M53 Lec3.2 (Concavity and SDT) PDF

Concavity and The Second Derivative Test
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
Lecture 3.2
For today
1 Concavity and Points of Inflection
2 The Second Derivative Test
3 Graphing Polynomials
For today
Concavity at a Point
Definition
The graph of a function f is said to be concave up at the point
P(c, f (c))
Definition
P(c, f (c)) if f 0 (c) exists and there is an open interval I containing c
such that for all x I \ {c},
Definition
such that for all x I \ {c}, the point (x, f (x)) is above the tangent
line to the graph of f at P.
Definition
Definition
The graph of a function f is said to be concave down at the point
P(c, f (c))
Definition
Definition
such that for all x I \ {c},
Definition
Definition
such that for all x I \ {c}, the point (x, f (x)) is below the tangent
Concavity on an Interval
Definition
The graph of f is concave up (or down) on an interval I ,
Concavity on an Interval
Definition
The graph of f is concave up (or down) on an interval I , if it is
concave up (or down) at all points in I .
Concavity
The graph below is ...

Concavity
c1 c2 c3 c5 c7
Concavity
c1 c2 c3 c5 c7
Concavity
c1 c2 c3 c5 c7
concave UP at the point P.

Concavity
c1 c2 c3 c5 c7
concave UP on the interval (c1 , c2 ) and (c2 , c3 ).

Concavity
?
?
?
c1 c2 c3 c5 c7
concavity at x = c1 ? x = c2 ? x = c3 ?
Concavity
c1 c2 c3 c5 c7
NEITHER concave up nor concave down at x = c5 .

Concavity
c1 c2 c3 c5 c7
concave UP on (c3 , c5 ).
Concavity
c1 c2 c3 c5 c7
concave DOWN on (c5 , c7 ).

Concavity
?
c1 c2 c3 c5 c7
concavity at x = c7 ?
Concavity and Rate of Change of Slope
Recall:
f 0 (x) slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at x
Recall:
Concave up
Recall:
Concave up
As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line .

Recall:
Concave up

Recall:
Concave up

Recall:
Concave up

Recall:
Concave up

Recall:
Concave up

Recall:
Concave up
As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line increases.

Recall:
f 00 (x) rate of change of f 0 (x)

Concave up
As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line increases.

Recall:
f 00 (x) rate of change of f 0 (x)

Concave up
f 00 (x) > 0
Concave Down
Concave Down
Concave Down
Concave Down
Concave Down
Concave Down
Concave Down
As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line decreases.

Concave Down
As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line decreases.
f 00 (x) < 0
Concavity and the Second Derivative
Theorem
Let f be a function such that f 00 exist on (a, b).
1 If f 00 (x) > 0 for all x (a, b), then f is concave up on (a, b).
2 If f 00 (x) < 0 for all x (a, b), then f is concave down on (a, b).
Theorem
Example 1:
f (x) = x3
Theorem
Example 1:
f (x) = x3
f 0 (x) = 3x2
Theorem
Example 1:
f (x) = x3
f 0 (x) = 3x2
f 00 (x) = 6x
Theorem
Example 1:
f (x) = x3
x 0
f 0 (x) = 3x2
f 00 (x) +
f 00 (x) = 6x
Theorem
Example 1:
f (x) = x3
x 0
f 0 (x) = 3x2
f 00 (x) +
f 00 (x) = 6x
The graph of f is concave up on (0, ).
Theorem
Example 1:
f (x) = x3
x 0
f 0 (x) = 3x2
f 00 (x) +
f 00 (x) = 6x
The graph of f is concave down on (, 0).
Theorem
Example 1:
f (x) = x3
x 0 f (x) = x3
f 0 (x) = 3x2
f 00 (x) +
f 00 (x) = 6x
The graph of f is concave down on (, 0).
Theorem
Theorem
Example 1:
p
3
f (x) = x
Theorem
Example 1:
p
3
f (x) = x
f 0 (x) = 13 x2/3
Theorem
Example 1:
p
3
f (x) = x
f 0 (x) = 13 x2/3
2 5/3 2
f 00 (x) = 9 x = p
3
9 x5
Theorem
Example 1:
p
3
f (x) = x
x 0
f 0 (x) = 13 x2/3
f 00 (x) +
2 5/3 2
f 00 (x) = 9 x = p
3
9 x5
Theorem
Example 1:
p
3
f (x) = x
x 0
f 0 (x) = 13 x2/3
f 00 (x) +
2 5/3 2
f 00 (x) = 9 x = p
3
9 x5
The graph of f is concave up on (, 0).
Theorem
Example 1:
p
3
f (x) = x
x 0
f 0 (x) = 13 x2/3
f 00 (x) +
2 5/3 2
f 00 (x) = 9 x = p
3
9 x5
The graph of f is concave down on (0, ).
Theorem
Example 1:
p
3
f (x) = x
p
3
x 0 f (x) = x
f 0 (x) = 13 x2/3
f 00 (x) +
2 5/3 2
f 00 (x) = 9 x = p
3
9 x5
The graph of f is concave down on (0, ).
Point of Inflection
Definition
The graph of f (x) has a point of inflection (POI) at P(c, f (c)) if f is
continuous at x = c and the graph of f changes concavity at P.
Point of Inflection
Definition
The graph of f (x) has a point of inflection (POI) at P(c, f (c)) if f is
continuous at x = c and the graph of f changes concavity at P.
EQUVALENTLY,
there is an open interval (a, b) containing c such that
1 f 00 (x) > 0 x (a, c) and f 00 (x) < 0 x (c, b) OR;
2 f 00 (x) < 0 x (a, c) and f 00 (x) > 0 x (c, b).
Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3
Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3
f 00 (x) = 6x
Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3 x 0
f 00 (x) = 6x f 00 (x) +
Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3 x 0
f 00 (x) = 6x f 00 (x) +
f is continuous at x = 0
Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3 x 0
f 00 (x) = 6x f 00 (x) +
The graph of f has a point of inflection at (0, 0).

Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3 x 0 f (x) = x3
00 00
f (x) = 6x f (x) +

Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3 x 0 f (x) = x3
00 00
f (x) = 6x f (x) +
Example
p
3
f (x) = x
Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3 x 0 f (x) = x3
00 00
f (x) = 6x f (x) +
Example
p
3
f (x) = x
2
f 00 (x) = p
3
9 x5
Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3 x 0 f (x) = x3
00 00
f (x) = 6x f (x) +
Example
p
3
f (x) = x
x 0
2 00
00
f (x) = p f (x) +
3
9 x5
Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3 x 0 f (x) = x3
00 00
f (x) = 6x f (x) +
Example
p
3
f (x) = x
x 0
2 00
00
f (x) = p f (x) +
3
9 x5
Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3 x 0 f (x) = x3
00 00
f (x) = 6x f (x) +
Example
p
3
f (x) = x
x 0
2 00
00
f (x) = p f (x) +
3
9 x5
Point of Inflection
Example
f (x) = x3 x 0 f (x) = x3
00 00
f (x) = 6x f (x) +
Example
p
3
f (x) = x p
x 0 f (x) = 3 x
2
f 00 (x) = p f 00 (x) +
3
9 x 5
Point of Inflection
Theorem
If P(c, f (c)) is a POI of the graph of the function f , then f 00 (c) = 0 or
f 00 (c) does not exist.
Point of Inflection
Theorem
Remark
The converse is not true. If c satisfies f 00 (c) = 0 or f 00 (c) dne,f may
or may not have a POI at x = c..
Point of Inflection
Theorem
Remark
Example
f (x) = x4
Point of Inflection
Theorem
Remark
Example
f (x) = x4
f 00 (x) = 12x2 .
f 00 (0) = 0
Point of Inflection
Theorem
Remark
Example
f (x) = x4
f (x) = x4
f 00 (x) = 12x2 .
f 00 (0) = 0
Point of Inflection
Theorem
Remark
Example
f (x) = x2/3
Point of Inflection
Theorem
Remark
Example
f (x) = x2/3
2
f 00 (x) =
9x4/3
f 00 (0) dne
Point of Inflection
Theorem
Remark
Example
g(x) = x2/3
f (x) = x2/3
2
f 00 (x) =
9x4/3
f 00 (0) dne
VENN DIAGRAM
f is continuous
f 00 (x) = 0 or f 00 (x) dne
f has a POI
Example
x3
Determine all POIs of f (x) = 3x and discuss the concavity of its
9
graph.
Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
2x
f 00 (x) =
3
Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
2x
f 00 (x) =
3
Possible POIs: 0
Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
2x
f 00 (x) =
3
Possible POIs: 0 (f is continuous at x = 0.)
Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
2x
f 00 (x) =
3
00
Table of signs for f (x)
Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
2x
f 00 (x) =
3
00
0
00
f (x)
Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
2x
f 00 (x) =
3
00
0
00
f (x)
Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
2x
f 00 (x) =
3
00
0
00
f (x) +
Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
2x
f 00 (x) =
3
00
0
00
f (x) +
Conclusions:
Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
2x
f 00 (x) =
3
00
0
00
f (x) +
Conclusions:
The graph of f has a POI at (0, 0),

Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
2x
f 00 (x) =
3
00
0
00
f (x) +
Conclusions:
The graph of f has a POI at (0, 0), is concave down on (, 0),

Example
x3
9
graph.
Solution:
2x
f 00 (x) =
3
00
0
00
f (x) +
Conclusions:
The graph of f has a POI at (0, 0), is concave down on (, 0),

