewellery,
2. As I looked at the faces of the ship sails and many other crafts. Plus the ironwork, furniture making, stone
numerous rowers I wondered what was in knifemaker, blacksmith, cooper, carving and leatherwork, as well as
making replicas of ancient weapons
their minds after such long hard, ropemaker, and paintmaker, all people
and armour for museums in Sheffield.
painstaking work were they proud and whose skills would have made life more Presently craftsman in residence at
satisfied, or were they all longing to be viable in Viking times. They make us Kilmartin Museum, Argyll, Scotland.
looking up at a great billowing sail, realise how lacking the world is today of
heaving in the roar of a good sea physical skills where a human being can
runningas any true Viking would. become lost in the emotional fulfilment of
Before long the ship was a speck and Hand and Heart work. Alas!!
Roskilde a haze in the distance and our
concentration was on where and how we
were going, but the magic of those three
days would remain within me for a long,
long time.
Maps, Myths, and Men. New
book!
It was with some regret that I left
Roskilde so quickly because I would have
liked to have spent more time around the
The Story of the Written by
Kirsten A. Seaver
Vinland Map
Published by Stanford University
Viking market where so many things were Press, Stanford California 2004
happening and so many Viking goods 480 pages. ISBN 0-8047-4963-9
were for sale e.g. whales teeth, amber,
fabrics, pottery, bone objects, horns and
articles made from horn, fresh roasted One of the fascinating and much work to address the full range of this
meat, wood crafts, silver, gold, all the debated stories is the so-called Vinland debate. The author explains a number
map a map supposedly from around of the riddles and provides evidence for
AD 1440. It first appeared on the the identity of the mapmaker and the
antiquarian market in 1957 and was source of the parchment used. She also
kept a secret for some years, applies current knowledge of medieval
while being studied by scholars Norse culture and exploration to
from Yale University. counter widespread
In 1965, they published an
extensive work (The Vinland misinformation
Map and the Tartar Relation about Norse
by Skelton, Marston and voyages to North
Painter, New Haven, America and
Conn.: Yale University about the Norse
Press, 1965). Its world picture.
authenticity (like the It is a fascinating
question of the and very readable
Kensington stone, see investigation of one
earlier number of of the most debated
Viking Heritage issues of Viking history.
Magazine) has been She delves into the
hotly debated ever question of authenticity
since in controversies and gives amble evidence
ranging from such issues as the that the map is a fraud.
anomalous composition of the ink and She even identifies the
the maps lack of provenance to a mapmaker. But I wont say any more,
plethora of historical and cartographical you have to read it for yourself.
riddles.
Maps, Myths, and Men is the first DC
Fixing the steering oar.
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Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
New
k!
Vikingarnas stridskonst
boo Written by Lars Magnar Enoksen Most of the pictures in the book are drawn by Enoksen
Published by Historiska Media, Lund himself, predominately in a woodcut style. His use of the
ISBN 9185057320 simplistic style is intended to endorse the instructive elements of
the picture. I leave it to the individual reader to judge if this is
the case.
Most books reviewed in Viking Heritage Magazine are written
Sadly there are some drawbacks and errors in the book. In
in English but Lars Magnar Enoksens Vikingarnas stridskonst
their presentation of the book, the publisher, Swedish Historiska
(The fighting art of the Vikings) is written entirely in Swedish
Media maintains that Enoksens book is the first thorough survey
and one dares say that its mainly written for Scandinavian
of Norse warfare. Enoksen also begins the book by stating that
readers. As far as I know there are no plans for an English edition
nothing useful about Viking-age warfare has been written since
to date.
1909. Both are wrong of course. Readers of my earlier reviews of
Enoksen has written several other titles on the Viking-age
Mr J. Kim Siddorns Viking Weapons & Warfare (VHM
theme earlier, mainly dealing with runes and the Norse Saga-
4/2001 & 1/2004) know that there are other high standard books
material. In Vikingarnas Stridskonst he investigates what the Sagas
on the same theme. To me the early date coincides a bit too well
and other earlier, contemporary and later written sources can tell
with Lauritz and Curt Weibulls crusade against
about warfare and warriors in the late Iron Age. In 368 pages he
the Saga material and Saxo Gramaticus. Their
examines the competitive aspects of the Viking-age
critical approach based on a great amount of
society, from its sports and games to
source-criticism was presented in 1911 and is
its weapons and tactics in battle.
