Harmonizing Industrial Standard for

Facilitating Trade of Recycled Goods

and Recyclable Waste
Ahmad Fariz Mohamed
Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

The Joint
Th J i Workshop
W k h off AAsia
i RResource Ci
Circulation
l i PPolicy
li
Research and ERIA 3R Policy Working Group
7-8 October 2010, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur

Introduction
y Standards existed since the
beginning of recorded history.
y Standards were an outgrowth of
man s desire to harmonize his
activities with important changes
in the environment
environment.
y Created in response to the needs
of an increasingly complex society.
Introduction
y Early example of standard -
creation of calendar.
y 5,000
5 000 years ago th
the Sumerians
S i in
i
the Tigris/Euphrates valley
d i d a calendar
devised l d very similar
i il tto
the one we use today.
y The Egyptians were the first to
develop the 365-day calendar and
can be credited with logging 4236
BC as the first yyear in recorded
history.

Introduction
y Modern day standard being established during
World War 2 by British.
y During the War there were quality problems in
many British high-tech industries such as
munitions, where bombs were going off in
factories.
factories
y The solution was to require factories to
document their manufacturing procedures and
to prove by record-keeping that the
procedures were being followed.
y The name of the standard was BS 5750,
5750 and it
was known as a management standard because it
did not specify what to manufacture, but how
to manage the manufacturing process.
Role of standards for industry
y Important in international trade because
incongruent standards can be barriers to
trade, giving some organizations advantages
i certain
in t i areas off the
th world.
ld

y Standards provide clear identifiable

references that are recognized
internationally and encourage fair
competition in free-market economies.

y SStandards
d d facilitate
f ili trade
d through
h h enhanced
h d
product quality and reliability, greater
inter-operability
inter operability and compatibility, greater
ease of maintenance and reduced costs

Key drivers in establishing and

implementing standards in a country
Stakeholders and institution
x Government
x Industry
x Business
x Finance
x Consumers
Legislation
Human resource
Support system
x Business and trade
x Finance and insurance
x infrastructure
Technology
Country experience in establishing and
implementing standards for waste recycling
y USEPA RESPONSIBLE RECYCLING( R2 ) PRACTICES for
use in ACCREDITED CERTIFICATION PROGRAMS for
ELECTRONICS RECYCLERS.
RECYCLERS

y The purpose of this document is to take a first

step in addressing this situation to develop a
commonly accepted set of R2 practices for the
electronics
l t i recycling li industry.
i d t

y Is a process where industry,

industry business and
government agency work together to developed and
established the standards.

Country experience in establishing and

implementing standards for waste recycling
y EU legal framework for waste management has been
strengthened to ensure recycling of waste.

y Waste Framework Directive (WFD)5 of 1975 (revised in

1991 and codified in 2006). The Thematic Strategy on
prevention and recycling of waste foresees a further
revision of the WFD.

y Development of common reference standards for

recycling. In order to ensure the proper functioning
of
f the
th internal
i t l market
k t for
f recycling,
li the
th proposall iis
to set minimum standards across the Community for
y g activities and recycled
recycling y materials so as to
ensure a high level of environmental protection and to
prevent the threat of eco-dumping .
Country experience in establishing and
implementing standards for waste recycling
y Germany established program and laws to implement
standards for recycling.

y Germany Duales System Deutschland's (DSD) green

dot German Packaging Law.

y Act for Promoting Closed Substance Cycle Waste

Management and Ensuring Environmentally Compatible
Waste Disposal (Kreislaufwirtschafts- und Abfallgesetz
- KrW-/AbfG) 1994.

