Basra University / College Of Engineering

Chemical Engineering Department

fourth Stage

Petroleum Laboratory
Experiment : Density
Date of experiment : 2015/11/25

Student :

Mohammed Kadhim Mohammed

NO : (64)
Objective:

To determine the density of unknown substance relative to density of

water.
To show the density as a function of temperature .

Introduction:

Density is a basic physical property of a homogeneous substance; it is an

intensive property, which means it depends only on the substance's
composition and does not vary with size or amount. The determination of
density is a nondestructive physical process for distinguishing one
substance from another. Density is the ratio of a substance's mass to its
own volume. volume mass (V= m / d)

In the metric system the unit of density for a liquid or solid is measured in
g/mL or g/cm3 . The cm3 volume unit used with solids is numerically
equal to mL volume unit used with liquids. That is, 1 mL = 1 cm3

density and specific gravity data were used to:

1. Indicate crude oil quality.

2. Correlate with aromatic character, naphthenic character, and

paraffinic character.
The specific gravity is highest for aromatics and lowest for paraffin's. The
API gravity reverses this relationship. In the early years of the petroleum
industry, density was the principal specification for petroleum and
refinery products; it was used to give a very approximate estimation of the
gasoline and (more particularly) the kerosene present in the crude oil.
However, the derived relationships between the density of petroleum and
its fractional composition were valid only if they were applied to a certain
type of petroleum and lost some of their significance when applied to
different types of petroleum . Nevertheless, density is still used to give a
rough estimation of the nature of petroleum and petroleum product.

Density and specific gravity (thence the API gravity) can be determined
relatively easily but are no longer the means of a preliminary assay of the
sample and are no longer the guide that they used to be in terms of
determining (or estimating) the product slate .
Theory:

The liquid density is the mass of volume unit for this liquid at the specific
temperature degree .the standard unit of the volume when known which
known (ml L) which known that is the volumetric which occupied from
(1) gram from the water in the (4) temperature degree over the density
.or measure weight of specific volume from liquid there compare By the
density of the standard liquid such as the distillation water at seem
temperature degree .we apply the equation below :

d1 : density of the standard liquid

w1 : weight the specific volume from the standard liquid .
d2 : density of the un known liquid .
w2 : weight the specific volume from the liquid

we can apply this relation at different temperature degree to estimate any

density liquid at specific temperature degree .

and other general correlation for density and temperature for fluids is :
= (1 - Cr * T)
where:

is density at t deg C.

is density at 0 deg C.

Cr: is actual expansion coefficient of the fluid.

T: is the change in temp. i.e.( t-o )

apparatus:
Procedure:

1- Fall the water bath with water and turn on .

2- Take volume of oil sample and put it in a cylindrical ,then put

cylindrical in water bath.

3- Set temperature on (50 )and put thermometer in cylindrical to

read temperature of sample.

4- Calculate (sp.gr)by hydrometer .

5- Calculate (sp.gr)at same way to temperature (60 ,70) .

Calculation:

Reading:-

No. T( c) SG
1 25 0.9
2 50 0.88
3 70 0.87

=SG *

From steam table we find

No. T(c) (kg/m3)

1 25 997
2 50 988
3 70 977

1) At T= 25 C
=0.9 * 997=897.3 kg/m3

2) At T= 50 C
=0.88*988=869.4 kg/m3

3) At T= 70 C
=0.87*977=849.9 kg/m3
Results:
By using liner equation = a + bT

b=
, a=

n
3 145 2616.6 8025 21025 125395.5
b = -1.0559 , a = 923.235

= 923.235-1.066 T

Plot this function

T(C) (kg/m3)
25 898.085
50 872.935
70 852.815

905
900
895
890
885
880
Density,
875
870
865
860
855
850
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temperature,T

Figure 1. show the relationship between temperature and density

Discussion:

Generally liquids become less density when heated . Higher

Temperature means molecules move faster and further, that creating
more space (void).

Density is a measure of the quantity of mass of a substance per unit

of volume. Because density can be measured without a chemical
change taking place, it is a physical property. Density is also an
intensive property because it does not depend on the amount of
substance being measured. For this reason, density can be used to
help identify an unknown substance.

Mathematically, density is expressed as D = M/V and has units of

g/mL or g/cm3.
From the above equation, it is apparent that density is both
temperature and pressure dependent. For liquids and solids, the
density will change slightly with changes in temperature and
pressure. Most solids and liquids expand when they are heated
which increases their volume. The notable exception is water when
it is heated from 0 C to 4 C because it contracts. Ignoring any
slight evaporation, heating results in a decrease in density. Changes
in pressure can increase or decrease the volume but the resulting
change in density is negligible. Unless stated, the densities of solids
and liquids are determined at room temperature, 25 C.
References :

www.wikipedia.com/dencity
www.synlube.com
Handbook of Petroleum Analysis, JAMES G. SPEIGHT .