TUGAS AKHIR SEMESTER

PORTOFOLIO BAHASA INGGRIS

Disusun oleh :
Ahmad Ali Yuddin Fitra
165040200111105
Kelas:Q

PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI

FAKULTAS PERTANIAN
UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA
MALANG
2017
 CHAPTER II

CLAUSE
The nature of farmers' involvement in any OFR activity is very important
as it influences the interpretation of output and results obtained. The exact nature
and degree of farmer involvement is determined by the objective of the OFR and
the nature of the research in terms of components, systems, or technologies being
assessed. The degree of farmer involvement also has an effect on the design of the
experiment and the interpretation of results obtained. Here, in the present study the
farmer involvement was active involvement - researcher controlled so that
farmer has close experience of the technology on the one hand and also the
researcher could have demonstration of the technology on a best possible way.
Therefore, all the farming operations were carried out by the farmer and his
resources at his farm with the close monitoring of the researcher.

Sentence:

1. The nature of farmers' involvement in any OFR activity is very important as it

influences the interpretation of output and results obtained.
a. Phrase
Propotional phrase : in any OFR activity is very important
Adverb phrase : The nature of farmers involvement.
Adjective phrase : very important as it
b. Clause
The nature of farmers' involvement in any OFR activity is very important

2. The exact nature and degree of farmer involvement is determined by the

objective of the OFR and the nature of the research in terms of components,
systems, or technologies being assessed.
a. Phrase
Adverb phrase : determined by the objective of the OFR
Nominal phrase : The objective, the nature
b. Clause
The exact nature and degree of farmer involvement is determined by the
objective of the OFR
3. The degree of the interpretation of results also has an effect on the design of the
experiment and the interpretation of results obtained.
a. Phrase
Nominal phrase : The degree, an effect on the design, the
interpretation of results

b. Clause
The degree of the interpretation of results also has an effect on the design of
the experiment and the interpretation
4. Here, in the present study the farmer involvement was active involvement -
researcher controlled so that farmer has close experience of the technology on
the one hand and also the researcher could have demonstration of the technology
on a best possible way.
a. Phrase
Propotional phrase : in the present study the farmer
Adverb phrase : demonstration of the technology
Adjective phrase : close experience
b. Clause
In the present study the farmer involvement was active involvement -
researcher controlled

5. Therefore, all the farming operations were carried out by the farmer and his
resources at his farm with the close monitoring of the researcher.
a. Phrase
Adverb phrase : farming operations
Adjective phrase : close monitoring of the researcher
b. Clause
All the farming operations were carried out by the farmer and his resources
at his farm

CHAPTER III
CONTEXTUAL REFERENCE
1. The India who had to beg with food bowl in the 1950-60s to feed her teeming
millions, has become the worlds second largest producer of paddy preceded
only by China.
Answer:
a. The India that had to beg with food bowl in the 1950-60s to feed her
teeming millions, has become the worlds second largest producer of paddy
preceded only by China.
b. The India whom had to beg with food bowl in the 1950-60s to feed her
teeming millions, has become the worlds second largest producer of paddy
preceded only by China.
2. Here, we were tackling a problem of smallholder and medium farmers who could
afford the essential inputs for the technology.
Answer:
a. Here, we were tackling a problem of smallholder and medium farmers that
could afford the essential inputs for the technology.

3. The study was carried out in a farmer community where crop production of
paddy is important.
Answer:
a. The study was carried out in a farmer community in wich crop production of
paddy is important.
b. The study was carried out in a farmer community that crop production of
paddy in is important.