and is concave up on (0, ).
Example
Determine all POI of f (x) = x4 + 2x3 and discuss the concavity of its
graph.
Example
graph.
Solution:
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x)
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 12x
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 12x = 12x(x + 1)
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 12x = 12x(x + 1)
PPOIs: 0,-1
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 12x = 12x(x + 1)
PPOIs: 0,-1
x 1 0
00
sign of f (x)
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 12x = 12x(x + 1)
PPOIs: 0,-1
x 1 0
00
sign of f (x) +
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 12x = 12x(x + 1)
PPOIs: 0,-1
x 1 0
00
sign of f (x) +
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 12x = 12x(x + 1)
PPOIs: 0,-1
x 1 0
00
sign of f (x) + +
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 12x = 12x(x + 1)
PPOIs: 0,-1
x 1 0
00
sign of f (x) + +
Conclusions:
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 12x = 12x(x + 1)
PPOIs: 0,-1
x 1 0
00
sign of f (x) + +
Conclusions:
Then (1, 1) and (0, 0) are POIs of the graph of f f .
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 12x = 12x(x + 1)
PPOIs: 0,-1
x 1 0
00
sign of f (x) + +
Conclusions:
The graph of f is concave up on (, 1) and (0, ).
Example
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x) = 12x2 + 12x = 12x(x + 1)
PPOIs: 0,-1
x 1 0
00
sign of f (x) + +
Conclusions:
The graph of f is concave up on (, 1) and (0, ).
The graph of f is concave down on (1, 0).
Example
x2
Determine all POI of f (x) = and discuss the concavity of its
9 x2
graph.
Example
x2
9 x2
graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x)
Example
x2
9 x2
graph.
Solution:
54(3 + x2 )
f 00 (x) =
(9 x2 )3
Example
x2
9 x2
graph.
Solution:
54(3 + x2 )
f 00 (x) =
(9 x2 )3
PPOIs:
Example
x2
9 x2
graph.
Solution:
54(3 + x2 )
f 00 (x) =
(9 x2 )3
PPOIs: none! NOTE: 3 dom f .
Conclusions:
The graph of f has no POI.
Example
x2
9 x2
graph.
Solution:
54(3 + x2 )
f 00 (x) =
(9 x2 )3
x 3 3
999
999
00
sign of f (x)
Conclusions:
Example
x2
9 x2
graph.
Solution:
54(3 + x2 )
f 00 (x) =
(9 x2 )3
x 3 3
999
999
00
sign of f (x) +
Conclusions:
Example
x2
9 x2
graph.
Solution:
54(3 + x2 )
f 00 (x) =
(9 x2 )3
x 3 3
999
999
00
sign of f (x) +
Conclusions:
Example
x2
9 x2
graph.
Solution:
54(3 + x2 )
f 00 (x) =
(9 x2 )3
x 3 3
999
999
00
sign of f (x) + +
Conclusions:
Example
x2
9 x2
graph.
Solution:
54(3 + x2 )
f 00 (x) =
(9 x2 )3
x 3 3
999
999
00
sign of f (x) + +
Conclusions:
The graph of f has no POI. It is concave up on (, 3) and
(3, )
Example
x2
9 x2
graph.
Solution:
54(3 + x2 )
f 00 (x) =
(9 x2 )3
x 3 3
999
999
00
sign of f (x) + +
Conclusions:
The graph of f has no POI. It is concave up on (, 3) and
(3, ) and it is is concave down on (3, 3).
Example
Determine all POI of f (x) = x4/3 + 4x1/3 and discuss the concavity
of its graph.
Example
of its graph.
Solution:
f 00 (x)
Example
of its graph.
Solution:
4(x + 2)
f 00 (x) =
9x5/3
Example
of its graph.
Solution:
4(x + 2)
f 00 (x) =
9x5/3
PPOIs:
Example
of its graph.
Solution:
4(x + 2)
f 00 (x) =
9x5/3
PPOIs: -2,0
Example
of its graph.
Solution:
4(x + 2)
f 00 (x) =
9x5/3
PPOIs: -2,0
x 2 0
sign of f 00 (x)
Example
of its graph.
Solution:
4(x + 2)
f 00 (x) =
9x5/3
PPOIs: -2,0
x 2 0
sign of f 00 (x)
Example
of its graph.
Solution:
4(x + 2)
f 00 (x) =
9x5/3
PPOIs: -2,0
x 2 0
sign of f 00 (x) +
Example
of its graph.
Solution:
4(x + 2)
f 00 (x) =
9x5/3
PPOIs: -2,0
x 2 0
sign of f 00 (x) +
Example
of its graph.
Solution:
4(x + 2)
f 00 (x) =
9x5/3
PPOIs: -2,0
x 2 0
sign of f 00 (x) +
Conclusions:
Example
of its graph.
Solution:
4(x + 2)
f 00 (x) =
9x5/3
PPOIs: -2,0
x 2 0
sign of f 00 (x) +
Conclusions:
p
Then (2, 2 3 2) and (0, 0) are POIs of the graph of f .
Example
of its graph.
Solution:
4(x + 2)
f 00 (x) =
9x5/3
PPOIs: -2,0
x 2 0
sign of f 00 (x) +
Conclusions:
p
Then (2, 2 3 2) and (0, 0) are POIs of the graph of f .
The graph of f is concave down on (, 2) and (0, ) and
concave up on (2, 0).
For today
Theorem (Second Derivative Test for Relative Extrema)
Let f be a function such that f 00 exist for all values of x on some
open interval containing x = c and f 0 (c) = 0.
1 If f 00 (c) < 0,
1 If f 00 (c) < 0, then f has a relative maximum value at x = c.
2 If f 00 (c) > 0,
2 If f 00 (c) > 0, then f has a relative minimum value at x = c.
2 If f 00 (c) > 0, then f has a relative minimum value at x = c.
3 If f 00 (x) = 0, we have no conclusion (may or may not have a
relative extrema at x = c).
To illustrate inconclusiveness when f 00 (x) = 0.
f (x) = x3
Example
f (x) = x3
Example
f (x) = x3
f (x) = x3
Example
f (x) = x3 f 0 (x) = 3x2
f (x) = x3
Example
f (x) = x3 f 0 (x) = 3x2 f 00 (x) = 6x
f (x) = x3
Example
f (x) = x3 f 0 (x) = 3x2 f 00 (x) = 6x
f satisfies the hypotheses of SDT at x = 0

f (x) = x3
Example
f (x) = x3 f 0 (x) = 3x2 f 00 (x) = 6x
f 00 (0) = 0
f (x) = x3
Example
f (x) = x3 f 0 (x) = 3x2 f 00 (x) = 6x
f 00 (0) = 0
f has no relative extrema at x = 0.

f (x) = x4
Example
f (x) = x4
Example
f (x) = x4
f (x) = x4
Example
f (x) = x4 f 0 (x) = 4x3
f (x) = x4
Example
f (x) = x4 f 0 (x) = 4x3 f 00 (x) = 12x2
f (x) = x4
Example
f (x) = x4 f 0 (x) = 4x3 f 00 (x) = 12x2

f (x) = x4
Example
f (x) = x4 f 0 (x) = 4x3 f 00 (x) = 12x2
f 00 (0) = 0
f (x) = x4
Example
f (x) = x4 f 0 (x) = 4x3 f 00 (x) = 12x2
f 00 (0) = 0
f has relative minimum at x = 0.

