Table of Contents

Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Background ................................................................................................................................................... 4
Experimental Procedure ............................................................................................................................... 5
Results ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
Open Ends Condition. ............................................................................................................................... 6
Strain Gauge 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Strain Gauge 2 (Longitudinal Strain) ..................................................................................................... 7
Strain Gauge 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Strain Gauge 4 ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Strain Gauge 5 ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Strain Gauge 6 ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Hoop Stress and Strain Relationship ................................................................................................... 10
Longitudinal and Hoop Strain Relationship ........................................................................................ 10
Theoretical Principal Strain ................................................................................................................. 11
Mohrs Circle Readings........................................................................................................................ 12
Closed Ends Condition ............................................................................................................................ 13
Strain Gauge 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 13
Strain Gauge 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Strain Gauge 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Strain Gauge 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Strain Gauge 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 15
Strain Gauge 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 16
Theoretical Principal Strain ................................................................................................................. 16
Mohrs Circle Readings........................................................................................................................ 17
Discussion.................................................................................................................................................... 18
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 19
Summary
This experiment was conducted to analyze stress and strain in a thin walled cylinder using a thin cylinder
device (SM1007). It shows the strain on a thin cylinder wall as it is being stressed by internal pressure. It
then compares the laboratory results to the results calculated.
Introduction
Cylinders are used in many engineering applications and they are all subjected to fluid pressure, when a
cylinder is experiencing internal pressure there are three types of stresses which are acting on the
cylinder wall, hoop stress, longitudinal stress, and radial pressure (this is negligible because it is
insignificant when dealing with thin cylinders).

Analyzation of the distribution of stress in a thin cylinder is important in pressure vessels because of its
ability to detect if a structure will be able to withstand the forces both internally and externally expected
of it, this can be used to detect structural failure. This experiment demonstrates the stress in a thin
cylinder.
Background
A cylinder is considered thin when its wall thickness is smaller than 10% of its internal radius. Being so
thin its bending stresses can be ignored leaving only two types of stress, longitudinal and hoop stress.
Finding the stresses in a cylinder experiencing internal pressure is arduous. Solving it requires
considering equilibrium forces, displacement compatibility, stress and strain relationship, and the
boundary considerations. For thin cylinders, however, a satisfactory solution can be found by some
simplifying calculations.
Experimental Procedure
The experiment was carried out using a SM1007 thin cylinder. Two experiments are carried out the first
being the open ends experiments and the other being the closed ends experiment.

Open Ends

When the thin cylinder is switched on it is allowed to reach a stable temperature by letting it run for
about 5 minutes, this gives more accurate readings.

The pressure control is then opened and the hand wheel is screwed in to set the open ends condition.

The pressure control is then shut and the and the strain gauge and pressure readings are reset.

The readings are then taken starting at 0MN.m-2 in increments of 0. 5MN.m-2 until 3MN.m-2.

Open the pressure control to reset the pressure back to 0MN.m-2.

Closed Ends

The cylinder is switched on and is allowed to reach a stable temperature by letting it run for about 5
minutes, this gives more accurate readings.

The pressure control is opened and the hand wheel is then unscrewed to set up the closed ends
condition.

Check that the frame is not taking any load by turning the pressure control valve and pumping until the
pressure gauge reaches 3MN.m-2 then push and pull the cylinder gently along its axis, if the cylinder
moves then it is not taking any load. If it does not, then the hand wheel must be wound out and redone.

The pressure control is then shut and the strain gauge and pressure readings are reset.

The readings are then taken starting at 0MN.m-2 in increments of 0. 5MN.m-2 until 3MN.m-2.

Open the pressure control to reset the pressure back to 0MN.m-2.

Results
Open Ends Condition.

Pressure Strain (Gauges)

1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 -1 1 2 2 4
0.5 112 -35 2 39 73 113
1 210 -67 4 73 139 211
1.5 311 -97 4 104 202 306
2 409 -130 3 137 266 405
2.5 505 -162 5 170 331 501
3 605 -194 3 203 395 596

Direct hoop stress (H) = /2

Where;

p = Internal Pressure

d = Internal diameter of the cylinder

t = Wall thickness of the cylinder

Using the formula above direct hoop stress is then calculated.

