TITLE: To What Extent Does Acid Rain Affect To Ecosystem

TITLE OF Effect of acid The Effects of The role of Acid Rain

Impact of Acid
ARTICLES rain on growth Acid Rain calcium in Causes, Effects,
Rain and Fire on the Fast improving and Control
of Papaya
on Soil pH in Plant Brassica photosynthesis
(Carica papaya)
Dwarf Pine Rapa and related
and Castor physiological
Plains, Long
(Ricinus and
Island, New
communis) biochemical
York
plants attributes of
spring wheat
subjected to
simulated acid
rain
AUTHORS Pushpa Jha Madiha, Yakubu Kevin Krajick Aria Dolatabadian, J. Laurence Kulp
: Haruna, Abrar Seyed Ali
As In Text Ahmad Khan, Mohammad
Citation Zubairu Umar Modarres Sanavy,
Darma Majid
Gholamhoseini,
Aydin Khodaei
Joghan,
Mohammad Majdi
& Arman
Beyraghdar
Kashkooli
As Zz Madiha,Haruna, Krajick, K. Dolatabadian, A., Kulp, J.L.
References Y.,Khan,A.A. & (2001). The Sanavy,S.A.M.M.., (1990). Acid
Darma,Z.U.(n.d) Effects of Acid Gholamhoseini, Rain: Causes,
. Effect of acid Rain on the Fast M., Joghan, A.K., effects and
rain on growth Plant Brassica Mohammad, M. & control.
of Papaya Kashkooli, A.B.
Rapa.
(Carica papaya) (2013). The role
and Castor of calcium in
(Ricinus improving
communis) photosynthesis
plants. e-Journal and related
of Science & physiological
Technology,43- and
45 mbiochemical
attributes of
spring wheat
subjected to
simulated acid
rain.Physiol
Mol Biol Plants,
19(2),189198
What is To investigate To observe the To discover To observe the To assess the
objective of the relationship effects of whether or not effect of acid significance of
the study? between soil simulated acid acid rain stunts rain on rate of the effects of
acidity and soil rain (pH 5.5, 5.0 the growth of the hypothesis,rate acidity
and 4.5) of transpiration
TITLE: To What Extent Does Acid Rain Affect To Ecosystem

pH with acid exposures on fast plant and stomatal on lakes and

rain. papaya and Brassica Rapa. conductance and streams,
castor plants. how to reduce it. visibility, crops,
forests,
building
materials, and
ohealth

Is there a The past few The adverse Acid rain Acid rain None.
hypothesis? decade, the soil effects of acid decrease the induces the
If there, pH decreaces rain include growth of plant. production of
what is it? and soil acidity chlorosis, free radicals
increases cause necrosis, resulting in lipid
by acid rain. stunting and peroxidation of
several other the cell
symptoms. The membrane
harmful effects so that
of acid rain have significant
been reported on increase in
many plants antioxidant
such as wheat, enzyme activity.
tomato, soya In addition,
bean, lentil and photosynthetic
coriander. The parameters i.e.
simulated acid photosynthesis
rain has also rate,
caused reduction transpiration rate
in plant growth and stomatal
and yield of field conductance
corn, green were
pepper, tomato drastically
suppressed by
acid rain. The
cellular damage
caused
by free radicals
might be
reduced or
prevented by a
protective
metabolism
including
antioxidative
enzymes and
calcium. We
report that foliar
application of
calcium before
acid rain may
ameliorate the
adverse effects
TITLE: To What Extent Does Acid Rain Affect To Ecosystem

of acid rain in
wheat plants.
What is the Soil pH has been Simulated acid Four control The experiment The water
methodolog determined on rain (SAR) was groups, and four was performed sample was
y? samples at 9 prepared in the treatment groups at the research taken from five
Describe sites at depths up laboratory using of brassica rappa farm of the different lake
the to 120 cm in the distilled water were planted in a Faculty of with are
respondents Dwarf Pine and pH adjusted Styrofoam Agriculture, Adirondacks,
and Plains, West with diluted planter which Tarbiat Modares Northeast,
procedure Hampton, NY. sulphuric and was divided into University, Upper Midwest
nitric acids to 32 even squares. Tehran, Iran. ,Southern Blue
develop a Each group The seeds were Ridge, and
different acidic consisted of four disinfected Mountainous
level (pH 5.5, plants planted in by fungicide West and the pH
5.0, 4.5) with the their own (Vitavax) prior water were
help of pH square. Of the to sowing. The measured.
meter. Each four treatment wheat seeds
level was groups, two were hand-
prepared freshly were treated planted during
for each spray. with a solution the last 10 days
Total of 20 clay of HCL and of May at a
pots were used water with a pH rate of 120
for the of 2, and two kgha1, and
experiments were treated then, irrigation
which were with a solution was performed
filled with 2kg of HCL and immediately.
loamy soil and water with a pH Weeds were
compost manure of 5. These pHs effectively
at the ratio of covered the controlled
3:1 respectively range that acid during
and the pots rain can fall in. the growing
were labeled Once a week a season.
accordingly at set amount of Treatments were
the net house in each solution, induced when
Botanical approximately 5 the plants
garden, mLs was reached the
department of squirted with a booting stage. At
Biology, Umaru dropper into the first, Ca2+ was
Musa Yaradua soil of the applied in the
University, respective form of
Katsina. treatment Ca(NO3)2 :
Five seeds of groups. Once a 4H2O
papaya or castor week, starting containing 18.3
were sown in one week after % Ca2+.
each pot planting, for four Ca(NO3 )2 :
respectively. In weeks the height 4H2O was
each pot, after of the plants was selected as the
germination measured in calcium source
within two centimeters because it is
weeks the using a six inch the most widely
seedlings were ruler. Also once used form for
TITLE: To What Extent Does Acid Rain Affect To Ecosystem