Determine whether or not the SDT is applicable to f at each
critical number. If yes, draw conclusions using SDT.
Example
x3
f (x) = 3x with C.N.={3, 3}
9
Example
x3
f (x) = 3x with C.N.={3, 3}
9
Solution:
f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)

Example
x3
f (x) = 3x with C.N.={3, 3}
9
Solution:
x2 9 2x
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3 3
Example
x3
f (x) = 3x with C.N.={3, 3}
9
Solution:
x2 9 2x
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3 3
f 0 (3) = 0 and f 0 (3) = 0

Example
x3
f (x) = 3x with C.N.={3, 3}
9
Solution:
x2 9 2x
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3 3
f 0 (3) = 0 and f 0 (3) = 0 SDT is applicable to both 3 and 3.

Example
x3
f (x) = 3x with C.N.={3, 3}
9
Solution:
x2 9 2x
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3 3
f 00 (3) = 2 < 0
Example
x3
f (x) = 3x with C.N.={3, 3}
9
Solution:
x2 9 2x
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3 3
f 00 (3) = 2 < 0 f has a relative maximum at x = 3.

Example
x3
f (x) = 3x with C.N.={3, 3}
9
Solution:
x2 9 2x
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3 3
f 00 (3) = 2 > 0
Example
x3
f (x) = 3x with C.N.={3, 3}
9
Solution:
x2 9 2x
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3 3
f 00 (3) = 2 > 0 f has a relative minimum at x = 3.

Example
f (x) = x4 + 2x3 with C.N.={0, 23 }
Example
f (x) = x4 + 2x3 with C.N.={0, 23 }
Solution:
f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)

Example
f (x) = x4 + 2x3 with C.N.={0, 23 }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 4x3 + 6x2 and f 00 (x)= 12x2 + 12x

Example
f (x) = x4 + 2x3 with C.N.={0, 23 }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 4x3 + 6x2 and f 00 (x)= 12x2 + 12x
f 0 (0) = 0 and f 0 ( 23 ) = 0
Example
f (x) = x4 + 2x3 with C.N.={0, 23 }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 4x3 + 6x2 and f 00 (x)= 12x2 + 12x
f 0 (0) = 0 and f 0 ( 23 ) = 0 SDT is applicable to both 0 and 32 .

Example
f (x) = x4 + 2x3 with C.N.={0, 23 }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 4x3 + 6x2 and f 00 (x)= 12x2 + 12x
f 00 (3/2) = 9 > 0
Example
f (x) = x4 + 2x3 with C.N.={0, 23 }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 4x3 + 6x2 and f 00 (x)= 12x2 + 12x
f 00 (3/2) = 9 > 0 f has a relative minimum at x = 23

Example
f (x) = x4 + 2x3 with C.N.={0, 23 }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 4x3 + 6x2 and f 00 (x)= 12x2 + 12x
f 00 (0) = 0
Example
f (x) = x4 + 2x3 with C.N.={0, 23 }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 4x3 + 6x2 and f 00 (x)= 12x2 + 12x
f 00 (0) = 0 inconclusive
Example
x2
f (x) = with C.N.={0}
9 x2
Example
x2
f (x) = with C.N.={0}
9 x2
Solution:
f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)

Example
x2
f (x) = with C.N.={0}
9 x2
Solution:
18x 54(3 + x2 )
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
(9 x2 )2 (9 x2 )3
Example
x2
f (x) = with C.N.={0}
9 x2
Solution:
18x 54(3 + x2 )
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
(9 x2 )2 (9 x2 )3
f 0 (0) = 0
Example
x2
f (x) = with C.N.={0}
9 x2
Solution:
18x 54(3 + x2 )
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
(9 x2 )2 (9 x2 )3
f 0 (0) = 0 SDT is applicable to 0.

Example
x2
f (x) = with C.N.={0}
9 x2
Solution:
18x 54(3 + x2 )
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
(9 x2 )2 (9 x2 )3
54(3)
f 00 (0) = 93
>0
Example
x2
f (x) = with C.N.={0}
9 x2
Solution:
18x 54(3 + x2 )
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
(9 x2 )2 (9 x2 )3
54(3)
f 00 (0) = 93
>0 f has a relative minimum at x = 0.
Example
f (x) = x4/3 + 4x1/3 with C.N.={0, 1}
Example
f (x) = x4/3 + 4x1/3 with C.N.={0, 1}
Solution:
f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)

Example
f (x) = x4/3 + 4x1/3 with C.N.={0, 1}
Solution:
4(x 1) 4(x + 2)
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3x2/3 9x5/3
Example
f (x) = x4/3 + 4x1/3 with C.N.={0, 1}
Solution:
4(x 1) 4(x + 2)
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3x2/3 9x5/3
f 0 (1) = 0 and f 0 (0) is und.

Example
f (x) = x4/3 + 4x1/3 with C.N.={0, 1}
Solution:
4(x 1) 4(x + 2)
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3x2/3 9x5/3
f 0 (1) = 0 and f 0 (0) is und. SDT is applicable to 1 only.

