Chapter 31

Foundation Engineering ECIV 4352 First term
Chapter (3) Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation 2010
Ultimate bearing capacity (qu)

Shear failure
Allowable bearing capacity (qall)
Shear failure
should be adequate to prevent excessive settlement and shear failure.
Types of shear failure:

1- General shear failure: For Dense sand.
2- Local shear failure: For Medium compaction soil.
3- Punching shear failure: For loose soil
1
Calculation of Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations without

Eccentricity:
1. Terzaghis theory:
Assumption for Terzaghis theory:
i. The foundation is considered to be shallow if D f B , in recent studies the
foundation is considered to be shallow if D f / B 4. Otherwise it is considered to
be deep foundation.
ii. Foundation is considered to be strip if B / L 0.00 .
iii. The soil from ground surface ( ) to the bottom of the foundation
( ) is replaced by stress q D f .
For General shear failure:

Type of foundation Ultimate bearing capacity qu
1
Strip Footing qu cN c qN q BN
2
Square footing qu 1.3cN c qN q 0.4BN
Circular footing qu 1.3cN c qN q 0.3BN
c: Cohesive.
q D f
B: Foundation width (Diameter if circular).

N c , N q , N : Bearing capacity factors given from Table 3.1 P.139 as function of angle of
friction
2
For Local shear failure:

Type of foundation Ultimate bearing capacity qu
2 ' 1
Strip Footing qu cN c qN q' BN '
3 2
Square footing qu 0.867cN c' qN q' 0.4BN '
Circular footing qu 0.867cN c' qN q' 0.3BN '
N c' , N q' , N ' : Factors for bearing capacity given from Table 3.2 P.140
2. Meyerhofs equations (General bearing capacity equation):

Terzagi equations neglect:
i. Rectangular footings.
ii. Inclination of loads.
iii. Shear strength of soil above the foundation.
Meyerhofs equation takes in consideration theses variables:
qu cN c Fcs Fcd Fci qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi 0.5BN Fs Fd Fi
N c , N q , N : Table 3.3 P.144
Fcs , Fqs , Fs Shape factors.

Fcd , Fqd , Fd Depth factors. Shown below
F , F , F Inclinatio n factors.
ci qi i
3
Shape Factors:
B Nq
Fcs 1
L Nc
B
Fqs 1 tan '
L
B
Fs 1 0.4
L
Depth Factors: Case I: D f / B 1
Df
Fcd 1 0.4
B

Fqd 1 2 tan ' 1 sin ' 2 Df
B
Fd 1
Depth Factors: Case II: D f / B 1
Df
Fcd 1 0.4 tan 1
B Df
The Term tan 1 is in
Df B

Fqd 1 2 tan ' 1 sin '
2
tan 1
radian
B
Fd 1
Inclination Factors
2

Fci Fqi 1
90

2

Fi 1
'
4
Effect of water table in bearing capacity equations
Case I) Water table is located at depth Dw1 so that 0 Dw1 Df:

q Dw1 ' D f Dw1 ( )
' sat w ( )
Case II) Water table is located at depth Dw2 below the foundation so that 0 Dw2 B:
q D f ( ) .
'
Dw 2
B

' ) )
Case III) Water table is located at depth Dw2 below the foundation so that Dw2 > B:
No changes in equations.
5
Factor of safety:
Ultimate bearing capacity

.
qu Gross ultimate bearing capacity

qu net qu q Net ultimate bearing capacity
q all Gross allowable bearing capacity
q all net Net allowable bearing capacity
Qu Gross Ultimate load.
qu
q all
FS
qu net qu q
q all net
q
q all
FS FS FS
FS = (3 4) for bearing capacity
6
Example 1: Determine the size of square footings to carry gross allowable load(295KN)
given that:
FS 3
D f 1.00
18.15KN / m 3 .
35 .
C 0.00
Use Terzagi equations assuming general shear failure.
295KN
C=0.00
=35
Df=1.00
=18.15KN/m3
Solution B
Qall q all Area

