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191
Self Contained ........................................................... Water ... 200 .................... 7.6 ....................... 1910.0315H.
Self Contained ........................................................... Air ........ <175 .................... 18.00.0469H ...... Not applicable.
Self Contained ........................................................... Air ........ 175 .................... 9.8 ....................... Not applicable.
H Harvest rate in pounds per 24 hours.
* Water use is for the condenser only and does not include potable water used to make ice.
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431.192 10 CFR Ch. II (1113 Edition)
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Department of Energy 431.192
with a fuse or other over-current pro- phase angle, or both voltage and phase
tection device, and is generally used angle, of an output circuit and com-
for the operation of a solenoid, con- pensates for fluctuation of load and
tactor, relay, portable tool, or localized input voltage, phase angle or both volt-
lighting. age and phase angle.
Medium-voltage dry-type distribution Sealed transformer means a trans-
transformer means a distribution trans- former designed to remain hermeti-
former in which the core and coil as- cally sealed under specified conditions
sembly is immersed in a gaseous or of temperature and pressure.
dry-compound insulating medium, and Special-impedance transformer means
which has a rated primary voltage be- any transformer built to operate at an
tween 601 V and 34.5 kV. impedance outside of the normal im-
No-load loss means those losses that pedance range for that transformers
are incident to the excitation of the kVA rating. The normal impedance
transformer. range for each kVA rating for liquid-
Nonventilated transformer means a immersed and dry-type transformers is
transformer constructed so as to pre- shown in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
vent external air circulation through
the coils of the transformer while oper- TABLE 1NORMAL IMPEDANCE RANGES FOR
ating at zero gauge pressure. LIQUID-IMMERSED TRANSFORMERS
Phase angle means the angle between Single-phase transformers Three-phase transformers
two phasors, where the two phasors
represent progressions of periodic Impedance Impedance
kVA kVA
(%) (%)
waves of either:
(1) Two voltages; 10 ........... 1.04.5 15 1.04.5
(2) Two currents; or 15 ........... 1.04.5 30 1.04.5
25 ........... 1.04.5 45 1.04.5
(3) A voltage and a current of an al- 37.5 ........ 1.04.5 75 1.05.0
ternating current circuit. 50 ........... 1.54.5 112.5 1.26.0
Phase angle correction means the ad- 75 ........... 1.54.5 150 1.26.0
justment (correction) of measurement 100 ......... 1.54.5 225 1.26.0
167 ......... 1.54.5 300 1.26.0
data to negate the effects of phase 250 ......... 1.56.0 500 1.57.0
angle error. 333 ......... 1.56.0 750 5.07.5
Phase angle error means incorrect dis- 500 ......... 1.57.0 1000 5.07.5
placement of the phase angle, intro- 667 ......... 5.07.5 1500 5.07.5
833 ......... 5.07.5 2000 5.07.5
duced by the components of the test ................ 2500 5.07.5
equipment.
Rectifier transformer means a trans-
former that operates at the funda- TABLE 2NORMAL IMPEDANCE RANGES FOR
mental frequency of an alternating- DRY-TYPE TRANSFORMERS
current system and that is designed to Single-phase transformers Three-phase transformers
have one or more output windings con-
Impedance Impedance
nected to a rectifier. kVA (%) kVA (%)
Reference temperature means 20 C for
no-load loss, 55 C for load loss of liq- 15 ........... 1.56.0 15 1.56.0
25 ........... 1.56.0 30 1.56.0
uid-immersed distribution trans- 37.5 ........ 1.56.0 45 1.56.0
formers at 50 percent load, and 75 C for 50 ........... 1.56.0 75 1.56.0
load loss of both low-voltage and me- 75 ........... 2.07.0 112.5 1.56.0
dium-voltage dry-type distribution 100 ......... 2.07.0 150 1.56.0
167 ......... 2.58.0 225 3.07.0
transformers, at 35 percent load and 50 250 ......... 3.58.0 300 3.07.0
percent load, respectively. It is the 333 ......... 3.58.0 500 4.58.0
temperature at which the transformer 500 ......... 3.58.0 750 5.08.0
667 ......... 5.08.0 1000 5.08.0
losses must be determined, and to 833 ......... 5.08.0 1500 5.08.0
which such losses must be corrected if ................ 2000 5.08.0
testing is done at a different point. ................ 2500 5.08.0
(These temperatures are specified in
the test method in appendix A to this Temperature correction means the
part.) mathematical correction(s) of meas-
Regulating transformer means a trans- urement data, obtained when a trans-
former that varies the voltage, the former is tested at a temperature that
597
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431.193 10 CFR Ch. II (1113 Edition)
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Department of Energy 431.196
Efficiency Efficiency
kVA kVA
(%) (%)
599
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Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A 10 CFR Ch. II (1113 Edition)
600
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Department of Energy Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A
the units being tested may be determined 3.3.1.1 Wheatstone Bridge
from making resistance measurements on
only one of the units. (a) This bridge is best suited for measuring
3.3.1 Resistance Bridge Methods. resistances larger than ten ohms. A sche-
If the resistance bridge method is selected, matic diagram of a Wheatstone bridge with a
use either the Wheatstone or Kelvin bridge representative transformer under test is
circuit (or the equivalent of either). shown in Figure 3.1.
