Example 3-1

Find the internal energy of water at the given states for 7 MPa and plot the states on
T-v, P-v, and P-T diagrams.
Steam
700

600 7000 kPa

500

400
T [C]

300

200

100

0
10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3
3
v [m /kg]

1
 Steam
10 5

4
10

285.9 C
3
10
374.1 C

P [kPa]
10 2

1
10

0
10
10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2
3
v [m /kg]

P Steam CP

7
MPa

Triple
Point

0.01 285.8 373.95 T C 2

1.P = 7 MPa, dry saturated or saturated vapor

Using Table A-5,

kJ
u ug 2581.0
kg

Locate state 1 on the T-v, P-v, and P-T diagrams.

2.P = 7 MPa, wet saturated or saturated liquid

Using Table A-5,

kJ
u u f 1258.0
kg

Locate state 2 on the T-v, P-v, and P-T diagrams.

3.Moisture = 5%, P = 7 MPa

let moisture be y, defined as

mf
y 0.05
m
3
then, the quality is
x 1 y 1 0.05 0.95
and using Table A-5,
u u f x(u g u f )
1258.0 0.95(2581.0 1257.6)
kJ
2514.4
kg
Notice that we could have used
u u f x u fg
Locate state 3 on the T-v, P-v, and P-T diagrams.

4.P = 7 MPa, T = 600C

For P = 7 MPa, Table A-5 gives Tsat = 285.83C. Since 600C > Tsat for this
pressure, the state is superheated. Use Table A-6.
kJ
u 3261.0
kg

4
Locate state 4 on the T-v, P-v, and P-T diagrams.

5.P = 7 MPa, T = 100C

Using Table A-4, At T = 100C, Psat = 0.10142 MPa. Since P > Psat, the state is
compressed liquid.

Approximate solution:
kJ
u u f @T 100C 419.06
kg
Solution using Table A-7:

We do linear interpolation to get the value at 100C. (We will demonstrate how to do
linear interpolation with this problem even though one could accurately estimate the
answer.)
P MPa u kJ/kg
5 417.65
7 u=?
10 416.23

5
The interpolation scheme is called the ratio of corresponding differences.

Using the above table, form the following ratios.

57 417.65 u

5 10 417.65 416.23
kJ
u 417.08
kg
Locate state 5 on the T-v, P-v, and P-T diagrams.

6.P = 7 MPa, T = 460C

Since 460C > Tsat = 385.83C at P = 7 MPa, the state is superheated. Using Table
A-6, we do a linear interpolation to calculate u.

T Cu kJ/kg
450 2979.0
460 u=?
500 3074.3

Using the above table, form the following ratios.

6
 460 450 u 2979.0

500 450 3074.3 2979.0
kJ
u 2998.1
kg
Locate state 6 on the T-v, P-v, and P-T diagrams.

Example 3-2

Determine the enthalpy of 1.5 kg of water contained in a volume of 1.2 m3 at 200

kPa.

Recall we need two independent, intensive properties to specify the state of a simple
substance. Pressure P is one intensive property and specific volume is another.
Therefore, we calculate the specific volume.
Volume 12. m3 m3
v 0.8
mass 15
. kg kg

Using Table A-5 at P = 200 kPa,

7
 vf = 0.001061 m3/kg , vg = 0.8858 m3/kg
Now,
Is v v f ? No
Is v f v v g ? Yes
Is v g v ? No
Locate this state on a T-v diagram.
T

We see that the state is in the two-phase or saturation region. So we must find the
quality x first.
v v f x (v g v f )

8
 v vf
x
vg v f
0.8 0.001061

0.8858 0.001061
0.903 (What does this mean?)
Then,
h h f x h fg
504.7 (0.903)(2201.6)
kJ
2492.7
kg
Example 3-3

Determine the internal energy of refrigerant-134a at a temperature of 0C and a

quality of 60%.