Example
f (x) = x4/3 + 4x1/3 with C.N.={0, 1}
Solution:
4(x 1) 4(x + 2)
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3x2/3 9x5/3
f 00 (1) = 34 < 0
Example
f (x) = x4/3 + 4x1/3 with C.N.={0, 1}
Solution:
4(x 1) 4(x + 2)
f 0 (x)= and f 00 (x)=
3x2/3 9x5/3

Example
f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a 6= 0. C.N.={ b
2a }
Example
2a }
Solution:
f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)

Example
2a }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 2ax + b and f 00 (x)= 2a

Example
2a }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 2ax + b and f 00 (x)= 2a
f 0 ( b
2a ) = 0
Example
2a }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 2ax + b and f 00 (x)= 2a
f 0 ( b
2a ) = 0 SDT is applicable to
b
2a .
Example
2a }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 2ax + b and f 00 (x)= 2a
f 0 ( b
b
2a .
f 00 ( b
2a ) = 2a
Example
2a }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 2ax + b and f 00 (x)= 2a
f 0 ( b
b
2a .
f 00 ( b
2a ) = 2a
If a > 0, f has a relative minimum at x = b

2a .
Example
2a }
Solution:
f 0 (x)= 2ax + b and f 00 (x)= 2a
f 0 ( b
b
2a .
f 00 ( b
2a ) = 2a
If a > 0, f has a relative minimum at x = b

2a .
If a < 0, then f has a relative maximum at x = b

2a .
For today
Guidelines in Graphing Polynomials
1 domain (always R) and intercepts


2 f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)

2 f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)
3 possible relative extrema and possible POIs

2 f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)
4 table of signs of f 0 and f 00

2 f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)
5 increasing or decreasing? (use signs of f 0 )

2 f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)
6 concave up or concave down? (use signs of f 00 )

2 f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)
7 coordinates of relative extrema and POIs

2 f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)
8 plot and label important points (intercepts, extrema, POI)

2 f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)
8 plot and label important points (intercepts, extrema, POI)
9 Use the table to graph the rest of the function.
Example
x3
Sketch the graph of f (x) = 3x analytically.
9
Example
x3
9
Solution:
domain:
x-int:
y -int:
f 0 (x) C.N.:
f 00 (x) PPOI:
Example
x3
9
Solution:
domain: R
x-int:
y -int:
f 0 (x) C.N.:
f 00 (x) PPOI:
Example
x3
9
Solution:
domain: R
p
x-int: 0, 3 3
y -int: 0
f 0 (x) C.N.:
f 00 (x) PPOI:
Example
x3
9
Solution:
domain: R
p
x-int: 0, 3 3
y -int: 0
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.:
3
f 00 (x) PPOI:
Example
x3
9
Solution:
domain: R
p
x-int: 0, 3 3
y -int: 0
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
f 00 (x) PPOI:
Example
x3
9
Solution:
domain: R
p
x-int: 0, 3 3
y -int: 0
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
interval f f0 f 00 conclusion
Solution:
domain: R
p
x-int: 0, 3 3
y -int: 0
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3)
Solution:
domain: R
p
x-int: 0, 3 3
y -int: 0
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3)
3
Solution:
domain: R
p
x-int: 0, 3 3
y -int: 0
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3)
3
Solution:
(3, 0)
domain: R
p
x-int: 0, 3 3
y -int: 0
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3)
3
Solution:
(3, 0)
domain: R 0
p
x-int: 0, 3 3
y -int: 0
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3)
3
Solution:
(3, 0)
domain: R 0
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3)
y -int: 0
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3)
3
Solution:
(3, 0)
domain: R 0
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3)
y -int: 0 3
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3)
3
Solution:
(3, 0)
domain: R 0
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3)
y -int: 0 3
(3, )
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) +
3 0
Solution:
(3, 0) -
domain: R 0 -
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) -
y -int: 0 3 0
(3, ) +
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + -
3 0 -
Solution:
(3, 0) - -
domain: R 0 - 0
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - +
y -int: 0 3 0 +
(3, ) + +
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 0 -
Solution:
(3, 0) - -
domain: R 0 - 0
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - +
y -int: 0 3 0 +
(3, ) + +
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 0 - rel. max.
Solution:
(3, 0) - -
domain: R 0 - 0
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - +
y -int: 0 3 0 +
(3, ) + +
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
Solution:
(3, 0) - -
domain: R 0 - 0
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - +
y -int: 0 3 0 +
(3, ) + +
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
Solution:
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
domain: R 0 - 0
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - +
y -int: 0 3 0 +
(3, ) + +
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
Solution:
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
domain: R 0 - 0 POI
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - +
y -int: 0 3 0 +
(3, ) + +
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
Solution:
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
domain: R 0 0 - 0 POI
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - +
y -int: 0 3 0 +
(3, ) + +
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
Solution:
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - + dec, cu
y -int: 0 3 0 +
(3, ) + +
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
Solution:
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - + dec, cu
y -int: 0 3 0 + rel. min.
(3, ) + +
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
Solution:
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - + dec, cu
y -int: 0 3 6 0 + rel. min.
(3, ) + +
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
Solution:
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - + dec, cu
y -int: 0 3 6 0 + rel. min.
(3, ) + + inc, cu
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
Solution:
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - + dec, cu
y -int: 0 3 6 0 + rel. min.
(3, ) + + inc, cu
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
POINTS:
2x
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0
3
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
Solution:
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
p
x-int: 0, 3 3 (0, 3) - + dec, cu
y -int: 0 3 6 0 + rel. min.
(3, ) + + inc, cu
x2 9
f 0 (x) = C.N.: 3, 3
3
POINTS:
2x (0, 0) - intercept, POI
f 00 (x) = PPOI: 0 p p
3 (3 3, 0), (3 3, 0) - intercepts
(3, 6) - relative max
(3, 6) - relative min
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
(3, 6)
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
0 0 - 0 POI
(0, 3) - + dec, cu
p p
(3 3, 0) (3 3, 0) 3 6 0 + rel. min.
(0, 0) (3, ) + + inc, cu
POINTS:
(0, 0) - intercept, POI
(3, 6)
p p
(3 3, 0), (3 3, 0) - intercepts
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
(3, 6)
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
0 0 - 0 POI
(0, 3) - + dec, cu
p p
(3 3, 0) (3 3, 0) 3 6 0 + rel. min.
(0, 0) (3, ) + + inc, cu
POINTS:
(3, 6)
p p
(3 3, 0), (3 3, 0) - intercepts
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
(3, 6)
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
0 0 - 0 POI
(0, 3) - + dec, cu
p p
(3 3, 0) (3 3, 0) 3 6 0 + rel. min.
(0, 0) (3, ) + + inc, cu
POINTS:
(3, 6)
p p
(3 3, 0), (3 3, 0) - intercepts
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
(3, 6)
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
0 0 - 0 POI
(0, 3) - + dec, cu
p p
(3 3, 0) (3 3, 0) 3 6 0 + rel. min.
(0, 0) (3, ) + + inc, cu
POINTS:
(3, 6)
p p
(3 3, 0), (3 3, 0) - intercepts
Example
x3
9
(, 3) + - inc., cd
3 6 0 - rel. max.
(3, 6)
(3, 0) - - dec, cd
0 0 - 0 POI
(0, 3) - + dec, cu
p p
(3 3, 0) (3 3, 0) 3 6 0 + rel. min.
(0, 0) (3, ) + + inc, cu
POINTS:
(3, 6)
p p
(3 3, 0), (3 3, 0) - intercepts
Example
Sketch the graph of f (x) = x4 + 2x3 analytically.
Example
Solution:
domain of f :
x-intercept:
y -intercept:
f 0 (x)
C.N.:
f 00 (x)
PPOI:
Example
Solution:
domain of f : R
x-intercept:
y -intercept:
f 0 (x)
C.N.:
f 00 (x)
PPOI:
Example
Solution:
domain of f : R
x-intercept: 0, 2
y -intercept: 0
f 0 (x)
C.N.:
f 00 (x)
PPOI:
Example
Solution:
domain of f : R
x-intercept: 0, 2
y -intercept: 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3)
C.N.:
f 00 (x)
PPOI:
Example
Solution:
domain of f : R
x-intercept: 0, 2
y -intercept: 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3)
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)
PPOI:
Example
Solution:
domain of f : R
x-intercept: 0, 2
y -intercept: 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3)
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
interval f f0 f 00 conclusions
Solution:
domain of f : R
x-intercept: 0, 2
y -intercept: 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3)
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
Solution: (, 23 )
domain of f : R
x-intercept: 0, 2
y -intercept: 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3)
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
Solution: (, 23 )
32
domain of f : R
x-intercept: 0, 2
y -intercept: 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3)
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
Solution: (, 23 )
32
domain of f : R
( 32 , 1)
x-intercept: 0, 2
y -intercept: 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3)
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
Solution: (, 23 )
32
domain of f : R
( 32 , 1)
x-intercept: 0, 2 1
y -intercept: 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3)
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
Solution: (, 23 )
32
domain of f : R
( 32 , 1)
x-intercept: 0, 2 1
y -intercept: 0 (1, 0)
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3)