601
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Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A 10 CFR Ch. II (1113 Edition)
ER27AP06.005</MATH> ER27AP06.006</MATH>
602
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Department of Energy Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A
ance range, current range, and ability to circuits as shown in Figures 3.1 to 3.3. The
measure highly inductive resistors that relationship for the time constant is:
603
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Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A 10 CFR Ch. II (1113 Edition)
need corrections for known phase angle er-
Tc = ( L tc /R tc ) ( 3-5) rors in measuring equipment and for the
waveform distortion in the test voltage. Any
Where: power loss not measured at the applicable
Tc is the time constant in seconds, reference temperature must be adjusted to
Ltc is the total magnetizing and leakage in- that reference temperature. The measured
ductance of the winding under test, in load loss must also be adjusted to a specified
henries, and output loading level if not measured at the
Rtc is the total resistance in ohms, consisting specified output loading level. Test distribu-
of Rt in series with the winding resist- tion transformers designed for harmonic cur-
ance Rdc and the resistance Rs of the rents using a sinusoidal waveform (k=1).
standard resistor in the bridge circuit. 4.2 Measurement of Power Losses.
(c) Because Rtc is in the denominator of the 4.2.1 No-Load Loss.
expression for the time constant, increasing Measure the no-load loss and apply correc-
the resistance Rtc will decrease the time con- tions as described in section 4.4, using the
stant. If the time constant in a given test appropriate test set as described in section
circuit is too long for the resistance readings 4.3.
to be stable, then a higher resistance can be 4.2.2 Load Loss.
substituted for the existing Rtc, and succes- Measure the load loss and apply correc-
sive replacements can be made until ade- tions as described in section 4.5, using the
quate stability is reached. appropriate test set as described in section
3.5 Conversion of Resistance Measurements. 4.3.
(a) Resistance measurements must be cor- 4.3 Test Sets.
rected, from the temperature at which the (a) The same test set may be used for both
winding resistance measurements were the no-load loss and load loss measurements
made, to the reference temperature. As spec- provided the range of the test set encom-
ified in these test procedures, the reference passes the test requirements of both tests.
temperature for liquid-immersed trans- Calibrate the test set to national standards
formers loaded at 50 percent of the rated load to meet the tolerances in Table 2.1 in section
is 55 C. For medium-voltage, dry-type trans- 2.0. In addition, the wattmeter, current
formers loaded at 50 percent of the rated measuring system and voltage measuring
load, and for low-voltage, dry-type trans- system must be calibrated separately if the
formers loaded at 35 percent of the rated overall test set calibration is outside the tol-
load, the reference temperature is 75 C. erance as specified in section 2.0 or the indi-
(b) Correct the measured resistance to the vidual phase angle error exceeds the values
resistance at the reference temperature specified in section 4.5.3.
