associated data into "sessions".
2. What is an ABAP data dictionary?- ABAP 4 data dictionary describes
the logical structures of the objects used in application development
and shows how they are mapped to the underlying relational database
in tables/views.
3. What are domains and data element?- Domains:Domain is the
central object for describing the technical characteristics of an attribute
of an business objects. It describes the value range of the field. Data
Element: It is used to describe the semantic definition of the table fields
like description the field. Data element escribes how a field can be
displayed to end-user.
4. What is foreign key relationship?- A relationship which can be
defined between tables and must be explicitly defined at field level.
Foreign keys are used to ensure the consistency of data. Data entered
should be checked against existing data to ensure that there are now
contradiction. While defining foreign key relationship cardinality has to
be specified. Cardinality mentions how many dependent records or how
referenced records are possible.
5. Describe data classes.-
Master data: It is the data which is seldomly anged.Transaction data: It
is the data which is often changed. Organization data: It is a
customizing data which is entered in the system when the system is
configured and is then rarely changed. System data:It is the data which
R/3 system needs for itself.
6. What are indexes?- Indexes are described as a copy of a database
table reduced to specific fields. This data exists in sorted form. This
sorting form ease fast access to the field of the tables. In order that
other fields are also read, a pointer to
the associated record of the actual table are included in the index. Yhe
indexes are activated along with the table and are created automatically
with it in the database.
7. Difference between transparent tables and pooled
tables.- Transparent tables:
Transparent tables in the dictionary has a one-to-one relation with the
table in database. Its structure corresponds to single database field.
Table in the database has the same name as in the dictionary.
Transparent table holds application data. Pooled tables. Pooled tables
in the dictionary has a many-to-one relation with the table in database.
Table in the database has the different name as in the dictionary.
Pooled table are stored in table pool at the database level.
8. What is an ABAP/4 Query?- ABAP/4 Query is a powerful tool to
generate simple reports without any coding. ABAP/4 Query can
generate the following 3 simple reports: Basic List: It is the simple
reports. Statistics: Reports with statistical functions like Average,
Percentages. Ranked Lists: For analytical reports. - For creating a
ABAP/4 Query, programmer has to create user group and a functional
group. Functional group can be created using with or without logical
database table. Finally, assign user group to functional group. Finally,
create a query on the functional group generated.
9. What is BDC programming?- Transferring of large/external/legacy
data into SAP system using Batch Input programming. Batch input is a
automatic procedure referred to as BDC(Batch Data
Communications).The central component of the transfer is a queue file
which receives the data vie a batch input programs and groups
10. What are the functional modules used in sequence in BDC?- These
are the 3 functional modules which are used in a sequence to perform a
data transfer successfully using BDC programming:
BDC_OPEN_GROUP - Parameters like Name of the client, sessions
and user name are specified in this Functional modules. BDC_INSERT
- It is used to insert the data for one transaction into a session.
BDC_CLOSE_GROUP - This is used to close the batch input session.
11. What are internal tables?- Internal tables are a standard data type
object which exists only during the runtime of the program. They are
used to perform table
calculations on subsets of database tables and for re-organising the
contents of database tables according to users need.
12. What is ITS? What are the merits of ITS?- ITS is a Internet
Transaction Server. ITS forms an interface between HTTP server and
R/3 system, which converts screen provided data by the R/3 system
into HTML documents and viceversa. Merits of ITS: A complete web
transaction can be developed and tested in
R/3 system. All transaction components, including those used by the
ITS outside the R/3 system at runtime, can be stored in the R/3 system.
The advantage of automatic language processing in the R/3 system can
be utilized to languagedependent HTML documents at runtime.
13. What is DynPro?-
DynPro is a Dynamic Programming which is a combination of screen
and the associated flow logic Screen is also called as DynPro.
4. What are screen painter and menu painter?- Screen painter: Screen
painter is a tool to design and maintain screen and its elements. It
allows user to create GUI screens for the transactions. Attributes,
layout, filed attributes and flow logic are the elements of Screen painter.
Menu painter: Menu painter is a tool to design the interface
components. Status, menu bars, menu lists, F-key settings, functions
and titles are the components of Menu painters. Screen painter and
menu painter both are the graphical interface of an ABAP/4
applications.
15. What are the components of SAP scripts?- SAP scripts is a word
processing tool of SAP which has the following omponents: Standard
text. It is like a standard normal documents. Layout sets. - Layout set
consists of the following components: Windows and pages, Paragraph
formats, Character formats. Creating forms in the R/3 system. Every
layout set consists of Header, paragraph, and character string. ABAP/4
program.
16. What is ALV programming in ABAP? When is this grid used in
ABAP?-
ALV is Application List viewer. Sap provides a set of ALV (ABAP LIST
VIEWER) function modules which can be put into use to embellish the
output of a report. This set of ALV functions is used to enhance the