Qall 295
q all 2 .
A B
295 885
qu q all FS 2 3 2 .
B B
For square footing :
qu 1.3cN c qN q 0.4BN
At 35 N c 57.75 , N q 41.44 , N 45.41
885
0 18.15 1 41.44 0.4 18.15 B 45.41
B2
B 3 2.2814 B 2 2.684
By trial and error : B 92cm
7
Example 2: Determine the net allowable load that foundation can carry (no
inclination), Use Meyerhof equation given that:
FS 4
D f 2.00
w 10 KN / m 3 .
25 .
C 50 KN / m 2 .
Solution:
qu cN c Fcs Fcd Fci qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi 0.5BN Fs Fd Fi
At 25 N c 20.72 , N q 10.66 , N 10.88
The water table is at depth = 1m <Df :

q 16.8 1 (19.4 10) 1 26.2 KN / m 2 .
' 19.4 10 9.4 KN / m 3 .
Shape factors:
B Nq
2 10.66
Fcs 1
1 1.343
L N c
3 20.72
Fqs 1 tan 1 tan25 1.311

B 2
L 3
B 2
Fs 1 0.4 1 0.4 0.733
L 3
8
Depth factors:
Df / B 2/ 2 1
2
Fcd 1 0.4 1.4
2
Fqd 1 2tan 251 sin 25
2
1.313
2
2
Fd 1
Inclination factors:
Due to absence of inclined load, the inclination factor is 1 everywhere.
qu 50 20.72 1.343 1.4 1 26.2 10.66 1.311 1.313 1 0.5 9.4 2 10.88 0.733 1 1
qu 2503.6 KN / m 2 .
qu net qu q 2503.6 26.2 2477.4 KN / m 2
q
qall net u net 2477.4 619.35KN / m 2
FS 4
Qall net q all net A 619.35 6 3716.1KN
9
Example 3: Find the ultimate bearing capacity of square footing (2.5m x 2.5m) which is
placed 2.5m below the ground surface of soil having the shown properties:
d=18KN/m3
h
C=0.00
=30
2.5 m
2.5 m
The water table is located at distance (h) below the ground surface; if sat=19KN/m2
Find the ultimate bearing capacity using Terzagi equation for the following cases:
h = 7m.
h = 4m.
h = 1m.
h = 0m.
Comment on the results.
Solution
case I) h=7m
d = 4.5m>B No effect of water table on bearing capacity.
q 18 2.5 45 KN / m 2
30 o
N q 22.46, N 19.18
qu 0 45 22.46 0.4 18 2.5 19.18
qu 1355.94 KN / m 2 .
10
Case II) h = 4m
d=1.5m<B
q 18 2.5 45KN / m 2
19 10 18 9 14.4 KN / m 3
1.5
2.5
qu 0 45 22.46 0.4 14.4 2.5 19.18
qu 1286.892 KN / m 2 .
Case III) h = 1m
D1 = 1m, D2 = 1.5m
q 18 1 19 10 1.5 31.5 KN / m 2
19 10 9 KN / m 3
qu 0 31.5 22.46 0.4 9 2.5 19.18
qu 880.11KN / m 2 .
Case IV) h = 0.00

D1 = 0m, D2 = 2.5m
q 19 10 2.5 22.5KN / m 2
19 10 9 KN / m 3
qu 0 22.5 22.46 0.4 9 2.5 19.18
qu 677.97 KN / m 2 .
Comment; as the water table is being near to the foundation, the bearing capacity
decreases.
11
Eccentrically loaded foundation:

:
P
BxL
q=P/(BxL)