Pressure Direct Hoop

Stress
0 0
0.5 6.6
1 13.3
1.5 20
2 26.6
2.5 33.3
3 40
Strain Gauge 1
700

600

500

400
Strain

300

200

100

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Pressure

Figure 1: Graph of Strain (1) against Pressure

Strain Gauge 2 (Longitudinal Strain)

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

-50

-100
Strain

-150

-200

-250
Pressure

Figure 2: Graph of Strain (2) against Pressure

Strain Gauge 3
6

4
Strain

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Pressure

Figure 3:Graph of Strain (3) against Pressure

Strain Gauge 4
250

200

150
Strain

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Pressure

Figure 4:Graph of Strain (4) against Pressure

Strain Gauge 5
450
400
350
300
250
Strain

200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Pressure

Figure 5:Graph of Strain (5) against Pressure

Strain Gauge 6
700

600

500

400
Strain

300

200

100

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Pressure

Figure 6:Graph of Strain (6) against Pressure

Hoop Stress and Strain Relationship
40
y = 0.0673x - 0.6587
35

30

25
Stress

20

15

10

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
-5
Strain

Steel is three times harder than aluminum and its Youngs Modulus is 210 GN.m-2. If the cylinder had
been made of steel the strain values would be lower for the same stress.

Longitudinal and Hoop Strain Relationship

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

-50
Longitudinal Strain

-100

-150

y = -0.3262x + 1.5468
-200

-250
Hoop Strain
Gradient of the graph = 0.3262

Given Poissons Ratio = 0.33

Percent error = 1.165%

Theoretical Principal Strain

Poissons Ratio = 0.33

Youngs Modulus = 69GN.m-2

Hoop Stress at 3MN.m-2 = 40N.m-2

= /
= /
Principal Strain Hoop = 40/69*109

= 5.7971*10-10

Principal Strain Longitudinal = -0.33 * 40/69*109

= -1.913*10-10
Mohrs Circle Readings
Angle Direct Strain Shear Strain
30o 2 343
45o 200 398
60o 400 343
Closed Ends Condition

Pressure Strain (Gauges)

1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 0 2 1 1 2
0.5 88 14 29 54 67 90
1 171 33 62 104 132 171
1.5 252 49 95 151 198 253
2 335 65 128 200 262 333
2.5 414 82 159 247 326 412
3 500 100 194 299 390 495

Strain Gauge 1
600

500

400
Strain

300

200

100

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Pressure
Strain Gauge 2
120

100

80
Strain

60

40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Pressure

Strain Gauge 3
250

200

150
Strain

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Pressure
Strain Gauge 4
350

300

250

200
Strain

150

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Pressure

Strain Gauge 5
450
400
350
300
250
Strain

200
150
100
50
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Pressure
Strain Gauge 6
600

500

400
Strain

300

200

100

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Pressure

Theoretical Principal Strain

Poissons Ratio = 0.33

Youngs Modulus = 69GN.m-2

Hoop Stress at 3MN.m-2 = 40N.m-2

= ( )/
= ( )/
Principal Strain Hoop = 40 (0.33 * 20)/69*109

= 4.841*10-10

Principal Strain Longitudinal = 20 - (0.33 * 40)/69*109

= 0.986*10-11
Mohrs Circle Readings
Angle Direct Strain Shear Strain
30o 200 170
45o 300 200
60o 400 175
Discussion
In the open ends experiment there is no direct longitudinal strain but gauge 2 measures longitudinal
strain because the hoop stress causes an indirect longitudinal strain. The longitudinal strain is negative
meaning that is was caused by a compressive stress. In the graph showing the relationship between
longitudinal and hoop strain, the gradient for the line is almost exactly the Poissons ratio thereby
showing that the longitudinal strain was caused by a compressive stress. Also from the analysis of the
Mohrs circle in the open ends experiment we can see the circle almost predicts the direct strain exactly.
This is the same in the closed ends experiment as it is shown that the Mohrs circle predicts the direct
strain almost exactly.
Conclusion
From the report above we observe the strain in a thin cylinder both experimentally and theoretically,
using the apparatus and through calculations using the Mohrs circle. The report show and explains
internal pressure and complex stresses in a thin cylinder using the experiment and the calculations.