thinned to a week the foliar

maintain single number of applications
healthy seedling leaves on each Artificial acid
per pot. After a plant was rain was made
week of thinning counted, and on by mixing
different the last week the sulfuric acid
treatments of number of seed or nitric acid
acid rain were pods which had into double-
applied. There developed on distilled water
were four each plant were for a range of
treatments as TI, also counted. solutions with
T2, T3, and T4. pH values of 3
and 2.
What is the The simulated Our results were The transpiration The area in the
Without acid
result of the acid rain caused somewhat rate dramatically United States
rain, organic
study? acute symptoms inconsistent. It decreased in the most seriously
acid is the main
Did it on papaya seems that the plants that were affected is the
contributor of
support the (Caricas acidic solution treated with Adirondack Park
acidity to the
hypothesis? papaya) plant, did negatively acid rain of New York,
soil system, in
and small effect mortality compared to the where 10 percent
which case the
lesions were rate and seed plants treated of the fishable
pH of 4.1 would
observed just development. just with water. lake area has a
be the
after second The control We observed pH less than 6.
equilibrium
spray of group showed a that acid rain This corresponds
value between
simulated acid lower mortality had the negative fairly well to the
the organic acids
rain at pH 4.5. rate and a higher effect on the fraction of lake
and the
However after quantity of seed photosynthetic area with
buffering
5th spray, broad pods. The pH2 rate, while substandard fish
capacity of the
lesions appeared treatment group calcium had an populations.
soil. With acid
on leaves at all showed the additive effect Although some
rain soil pH is
the pH levels. highest mortality on the of these acidic
combination of
Later on after rate, and the photosynthetic lakes may have
organic acid and
8th spray, lowest seed rate. Artificial developed
acid rain..
injuries and big development. acid rain caused their acidity
The lower part necrotic spots on This data is a from natural
of soil profile the surface of consistent with progressive and causes,
will have the lamina and our hypothesis, concomitant researchers
higher pH. The marginal that adding an decrease in generally believe
results of this necrosis were acidic solution stomatal that the most
study show this also observed at to the soil would conductance common cause
pattern. pH 4.5, 5.0 and impair in wheat leaves. is acid rain.
However, with 5.5 treatments. development and Acid rain can While the timing
continuous The simulated growth. affect plants of the lakes'
infiltration of acid rain through contact acidification is
acid rain a lower significantly with the not certain, some
soil pH will be reduced the cuticle; thus, the lakes probably
found at greater plant growth decrease in began to
and greater parameters photosynthetic increase in
depths until the (length, fresh parameters in acidity by the
whole soil weight and dry acid rain treated turn of the
column has the weight of shoot plants might be century, and
TITLE: To What Extent Does Acid Rain Affect To Ecosystem

same lower pH and root) of explained by many may have

at all depths. papaya. The damage to the been near their
number of guard cell present pH by
leaves was also membrane and the
adversely the destruction 1930s.
affected as of chloroplasts.
compared to
control.

What does Acid rain has From the present To conclude the Calcium foliar The effects of
the author disturbed the study, it is effects of acid application acid rain have
conclude dynamic concluded that rain were not as enhanced the been limited,
based on equilibrium acid rain (pH drastic in our adaptation and there is no
the results between the 5.5, 5.0 and 4.5) experiment as of wheat plants evidence to
of the organic acid and is harmful to we had predicted to acid rain, as suggest that
study? buffering both the plants however the shown by the they will worsen
capacity of the (Papaya and signs of long increase in in the next few
soil in Dwarf Castor). The term damage to photosynthetic decades with
Pine Plains. yellowing, a population parameters. Acid present
Acid rain has led injuries and were seen. Our rain decrease the emissions.
to a decrease in necrotic experiment did photosynthesis
the pH of the symptoms were not show parameter and
upper levels of observed on the significant effect the growth
the soil and leaves. The effects on the of the plant.
increase the reductions in growth of our
acidity. parameters were plants. The
concentration average height
dependent. of all three
Highest groups was very
reductions in all close, with the
plant growth pH5 treated
parameters were group coming
observed in 4.5 out on top. This
pH treatment. would indicate
that acid does
not have a
significant effect
on one plants
ability to
survive.
However the
plants treated
with acid did
show increasing
mortality rates,
and decreasing
seed
development as
the pH of the
acid increased.
TITLE: To What Extent Does Acid Rain Affect To Ecosystem

Unifying
theme?

This helps
you to write
our title and
thesis
statement
i.e. your
introduction
Keypoint/ Dynamic Growth Mortality, seed Acid rain, Acidification
Keywords equilibrium, parameter development, antioxidant
acidity, pH level (length, fresh hydrochloric enzymes, calcium
weight and dry acid (HCI) protein pattern,
weight of shoot wheat, stimulated
and root) acid rain.

* Socio-demographic factors refer to a set of variables such as a given population's age, ethnicity, or SES
(socioeconomic status), whether they reside in an urban or rural area... the list goes on.