.
One way eccentricity
P
e e
P
L B
B
12
1. For e<B/6: P
P Mc M=Pe
q
A I Remember, for circular foundation,
A BL the moment of inertia is given by:
M Pe 4
I D , D is diameter of the B
64
1 3
I B L circle.
12 qmin
c B/2 qmax
P Pe B/ 2 P Pe P 6P e P 6e
q 2 1
B L 1 3 B L 1 2 B L B L B L B
B L B L
12 6
P 6e
q max 1
B L B
P 6e
q min 1
B L B
B
:L
P 6e
q max 1
B L L
P 6e
q min 1
B L L
1. For e = B/6:
qmax
13
2. For e > B/6: There will be tension stresses on the foundation which is prohibited in
design, so we will neglect the tension stress and calculate qmax as follow:
3(B/2 - e)
qmax qmax
4P
qmax
3L( B 2e)

:
2e B-2e
B ' B 2e B/2 - e B/2 - e

L L
'
A ' B ' L'

L
B '
used
min . B ' , L' e
If the moment is in the plane of (L) :
L' L 2e
B' B
B
The equation used to calculate the bearing capacity is Meyerhof's or Terzagi's equation:
qu' cN c Fcs Fcd Fci qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi 0.5B ' N Fs Fd Fi
To find shape factors: use B ' , L'

To find depth factors: use B, L
in last term is related to soil below the foundation.
To find the gross ultimate load Qu:
Qu qu' A'
14
Qu
FS (Against bearing capacity)
Qall
Check that factor of safety is adequate for q max :
qu'
FS
q max
Example 4: Determine the size of square footing (B x B) that subjected to vertical load
(100,000Ib) and moment (25,000Ib.ft), the soil profile is given below:
Use FS=6, w=62.4 Ib/ft3
Qall=100,000Ib
M=25,000Ib.ft
d=100Ib/ft3
C=0.00
4 ft
=30
B
sat=120Ib/ft3
C=0.00
=30
Solution:
1- Find the eccentricity (e):
M 25,000
e 0.25 ft
P 100,000
2- Find the effective area A':
A ' B ' L'
B ' B 0.5
L' B
B
'
used min .( B ' , L' ) B 0.5
L' B.
A ' B 0.5B B 2 0.5 B
15
'
3- Find q u :
At 30 N q 18.4 , N 22.4
q 4 100 400 Ib / ft 2 .
' 120 62.4 57.6 Ib / ft 3 .
Shape factors:
B 0.5 0.2886
Fqs 1 tan 30 1.577
B B
B 0.5 0.2
Fs 1 0.4 0.6
B B
Depth factors:
Assume D f / B 1
4 1.154
Fqd 1 2 tan 30(1 sin 30) 2 1
B B
Fd 1
Qall 100,000 Ib
Qu Qall FS 100,000 6 600,000 Ib
Qu 600,000
qu' 2 .
A '
B 0.5B
After arrangement of equation:
600,000 2451.2 11334.571
11542.208 387.072 B
B 0.5B
2
B2 B
B 6.5 ft
16
Example 5: An eccentrically loaded foundation is shown in the figure; determine the

ultimate load Qu that foundation can carry using Meyerhofs equation.
Solution:
At 26 N c 22.25 , N q 11.85 , N 12.54
B ' 8 2 0.65 6.7 ft
L' 8 ft
Shape factors:
B' Nq 6.7 11.85
Fcs 1 ' 1 1.446
L Nc 8 22.25
B'
tan26 1.408
6.7
Fqs 1 '
tan 1
L 8
B' 6.7
Fs 1 0.4 ' 1 0.4 0.665
L 8
Depth factors:
D f / B 6.5 / 8 1
6.5
Fcd 1 0.4 1.325
8
6.5
1.249
2
8
Fd 1
17
q 3 110 3.5 122 62.4 538.6 Ib / ft 2