y Ordinance on Waste Recovery and Disposal Records

(N h i
(Nachweisverordnung
d - NachwV)
N h V) 2006

The Importance of Waste Recycling

Industry in the Asia Pacific

y Increasing amount of waste generated

y Reduction of non
non-renewable
renewable resource
availability
y Need
N d ffor alternative
l i resource.
y Opportunities
pp to create economic
activities and job creation.
y Government support through policy
policy,
legislation and pro-active role e.g.
Malaysia Philippines
Malaysia, Philippines, Japan
Japan, Thailand .
 Waste Recycling standards - ASEAN
y Malaysia: 21
y Thailand: 17
y Philippines: 22
y Indonesia: 9
y Singapore: 9
y Vietnam: 5
y Standard for product easily recycle or
reuse; made
d off certain
t i percentage
t of
f
recyclable materials; environmental
friendly
y Common recyclable:
recyclable
y items used for cement industryy
paper, plastic and tyres

Malaysian Standards (MS) for Recycling

MS Number Title
MS ISO 22628:2009 ROAD VEHICLES - RECYCLABILITY AND RECOVERABILITY - CALCULATION METHOD (ISO 22628:2002, IDT)
MS 2080:2008 ECOLABELING CRITERIA FOR RECYCLED PAPER
MS 1904:2006 SPECIFICATION FOR POLYETHYLENE PLASTICS MOULDING AND EXTRUSION MATERIALS FROM RECYCLED POST-
CONSUMER (HDPE) SOURCES
MS 1388 : 1995 SPECIFICATION FOR HIGH SLAG BLASTFURNACE CEMENT
MS 1389 : 1995 SPECIFICATION FOR PORTLAND BLASTFURNACE CEMENT
MS 1387 : 1995 SPECIFICATION FOR GROUND GRANULATED BLASTFURNACE SLAG FOR USE WITH PORTLAND CEMENT
MS ISO 3037
3037:2008
2008 CORRUGATED FIBREBOARD - DETERMINATION OF EDGEWISE CRUSH RESISTANCE (UNWAXED EDGE METHOD)
(ISO 3037:2007, IDT)
MS ISO 3034:2007 CORRUGATED FIBREBOARD DETERMINATION OF THICKNESS (ISO 3034:1975, IDT)
MS 1912:2006 WOOD-BASED PANELS - FIBREBOARDS - SPECIFICATION
MS 1786:2005 WOOD-BASED PANELS - FIBREBOARD, PARTICLEBOARD AND ORIENTED STRAND BOARD - TERMINOLOGY (ISO
17064:2004, MOD)
MS ISO 13820:2004 PAPER, BOARD AND CORRUGATED FIBREBOARD DESCRIPTION AND CALIBRATION OF COMPRESSION
TESTING EQUIPMENT
MS 398:1976 : 2004 SPECIFICATION FOR CORRUGATED FIBREBOARD BOXES
MS ISO 186:2003 PAPER AND BOARD SAMPLING TO DETERMINE AVERAGE QUALITY(ISO 186:2002, IDT)
MS ISO 535 : 2001 PAPER AND BOARD - DETERMINATION OF WATER ABSORPTIVENESS - COBB METHOD
MS 1226 : PART 1 : PULVERIZED-FUEL ASH PART 1 : SPECIFICATION FOR PULVERIZED-FUEL ASH FOR USE AS A CEMENTITIOUS
1991 COMPONENT IN STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
MS 1494:2000 SPECIFICATION FOR BILLETS FOR HOT ROLLED NON-ALLOYED STEEL BARS AND RODS
MS 1495:2000 SPECIFICATION FOR BLOOMS FOR HOT ROLLED NON-ALLOYED STRUCTURAL STEEL SECTIONS
MS 224:2005 RETREADED PNEUMATIC RUBBER TYRES FOR PASSENGER CARS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLES - SPECIFICATION
MS 571 : 1991 SPECIFICATION FOR INGOT TIN
MS 18:1971 SPECIFICATION FOR TOILET TISSUE PAPER
MS ISO 15270:2008 PLASTICS - GUIDELINES FOR THE RECOVERY AND RECYCLING OF PLASTICS WASTE (ISO 15270:2008, IDT)
 Indonesian Standards (SNI) for Recycling