using equation 36 as follows: (b) A test set based on the wattmeter-
voltmeter-ammeter principle may be used to
R ts = R dc ( Ts + Tk ) / ( Tdc + Tk ) ( 3-6 )
measure the power loss and the applied volt-
age and current of a transformer where the
transformers test current and voltage are
Where: within the measurement capability of the
Rts is the resistance at the reference tem- measuring instruments. Current and voltage
perature, Ts, transformers, known collectively as instru-
Rdc is the measured resistance at tempera- ment transformers, or other scaling devices
ture, Tdc, such as resistive or capacitive dividers for
Ts is the reference temperature in C, voltage, may be used in the above cir-
Tdc is the temperature at which resistance cumstance, and must be used together with
was measured in C, and instruments to measure current, voltage, or
Tk is 234.5 C for copper or 225 C for alu- power where the current or voltage of the
minum. transformer under test exceeds the measure-
ment capability of such instruments. Thus, a
4.0 LOSS MEASUREMENT
test set may include a combination of meas-
4.1 General Considerations. uring instruments and instrument trans-
The efficiency of a transformer is com- formers (or other scaling devices), so long as
puted from the total transformer losses, the current or voltage of the transformer
which are determined from the measured under test does not exceed the measurement
value of the no-load loss and load loss power capability of any of the instruments.
components. Each of these two power loss 4.3.1 Single-Phase Test Sets.
components is measured separately using Use these for testing single-phase distribu-
test sets that are identical, except that tion transformers.
shorting straps are added for the load-loss 4.3.1.1 Without Instrument Transformers.
test. The measured quantities will need cor- (a) A single-phase test set without an in-
rection for instrumentation losses and may strument transformer is shown in Figure 4.1.
ER27AP06.010</GPH>
604
ER27AP06.009</GPH>
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Department of Energy Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A
tion transformers. Use in a four-wire, three- ment transformers is shown in Figure 4.3.
wattmeter test circuit. This test set is essentially the same circuit
605
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Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A 10 CFR Ch. II (1113 Edition)
shown in Figure 4.1 repeated three times, strumentation system of a three-phase test
and the instruments are individual devices set without transformers may consist of a
as shown. As an alternative, the entire in- multi-function analyzer.
(b) Either group of windings, the primary and for line-to-line measurements for delta-
or the secondary, can be connected in wye or connected windings.
delta configuration. If both groups of 4.3.2.2 With Instrument Transformers.
windings are connected in the wye configura- A three-phase test set with instrument
tion for the no-load test, the neutral of the transformers is shown in Figure 4.4. This test
winding connected to the test set must be set is essentially the same circuit shown in
connected to the neutral of the source to
Figure 4.2 repeated three times. Provision
provide a return path for the neutral cur-
must be made to switch the voltmeters for
rent.
(c) In the no-load loss measurement, the line-to-neutral and line-to-line measure-
voltage on the winding must be measured. ments as in section 4.3.2.1. The voltage sen-
Therefore a provision must be made to sors (coils) of the wattmeters must always
switch the voltmeters for line-to-neutral be connected in the line-to-neutral configu-
measurements for wye-connected windings ration.
606
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Department of Energy Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A
4.3.2.3 Test Set Neutrals. readings of the wattmeter(s) and the aver-
If the power source in the test circuit is age-sensing and true rms voltmeters. Ob-
wye-connected, ground the neutral. If the serve the following precautions:
power source in the test circuit is delta-con- (1) Voltmeter connections. When cor-
nected, use a grounding transformer to ob- recting to a sine-wave basis using the aver-
tain neutral and ground for the test. age-voltmeter method, the voltmeter con-
4.4 No-Load Losses: Measurement and Cal- nections must be such that the waveform ap-
culations. plied to the voltmeters is the same as the
4.4.1 General Considerations. waveform across the energized windings.
Measurement corrections are permitted (2) Energized windings. Energize either the
but not required for instrumentation losses high voltage or the low voltage winding of
and for losses from auxiliary devices. Meas- the transformer under test.
urement corrections are required: (3) Voltage and frequency. The no-load loss
(a) When the waveform of the applied volt- test must be conducted with rated voltage
age is non-sinusoidal; and impressed across the transformer terminals
(b) When the core temperature or liquid using a voltage source at a frequency equal
temperature is outside the 20 C 10 C range. to the rated frequency of the transformer
4.4.2 No-Load Loss Test. under test.
(a) The purpose of the no-load loss test is (b) Adjust the voltage to the specified
to measure no-load losses at a specified exci- value as indicated by the average-sensing
tation voltage and a specified frequency. The voltmeter. Record the values of rms voltage,
no-load loss determination must be based on rms current, electrical power, and average
a sine-wave voltage corrected to the ref- voltage as close to simultaneously as pos-
erence temperature. Connect either of the sible. For a three-phase transformer, take all
transformer windings, primary or secondary, of the readings on one phase before pro-
to the appropriate test set of Figures 4.1 to ceeding to the next, and record the average
4.4, giving consideration to section 4.4.2(a)(2). of the three rms voltmeter readings as the
Leave the unconnected winding(s) open rms voltage value.