' 122 62.4 59.6 Ib / ft 3
qu' 500 22.25 1.446 1.325 538.6 11.85 1.408 1.249 0.5 59.6 6.7 12.54 0.665
qu' 34443.47 Ib / ft 2
A ' 6.7 8 53.6 ft 2
Qu 34443.47 53.6 1846170.4 Ib
18
Example 6: For the square foundation shown in the Figure, find the gross allowable
load that foundation can carry for the following cases:
A- No water table is observed.
B- Water table at depth 0.5m below the Bottom of the foundation.
Use FS = 3 with Meyerhof equation.
Solution:
Case A: No Water Table
At 35 N c 46.12, N q 33.3 , N 48.03
B ' 1.5 2 0.15 1.2m

L' 1.5m
A ' 1.2 1.5 1.8m 2
Shape factors:
B' 1.2
Fqs 1 ' tan 1 tan 35 1.56
L 1.5
B' 1.2
Fs 1 0.4 ' 1 0.4 0.68
L 1.5
Depth factors:
D f / B 1 / 1.5 1

1
1.169
2
1.5
Fd 1
19
20
2 2

Fqi 1 1 0.6049
90 90

2 2
20
Fi 1 1 0.18
35

qu' 0 1 16 33.3 1.56 1.169 0.6049 0.5 16 1.2 48.03 0.68 1 0.18
qu' 644.179kN / m 2 Qu' 644.179 1.8 1159.52kN
Qall
'
1159.52 / 3 386.5kN
Case B: At water table at depth 0.5m below the bottom of foundation:

Dw2 = 0.5m < (B = 1.5m)
q = 16 x 1 = 16kN/m2
' ' 16 10 16 6 9.33KN / m 3
d 0.5
B 1.5
B' B

qu' 0 16 33.3 1.56 1.169 0.6049 0.5 9.33 1.2 48.03 0.68 1 0.18
qu' 620.65kN / m 2 Qu' 620.65 1.8 1117.17kN
Qall
'
1117.17 / 3 327.39kN

. Water table
20
Example 7: for the rectangular foundation shown below:

a) Compute the net allowable bearing capacity using general bearing capacity
equation (FS=3).
b) If the water table is lowered by 2m. What effect on bearing capacity would occur
due to water lowering?
Given data:
Dimensions of foundation ( 2m x 3m)
= 25o
C = 0.00
Solution:
Due to inclined load in the center of column, we have to translate it to the Center of
the footing, and so there will be moment exerted and so eccentricity develops.
M 700 cos(60) 1.5 525KN .m

M 525
e 0.75m e
P 700

The moment in the direction of L:
L' 3 2(0.75) 1.5m
B ' 2m

B' used 1.5m, L' 2m
21
Case I)
q 0.5 18 1 21 10 20 KN / m 2
' 21 10 11KN / m 3
At 25 N q 10.66 , N 10.88
Shape factors:
1.5
Fqs 1 tan 25 1.3497
2
1.5
Fs 1 0.4 0.7
2
Depth factors:
D f / B 1.5 / 2 1
1.5
Fqd 1 2 tan 25(1 sin 25) 2 1.233
2
Fd 1
2
30
Fqi 1 0.44
90
2
30
Fi 1 0.04
25
qu 20 10.66 1.3497 1.233 0.44 0.5 11 1.5 10.88 0.7 1 0.04
'
158.6 20
qu' 158.6 KN / m 2 q all net 46.2 KN / m 2 .
3
Case II)
d = 1m<2m
q 1.5 18 27 KN / m 2
21 10 18 11 14.5KN / m 3
1
2
By similar calculations:
qall net 214.06 27 62.35KN / m 2 .
3
22
Example 8: For the shown square footing (2.5m x 2.5m) if the allowable load P=800
KN, use FS=6 to determine the allowable resisting moment (M). Use Terzagi equations
( =35o)
Solution:
B ' 2.5 2e
L' 2.5m
At 35 N q 41.44 , N 45.41
q 1.2 18 21.6 KN / m 2
20 10 18 10 16.4KN / m 3
2
2.6
qu 21.6 41.44 0.4 16.4 2.5 2e 45.41
qu 1639.83 595.78e
qu 1639.83 595.78e
q all 273.305 99.296e
FS 6
Pall q all A '
800 273.305 99.296e 2.5 2.5 2e
e 2 4e 1.829 0.00
e 3.47 m or e 0.526m
e emin 0.526m
M Pe 800 0.526 421.3KN .m
23
Two way eccentricity
P
P X
Y
X
Y
My Mx
eB eL
L L

