M53 Lec1.4 Continuity On An Interval IVT and Squeeze Theorem PDF

Continuity on an Interval
The Intermediate Value Theorem

The Squeeze Theorem
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 1 / 28

For today
1 Continuity on an Interval
2 Intermediate Value Theorem
3 The Squeeze Theorem

For today

Theorem

Theorem
Let f and g be continuous at x = a and let c R.

Theorem
Let f and g be continuous at x = a and let c R. Then the following are also
continuous at x = a:

Theorem
1 f g

Theorem
1 f g
2 fg

Theorem
1 f g
2 fg
f
3 , provided g( a) 6= 0
g

Theorem
1 f g
2 fg
f
3 , provided g( a) 6= 0
g
4 cf

Definition
A function f is said to be continuous from the left [right] at x = a

Definition
A function f is said to be continuous from the left [right] at x = a if
f ( a) = lim f ( x ) [ f ( a) = lim f ( x )]
x a x a+

Examples

Let f ( x ) = 2 x.

Examples

Let f ( x ) = 2 x.

f (2) = 22 = 0

Examples

Let f ( x ) = 2 x.

f (2) = 2 2 = 0

lim 2 x
x 2

Examples

Let f ( x ) = 2 x.

f (2) = 2 2 = 0

lim 2 x = 0 ( 0+ )
x 2

Examples

Let f ( x ) = 2 x.

f (2) = 2 2 = 0

lim 2 x = 0 ( 0+ )
x 2

lim 2 x
x 2+

Examples

Let f ( x ) = 2 x.

f (2) = 2 2 = 0

lim 2 x = 0 ( 0+ )
x 2

lim 2 x dne ( 0 )
x 2+

Examples

Let f ( x ) = 2 x.

f (2) = 2 2 = 0

lim 2 x = 0 ( 0+ )
x 2

lim 2 x dne ( 0 )
x 2+
Thus, f is continuous from the left at x = 2 but not from the right at x = 2.
3
2
1
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
1
2

Examples
Let g( x ) = [[ x ]] and let n Z. Then g is continuous from the right at x = n but

not from the left at x = n.
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
1

Definition
A function f is said to be continuous

Definition
1 everywhere if f is continuous at every real number

Definition
2 on ( a, b) if f is continuous at every point in ( a, b)

Definition
3 on [ a, b) if f is continuous on ( a, b) and from the right of a

Definition
4 on ( a, ) if f is continuous at all x > a

Definition
5 on [ a, ) if f is continuous on ( a, ) and from the right of a

Definition
5 on [ a, ) if f is continuous on ( a, ) and from the right of a
Similar definitions for:
( a, b], [ a, b], (, b), (, b]

Examples
1 Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere.

Examples

2 Rational functions are continuous on their respective domains.

Examples

3 f ( x ) = | x | is continuous everywhere.

Examples


4 f ( x ) = x is continuous on [0, ).

Examples


4 f ( x ) = x is continuous on [0, ).
5 f ( x ) = [[ x ]] is continuous on [n, n + 1), where n is any integer.

Theorem
If f is continuous at b and lim g( x ) = b,
xa

Theorem
If f is continuous at b and lim g( x ) = b, then lim ( g( x )) = f (b).
xa xa

Theorem
xa xa
That is, if f is continuous at lim g( x ),
xa

Theorem
xa xa
That is, if f is continuous at lim g( x ), then
xa

lim f ( g( x )) = f lim g( x )
xa xa

Example

x2
Evaluate: lim 2

x 2 x 4

Example

x2
Evaluate: lim 2

x 2 x 4
Solution:

Example

x2
Evaluate: lim 2

x 2 x 4
Solution:
The absolute value function is continuous everywhere.