CHAPTER IV

PARALLEL SRUCTURE AND PAIRED CONJUNCTION

1. The raising of nursery and manual transplanting are both labour intensive and
costly prepositions
Answer:
a. Not only the raising of nursery but also manual transplanting are both labour
intensive and costly prepositions.
2. - The seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours followed by incubation in gunny
bags
- The seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours followed by incubation in straw
Answer:
The seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours followed by incubation in gunny bags
and straw
3. - The OFR was carried out on farmer's fields
- The OFR was carried out on farmers environment
- The OFR was carried out on farmers involement
Answer:
The OFR was carried out on farmers fields, farmers environment, and farmers
involvement.
4. The exact nature and degree of farmer involvement is determined by the
objective of the OFR
Answer:
a. Not only the exact nature but also degree of farmer involvement is
determined by the objective of the OFR
5. - The farmer's input of a system will have to be viewed and assessed.
- The farmer's assessment of a system will have to be viewed and assessed.
- Thus, the farmer's eventual adoption of a system will have to be viewed and
assessed.
Answer:
Thus, the farmer's input, assessment, and eventual adoption of a system will have
to be viewed and assessed.

CHAPTER V
TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP
1. The former cultivation is dependent on irrigation, while the latter depends on
Monsoon.
Answer:
a. The former cultivation is dependent on irrigation, during this time the
latter depends on Monsoon.
b. The former cultivation is dependent on irrigation, then the latter depends
on Monsoon.
c. The former cultivation is dependent on irrigation, once the latter depends
on Monsoon.
d. The former cultivation is dependent on irrigation, when the latter depends
on Monsoon.
2. Once the paddy plants grow up, water depth of 5-8 cms is maintained to avoid
weed growth.
Answer:
a. Before the paddy plants grow up, water depth of 5-8 cms is maintained to
avoid weed growth
b. While the paddy plants grow up, water depth of 5-8 cms is maintained to
avoid weed growth
c. After the paddy plants grow up, water depth of 5-8 cms is maintained to
avoid weed growth
3. If there is more water than 1 cm, then that seed will float.
Answer:
a. If there is more water than 1 cm, after that seed will float.
b. If there is more water than 1 cm, when that seed will float.
c. Once if there is more water than 1 cm, that seed will float.
4. - The seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours followed by incubation in gunny
bags and straw for 24-48 hours depending upon the weather temperature.
- The germination length of seeds should not be more than 1-2 mm to avoid any
mechanical injury of pregerminated seeds and also to ensure free flow of seeds
in the drum seeder.
- The pregerminated free flowing clean paddy seeds are filled upto 50 percent
depth in each seed box by opening the hinge cover
- The covers are closed.
- The machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field after
draining the standing water because standing water more than one cm depth
disturbs the seeds sown in straight lines.
- The pregerminated paddy seeds are sown with the help of drum seeder
Answer:
Firstly the germination length of seeds should not be more than 1-2 mm to avoid
any mechanical injury of pregerminated seeds and also to ensure free flow of
seeds in the drum seeder, then the germination length of seeds should not be
more than 1-2 mm to avoid any mechanical injury of pregerminated seeds and
also to ensure free flow of seeds in the drum seeder, then the pregerminated free
flowing clean paddy seeds are filled upto 50 percent depth in each seed box by
opening the hinge cover, then the covers are closed, then the machine is pulled
by one farmer on well levelled puddled field after draining the standing water
because standing water more than one cm depth disturbs the seeds sown in
straight lines, finally the pregerminated paddy seeds are sown with the help of
drum seeder.
 CHAPTER VI
CAUSAL RELATIONSHIP
1. The machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field after draining
the standing water because standing water more than one cm depth disturbs the
seeds sown in straight lines.
Answer:
a. The machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field after
draining the standing water, therefore standing water more than one cm
depth disturbs the seeds sown in straight lines.
b. As the machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field after
draining the standing water, standing water more than one cm depth disturbs
the seeds sown in straight lines.
c. Since the machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field
after draining the standing water, standing water more than one cm depth
disturbs the seeds sown in straight lines.
d. Because the machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field
after draining the standing water, standing water more than one cm depth
disturbs the seeds sown in straight lines.
e. Thus, the machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field
after draining the standing water, standing water more than one cm depth
disturbs the seeds sown in straight lines.
f. Due that fact the machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled
field after draining the standing water because standing water more than one
cm depth disturbs the seeds sown in straight lines.
g. Because the machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field
after draining the standing water consequently standing water more than one
cm depth disturbs the seeds sown in straight lines.
 CHAPTER VII