C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
Solution: (, 23 )
32
domain of f : R
( 32 , 1)
x-intercept: 0, 2 1
0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3)
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
Solution: (, 23 )
32
domain of f : R
( 32 , 1)
x-intercept: 0, 2 1
0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, )
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
Solution: (, 23 ) -
32 0
domain of f : R
( 32 , 1) +
x-intercept: 0, 2 1 +
y -intercept: 0 (1, 0) +
0 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) +
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
Solution: (, 23 ) - +
32 0 +
domain of f : R
( 32 , 1) + +
x-intercept: 0, 2 1 + 0
y -intercept: 0 (1, 0) + -
0 0 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + +
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
Solution: (, 23 ) - + dec, cu
32 0 +
domain of f : R
( 32 , 1) + +
y -intercept: 0 (1, 0) + -
0 0 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + +
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
32 0 + rel. min.
domain of f : R
( 32 , 1) + +
y -intercept: 0 (1, 0) + -
0 0 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + +
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
32 27
0 + rel. min.
domain of f : R 16
( 32 , 1) + +
y -intercept: 0 (1, 0) + -
0 0 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + +
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
32 27
0 + rel. min.
domain of f : R 16
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
y -intercept: 0 (1, 0) + -
0 0 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + +
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
32 27
0 + rel. min.
domain of f : R 16
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
x-intercept: 0, 2 1 + 0 POI
y -intercept: 0 (1, 0) + -
0 0 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + +
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
32 27
0 + rel. min.
domain of f : R 16
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
x-intercept: 0, 2 1 1 + 0 POI
y -intercept: 0 (1, 0) + -
0 0 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + +
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
32 27
0 + rel. min.
domain of f : R 16
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
y -intercept: 0 (1, 0) + - inc, cd
0 0 0
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + +
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
32 27
0 + rel. min.
domain of f : R 16
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
0 0 0 POI
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + +
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
32 27
0 + rel. min.
domain of f : R 16
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
0 0 0 0 POI
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + +
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
32 27
0 + rel. min.
domain of f : R 16
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
0 0 0 0 POI
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + + inc, cu
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
PPOI: 0, 1
Example
32 27
0 + rel. min.
domain of f : R 16
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
0 0 0 0 POI
f 0 (x)= 2x2 (2x + 3) (0, ) + + inc, cu
C.N.: 0, 32
f 00 (x)= 12x(x + 1)
(2, 0) - intercept
PPOI: 0, 1 POINTS:
(1, 1) - POI
( 3 27
2 , 16 ) - relative min
Example
(, 23 ) - + dec, cu
32 27
16 0 + rel. min.
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
(0, 0)
1 1 + 0 POI
(2, 0)
(1, 0) + - inc, cd
0 0 0 0 POI
(1, 1)
(0, ) + + inc, cu
( 3 27
2 , 16 )
(2, 0) - intercept
POINTS:
(1, 1) - POI
( 3 27
Example
(, 23 ) - + dec, cu
32 27
16 0 + rel. min.
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
(0, 0)
1 1 + 0 POI
(2, 0)
(1, 0) + - inc, cd
0 0 0 0 POI
(1, 1)
(0, ) + + inc, cu
( 3 27
2 , 16 )
(2, 0) - intercept
POINTS:
(1, 1) - POI
( 3 27
Example
(, 23 ) - + dec, cu
32 27
16 0 + rel. min.
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
(0, 0)
1 1 + 0 POI
(2, 0)
(1, 0) + - inc, cd
0 0 0 0 POI
(1, 1)
(0, ) + + inc, cu
( 3 27
2 , 16 )
(2, 0) - intercept
POINTS:
(1, 1) - POI
( 3 27
Example
(, 23 ) - + dec, cu
32 27
16 0 + rel. min.
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
(0, 0)
1 1 + 0 POI
(2, 0)
(1, 0) + - inc, cd
0 0 0 0 POI
(1, 1)
(0, ) + + inc, cu
( 3 27
2 , 16 )
(2, 0) - intercept
POINTS:
(1, 1) - POI
( 3 27
Example
(, 23 ) - + dec, cu
32 27
16 0 + rel. min.
( 32 , 1) + + inc, cu
(0, 0)
1 1 + 0 POI
(2, 0)
(1, 0) + - inc, cd
0 0 0 0 POI
(1, 1)
(0, ) + + inc, cu
( 3 27
2 , 16 )
(2, 0) - intercept
POINTS:
(1, 1) - POI
( 3 27
Seatwork
1 Determine the points of inflection of the graph of