Example

x2
Evaluate: lim 2

x 2 x 4
Solution:
x2
lim =
x 2 x2 4

Example

x2
Evaluate: lim 2

x 2 x 4
Solution:
x2 1 1
lim = lim =
x 2 x2 4 x 2 x + 2 4

Example

x2
Evaluate: lim 2

x 2 x 4
Solution:
x2 1 1
lim = lim =
x 2 x2 4 x 2 x + 2 4
By the previous theorem,

x2
lim 2
x 2 x 4

Example

x2
Evaluate: lim 2

x 2 x 4
Solution:
x2 1 1
lim = lim =
x 2 x2 4 x 2 x + 2 4

x2
= lim x 2

lim 2 2
x 2 x 4 x 2 x 2

Example

x2
Evaluate: lim 2

x 2 x 4
Solution:
x2 1 1
lim = lim =
x 2 x2 4 x 2 x + 2 4

x2
= lim x 2 = 1 = 1

lim 2 2
x 2 x 4 x 2 x 2 4 4

Example
Evaluate: lim [[3x2 ]]

x 13

Example

x 13
Solution:

Example

x 13
Solution:
1
lim 3x2 = , which is not an integer.
x 31 3

Example

x 13
Solution:
1
x 31 3
1
The greatest integer function is continuous at .
3

Example

x 13
Solution:
1
x 31 3
1
3
lim [[3x2 ]]
x 13

Example

x 13
Solution:
1
x 31 3
1
3
"" ##
2 2
lim [[3x ]] = lim 3x
x 13 x 13

Example

x 13
Solution:
1
x 31 3
1
3
"" ##
2 2 1
lim [[3x ]] = lim 3x =
x 13 x 13 3

Example

x 13
Solution:
1
x 31 3
1
3
"" ##
2 2 1
lim [[3x ]] = lim 3x = = 0.
x 13 x 13 3

Theorem

Theorem
If g is continuous at a and f is continuous at g( a),

Theorem
If g is continuous at a and f is continuous at g( a), then ( f g)( x ) = f ( g( x )) is
continuous at x = a.

Example

Determine the largest interval for which h( x ) = x2 1 is continuous.

Example

The square root function is continuous at every x > 0.

Example


The function p( x ) = x2 1 is continuous everywhere.

Example


p
h( x ) = p( x ) is continuous at all x such that p( x ) > 0

Example


p( x ) is continuous at all x such that p( x ) > 0 or x2 1 > 0
p
h( x ) =

Example


p( x ) is continuous at all x such that p( x ) > 0 or x2 1 > 0 or
p
h( x ) =
x (, 1) (1, ) (why?)

Example


p
h( x ) =
x (, 1) (1, ) (why?)
Verify: h is cont. from the left at x = 1 and cont. from the right at x = 1

Example


p
h( x ) =
x (, 1) (1, ) (why?)
Verify: h is cont. from the left at x = 1 and cont. from the right at x = 1
Therefore, h is continuous on (, 1] [1, ).

For today

Intermediate Value Theorem (IVT)
Theorem
Let f be continuous on a closed interval [ a, b] with f ( a) 6= f (b). For every k
between f ( a) and f (b), there exists c in ( a, b) such that f (c) = k.

Theorem
f (b)
a b
f ( a)

Theorem
f (b)
a b
f ( a)

Theorem
f (b)
a b
f ( a)

Theorem
f (b)
k (c, f (c))
a c b
f ( a)

Theorem
f (b)
c
a b
k (c, f (c))
f ( a)

Remarks
The continuity of the function on [ a, b] in IVT is required. In general, the

theorem is not true for functions discontinuous on [ a, b].

Remarks
The continuity of the function on [ a, b] in IVT is required. In general, the

theorem is not true for functions discontinuous on [ a, b].
The c in the conclusion of IVT may not be unique.

Example
x1
Consider the function f ( x ) = on the interval [1, 3].
x

Example
x1
x
Note that dom f = R \ {0}. So, f is continuous on R \ {0}

Example
x1
x
Note that dom f = R \ {0}. So, f is continuous on R \ {0} and in particular,

on [1, 3].

Example
x1
x

on [1, 3].
2
f (1) = 0 and f (3) =
3

Example
x1
x

on [1, 3].
2
f (1) = 0 and f (3) =
3
Therefore, IVT is applicable!