CONTRASTIVE RELATIONSHIP

1. The seed rate of up to 55 kg/ha is used in this method

Seed significantly varies with the area, variety and farmers practice of growing
paddy in the locality.
Answer:
a. If the seed rate of up to 55 kg/ha is used in this method, but seed significantly
varies with the area, variety and farmers practice of growing paddy in the
locality.
b. Although the seed rate of up to 55 kg/ha is used in this method, seed
significantly varies with the area, variety and farmers practice of growing
paddy in the locality.
c. If The seed rate of up to 55 kg/ha is used in this method, in other hand seed
significantly varies with the area, variety and farmers practice of growing
paddy in the locality.
d. If The seed rate of up to 55 kg/ha is used in this method, however seed
significantly varies with the area, variety and farmers practice of growing
paddy in the locality.
2. Any experiment carried out on a plot of land outside the experimental station
could be described as off-station research
Not all such research qualifies as on-farm research.
Answer:
a. Any experiment carried out on a plot of land outside the experimental station
could be described as off-station research, but not all such research qualifies
as on-farm research.
b. If any experiment carried out on a plot of land outside the experimental
station could be described as off-station research, in other hand not all such
research qualifies as on-farm research.
c. Although any experiment carried out on a plot of land outside the
experimental station could be described as off-station research, not all such
research qualifies as on-farm research.
d. If any experiment carried out on a plot of land outside the experimental
station could be described as off-station research, however not all such
research qualifies as on-farm research.
 CHAPTER VIII

EXEMPLIFICATION

1. The study herein is in exploratory phase with a demonstrative objective which

is the stage where a new system or concept.
Drum seeder is introduced into a community.
Answer:
a. The study herein is in exploratory phase with a demonstrative objective
which is the stage where a new system or concept such as drum seeder is
introduced into a community.
b. The study herein is in exploratory phase with a demonstrative objective
which is the stage where a new system or concept for example drum seeder
is introduced into a community.
c. The study herein is in exploratory phase with a demonstrative objective
which is the stage where a new system or concept for instance drum seeder
is introduced into a community.
d. The study herein is in exploratory phase with a demonstrative objective
which is the stage where a new system or concept like drum seeder is
introduced into a community.
 CHAPTER IX

EXPLANATION

1. The machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field after draining
the standing water because standing water more than one cm depth disturbs the
seeds sown in straight lines.

The pregerminated paddy seeds are sown with the help of drum seeder in well
levelled puddled field after draining the standing water.
Answer:
a. The machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field after
draining the standing water because standing water more than one cm depth
disturbs the seeds sown in straight lines, that it to say the pregerminated
paddy seeds are sown with the help of drum seeder in well levelled puddled
field after draining the standing water.
b. The machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field after
draining the standing water because standing water more than one cm depth
disturbs the seeds sown in straight lines, this mean that the pregerminated
paddy seeds are sown with the help of drum seeder in well levelled puddled
field after draining the standing water.
c. The machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field after
draining the standing water because standing water more than one cm depth
disturbs the seeds sown in straight lines, in other words the pregerminated
paddy seeds are sown with the help of drum seeder in well levelled puddled
field after draining the standing water.
d. The machine is pulled by one farmer on well levelled puddled field after
draining the standing water because standing water more than one cm depth
disturbs the seeds sown in straight lines, this indicates that the
pregerminated paddy seeds are sown with the help of drum seeder in well
levelled puddled field after draining the standing water.
2. For seeding by drum seeder the process of growing seedling is not required. The
seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours followed by incubation in gunny bags and
straw for 24-48 hours depending upon the weather temperature.