SNI Number Title

SNI 15-3781- Abrasive slag for blasting process
1995
SNI 03-2105-2006 Particle Board
SNI 01-4449-2006 Fibre boards
SNI 15-3500-2004 Mixed Cement
SNI 03-6863-2002 Methods of sampling and testing for fly ash or raw pozzolan as a mineral
admixture in portland cement concrete
SNI 03-6468-2000 Methods for p
planning
g of high-strength
g g concrete mixture with p
portland cement
and fly ash
SNI 06-3768-1995 Retreading of tyres passenger cars and commercial vehicles
SNI 19-7188.1.1- Ecolabelling criteria - Part 1: Category of paper products - Section 1: Wrapping
2006 paper
SNI 19-7188.1.2- Ecolabelling criteria - Part 1: Category of paper products - Section 2: Sanitary
2006 tissue

Phillipines National Standards (PNS) for Recycling

Standard
St d d Designation
D i ti Titl
Title
Number
PNS IEC 60335-2- Safety of household and similar electrical appliances - Part 2-104: Particular requirements for appliances to recover and/or
104:2006 recycle refrigerant from air conditioning and refrigeration equipment
PNS ISO 15360-2:2002
15360 2:2002 Recycled pulps -- Estimation of stickies and plastics -- Part 2: Image analysis method
PNS 1269:1995 Pin adhesion test of corrugated fibreboard
PNS ISO 12460-4:2009 Wood-based panels -- Determination of formaldehyde release -- Part 4: Desiccator method
PNS 1894:1999 Particle boards -- Definition and classification
PNS 230:1989 Particle boards -- Specification
PNS ISO 9425:0000 Wood-based panels -- Determination of moisture content
PNS ISO 9426-1:0000 Wood-based panels -- Determination of dimensions -- Part 1: Determination of thickness, width and length
PNS 63:2006 Blended hydraulic cement with pozzolan -- Specification
PNS 69:2005 Blended hydraulic cement with slag -- Specification
PNS 115:1987 Fly ash for use in concrete - Specification
PNS 749:1992 Cement - Fly ash or natural pozzolan for use as a mineral admixture in Portland cement concrete - Sampling and method of
test
PNS ASTM A 593:2004 Standard specification for fly ash and other pozzolans for use with lime
PNS ASTM A 618:2004 Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcinated natural pozzolan for use as a mineral admixture in concrete
PNS ASTM C 618:2003 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete
PNS ASTM C 618:2004 Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
PNS 211:2000 Rerolled steel bars for concrete reinforcement -- Specification
PNS 211:2002 Rerolled steel bars for concrete reinforcement -- Specification
PNS 555:1991 Retreading pneumatic tires - Specification
PNS 1065:2006 Compounded rubber for retread and repair - Specification
PNS ISO 11650:2005 Performance of refrigerant recovery and/or recyling
PNS 73:1997 Paper, board and pulps - Toilet tissue paper - Specification
Thailand Community Product Standard (TCPS) for Recycling

TCPS Number Title

809/2548 Recycled paper
627/2547 Ash glazed porcelain

441/2547 Coconut fibre broom

782/2548 Coconut fibre mattress
77/2546 Corn husk doll
433/2547 Corn husk paper
437/2547 Corn husk paper products
229/2547 Elephant dung paper
230/2547 Elephant dung paper products
440/2547 Palm fibre broom
186/2546 P l fib
Palm fibre products
d
411/2547 Palm fruit shell products
428/2547 Paper-mache products
650/2547 Products made from recycled paper
581/2547 Products made from recycled paper coated with resin
636/2547 Products made from used spare parts
823/2548 Products made from waste

Singapore Standard (SS) for Recycling

SS Number Title

SS EN 12620: 2008 Specification for aggregates for concrete

SS EN 15167 - 1 : Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout - Definitions,
2008 specifications and conformity criteria

SS EN 15167 - 2 : Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout - Conformity
2008 evaluation