Using Table A-11, for T = 0C,

uf = 51.63 kJ/kg ug =230.16 kJ/kg

9
then,
u u f x (u g u f )
51.63 (0.6)(230.16 51.63)
kJ
158.75
kg
Example 3-4

Consider the closed, rigid container of water shown below. The pressure is 700
kPa, the mass of the saturated liquid is 1.78 kg, and the mass of the saturated vapor
is 0.22 kg. Heat is added to the water until the pressure increases to 8 MPa. Find
the final temperature, enthalpy, and internal energy of the water. Does the liquid level
rise or fall? Plot this process on a P-v diagram with respect to the saturation lines
and the critical point.
P
m g, V g

Sat. Vapor

mf, Vf
Sat. Liquid
v
10
Lets introduce a solution procedure that we will follow throughout the course. A
similar solution technique is discussed in detail in Chapter 1.

System: A closed system composed of the water enclosed in the tank

Property Relation: Steam Tables

Process: Volume is constant (rigid container)

For the closed system the total mass is constant and since the process is one in
which the volume is constant, the average specific volume of the saturated mixture
during the process is given by
V
v constant
m
or
v2 v1
Now to find v1 recall that in the two-phase region at state 1

11
 mg1 0.22 kg
x1 011
.
m f 1 mg1 . 0.22) kg
(178
Then, at P = 700 kPa
v1 v f 1 x1 (vg1 v f 1 )
0.001108 (0.11)(0.2728 0.001108)
m3
0.031
kg
State 2 is specified by:
P2 = 8 MPa, v2 = 0.031 m3/kg

At 8 MPa = 8000 kPa,

vf = 0.001384 m3/kg vg = 0.02352 m3/kg

at 8 MPa, v2 = 0.031 m3/kg.

Is v2 v f ? No
Is v f v2 v g ? No
Is v g v2 ? Yes
12
Therefore, State 2 is superheated.

Interpolating in the superheated tables at 8 MPa, v = 0.031 m3/kg gives,

T2 = 361 C
h2 = 3024 kJ/kg
u2 = 2776 kJ/kg

Since state 2 is superheated, the liquid level falls.

Extra Problem

What would happen to the liquid level in the last example if the specific volume had
been 0.001 m3/kg and the pressure was 8 MPa?

13
Example 3-5

Determine the particular gas constant for air and hydrogen.

Ru
R
M
kJ
8.314
Rair kmol K 0.287 kJ
28.97
kg kg K
kmol

kJ
8.314
Rhydrogen kmol K 4.124
kJ
2.016
kg kg K
kmol

14
Example 3-6

Calculate the specific volume of nitrogen at 300 K and 8.0 MPa and compare the
result with the value given in a nitrogen table as v = 0.011133 m3/kg.

From Table A.1 for nitrogen

Tcr = 126.2 K, Pcr = 3.39 MPa R = 0.2968 kJ/kg-K

T 300 K
TR 2.38
Tcr 126.2 K
P 8.0 MPa
PR 2.36
Pcr 3.39 MPa
Since T > 2Tcr and P < 10Pcr, we use the ideal gas equation of state
Pv RT
kJ
0.2968 (300 K ) 3
RT kg K m MPa
v
P 8.0 MPa 103 kJ
m3
0.01113
kg 15
Nitrogen is clearly an ideal gas at this state.

If the system pressure is low enough and the temperature high enough (P and T are compared
to the critical values), gases will behave as ideal gases. Consider the T-v diagram for water.
The figure below shows the percentage of error for the volume ([|vtable videal|/vtable]x100) for
assuming water (superheated steam) to be an ideal gas.

We see that the region for which water behaves as an ideal gas is in the superheated region
and depends on both T and P. We must be cautioned that in this course, when water is the
working fluid, the ideal gas assumption may not be used to solve problems. We must use the 16
real gas relations, i.e., the property tables.
Useful Ideal Gas Relation: The Combined Gas Law

By writing the ideal gas equation twice for a fixed mass and simplifying, the properties
of an ideal gas at two different states are related by
m1 m2

or
PV PV
1 1
2 2
R T1 R T2
But, the gas constant is (fill in the blank), so
PV PV
1 1
2 2
T1 T2
Example 3-7
An ideal gas having an initial temperature of 25C under goes the two processes
described below. Determine the final temperature of the gas.