The germination length of seeds should not be more than 1-2 mm to avoid any
mechanical injury of pregerminated seeds and also to ensure free flow of seeds
in the drum seeder.
Answer:
a. For seeding by drum seeder the process of growing seedling is not required.
The seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours followed by incubation in gunny
bags and straw for 24-48 hours depending upon the weather temperature, in
other words the germination length of seeds should not be more than 1-2
mm to avoid any mechanical injury of pregerminated seeds and also to
ensure free flow of seeds in the drum seeder.
b. For seeding by drum seeder the process of growing seedling is not required.
The seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours followed by incubation in gunny
bags and straw for 24-48 hours depending upon the weather temperature,
this indicates that the germination length of seeds should not be more than
1-2 mm to avoid any mechanical injury of pregerminated seeds and also to
ensure free flow of seeds in the drum seeder.
c. For seeding by drum seeder the process of growing seedling is not required.
The seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours followed by incubation in gunny
bags and straw for 24-48 hours depending upon the weather temperature,
that it to say the germination length of seeds should not be more than 1-2
mm to avoid any mechanical injury of pregerminated seeds and also to
ensure free flow of seeds in the drum seeder.
d. For seeding by drum seeder the process of growing seedling is not required.
The seeds are soaked in water for 24 hours followed by incubation in gunny
bags and straw for 24-48 hours depending upon the weather temperature,
this mean that the germination length of seeds should not be more than 1-
2 mm to avoid any mechanical injury of pregerminated seeds and also to
ensure free flow of seeds in the drum seeder.
 CHAPTER X
ADDITION: REINFORCEMENT AND SIMILARITY
1. Paddy is one of the important crops of the world and is grown between latitudes
450 N and 400 S.

Paddy is a major staple food is vital for the nutrition of much of the population
in Asia, as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central
to the food security of over half the world population.
Answer:
a. Paddy is one of the important crops of the world and is grown between
latitudes 450 N and 400 S, in addition, paddy is a major staple food is vital for
the nutrition of much of the population in Asia, as well as in Latin America
and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to the food security of over half
the world population.
b. Paddy is one of the important crops of the world and is grown between
latitudes 450 N and 400 S, moreover, paddy is a major staple food is vital for
the nutrition of much of the population in Asia, as well as in Latin America
and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to the food security of over half
the world population.
c. Paddy is one of the important crops of the world and is grown between
latitudes 450 N and 400 S, further, paddy is a major staple food is vital for the
nutrition of much of the population in Asia, as well as in Latin America and
the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to the food security of over half the
world population.
d. Paddy is one of the important crops of the world and is grown between
latitudes 450 N and 400 S, furthermore, paddy is a major staple food is vital
for the nutrition of much of the population in Asia, as well as in Latin
America and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to the food security of
over half the world population.
 CHAPTER XI
CONDITIONAL
1. A symptom: Gross return for drum seeded paddy was 90000 INR/ha
Diagnosis: 90000 INR/ha using drum seeder is benefit than 73900 INR/ha using
conventional method.
Observation: Gross return for drum seeded paddy was 90000 INR/ha leading to
a net profit of 73900 INR/ha and benefit cost ratio of 4.59.