B B
M x P eL
M y P eB
How to find A'?

eL 1 eB 1
Case I) &
L 6 B 6
eB
1
A B1 L1
'
L1
eL
2
3e
L
B1 B1.5 B
B
3e
L1 L1.5 L
L
L' max( B1 , L1 )
A' B
B'
L'
24
eL 1 e 1
Case II) &0 B
L 2 B 6
A'
1
L1 L2 B
2
L' max( L1 , L2 )
A'
B'
L'
To find L1 and L 2 look at Figure3.21 P.167 .
eL
y - axis :
L
L L
x - axis : 1 & 2
L L
eB
: Through the graph.
B
eL 1 e 1
Case III) &0 B
L 6 B 2
A'
1
B1 B2 L
2
A'
B'
L
To find B1 and B 2 look at Figure3.22 P168
eB
y - axis :
B
B B
x - axis : 1 & 2
B B
eL
L
25
eL 1 eB 1
Case IV) &
L 6 B 6
A ' L2 B
1
B B2 L L2
2
A'
B'
L
To find L 2 and B 2 look at Figure 3.23 P169.
eB
y - axis :
B
L B
x - axis : 2 & 2
L B
eL
L
26
Example 9: Rectangular footing is subjected to two way eccentricity. Determine the

gross ultimate load that foundation can carry given that:
e B 0.3m
e L 0.364m Qu=??
Mx
B 1.5m, L 2m My
D f 1m d=18KN/m3
sand
1m
=35
B
d=18KN/m3
sand
=35
Solution:
1- Study the case of eccentricity:
e L 0.364 1
0.182
L 2 6
e B 0.3 1
0.2
B 1.5 6
Case I
B1 1.51.5 3(0.2) 1.35m
L1 21.5 3(0.182) 1.908m
L' max( B1 , L1 ) 1.908m
1
A' B1 L1 0.5 1.35 1.908 1.2879m 2
2
A ' 1.2879
B' ' 0.675m
L 1.908
Foe sand: C=0.00

At 35 N q 33.3 , N 48.03
27
Shape factors:
0.675
Fqs 1 tan 35 1.248
1.908
0.675
Fs 1 0.4 0.858
1.908
Depth factors:
D f / B 1 / 1.5 0.66 1
1
Fqd 1 2 tan 35(1 sin 35) 2 1.167
1.5
Fd 1
qu 1123.32 KN / m 2 .
Qult 1123.32 1.2879 1449.1KN
28
Example 10: Refer to the following figure. The shallow foundation measuring 4 ft 6 ft is
subjected to a centric load and a moment. If = 0.4 ,ft = 1.2 ft and the depth of the
foundation is 3 ft. Determine the allowable load the foundation can carry . Use a factor of
safety of 4 .Soil properties are: =115 Ib/ft, = 35, c = 0.0.
4 ft
Solution:
Study the case of eccentricity:
e L 1.2 1
0.2
L 6 2 eB
e B 0.4 1
0.1
eL
B 4 6
6 ft
eL 1 e 1
& 0 B CaseII
L 2 B 6
A'
1
L1 L2 B
2
L' max( L1 , L2 )
A'
B'
L'
To find L1 and L 2 look at figure 3.21 P167 B
L1
0.87 L1 5.22 ft
L2
6
L2
0.21 L2 1.26 ft eB
L1
6
eL
L' 5.22 ft
L
A'
1
5.22 1.26 4 12.96 ft 2 B ' 12.96 2.48 ft
2 5.22