circuited. Apply the rated voltage at rated NOTE: When the tester uses a power supply
frequency, as measured by the average-sens- that is not synchronized with an electric
ing voltmeter, to the transformer. Take the utility grid, such as a dc/ac motor-generator
607
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Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A 10 CFR Ch. II (1113 Edition)
set, check the frequency and maintain it After correcting the measured no-load loss
within 0.5 percent of the rated frequency of for waveform distortion, correct the loss to
the transformer under test. A power source the reference temperature of 20 C. If the no-
that is directly connected to, or syn- load loss measurements were made between
chronized with, an electric utility grid need 10 C and 30 C, this correction is not re-
not be monitored for frequency. quired. If the correction to reference tem-
4.4.3 Corrections. perature is applied, then the core tempera-
4.4.3.1 Correction for Instrumentation ture of the transformer during no-load loss
Losses. measurement (Tnm) must be determined with-
Measured losses attributable to the in 10 C of the true average core tempera-
voltmeters and wattmeter voltage circuit, ture. Correct the no-load loss to the ref-
and to voltage transformers if they are used, erence temperature by using equation 42 as
may be deducted from the total no-load follows:
losses measured during testing.
4.4.3.2 Correction for Non-Sinusoidal Applied Pnc = Pncl 1 + 0.00065 ( Tnm Tnr ) ( 4-2 )
Voltage.
(a) The measured value of no-load loss Where:
must be corrected to a sinusoidal voltage,
Pnc is the no-load losses corrected for wave-
except when waveform distortion in the test
form distortion and then to the reference
voltage causes the magnitude of the correc-
temperature of 20 C,
tion to be less than 1 percent. In such a case,
Pnc1 is the no-load losses, corrected for wave-
no correction is required.
form distortion, at temperature Tnm,
(b) To make a correction where the distor-
Tnm is the core temperature during the meas-
tion requires a correction of 5 percent or
urement of no-load losses, and
less, use equation 41. If the distortion re-
quires a correction to be greater than 5 per- Tnr is the reference temperature, 20 C.
cent, improve the test voltage and re-test. 4.5 Load Losses: Measurement and Calcula-
Repeat until the distortion requires a correc- tions.
tion of 5 percent or less. 4.5.1 General Considerations.
(c) Determine the no-load losses of the (a) The load losses of a transformer are
transformer corrected for sine-wave basis those losses incident to a specified load car-
from the measured value by using equation ried by the transformer. Load losses consist
41 as follows: of ohmic loss in the windings due to the load
current and stray losses due to the eddy cur-
Pnm rents induced by the leakage flux in the
Pncl = ( 4-1) windings, core clamps, magnetic shields,
P1 + kP2 tank walls, and other conducting parts. The
ohmic loss of a transformer varies directly
Where: with temperature, whereas the stray losses
Pncl is the no-load loss corrected to a sine- vary inversely with temperature.
wave basis at the temperature (Tnm) at (b) For a transformer with a tap changer,
which no-load loss is measured, conduct the test at the rated current and
Pnm is the measured no-load loss at tempera- rated-voltage tap position. For a transformer
ture Tnm, that has a configuration of windings which
P1 is the per unit hysteresis loss, allows for more than one nominal rated volt-
P2 is the per unit eddy-current loss, age, determine its load losses either in the
P1 + P2 = 1, winding configuration in which the highest
losses occur or in each winding configuration
2 in which the transformer can operate.