x2 + 4x + 3
f (x) = and discuss its concavity.
2(x 1)2
2 Use the second derivative test to determine the relative
4x
extrema of f (x) = 2 .
x +1
3 Sketch the graph of f (x) = 3x4 4x3 .
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
Determine the points of inflection of the graph of f (x) =
2(x 1)2
and discuss its concavity.
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)4
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
2(x 1)2
f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)4
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
2(x 1)2 (2x + 4)

f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)4
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
2(x 1)2 (2x + 4) + 4(x 1)

f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)4
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
2(x 1)2 (2x + 4) + 4(x 1)(x2 + 4x + 3)

f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)4
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
2(x 1)2 (2x + 4) + 4(x 1)(x2 + 4x + 3)

f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)4
4(x 1)2 (x + 2) + 4(x 1)(x + 3)(x + 1)
=
4(x 1)4
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
2(x 1)2 (2x + 4) + 4(x 1)(x2 + 4x + 3)

f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)4
4(x 1)2 (x + 2) + 4(x 1)(x + 3)(x + 1)
=
4(x 1)4
(x 1)(x + 2) + (x + 3)(x + 1)
=
(x 1)3
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
2(x 1)2 (2x + 4) + 4(x 1)(x2 + 4x + 3)

f 0 (x) =
4(x 1)4
4(x 1)2 (x + 2) + 4(x 1)(x + 3)(x + 1)
=
4(x 1)4
(x 1)(x + 2) + (x + 3)(x + 1)
=
(x 1)3
3x + 5
=
(x 1)3
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)6
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
3
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)6
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
3(x 1)3
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)6
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
3(x 1)3 3(x 1)2
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)6
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
3(x 1)3 3(x 1)2 (3x + 5)
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)6
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
3(x 1)3 3(x 1)2 (3x + 5)
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)6
3(x 1) 3(3x + 5)
=
(x 1)4
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
3(x 1)3 3(x 1)2 (3x + 5)
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)6
3(x 1) 3(3x + 5)
=
(x 1)4
6(x + 3)
=
(x 1)4
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
6(x + 3)
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)4
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
6(x + 3)
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)4
PPOIs: 3
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
6(x + 3)
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)4
PPOIs: 3
x 3 1
f 0 (x) 999
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
6(x + 3)
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)4
PPOIs: 3
x 3 1
f 0 (x) + 999
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
6(x + 3)
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)4
PPOIs: 3
x 3 1
f 0 (x) + 999
Seatwork: Solutions
x2 + 4x + 3
2(x 1)2
Solution:
3x + 5
f 0 (x) =
(x 1)3
6(x + 3)
f 00 (x) =
(x 1)4
PPOIs: 3
x 3 1
f 0 (x) + 999
POI: (3, 0)
Seatwork: Solutions
Use the second derivative test to determine the relative extrema of

4x
f (x) = 2 .
x +1
Seatwork: Solutions

4x
f (x) = 2 .
x +1
Solution:
Seatwork: Solutions

4x
f (x) = 2 .
x +1
Solution:
f 0 (x)
Seatwork: Solutions

4x
f (x) = 2 .
x +1
Solution:
4(x2 1)
f 0 (x) =
(x2 + 1)2
Seatwork: Solutions

4x
f (x) = 2 .
x +1
Solution:
4(x2 1)
f 0 (x) =
(x2 + 1)2
f 0 (1) = 0
Seatwork: Solutions

4x
f (x) = 2 .
x +1
Solution:
4(x2 1)
f 0 (x) =
(x2 + 1)2
f 0 (1) = 0 SDT is applicable to 1
Seatwork: Solutions

4x
f (x) = 2 .
x +1
Solution:
4(x2 1)
f 0 (x) =
(x2 + 1)2
8x(x2 3)
f 00 (x) =
(x2 + 1)3
Seatwork: Solutions

4x
f (x) = 2 .
x +1
Solution:
4(x2 1)
f 0 (x) =
(x2 + 1)2
8x(x2 3)
f 00 (x) =
(x2 + 1)3
f 00 (1) = 2 relative MAX

Seatwork: Solutions

4x
f (x) = 2 .
x +1
Solution:
4(x2 1)
f 0 (x) =
(x2 + 1)2
8x(x2 3)
f 00 (x) =
(x2 + 1)3
f 00 (1) = 2 relative MAX
f 00 (1) = 2 relative MIN

Seatwork: Solutions
Sketch the graph of f (x) = 3x4 4x3 .