readability and functionality of any report output. Cases arise in sap
when the output of a report contains columns extending more than 255
characters in length. In such cases, this set of ALV functions can help
choose selected columns and arrange the different columns from a
report output and also save different variants for report display. This is a
very efficient tool for dynamically sorting and arranging the columns
from a report output. The report output can contain up to 90 Columns in definition are expanded at compilation / generation. Subroutines
the display with the wide array of display options. (FORM) can be called from both the program the are defined in and
17. What are the events in ABAP/4 language?- Initialization, At other programs . A MACRO is more or less an abbreviation for some
selection-screen,Start-of-selection, end-of-selection, top-of-page, end- lines of code that are used more than once or twice. A FORM is a local
of-page, At line-selection, subroutine (which can be called external). A FUNCTION is
At user-command, At PF, Get, At New, At LAST, AT END, AT FIRST. (more or less) a subroutine that is called external. Since debugging a
MACRO is not really possible, prevent the use of them (I've never used
18. What is CTS and what do you know about it?- The Change and
them, but seen them in action). If the subroutine is used only local
Transport System (CTS) is a tool that helps you to organize
(called internal) use a FORM. If the subroutine is called external (used
development projects in the ABAP Workbench and in Customizing, and
by more than one program) use a FUNCTION.
then transport the changes between the SAP Systems and clients in
Which table stores the Programs created?
your system landscape. This documentation provides you with an
Table: TRDIR
overview of how to manage changes with the CTS and essential
How can we compare two programs
information on setting up your system and client landscape and
Se30 Here we can get tips and tricks for different ABAP queries
deciding on a transport strategy. Read and follow this documentation
Difference between synchronous and asynchronous processing?
when planning your development project.
syncronu is sequentioal updation of feilds where as usencro is not in
19. What are logical databases? What are the advantages/ dis- series
advantages of Answers to your questions--
logical databases?- To read data from a database tables we use logical
1> What is BDC recording?
database. A logical database provides read-only access to a group of
in BDC recording you record the transaction through which you want to
related tables to an ABAP/4 program. Advantages: i)check functions
upload data. This tool will create a program for you and you dont need
which check that user input is complete, correct,and plausible.
to create the program manually. You can code both call transaction and
ii)Meaningful data selection. iii)central authorization checks for
session method using this tool .
database accesses. iv)good read access performance while retaining
2> What is the role of BDCdata in call transaction method?
the hierarchical data view determined by the application logic. Dis
in bdc you need to pass data to particular screen and particular screen
advantages: i)If you donot specify a logical database in the program
fields.We do this using the structure BDCDATA available in the abap
attributes,the GET events never occur. ii)There is no ENDGET
dictonary. for more information just have a look at a sample code for
command,so the code block associated with an event ends with the
BDC.
next event statement (such as another GET or an END-OF-
3> what is bdcmsgcol and how it works with call transaction method?
SELECTION).
BDCMSGCOLL is a structure available in the abap dictonary. We use
20. What is a batch input session?- BATCH INPUT SESSION is an this to handle errors in call transaction. We need to declare an internal
intermediate step between internal table and database table. Data table like bdcmsgcoll. When a database table is updated we get some
along with the action is stored in session ie data for screen fields, to messages like sucessfull , or not sucessfull or sucessful with some
which screen it is passed, program name behind it, and how next warning message. All these messages pass through this structure. We
screen is processed. can capture them using a function module called FORMAT_MESSAGE.
21. How to upload data using CATT ?- These are the steps to be 4> What is the role of (gui_upload) functional module in call
followed to Upload data through CATT: Creation of the CATT test case
> transaction method?
& recording the
its the same as ws_upload or Upload fm. used for uploading data from
sample data input. Download of the source file template. Modification of
flat file to internal table.
the source file. Upload of the data from the source file.
5> what is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous
22. What is Smart Forms?- Smart Forms allows you to create forms
update?
using a graphical design tool with robust functionality, color, and more.
in synchronous updated the parent table is updated along with the child
Additionally, all new forms developed at SAP will be created with the
tables and then a sy-subrc is returned. 0 fior sucessful and 4 or 8 for not
new Smart Form solution.
sucessful. While in asynchronous updatetion after the updation of the
23. How can I make a differentiation between dependent and parent table we get a sy-subrc return. The system is not bothered if the
independent data?- child tables are updated or not
Client dependent or independent transfer requirements include client
specific or cross client objects in the change requests. Workbench
objects like SAPscripts are client specific, some entries in customizing
are client independent. If you display the object list for one change
request, and then for each object the object attributes, you will find the
flag client specific. If one object in the task list has