Vr ( nm ) 4.5.2 Tests for Measuring Load Losses.
k= , (a) Connect the transformer with either
Va ( nm )
the high-voltage or low-voltage windings to
the appropriate test set. Then short-circuit
Vr(nm) is the test voltage measured by rms the winding that was not connected to the
voltmeter, and test set. Apply a voltage at the rated fre-
Va(nm) is the test voltage measured by aver- quency (of the transformer under test) to the
age-voltage voltmeter. connected windings to produce the rated cur-
ER27AP06.017</MATH>
(d) The two loss components (P1 and P2) rent in the transformer. Take the readings of
are assumed equal in value, each assigned a the wattmeter(s), the ammeters(s), and rms
value of 0.5 per unit, unless the actual meas- voltmeter(s).
urement-based values of hysteresis and eddy- (b) Regardless of the test set selected, the
current losses are available (in per unit following preparatory requirements must be
form), in which case the actual measure- satisfied for accurate test results:
ER27AP06.016</MATH>
608
ER27AP06.015</MATH>
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Department of Energy Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A
(2) The conductors used to short-circuit losses with the auxiliary devices connected,
the windings must have a cross-sectional determine the losses associated with the
area equal to, or greater than, the cor- auxiliary devices, and deduct these losses
responding transformer leads, or, if the test- from the load losses measured during test-
er uses a different method to short-circuit ing.
the windings, the losses in the short- 4.5.3.2 Correction for Phase Angle Errors.
circuiting conductor assembly must be less (a) Corrections for phase angle errors are
than 10 percent of the transformers load not required if the instrumentation is cali-
losses. brated over the entire range of power factors
(3) When the tester uses a power supply and phase angle errors. Otherwise, determine
that is not synchronized with an electric
whether to correct for phase angle errors
utility grid, such as a dc/ac motor-generator
from the magnitude of the normalized per
set, follow the provisions of the Note in
unit correction, bn, obtained by using equa-
section 4.4.2.
tion 43 as follows:
4.5.3 Corrections.
( 4-3)
tation and Auxiliary Devices.
4.5.3.1.1 Instrumentation Losses. n =
Measured losses attributable to the p lm
voltmeters, wattmeter voltage circuit and
short-circuiting conductor (SC), and to the (b) The correction must be applied if bn is
voltage transformers if they are used, may outside the limits of 0.01. If bn is within the
be deducted from the total load losses meas- limits of 0.01, the correction is permitted
ured during testing. but not required.
4.5.3.1.2 Losses from Auxiliary Devices. (c) If the correction for phase angle errors
Measured losses attributable to auxiliary is to be applied, first examine the total sys-
devices (e.g., circuit breakers, fuses, switch- tem phase angle (bw bv + bc). Where the
es) installed in the transformer, if any, that total system phase angle is equal to or less
are not part of the winding and core assem- than 12 milliradians (41 minutes), use ei-
bly, may be excluded from load losses meas- ther equation 44 or 45 to correct the meas-
ured during testing. To exclude these losses, ured load loss power for phase angle errors,
either (1) measure transformer losses with- and where the total system phase angle ex-
out the auxiliary devices by removing or by- ceeds 12 milliradians (41 minutes) use
passing them, or (2) measure transformer equation 45, as follows:
rent phasors as sensed by the wattmeter (b) Calculate the ohmic loss (Pe) by using
is smaller than the true phase angle, equation 46 as follows:
609
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Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A 10 CFR Ch. II (1113 Edition)
Pe = Pe( p ) + Pe(s )
Tk ( p ) + Tlm Tk (s ) + Tlm
= Ilm
2
( p ) R dc ( p ) + Ilm
2
( s ) R dc ( s )
Tk ( p ) + Tdc Tk (s ) + Tdc
Tk ( p ) + Tlm N1 2 Tk (s ) + Tlm
= Ilm
2
(p) R dc ( p )
+ R dc(s ) ( 4-6 )
Tk ( p ) + Tdc N 2 Tk (s ) + Tdc
(c) Obtain the stray loss by subtracting the (d) Correct the ohmic and stray losses to