Process 1-2: The volume is held constant while the pressure doubles.
Process 2-3: The pressure is held constant while the volume is
reduced to one-third of the original volume.
17
 P T2
3
2
T3
Ideal
Gas T1
1

V
Process 1-3:
m1 m3
or
PV PV
1 1
3 3
T1 T3
but V3 = V1/3 and P3 = P2 = 2P1

Therefore, P3 V3
T3 T1
P1 V1
2 P1 V1 / 3 2
T3 T1 T1
P1 V1 3
2
T3 (25 273) K 198.7 K 74.3C 18
3
The Ideal-Gas Equation of State
EXAMPLE 1
A pressure vessel has a diameter 0.5 m and a height of 1 m and the air inside is at
30C. If the pressure inside the vessel is 1.5 bar, determine the mass of air [ R =
0.287 kJ/kg K].
Solution
D = 0.5 m
h=1m
T1 = 30C
P1 = 1.5 bar
m=?
P1 V1 = mRT1
V1 = [(0.5)2/4] x 1
= 0.196 m3
m = (1.5 x 102) (0.196) / (0.287)(303)
= 0.338 kg

19
EXAMPLE 2

Determine a temperature of 5 kg an ideal gas (M= 30 kg/kmol) at pressure of

200 kPa and volume of 1.8 m3.

Solution
V1 = 1.8 m3
P1 = 200 kPa
m = 5 kg
M = 30 kg/mol
R = 8.314/30 = 0.277 kJ/kg.K
T1 = ?

P1V1 = mRT1
T1 = P1V1 / mR
= (200 x 1.8)/ (5 x 0.277)
= 259.8 K
20
EXAMPLE 3

2 kg of air is in a piston at a pressure of 1 bar and temperature at 25C. The air is

compressed until reach a pressure at 5 bar and temperature at 50C. Determine
the volume of air at initial state and final state. The specific gas constant for air is
0.287 kJ/kg K.

Solution

At initial state (State 1) At final state (State 2)

T1 = 25C T2 = 50C
P1 = 1 bar P2 = 5 bar
m = 2 kg m = 2 kg

P1V1 = mRT1 P2V2 = mRT2

V1 = mRT1/P1 V2 = mRT2/P2
= (2 x 0.287 x 298) /(1 x 102) = (2 x 0.287 x 323) /(5 x 102)
= 1.71 m3 = 0.371 m3 21
EXAMPLE 4
A tank has a volume of 20 m3 consists a nitrogen gas (M = 28 kg/k mol) at 25C and 800 kPa.
Some of the gas is released to the atmosphere so that the pressure in the tank is 600 kPa.
The temperature at this state is 20C, determine the mass of the nitrogen that being
released.

Solution
At initial state (State 1) At final state (State 2)
T1 = 25C T2 = 20C
P1 = 800 kPa P2 = 600 kPa
V1 = 20 m3 V1 = V2 = V = 20 m3

P1V1 = m1RT1 P2V2 = mRT2

R = 8.3143/ 28 = 0.297 kJ/ kmol K R = 8.3143/ 28 = 0.297 kJ/ kmol K

m1 = P1V1 / RT1
= (800 x 20)/(0.297 x 298) m2 = P2V2 / RT2 = (600 x 20)/(0.297 x 293)
= 180.8 kg = 137.9 kg

m = m1-m2 = 180.8 kg - 137.9 kg

22
= 42.9 kg
EXAMPLE 5

A 25 m3 closed tank has 1 kmol air at a pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the
temperature and density of the air [R=0.287 kJ/kg K].

Solution
V1 = 25 m3
P1 = 100 kPa
Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmol K
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K

M = Ru/R = 8.314/ 0.287

= 29 kg/k mol

T1 = P1V1 / mR = (100 x 25)/ (29 x 0.287)

= 300.7 K

= m/V1 = 29/ 25 = 1.16 kg/m3 23

EXAMPLE 6
A 0.2 m3 tank consists a gas at 1.8 bar and 30C. If 0.15 kg of air is released to the
atmosphere, determine the new pressure of the tank when the temperature of the gas is at
its initial state (30C). The mass of gas molecule is 28 kg/kmol.