q 115 3 345Ib / ft 2
N q 33.3
N 48.03
qu 0 345 33.3 1.33 1.191 0.5 115 2.48 45.41 0.81 1 23479.73Ib / ft 2
23479.73
Qall 2.48 19410 Ib 194 Kips
3
29
Example 11: Refer to the following figure determine the gross ultimate bearing
capacity
Solution:
1
e B / B 0.5 / 1.5 0.33
6
1
e L / L 0.3 / 1.5 0.2
6
Case I
3e
B1 B1.5 B 1.51.5 3 0.333 0.75m
B
3e
L1 L1.5 L 1.51.5 3 0.2 1.35m
L
1
A ' B1 L1 0.5 0.75 1.35 0.50625m 2
2
L max( B1 , L1 ) 1.35
'
A ' 0.50625
B' 0.375m
L' 1.35
At = 30:
Nq = 18.4 , = 22.4
Shape factors:
B'
tan30 1.16
0.375
Fqs 1 '
tan 1
L 1.35
B' 0.375
Fs 1 0.4 ' 1 0.4 0.88
L 1.35
Depth factors:
D f / B 0.7 / 1.5 1

0.7
1.135
2
1.5
Fd 1
30
qu' 0 0.7 18 18.4 1.16 1.135 1 0.5 18 0.375 22.4 0.88 1 1 371.76kN / m 2
31

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Foundation Engineering ECIV 4352 First term

Chapter (3) Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation 2010

Ultimate bearing capacity (qu)

Types of shear failure:

2- Local shear failure: For Medium compaction soil.

3- Punching shear failure: For loose soil

Calculation of Ultimate Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations without

foundation is considered to be shallow if D f / B 4. Otherwise it is considered to

For General shear failure:

Square footing qu 1.3cN c qN q 0.4BN

Circular footing qu 1.3cN c qN q 0.3BN

B: Foundation width (Diameter if circular).

For Local shear failure:

Square footing qu 0.867cN c' qN q' 0.4BN '

Circular footing qu 0.867cN c' qN q' 0.3BN '

2. Meyerhofs equations (General bearing capacity equation):

N c , N q , N : Table 3.3 P.144

Fcs , Fqs , Fs Shape factors.

Depth Factors: Case II: D f / B 1

Effect of water table in bearing capacity equations

Case I) Water table is located at depth Dw1 so that 0 Dw1 Df:

qu Gross ultimate bearing capacity

Use Terzagi equations assuming general shear failure.

Qall q all Area

At 25 N c 20.72 , N q 10.66 , N 10.88

The water table is at depth = 1m <Df :

Fqs 1 tan 1 tan25 1.311

Case IV) h = 0.00

Eccentrically loaded foundation:

B ' B 2e B/2 - e B/2 - e

A ' B ' L'

To find shape factors: use B ' , L'

Example 5: An eccentrically loaded foundation is shown in the figure; determine the

q 3 110 3.5 122 62.4 538.6 Ib / ft 2

B ' 1.5 2 0.15 1.2m

Fqd 1 2tan 351 sin 35

qu' cN c Fcs Fcd Fci qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi 0.5B ' N Fs Fd Fi

Case B: At water table at depth 0.5m below the bottom of foundation:

qu' cN c Fcs Fcd Fci qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi 0.5B ' N Fs Fd Fi

Example 7: for the rectangular foundation shown below:

Two way eccentricity

qu' cN c Fcs Fcd Fci qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi 0.5B ' N Fs Fd Fi

How to find A'?

Example 9: Rectangular footing is subjected to two way eccentricity. Determine the

Foe sand: C=0.00

qu' cN c Fcs Fcd Fci qN q Fqs Fqd Fqi 0.5B ' N Fs Fd Fi

Fqd 1 2tan 301 sin 30

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