Example
x1
x

Example
x1
x
2
By IVT, for every k between 0 and , there exists c (1, 3) such that f (c) = k.
3

Example
x1
x
2
3
1
Let k = .
2

Example
x1
x
2
3
1 1
Let k = . So, there exists c (1, 3) such that f (c) = .
2 2

Example
x1
x
2
3
1 1
2 2
Solving for c:
1 c1
= f (c) =
2 c

Example
x1
x
2
3
1 1
2 2
Solving for c:
1 c1
= f (c) = = c = 2c 2
2 c

Example
x1
x
2
3
1 1
2 2
Solving for c:
1 c1
= f (c) = = c = 2c 2 = c = 2.
2 c

Example
x1
x
2
3
1 1
2 2
Solving for c:
1 c1
= f (c) = = c = 2c 2 = c = 2.
2 c
Note: c = 2 (1, 3)

Example
Show that
3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 = 0
has a solution between 0 and 1.

Example
Show that
3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 = 0
Solution:

Example
Show that
3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 = 0
Solution: Let f ( x ) = 3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 on [0, 1].

Example
Show that
3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 = 0

Goal: Show that there is a c (0, 1) such that f (c) = 0.

Example
Show that
3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 = 0

f is continuous on [0, 1]. (why?)

Example
Show that
3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 = 0

f (0) = 1 and f (1) = 3

Example
Show that
3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 = 0

f (0) = 1 and f (1) = 3 and therefore, f (0) 6= f (1).

Example
Show that
3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 = 0

0 is between f (0) and f (1).

Example
Show that
3x4 4x2 + 5x 1 = 0

0 is between f (0) and f (1).
By IVT, there exists c (0, 1) such that f (c) = 0.

For today

Theorem (Squeeze Theorem)
Let f , g and h be defined on an open interval I containing a except possibly at a such that

1 f ( x ) g( x ) h( x ) for all c I \ { a}

2 lim f ( x ) = L and lim h( x ) = L
xa xa

xa xa
Then lim g( x )
xa

xa xa
Then lim g( x )
xa

xa xa
Then lim g( x )
xa
y = f (x)

xa xa
Then lim g( x )
xa
y = h( x )
y = f (x)

xa xa
Then lim g( x )
xa
y = h( x )
y = g( x )
y = f (x)

xa xa
Then lim g( x )
xa
y = h( x )
y = g( x )
y = f (x)

xa xa
Then lim g( x )
xa
y = h( x )
y = g( x )
y = f (x)

xa xa
Then lim g( x ) = L.
xa
y = h( x )
y = g( x )
y = f (x)

Example

1 2
Use the Squeeze Theorem to evaluate lim x cos
x 0 x

Example

1 2
x 0 x
Solution:

Example

1 2
x 0 x
Solution: Note that

1
lim cos dne (why?)
x 0 x

Example

1 2
x 0 x
Solution: Note that

1
lim cos dne (why?)
x 0 x
For any real number x 6= 0,

1
1 cos 1
x

Example

1 2
x 0 x
Solution: Note that

1
lim cos dne (why?)
x 0 x
For any real number x 6= 0,

1
1 cos 1
x

2 1 2
= x x cos x2
x

Example

1 2
x 0 x
We have
lim ( x2 )
x 0

Example

1 2
x 0 x
We have
lim ( x2 ) = 0
x 0

Example

1 2
x 0 x
We have
lim ( x2 ) = 0 = lim x2
x 0 x 0

Example

1 2
x 0 x
We have
lim ( x2 ) = 0 = lim x2
x 0 x 0
Therefore, by the Squeeze Theorem,

Example

1 2
x 0 x
We have
lim ( x2 ) = 0 = lim x2
x 0 x 0
Therefore, by the Squeeze Theorem,

1
lim x2 cos = 0.
x 0 x

Remark
With suitable modifications in the conditions of the Squeeze Theorem, x a
may be replaced by x a , x a+ , x and x

Example
sin x
Evaluate lim
x + x

Example
sin x
Evaluate lim
x + x
Solution:

Example
sin x
Evaluate lim
x + x
Solution: We have
lim sin x
x +

Example
sin x
Evaluate lim
x + x
Solution: We have
lim sin x dne (why?)
x +

Example
sin x
Evaluate lim
x + x
Solution: We have
x +
lim x = +
x +

Example
sin x
Evaluate lim
x + x
Solution: We have
x +
lim x = +
x +
But for x > 0,
1 sin x 1

Example
sin x
Evaluate lim
x + x
Solution: We have
x +
lim x = +
x +
But for x > 0,
1 sin 1
1 sin x 1 =
x x x