this flag on, then that transport will be client dependent.

24. What is the difference between macro and subroutine?- Macros
can only be used in the program the are defined in and only after the
ABAP Tips and Tricks WRITE:/ LINE.

Retrieving the deleted program **********

I recently deleted a custom program (which is already transported to Given a transaction code, how can I find the menu path?
production) accidentally and was wondering if there is any method of
In 4.6c, you can used tcode search_sap_menu to find the SAP MENU
retrieving the program back. After some research, I found a way of
tcode.
getting back the program. Following are the steps in getting back the
program: Please note that there are no tcode available to find the path of the IMG
transaction.
1) Create a program with the same name as earlier (which is deleted)
2) Click on "Utilities" --> "Versions" --> "Version Management" **********
3) Select the version of your earlier program and click on display.
4) Your earlier program is displayed here How to un-encrypt SAP user password?

Find out in what all Tables a specified field is available. It is not possible to un-encrypt the SAP password, because a one-way
encoding (with strong 1024 bit key) is used for this. The result is stored
You can find out through transaction code SE15. and each time one has entered the password the encoding result is
checked.
1) Give SE15 on command prompt.
2) Select ABAP Dictionary **********
3) Select "fields" folder
4) Click on table fields When you delete an entry from an internal table in ABAP, the system

5) Then you can enter the desired field name (In your case EKGRP) has to re-generate the index for all entries after your delete, slowing the

6) Run OR press F8. report if you have many records to eliminate.

The system will list out all the tables which contain your desired field It is much quicker to do an insert of the correct records into a second

name. table than to delete entries from the first. The reason for this is because
the index is only generated for the newest element.
or
**********
1) using transactin Code SE11( ABAP Dictionary)
2) enter the Data table name where-in the respective field (EKGRP) is If you want to protect a program against debugging, you just have to set

used eg; EKKO the STATUS = S in the attributes view of the main program.

3) Click the where -used list button **********

4) Check out the box(DB tables) Only .
BDC.
There you can see entire list of tables containing the desired field.
When You use a call transaction ,and populate the BDCDATA table.