Seatwork: Solutions
Solution:
Seatwork: Solutions
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 12x3 12x2

Seatwork: Solutions
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 12x3 12x2 = 12x2 (x 1)

Seatwork: Solutions
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 12x3 12x2 = 12x2 (x 1) C.N.: 0, 1

Seatwork: Solutions
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 12x3 12x2 = 12x2 (x 1) C.N.: 0, 1
f 00 (x) = 36x2 24x

Seatwork: Solutions
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 12x3 12x2 = 12x2 (x 1) C.N.: 0, 1
f 00 (x) = 36x2 24x = 12x(3x 2)

Seatwork: Solutions
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 12x3 12x2 = 12x2 (x 1) C.N.: 0, 1
2
f 00 (x) = 36x2 24x = 12x(3x 2) PPOIs: 0,
3
Seatwork: Solutions
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 12x3 12x2 = 12x2 (x 1) C.N.: 0, 1
2
f 00 (x) = 36x2 24x = 12x(3x 2) PPOIs: 0,
3
interval (, 0) 0 (0, 32 ) 2
3 ( 23 , 1) 1 (1, )
16
f (x) 0 27 1
f 0 (x) 0 0 +
f 00 (x) + 0 0 + +
Seatwork: Solutions
Solution:
f 0 (x) = 12x3 12x2 = 12x2 (x 1) C.N.: 0, 1
2
f 00 (x) = 36x2 24x = 12x(3x 2) PPOIs: 0,
3
interval (, 0) 0 (0, 32 ) 2
3 ( 23 , 1) 1 (1, )
16
f (x) 0 27 1
f 0 (x) 0 0 +
f 00 (x) + 0 0 + +
Important Points:
2 16

(0, 0)-POI,intercept 3 , 27 -POI
( 43 , 0) - intercept (1, 1)-REL MIN
Seatwork: Solutions
(0, 0)
( 43 , 0)
( 23 , 27
16
)
(1, 1)
*** END ***

M53 Lec3.2 (Concavity and SDT) PDF

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M53 Lec3.2 (Concavity and SDT) PDF

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Concavity and The Second Derivative Test

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

1 Concavity and Points of Inflection

2 The Second Derivative Test

1 Concavity and Points of Inflection

2 The Second Derivative Test

The graph below is ...

The graph below is ...

The graph below is ...

The graph below is ...

concave UP at the point P.

The graph below is ...

concave UP on the interval (c1 , c2 ) and (c2 , c3 ).

The graph below is ...

NEITHER concave up nor concave down at x = c5 .

The graph below is ...

The graph below is ...

concave DOWN on (c5 , c7 ).

As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line .

As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line .

As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line .

As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line .

As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line .

As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line .

As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line increases.

f 00 (x) rate of change of f 0 (x)

As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line increases.

f 00 (x) rate of change of f 0 (x)

As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line decreases.

As we go from left to right, the slope of the tangent line decreases.

The graph of f has a point of inflection at (0, 0).

The graph of f has a point of inflection at (0, 0).

The graph of f has a point of inflection at (0, 0).

The graph of f has a point of inflection at (0, 0).

The graph of f has a point of inflection at (0, 0).

The graph of f has a point of inflection at (0, 0).

The graph of f has a point of inflection at (0, 0).

The graph of f has a point of inflection at (0, 0).

f 00 (x) = 0 or f 00 (x) dne

The graph of f has a POI at (0, 0),

The graph of f has a POI at (0, 0), is concave down on (, 0),

The graph of f has a POI at (0, 0), is concave down on (, 0),

1 Concavity and Points of Inflection

2 The Second Derivative Test

f satisfies the hypotheses of SDT at x = 0

f satisfies the hypotheses of SDT at x = 0

f satisfies the hypotheses of SDT at x = 0

f has no relative extrema at x = 0.

f satisfies the hypotheses of SDT at x = 0

f satisfies the hypotheses of SDT at x = 0

f satisfies the hypotheses of SDT at x = 0

f has relative minimum at x = 0.

f 0 (x) and f 00 (x)

f 0 (3) = 0 and f 0 (3) = 0

f 0 (3) = 0 and f 0 (3) = 0 SDT is applicable to both 3 and 3.

f 0 (3) = 0 and f 0 (3) = 0 SDT is applicable to both 3 and 3.

f 0 (3) = 0 and f 0 (3) = 0 SDT is applicable to both 3 and 3.

f 00 (3) = 2 < 0 f has a relative maximum at x = 3.

f 0 (3) = 0 and f 0 (3) = 0 SDT is applicable to both 3 and 3.

f 00 (3) = 2 < 0 f has a relative maximum at x = 3.

f 0 (3) = 0 and f 0 (3) = 0 SDT is applicable to both 3 and 3.

f 00 (3) = 2 < 0 f has a relative maximum at x = 3.

f 00 (3) = 2 > 0 f has a relative minimum at x = 3.