calculated ohmic loss from the measured the reference temperature for the load loss
load loss, by using equation 47 as follows: by using equations 48 and 49, respectively,
as follows:
Ps = Plc1 Pe ( 4-7 )
Tk ( p ) + Tlr Tk (s ) + Tlr
Per = Pe( p ) + Pe(s )
Tk ( p ) + Tlm Tk (s ) + Tlm
Tk ( p ) + Tlr N1 2 Tk (s ) + Tlr
=I 2
lm ( p )
R dc( p ) + R dc(s ) ( 4-8)
Tk ( p ) + Tdc N 2 Tk (s ) + Tdc
ER27AP06.026</MATH>
Tk ( p ) + Tlr N1 2 Tk (s ) + Tlr
= Ilm
2
(p) R dc ( p )
+ R dc(s )
Tk ( p ) + Tdc N 2 Tk (s ) + Tdc
ER27AP06.025</MATH>
(f) The symbols in this section (4.5.3.3) have Pe is the ohmic loss in the transformer in
the following meanings: watts at the temperature Tlm,
ER27AP06.023</MATH>
Ilm(p) is the primary current in amperes, Pe(p) is the ohmic loss in watts in the primary
Ilm(s) is the secondary current in amperes, winding at the temperature Tlm,
610
ER27AP06.022</MATH>
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Department of Energy Pt. 431, Subpt. K, App. A
Pe(s) is the ohmic loss in watts in the sec- the load loss power measurements were
ondary winding at the temperature Tlm, made, then adjust the corrected load loss
Per is the ohmic loss in watts corrected to power, Plc2, by using equation 51 as follows:
the reference temperature,
Plc1 is the measured load loss in watts, cor- 2
P
rected for phase angle error, at the tem-
perature Tlm, Plc = Plc 2 os = Plc 2 L2 (5-1)
Plc2 is the load loss at the reference tempera- Por
ture, Where:
Ps is the stray loss in watts at the tempera-
ture Tlm, Plc is the adjusted load loss power to the
Psr is the stray loss in watts corrected to the specified energy efficiency load level,
reference temperature, Plc2 is as calculated in section 4.5.3.3,
Por is the rated transformer apparent power
Rdc(p) is the measured dc primary winding re-
(name plate),
sistance in ohms,
Pos is the specified energy efficiency load
Rdc(s) is the measured dc secondary winding
level, where Pos = PorL, and
resistance in ohms,
L is the per unit load level, e.g., if the load
Tk is the critical temperature in degrees Cel-
level is 50 percent then L will be 0.5.
sius for the material of the transformer
5.2 Total Loss Power Calculation.
windings. Where copper is used in both pri-
mary and secondary windings, Tk is 234.5 Calculate the corrected total loss power by
C; where aluminum is used in both pri- using equation 52 as follows:
mary and secondary windings, Tk is 225 C;
where both copper and aluminum are used Pts = Pnc + Plc ( 5-2 )
in the same transformer, the value of 229
C is used for Tk, Where:
Tk(p) is the critical temperature in degrees Pts is the corrected total loss power adjusted
Celsius for the material of the primary for the transformer output loading speci-
winding: 234.5 C if copper and 225 C if alu- fied by the standard,
minum, Pnc is as calculated in section 4.4.3.3, and
Tk(s) is the critical temperature in degrees Plc is as calculated in section 5.1.
Celsius for the material of the secondary 5.3 Energy Efficiency Calculation.
winding: 234.5 C if copper and 225 C if alu- Calculate efficiency (h) in percent at speci-
minum, fied energy efficiency load level, Pos, by
Tlm is the temperature in degrees Celsius at using equation 53 as follows:
which the load loss is measured,
Pos
Tlr is the reference temperature for the load
loss in degrees Celsius,
= 100 ( 5-3)
Pos + Pts
Tdc is the temperature in degrees Celsius at
which the resistance values are measured,
and Where:
N1/N2 is the ratio of the number of turns in Pos is as described and calculated in section
the primary winding (N1) to the number of 5.1, and
turns in the secondary winding (N2); for a Pts is as described and calculated in section
primary winding with taps, N1 is the num- 5.2.
ber of turns used when the voltage applied 5.4 Significant Figures in Power Loss and
to the primary winding is the rated pri- Efficiency Data.
mary voltage. In measured and calculated data, retain
enough significant figures to provide at least
5.0 DETERMINING THE EFFICIENCY VALUE OF 1 percent resolution in power loss data and
THE TRANSFORMER 0.01 percent resolution in efficiency data.