Here the difficulty is that one should know at least the name of the one Make sure you pass the "DATE FIELDS" of any transaction by

of the data tables which contain the desired field. formatting it as "XX/XX/YYYY" cos if you pick this data from database
it will be of the format 20030505 or something like that. Make sure You
Find the Table Name For a Field. pass this value as character field.
Same is true for the "Rate Fields". Make sure you pass them as
I know couple of ways to find the table name for a field.
"Character Fields" by formatting them.
like.
1. Part the cursor at the field and press F1 & F9. **********
2. se84 or se15
3. st05 (sql trace). If you need to find out the Okcodes for BDC sessions, look for program

4. Setting Break point in ABAP. RSBDCCUA and run it for any platform say 'WN' for windows or MC for
Mac and it will generate list of function codes
If you will tell other methods it will be apreciate.
**********
**********
To save the contents of an internal table as a Microsoft Excel
* Worksheet when debugging code in SAP R/3 Enterprise:
* How to print Apostrophe using the write statement 1. Click on the "Table" button
* For e.g. You'll be there. 2. Type in the name of your internal table in the "Internal table" field and
* hit Enter.
report zapostrophe message-id z1. 3. Hit CTRL + F11 or click on the "Save as Excel Worksheet" button.
4. Type in the record numbers that you want to save. (Ex. From Line: 1
DATA: LINE(20).
To Line: 10) Hit Enter.
CONCATENATE 'You''' 'll be there.' INTO LINE. 5. Save your file.
 ********** 16. To find IDoc Function Modules for creating file names use table :
EDIFM
Starts with a Z is homegrown program
17. To find EDI Message Types and Assignment to IDoc Types use
You cannot be sure that anything which starts with a Z is a homegrown
table : EDIMSG
program.
18. To find all EDI segments of current release use table : EDSEA
SAP provide a number of correction programs, especially within the
19. To find Views of customer model use table : TBD00 ( ALE Models )
archiving area, which start with a Z.
20. To find Communication relation between systems in ALE use table :
For e.g. ZZSTOCKL from note 202345.
TBD03
********** 21. To find Process code for outbound processing ( EDI ) use table :
TEDE1
Can line-size of abap report large than 255? 22. To find Process code for inbound processing ( EDI ) use table :
You can have line-size upto 1023.
TEDE2

Along with Report statement pass the line-size as 1023. Ex. Report
23. To find Function modules for inbound ALE-EDI use table : TBD52
xyz line-size 1023.
24. To find all Status of IDoc use table : TEDS1

**********

How to find out the number of days between a given date,

excluding Saturdays and Sundays and public holidays?

Try functions,
=> DATE_CONVERT_TO_FACTORYDATE
=> HR_HK_DIFF_BT_2_DATES

Some Useful Tables and

Functional Modules
1. To find all the tables used in a transaction use table : D010TAB
(Get the main program of the transaction from SE93)
2. To find all the tables which contains a specific field use table :
DD03L ( For text DD03T)
3. To find all the segments that contains a specific fields use table :
EDSAPPL
4. To find all the Idoc basic type that contains a specific segment use
table: IDOCSYN
5. To find all the Idoc extensions that contains a specific segment use
table: CIMSYN
6. To find all the parameter Id Use table : TPARA
7. To get the main program of a include use FM :
RS_GET_MAINPROGRAMS
8. To get Function Modules and Includes Belonging to a Function
Group : FUNCTION_INCLUDE_INFO,
FUNCTION_INCLUDE_SPLIT
9. To get all the inactive object by username Use table : DWINACTIV
10. To get all the includes for any main program: table D010INC
11. To get relations between classes/interfaces: table SEOMETAREL
12. To find call relations between programs - function module - external
subroutine calls etc: Table CROSS
13. To find EDI Custom Extension Types use table : EDCIM
14. To find the IDoc types use table : EDIDO ( Value table for IDoc
types )
15. To find IDoc Assignment of Function Module to logical message
and IDoc type use table : EDIFCT