SS 476 : 2000 High slag blastfurnace cement

SS 477 : 2000 Portland blastfurnace cements

SS 397 - 2 : 1997 Methods of testing cement - Chemical analysis of cement

SS 397 - 21 : 1997 Methods of testing cement - Determination of the chloride, carbon dioxide and alkali content of
cement

SS 321 : 1987 Corrugated fibreboard containers for general purposes

ISO 15270 : 2008 Plastics -- Guidelines for the recovery and recycling of plastics waste
Vietnam Standard (TCVN) for Recycling

TCVN N
Number
b Titl
Title

TCVN 4316: 2007 Portland blast furnace slag cement

TCVN 4033: 1995 Portland pozzolan cement- Technical requirements

TCVN 6260: 1997 Portland blended cements- Technical requirements

TCVN 7712: 2007 Low heat blended portland cement

TCVN 7711: 2007 Sulfate resistance blended Portland cement

Factors important for waste recycling

industry standards
y T
Type off standards
t d d forf waste
t recycling:
li :
Product standard ecolabel
Manufacturing and recycling process standards inculcate
life cycle thinking in manufacturing and recycling process.
Standards for emission of recycling process.
p
Standards for transportation of recycling
y g materials e.g.
g
toxic and hazardous materials.

y Flexibility of standards mandatory and voluntary

based on situation, acceptance and capability of
stakeholders.

y Financial system specific funds, insurance scheme

y Synchronising/ converging other country standards

 Key Issues Towards Sustainability of
Waste Recycling Industry in Asean Region
y Technology availability and development
y Market availability
local
international
y Financial support
y Location and transportation
y Country legislation
y Network industry, business, government,
community
Local network
International network
y Local vs international legal requirements
y Security and safety
y Standards will influence these keyy issues in manyy
ways but
b must ensure sustainability
i bili off waste
recycling industry.

Mechanism for Harmonization

y Existing practice: different focus for
y
each country.
y Most ASEAN country have standards for
cement waste recycling
recycling.
y Harmonizing standards for recycling
industry requirement.
Domestic need
International need
y H r
Harmonizing
i i standards
t d rd ffor
r trade.
tr d
 Mechanism for Harmonization
y Research input for technical requirement
in standards harmonization
Include standard unit, characteristic,
impact requirement
requirement.
y Access for input from recycling industry
player:
l : industry,
i d t trader
t d (domestic
(d ti &
international), consumer.
y Financial support for recycled products
trade for industry
industry.

Regional Platform for harmonizing standards and trade for

Sustainability of Waste Recycling in the Southeast and East
Asia Region

y Agreement for trade and movement of waste and

recycled product.
y Country relationship and its mechanism between
government in the region.
Economic and trade agreement
x ASEAN - AFTA
x BIMP-EAGA
x IMT-GT
x G to G individual country agreement
Monitoring and enforcement agreement
x Movement of waste
x Import and export of waste for recycling and recycled waste
x Waste recycling activity and process
Government agencies
g involvement
Harmonizing legislation between countries
Regional Platform for harmonizing standards and
trade for Sustainability of Waste Recycling in the
Southeast and East Asia Region

y Waste recycling sustainability

Role of business,
, industryy and government
g agency
g y
Market mechanism and availability
Financial support
pp
Technological development and support.
Human resource development
p and support.
pp

Conclusion and Suggestion

y The current practice will need dynamics and flexible
standards which are supportive to waste recycling
i d t andd ensure sustainable
industry t i bl development.
d l t

y Technology development for waste recycling (promote

enhancement of better standards) for sustainability
of waste recycling industry.

y There is a need to synchronize individual country

standards for easyy use or compliance
p for recycled
y
products to be exported or imported need strategic
and effective mechanisms and infrastructure.

y Protection of sovereignty especially for local

industry against the need for regional and global
compliance
li or safety
f t needd to
t be
b address.
dd Example
E l US
electronic recycling standard (R2) Basel Action
Network
THANK YOU