still used in both history and archaeology,
To some extent he uses
dismissing most of the saga material as non-
archaeological finds and various
valid sources for academic studies.
monuments as well as
The weakest part of the book is the
contemporary art in his survey, but
presentation of the various types of weapons
his views and methods are mainly
used by the Norse during the Viking Age.
those of a historian, i.e. the finds
Here Enoksen repeatedly fails to recognize
etc. are used to underline the written
the general archaeological terminology and
sources that are accounted for in the
some outright errors have found their way
book. He begins by listing his sources
into his text. For instance he states twice
in an extensive and thorough manner
that no Viking-age bows have ever been
followed by a review of how warfare
found, while a short search in
and other more or less peaceful games
archaeological literature or on the
and sports are told, shown or otherwise
Internet would have told him that several
treated in these written accounts.
bows from Haithabu in present-day
Germany have indeed been found.
In a lengthy section he sums up the As for the lack of proper
history of the Scandinavian version of
terminology it isnt as erroneous as it is
wrestling Glima and all through the
confusing, and I must admit annoying
book Enoksen keeps coming back to a
for a narrow specialists and wise-acre
theory that the rules and social codes of
like myself, for example when he
Glima, are applicable for the Viking-age art
refers to spear heads as being tied to the shaft with
of war in general. It comes as no surprise
rope. To me this signals hasty work and lack of proper
that Enoksen himself is deeply involved in
proofreading, something Enoksen shares with Siddorn. One cant
Glima he is a skilled wrestler and one of the main promoters of
help but wonder why it is so hard for editors and authors to take
the sport in Sweden.
the time it takes to read through a script thoroughly to minimize
After the Glima survey he quite literary increases the ratio of
the rate of misprints and apparent inconsistencies prior to
violence by describing Norse weapon practise as well as ritualised
publishing.
combats such as holmgang and envig and finally full-scale combat.
Harsh reviewing and drawbacks aside Vikingarnas stridskonst is
He also presents the various weapons and pieces of armour
still a good book for those interested in Norse warfare, especially
used by the Viking-age Norse and how warriors were depicted by
as its written in Swedish. I would like to suggest readers to
contemporary artists. He concludes his survey by analysing the
compare it with another Swedish book though Vikingarnas
written accounts for two of the most enthralling legendary battles
lekar: Vikingen som idrottare literally The games of the Vikings
during the late Iron Age; Brvalla and Svolder.
by Bertil Wahlqvist (Atlantis 1993). This book also surveys the
In Vikingarnas stridskonst Enoksen has managed to create a
Norse written accounts for information, but as the title implies
good overview of the history of Glima along with how warriors
Wahlqvist a sports historian concentrates his study on games
and warfare are presented in the Icelandic sagas and elsewhere,
and sports during the Scandinavian late Iron Age but he uses
most notably in Saxo Gramaticus Gesta Danorum or The
many of the same sources that Enoksen does. The reader may
history of the Danes from the 12th century, a literary work often
find such a "parallel reading" rewarding and interesting.
overshadowed by Snorri Sturlusons Heimskringla.
By Ny-Bjrn Gustafsson,
archaeologist and re-enactor
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New
books! Vikings
Around the home
Written by Anette Tamm
Publisher: Annette Tamm
Promotion & Design
and hearth
www.anettetamm.se
ISBN 91-975071-0-5 Vikingar kring hem och hrd
This book is presented as an activity book intended for families The book is a fine example of how to bring history closer in a
with children. With a mixture of facts, stories, recipes, comprehensible way and within easy reach for both children
handicrafts and many more activities, its purpose is to inspire and adults. The author has succeeded with the difficult task of
all family members to share an interest in history and especially linking knowledge with an experience for all the senses. I am
the Viking-age. sure that this book will be a first choice for many children who
With the help of the Viking-age family named Gunnebo, enjoy stories and doing arts and crafts, and even small children
you and your children will travel back in time and receive an will be able to use it.
introduction to old stories, runes, animals on the farm, games This is the first part of a series of forthcoming historical
and sports. You can also learn how to dye cloth and make activity books for the whole family by the same author. The
clothes, get inspiration for making pottery and some Viking- next part will deal with Vikings out in the world.