Example
sin x
Evaluate lim
x + x
Solution: We have
x +
lim x = +
x +
But for x > 0,
1 sin 1
1 sin x 1 =
x x x
Also,
1
lim
x + x

Example
sin x
Evaluate lim
x + x
Solution: We have
x +
lim x = +
x +
But for x > 0,
1 sin 1
1 sin x 1 =
x x x
Also,
1
lim =0
x + x

Example
sin x
Evaluate lim
x + x
Solution: We have
x +
lim x = +
x +
But for x > 0,
1 sin 1
1 sin x 1 =
x x x
Also,
1 1
lim = 0 = lim
x + x x + x

Example
sin x
Evaluate lim
x + x
Solution: We have
x +
lim x = +
x +
But for x > 0,
1 sin 1
1 sin x 1 =
x x x
Also,
1 1
= 0 = lim lim
x x + xx +
sin x
By the Squeeze Theorem, lim = 0.
x + x

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x
Solution:

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x
Solution: When x < 0:

x 1 [[ x ]] x

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x

x 1 [[ x ]] x
2x 2 2[[ x ]] 2x

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x

x 1 [[ x ]] x
2x 2 2[[ x ]] 2x
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x

x 1 [[ x ]] x
2x 2 2[[ x ]] 2x
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1

x x x

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x

x 1 [[ x ]] x
2x 2 2[[ x ]] 2x
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1

x x x
2x 1
lim
x x

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x

x 1 [[ x ]] x
2x 2 2[[ x ]] 2x
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1

x x x
1
2x 1 2 x
lim = lim
x x x 1

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x

x 1 [[ x ]] x
2x 2 2[[ x ]] 2x
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1

x x x
1
2x 1 2 x
lim = lim = 2,
x x x 1

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x

x 1 [[ x ]] x
2x 2 2[[ x ]] 2x
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1

x x x
1
2x 1 2 x 2x + 1
lim = lim = 2, lim
x x x 1 x x

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x

x 1 [[ x ]] x
2x 2 2[[ x ]] 2x
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1

x x x
1 1
2x 1 2 x 2x + 1 2+ x
lim = lim = 2, lim = lim
x x x 1 x x x 1

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x

x 1 [[ x ]] x
2x 2 2[[ x ]] 2x
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1

x x x
1 1
2x 1 2 x 2x + 1 2+ x
lim = lim = 2, lim = lim =2
x x x 1 x x x 1

Example
2[[ x ]] + 1
Evaluate lim
x x

x 1 [[ x ]] x
2x 2 2[[ x ]] 2x
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1
2x 1 2[[ x ]] + 1 2x + 1

x x x
1 1
2x 1 2 x 2x + 1 2+ x
lim = lim = 2, lim = lim =2
x x x 1 x x x 1
Therefore,
2[[ x ]] + 1
lim = 2.
x x
Exercises

Use the Squeeze Theorem to evaluate lim x 1 cos 1x

1
x 0+
2 Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that f ( x ) = x2 3x + 1 has at
least one real zero between 0 and 1.

M53 Lec1.4 Continuity On An Interval IVT and Squeeze Theorem PDF

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Continuity on an Interval

The Intermediate Value Theorem

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 1 / 28

2 Intermediate Value Theorem

3 The Squeeze Theorem

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 2 / 28

2 Intermediate Value Theorem

3 The Squeeze Theorem

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 3 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 4 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 4 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 4 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 4 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 4 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 4 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 4 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 5 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 5 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 6 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 6 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 6 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 6 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 6 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 6 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 6 / 28

Let g( x ) = [[ x ]] and let n Z. Then g is continuous from the right at x = n but

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 7 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 8 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 8 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 8 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 8 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 8 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 8 / 28

Similar definitions for:

( a, b], [ a, b], (, b), (, b]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 8 / 28

1 Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 9 / 28

1 Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 9 / 28

1 Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 9 / 28

1 Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 9 / 28

1 Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 9 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 10 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 10 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 10 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 10 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 11 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 11 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 11 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 11 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 11 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 11 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 11 / 28

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 11 / 28

Evaluate: lim [[3x2 ]]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 12 / 28

Evaluate: lim [[3x2 ]]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Continuity, IVT, Squeeze Theorem Mathematics 53 12 / 28