This section presents the equations to use
in determining the efficiency value of the 6.0 TEST EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION AND
transformer at the required reference condi- CERTIFICATION
tions and at the specified loading level. The Maintain and calibrate test equipment and
details of measurements are described in sec- measuring instruments, maintain calibra-
tions 3.0 and 4.0. For a transformer that has tion records, and perform other test and
ER27AP06.030</MATH>
5.1 Output Loading Level Adjustment. The party performing the tests shall con-
If the output loading level for energy effi- trol, calibrate and maintain measuring and
ciency is different from the level at which test equipment, whether or not it owns the
611
ER16OC06.011</MATH>
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431.201 10 CFR Ch. II (1113 Edition)
equipment, has the equipment on loan, or Subpart LIlluminated Exit Signs
the equipment is provided by another party.
Equipment shall be used in a manner which
assures that measurement uncertainty is SOURCE: 70 FR 60417, Oct. 18, 2005, unless
known and is consistent with the required otherwise noted.
measurement capability.
6.2 Calibration and Certification. 431.201 Purpose and scope.
The party performing the tests must: This subpart contains energy con-
(a) Identify the measurements to be made, servation requirements for illuminated
the accuracy required (section 2.0) and select exit signs, pursuant to Part B of Title
the appropriate measurement and test equip- III of the Energy Policy and Conserva-
ment; tion Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6291
(b) At prescribed intervals, or prior to use, 6309.
identify, check and calibrate, if needed, all
measuring and test equipment systems or de- 431.202 Definitions concerning illu-
vices that affect test accuracy, against cer- minated exit signs.
tified equipment having a known valid rela-
tionship to nationally recognized standards; Basic model means all units of a given
where no such standards exist, the basis used type of covered product (or class there-
for calibration must be documented; of) manufactured by one manufacturer,
(c) Establish, document and maintain cali- having the same primary energy
bration procedures, including details of source, and which have essentially
equipment type, identification number, loca- identical electrical, physical, and func-
tion, frequency of checks, check method, ac- tional (or hydraulic) characteristics
ceptance criteria and action to be taken that affect energy consumption, energy
when results are unsatisfactory; efficiency, water consumption, or
(d) Ensure that the measuring and test water efficiency.
equipment is capable of the accuracy and Face means an illuminated side of an
precision necessary, taking into account the
illuminated exit sign.
voltage, current and power factor of the
transformer under test; Illuminated exit sign means a sign
(e) Identify measuring and test equipment that
with a suitable indicator or approved identi- (1) Is designed to be permanently
fication record to show the calibration sta- fixed in place to identify an exit; and
tus; (2) Consists of an electrically pow-
(f) Maintain calibration records for meas- ered integral light source that
uring and test equipment; (i) Illuminates the legend EXIT
(g) Assess and document the validity of and any directional indicators; and
previous test results when measuring and (ii) Provides contrast between the
test equipment is found to be out of calibra- legend, any directional indicators, and
tion; the background.
(h) Ensure that the environmental condi-
Input power demand means the
tions are suitable for the calibrations, meas-
urements and tests being carried out;
amount of power required to continu-
(i) Ensure that the handling, preservation
ously illuminate an exit sign model,
and storage of measuring and test equipment measured in watts (W). For exit sign
is such that the accuracy and fitness for use models with rechargeable batteries,
is maintained; and input power demand shall be measured
(j) Safeguard measuring and test facilities, with batteries at full charge.
including both test hardware and test soft-
[70 FR 60417, Oct. 18, 2005, as amended at 71
ware, from adjustments which would invali- FR 71372, Dec. 8, 2006; 76 FR 12504, Mar. 7,
date the calibration setting. 2011]
[71 FR 24999, Apr. 27, 2006, as amended at 71
FR 60662, Oct. 16, 2006] TEST PROCEDURES
EFFECTIVE DATE NOTE: At 71 FR 24999, Apr. 431.203 Materials incorporated by
27, 2006, appendix A to subpart K of part 431 reference.
was added, effective May 30, 2006, except for
section 6.2(f) and section 6.2 (b) and (c) which (a) General. The Department incor-
contain information collection requirements porates by reference the following test
and will not become effective until approval procedures into subpart L of part 431.
has been given by the Office of Management The Director of the Federal Register
and Budget. has approved the material listed in
612
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