Conclusion:
a. This show that, gross return for drum seeded paddy gives a benefit and
increased by cost ratio 4.59.
b. This indicates that, gross return for drum seeded paddy gives a benefit and
increased by cost ratio 4.59.
c. This is an indication that, gross return for drum seeded paddy gives a
benefit and increased by cost ratio 4.59
d. This is a sign that, gross return for drum seeded paddy gives a benefit and
increased by cost ratio 4.59.
e. This means that, gross return for drum seeded paddy gives a benefit and
increased by cost ratio 4.59.
f. So, gross return for drum seeded paddy gives a benefit and increased by
cost ratio 4.59.
g. We may conclude, gross return for drum seeded paddy gives a benefit and
increased by cost ratio 4.59.
Generalization:
a. If gross return for drum seeded paddy was 90000 INR/ha, 90000 INR/ha
using drum seeder is benefit than 73900 INR/ha using conventional method.
b. If gross return for drum seeded paddy was 90000 INR/ha, than 90000
INR/ha using drum seeder is benefit than 73900 INR/ha using conventional
method.
c. When gross return for drum seeded paddy was 90000 INR/ha, 90000 INR/ha
using drum seeder is benefit than 73900 INR/ha using conventional method.
Recommendation:
a. Gross return for drum seeded paddy was 90000 INR/ha, this means that
conventional method get less benefit for gross return, this inequality should
be corrected by using drum seeder for planting paddy.
b. Gross return for drum seeded paddy was 90000 INR/ha, this means that
conventional method get less benefit for gross return, this inequality can
be corrected by using drum seeder for planting paddy.
Prediction:
a. If gross return for drum seeded paddy was 90000 INR/ha, conventional
method will be get less benefit, this inequality should be corrected by using
drum seeder for planting paddy.
b. If gross return for drum seeded paddy was 90000 INR/ha, conventional
method will be get less benefit, this inequality can be be corrected by using
drum seeder for planting paddy.
 CHAPTER XII
COMPARATIVE
No. Economic parameters Drum seeder Conventional method
1 Cost of operation, INR/ha 800 30000
2 Cost of weeding, INR/ha 700 1500
3 Grain yield, Q/ha 60 58
4 Cost of irrigation, INR/ha 5600 4800
5 Gross return, INR/ha 90000 87000
6 Average cost of cultivation, 16100 17800
7 INR/ha
Net profit, INR/ha 73900 69200
8 Benefit Cost (B:C) ratio 4.59 3.89
This table is showing comparison on economics parameter between using drum
seeder and conventional method
a. The cost of operation using drum seeder is lower than conventional method.
b. The grain yield using drum seeder is higher than conventional method.
c. The cost of irrigation using conventional method is cheaper than using drum
seeder
d. The benefit cost ratio using drum seeder is higher than conventional method.
 CHAPTER XIII
DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION
Definition
1. Name: Paddy
Class: Important crop
Function: Grown between latitudes 450 N and 400 S

Definition:
a. A-B-C
- Paddy is important crop wich grown between latitudes 450 N and 400 S
- Paddy may be defined as the important crop wich grown between latitudes
450 N and 400 S
b. B-C-A
- The important crop wich grown between latitudes 450 N and 400 S is called
paddy
- The important crop wich grown between latitudes 450 N and 400 S is known
as paddy
Description
1. Name of process: Transplanting of paddy in puddled fields.
Course of action: dry sowing of seeds due to severe problem of weeds. The
raising of nursery and manual transplanting are both labour intensive and costly
prepositions.
Answer:
a. Transplanting of paddy in puddled fields is the process whereby dry sowing
of seeds due to severe problem of weeds. The raising of nursery and manual
transplanting are both labour intensive and costly prepositions.
b. Transplanting of paddy in puddled fields is the process by wich dry sowing
of seeds due to severe problem of weeds. The raising of nursery and manual
transplanting are both labour intensive and costly prepositions.
c. In the process of transplanting of paddy in puddled fields, dry sowing of
seeds due to severe problem of weeds. The raising of nursery and manual
transplanting are both labour intensive and costly prepositions.
 CHAPTER XIV
FACTS AND FIGURES
1. 1992 (Nineteen ninety two)
2. 65% (Sixty five percent)
3. 1996 (Nineteen ninety six)
4. 4.6 (Four point six)

Symbols:
% = Percent
INR = Indian Rupee
0
= Degree
, = comma
.= point

Expression
1. Developing countries account for totaled 95 percent of the production.
2. Developing countries account for came to 95 percent of the production.
3. Developing countries account for stood at 95 percent of the production.
 CHAPTER XV
REPORT GENRE
The OFR is an indispensable tool for developing and validating farming technology
which is a research carried out on farmer's fields and in a farmer's environment
which identifies four key elements: the farmer, the farmer's land, the farmer's
involvement, and the farmer's environment. The study herein is in exploratory
phase with a demonstrative objective which is the stage where a new system or
concept such as drum seeder is introduced into a community. This allows the
farmers to gain an accurate image and a practical understanding of the system. It
begins with the identification of individual farmers within the community with
whom the researchers work closely to put the system on the ground. During this
phase, researchers' involvement is very high as the farmers perception of the
system is almost negligible. Therefore, a single farmer was selected for the present
study.