Solution
V1 = 0.2 m3
P1 = 1.8 bar
M = 28 kg/mol
m2 = 0.15 kg
P1V1 = mRT
m1 = P1V1 / RT1
= (1.8 x 102 x 0.2)/ (0.297 x 303)
= 0.4 kg

m = 0.4 0.15
= 0.25 kg

P2 = mRT2/V2 = (0.25 x 0.297 x 303)/ (0.2)

= 112.49 kPa 24
EXAMPLE 7

A cylinder has a diameter of 0.2 m and a height of 0.6 m is used to keep a hydrogen gas.
Determine the amount of mol hydrogen that can be kept in the cylinder at a pressure of 2
MPa and at temperature of 60C (R = 4.1242 kJ/kg K)

Solution
D = 0.2 m
h = 0.6 m
P = 2 MPa
T = 60 C
M = 2.016 kg/kmol , Molar mass of Hydrogen (see Table -27)

V = D2/4 x h = {[ x (0.2)2 ]/4 } x 0.6

= 0.0188 m3
PV = nMRT = mRT
n = PV /MRT
= (2 x 103 x 0.0188)/ (2.016 x 4.1242 x 333)
= 0.0136 mol
25
EXAMPLE 8

A 1m3 tank consists of hydrogen (M=2.016 kg/kmol) at 20C and 600 kPa. This tank is
connected with another tank through a valve. This 1 m3 tank also consists of hydrogen but at
30C of temperature and pressure at 200 kPa. Then, the valve is open. The valve is keep open
until the system reach thermal equilibrium. If the surrounding temperature is 27C,
determine the tank pressure.

Solution
T1 = 20C V1 = V2 = 1 m3
P1 = 600 kPa
T2 = 30C
P2 = 200 kPa
} Ts= 27C
M = 2.016 kg/ kmol

P
(m1 m2)Ts
m1T 1 m2 T 2
m1 = P1V1/RT1 = (600 x 1)/(4.124 x 293)
P1 P 2
= 0.497 kg/m3
(0.497 0.16)(300)

0.497 x 293 0.16 x303
m2 = P2V2/RT2 = (200 x 1)/(4.124 x 303)
= 0.16 kg/m3 600 200
406.308 kPa
26
EXAMPLE 9

A 0.120 m3 car tyres at its initial state is at 380 kPa and at 20C. When the tyres is heat up by
the radiation from the sun, the pressure of the tyres had rise up to 450 kPa and the volume
had increase 5%. Determine the final temperature and the mass of the car tyres.

Solution
T1 = 20C P2 = 450 kPa
P1 = 380 kPa V2 = 5 % increase
V1 = 0.120 m3
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K (Air , see Table A-2)
V2 = 1.05 x 0.12 = 0.126 m3 The mass of the car tyres,

P1V 1 P 2 V 2 PV 450 x0.126

m
T1 T2 RT 0.287 x364.3
P2V 2 T 1 m 0.542kg
T2
P1V 1
450 x0.126 x 293

380 x0.12
T 2 364.3K
(The final temperature)
27
EXAMPLE 10

A tank consist 2 kg oxygen gas at 40 bar and 200 K. This gas undergoes a cooling
process so that the pressure of the oxygen is reduced to 30 bar. Determine the
volume of the tank and the final temperature.

Solution
m = 2 kg P2 = 30 bar
R = 0.2598 kJ/kg K (Oxygen, see Table A-2)
P1 = 40 bar
T1 = 200 K

P1V 1 P 2 V 2 P1 P 2
T1 T2 T1 T 2
PV mRT P2 T 1
T2
mRT P1
V
P 30 x10
2

2 x0.2598 x 200 T2 2
x 200
2
40 x10
40 x10 150 K
V 0.02598 m3 28
EXAMPLE 11
A certain perfect gas of mass 0.01 kg occupies a volume of 0.003 m3 at a pressure of 7 bar
and a temperature of 131C. The gas is allowed to expand until the pressure is 1 bar and the
final volume is 0.02 m3. Calculate :
(i) the molar mass of the gas;
(ii) the final temperature.
Solution
V1 = 0.003 m3 m = 0.01 kg
T1 = 131C (131 + 273 = 404 K) P1 = 7 bar
Ru = 8.314 kJ/kmol K P2 = 1 bar
V2 = 0.02 m3

P1 V1 = mR T1
R = P1V1 / m T1 = (7 x 105 x 0.003) / (0.01 x 404) = 520 Nm /kg K
M = Ru/R = 8.314/ 520
= 16 kg/k mol

T2 = P2V2 / mR = (1 x 105 x 0.02 ) / (0.01 x 520)

= 384.5 K
Final temperature = 384.5 273 = 111.5 C 29
30