age food from the recipes included. And all of this is fully The book is currently available in Swedish and this spring it
illustrated with appealing drawings and colour photographs. will also be translated and published in English. MEE
On the front cover of times, around 450-600 AD, they embody a continuous
VHM 2/2004 three unique figurines were prevailing Iron-age cult.
displayed. These figurines were found in archaeological A clear, collated overview of similar, previously known finds
excavations of an Iron-age farmstead in Lunda parish, Sweden, has been included in the book. This will be a great help for
in 2002. It is an unusual find, not only due to the uniqueness scholars as this is the first and only study of similar
of the objects but also because the figurines were discovered in Scandinavian finds.
their original context, which is rather exceptional. Now a book By comparing them with the few other similar figurine finds
about them, written by the archaeologists from the Lunda of Scandinavia, some close and some distant relatives,
project, has been published. together with the scarce information from written sources, we
This book gives a thorough presentation of the three get an insight into the cosmos of the Nordic people at the time
figurines. The authors discuss how they were made originally as before the breakthrough of Christianity.
well as different ways of interpreting them. Their practical The book contains many illustrative photos in full colour. It
usage in the cult is also discussed as well as their social is only available in Swedish but all captions are translated into
contemporary function. Although they are dated to pre-Viking English and an extensive summary in English is included. MEE
35 www.hgo.se/viking
Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
www.hgo.se/viking 36
Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
February 25
Gotland, with its unique Viking heritage, hopes to be
able to recreate a cultural center in the Baltic Sea. Up
on the clifftop of Grogarn, hundreds of people gathered
February 25 to participate in the opening ceremony of the Viking
When the sun had set and Year 2005. Following a speech by the local government
around 40 bonfires had been lit commissioner Sonja Landin, the Crown Princess Victoria Photo Marita E Ekman
around the Gotlandic coast, a of Sweden lit the 5-m high bonfire with a torch.
Viking wedding took place in The crown princess hopes that the Viking Year
Lojsta parish. Martin E-Type 2005 will increase interest in history, not only on
Eriksson, a famous Swedish pop- Gotland, but in the whole of Sweden.
star and Viking re-enactor,
initiated the play by welcoming
the wedding guests, i.e. the February 26
audience, and establishing the The Viking Village
fact that the actual year was in Tofta offers
1019 AD. As the seeress had visitors fantastic
prophesied, Ingegerd, the glimpses into the
daughter of Olof Sktkonung, everyday life and
and the powerful Jaroslav from feasts of the
Rus will be married, which was Gotlanders and
advantageous for both East and Vikings. Here, the
West. A magnificent outdoor play opening of the
was performed, that closed with Viking Year 2005
the following words by Jaroslav: was celebrated for
Now folks, this marks the start two days. The
of a celebration that will last visitors were invited
throughout the whole year! to take part in a
Martin E-Type Eriksson, who midwinter blot
was dressed in Viking-age puff (sacrifice), a Viking
trousers, a woolen frock and market and a
boots made of elk hide, wished banquet with grilled
all visitors welcome and opened lamb on a spit in
the market. the longhouse of
the village.
Sacrifices were also
made to the bridal
couple. Photo Marita E Ekman
37 www.hgo.se/viking
Viking Heritage Magazine 1/05
Sweden vhm@hgo.se
www.hgo.se/viking
Gotland University: www.hgo.se
www.hgo.se/viking 38
!
NEW Digital
subscription!
A digital version of Viking
Heritage Magazine is now
available at reduced price!
Now you can subscribe to a digital version of
Viking Heritage Magazine and read it with the
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For further information, see: www.hgo.se/viking
Valleviken
620 34 Lrbro,
Gotland
Sweden
Tel
+44 498 223 000
The big event when the Fax
+44 498 223 203
Swedish crown princess Victoria
came to Gotland for the opening ceremony of
Gotland Viking Island 2005, has inspired the
Val levike ns
artist Ingvar West to make a new picture
stone, this time a paper work of art. The
princess came from the sky to light the first
of all the bonfires around the coast of the CONFERE
CO
T TA & NC ER
island. Art by Ingvar West. Copyright: The
GES E CENT
Documentation Group Rex Mundi. www.valleviken.com
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39 www.hgo.se/viking
All issues from 2000 and 2001 are also available
2/97, 4/98, 5/98, 1/99, 2/99, 3/99, 4/99
Available back issues from 1997-1999
about the Faroe Islands Nordic mythology on new stamps Battling for beer Viking Age sorcerers
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