General classification: The OFR (On Farm Research)

Technical classification: indispensable tool for developing and validating farming
technology
Description:
Research carried out on farmer's fields and in a farmer's environment which
identifies four key elements: the farmer, the farmer's land, the farmer's involvement,
and the farmer's environment. The study herein is in exploratory phase with a
demonstrative objective which is the stage where a new system or concept such as
drum seeder is introduced into a community. This allows the farmers to gain an
accurate image and a practical understanding of the system. It begins with the
identification of individual farmers within the community with whom the
researchers work closely to put the system on the ground. During this phase,
researchers' involvement is very high as the farmers perception of the system is
almost negligible. Therefore, a single farmer was selected for the present study.

Language Feature:
1. Generic Participant: OFR (On Farm Research)
2. Simple present: is
3. Relational cause:
OFR (On Farm Research)

Research carried out on farmer's fields and in a farmer's environment which

identifies four key elements: the farmer, the farmer's land, the farmer's
involvement, and the farmer's environment.
 CHAPTER XVI
PROCEDURE GENRE
The fields are prepared by ploughing either by typically with simple plow
drawn by buffalo/bullocks or tractor drawn mechanized equipments depending
upon the geographical situations and availability of resources. Fertilizing (usually
with dung or sewage), and smoothing (by dragging a log over them). The seedlings
are started in seedling beds and, after 30 to 50 days (fig. 1), are transplanted by hand
to the fields, which have been flooded by rain, river water or any other irrigation
source. The seed rate of up to 55 kg/ha is used in this method but, it significantly
varies with the area, variety and farmers practice of growing paddy in the locality.
Ravishankar et al., (2006) also reported that under conventional method of planting,
the seed rate ranged from 44 to 55 kg/ha with mean of 48 kg. The posture required
is a bending posture throughout the transplanting carried out in the fields. The
process is dominantly performed by women farmers or paid labourers in the area.
Generic Structure: How to seeding paddy in conventional method
Step 1: The fields are prepared by ploughing either by typically with simple plow
drawn by buffalo/bullocks or tractor.
Step 2: Fertilizing (usually with dung or sewage), and smoothing (by dragging a log
over them)
Step 3: The seedlings are started in seedling beds and, after 30 to 50 days.

CHAPTER XVII
EXPLANATION GENRE
Paddy is one of the important crops of the world and is grown between
latitudes 450 N and 400 S (Mohanty et al., 2008). Paddy as a major staple food is
vital for the nutrition of much of the population in Asia, as well as in Latin America
and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to the food security of over half the
world population. Developing countries account for 95 percent of the total
production, with China and India alone responsible for nearly half of the world
output.
Generic Statement: Paddy is one of the important crops of the world
Sequence Explanation:
Paddy as a major staple food is vital for the nutrition of much of the population in
Asia, as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to
the food security of over half the world population.
Sequence Explanation:
Developing countries account for 95 percent of the total production, with China and
India alone responsible for nearly half of the world output.
CHAPTER XIX
DISCUSSION GENRE
The results of the study showed that the cost of operation for sowing paddy using
drum seeder was 800 Indian rupee (INR) per ha as compared to INR 30000 per ha
in conventional method. The cost of weeding and cost of irrigation in the field of
drum seeded paddy and transplanted paddy were INR 700, 1500 and INR 5600,
4800 per ha respectively. Grain yield was 60 Q/ha for drum seeded paddy and 58
Q/ha for transplanted paddy which was not showing a wide difference but yes it was
a measurable parameter.

Generic Structure:
a. Issue: The results of the study showed that the cost of operation for sowing paddy
using drum seeder was 800 Indian rupee (INR) per ha as compared to INR 30000
per ha in conventional method.
b. Argument: The cost of weeding and cost of irrigation in the field of drum seeded
paddy and transplanted paddy were INR 700, 1500 and INR 5600, 4800 per ha
respectively. Grain yield was 60 Q/ha for drum seeded paddy and 58 Q/ha for
transplanted paddy which was not showing a wide difference but yes it was a
measurable parameter.
c. Recommendation: In order gross return for drum seeded paddy was 90000
INR/ha leading to a net profit of 73900 INR/ha and benefit cost ratio of 4.59
whereas, gross return for transplanted paddy was 87000 INR/ha preceding a net
profit of 69200 INR/ha and benefit cost (B:C) ratio of 3.89.