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TYPES OF STRUCTURE
Structure
6.1 Introduction
Objectives
6.2 Quantification Principles of Various Items of Work
6.2.1 Earthwork for Foundation
6.2.2 Earthwork for Canals and Roads
6.2.3 Masonry
6.2.4 Plain and Reinforced Cement Concrete
6.2.5 Structural Steel
6.2.6 Woodwork
6.2.7 Painting
6.2.8 Plumbing and other Lump-sum Items
6.3 Rate Analysis
6.4 Examples
6.4.1 A Complete Example - Compound Wall
6.4.2 Single-bed Roomed Residential Building
6.4.3 Steel Shnchion with Grillage Foundation
6.4.4 Steel Roof Truss
6.4.5 Arched Culvert
6.4.6 Roads
6.1 INTRODUCTION
In Unit 5, estimating was defined as "careful and correct measurement of various
quantities involved in a construction project as reflected in contract documents and
drawings and the subsequent oalculation and application of accurate unit prices to these
quantities". Principles involved in such estimating were also described in detail therein.
In this unit, typical examples of structures will be taken up for quantification. One
exampk of a structure is given a complete treatment including costing whereas in other
examples, only quantification of items of work (without costing) is given. This curtailing
is made to primarily make the size of the unit concise; the secondary reason, of course, is
that while quantities of items of work remain unaltered as long as the drawings1
specifications are not altered, cost varies from site to site and time to time.
It is emphasised that the availability of detailed, precise and well-dimensioned drawiqgs
form an essential prerequisite for accurate estimating on the one hand. On the other, the
estimator or the quantity surveyor is expected to possess adequate knowledge to correctly
read the drawings, interpret abbreviations and specifications, infer any missing data and
correctly apply appropriate formulae using principles of mensuration. At times, the
estimator may have to make independent decisions without consulting the architect or the
engineer in order to complete the job on hand in time. There is a vast array of codes,
standards, regulations and legislation which apply to construction processes and cause
either opportunities or restraints in the use of specific materials, methods or systems. A
general knowledge of these is invaluable to the estimator in making independent
decisions. More importantly, the estimator should have intimate knowledge of the
working procedufes, strengths and limitations of hisher company or organisation in order
to have access to reliable data on labour productivity, equipment utilisation and material
costs including transportation so that the cost estimates prepared by himher are accurate.
Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
apply the principles learnt in previous unit to estimate actual structures,
Estimating describe precisely the procedure of costing structures as a "three-component"
exercise,
determine the cost of any structurelproject,
conceptualise that the degree of accuracy of the estimate critically depends
upon the degree of detail with which drawings, specifications and cost data are
furnished,
gain confidence to take up any structure for estimating,
seek any missing relevant drawingsldata, if you are given an exercise of
estimating,
, appreciate the commonly stated principle that "practice makes things perfect"
and try out more examples on your own, and
have a feel for the applications of programs designed for construction
estimating using personal computers (PCs).
t Solution
Quantification is as follows :
-
Referring to Figure 6.2,
(dl + d2)
we get, dm =
2
A, = Area of mid-section + area of two sides ,= Bd, + Sd, 2
Therefore, V (Bd, + sdm2) x L
Mean Sectional Area Method or Trapezoidal Method
This method is based on the assumption that the mid area of a pyramid is half the
average area of the ends and the end sections are in parallel planes. If A1 andA2 are
the areas of the ends and L is the length between two sections, the volume of the
prismoid is given by
( A r + A 2 ) or V = L x A ,
where, A, = mid-sectional area.
Considering a number of consecutive sections, having areas A l , A2, . . . ,A,-1, A,.
L
Therefor'e, the total volume of earthwork = 2 (Al + Z42 + U 3+ . . . + +A 3
Prismoidal Method ,
From mensuration, volume of a prism having end faces that are'in parallel planes
Prismoidal Method
~uantity.V = () d
x (Al + A2 + 41,)
[
Changeover point : @ x 200 = 47 m.
0.85)
Estimating Ouantification is as follows
Thus, we get,
quantity of cutting = 75.44 cu m, and
quantity of filling = 22547.07 cu m.
Ear.thwork for Canals 1
The bed level of the canal is generally decided by the command level required and
the bed slope. Depending upon the terrain, alignment of canal and the proposed
bed level, the nature of earthwork will be either fully in cutting or fully in filling or
partially in cutting and filling.
Fully in Cutting
-*7
Figure 6.4 :Fully in Cutting
Solution
Quantity of earthwork in chailnel
Quantity of excess earthwork required for = 1651.30m3
banks to be taken from borrow pits -
Grand total = 6559.25 m3
Table 6.1 :Earthwork Calculation Using Mid-Section Area Method for the Irrigation Channel in Example 6.3
1 I EXCAVATION I BANIUNG . 1 I
Figom. 6.7 (b) :Loagitudinal Section Showing Bed Level, G w n d Level &Top of Bund Level
Abstract
(Refer Table 6.1) Quantity Rate Per Amount
Permanent Land
As soon as the alignment for the proposed road or canal is finalised, area required
to be acquired for the project is also to be worked out along with the quantity of
earthwork.
For a typical section shown in Figure 6.5,
Area of Permanent Land = [ b + bl + b2 + 2S1H+ 2S2D + extra width] x Length
The extent of extra width required is dictated by the
(a) Nature of the soil - easily erodable or hard
(b) Height of banking - higher the height of banking more the area
(c) Value of land on either side
(dl Whether the bank slopes a e protected or not.
If very steep banks are provided as for approaches to over-bridge and high
embankments, or if the soil used for banking is oor against erosion, the banks are
S
to be protected. As the depth of banking varies rom section to section, the width
of permanent land also will vary at different sections. In practice, uniform land
width, equal to the maximum width in a particular reach is proposed for
acquisition.
For the above problem,
Area of permanent land
= Width of permanent land x Length
= [b + b1+ b2 + 2S1H + 2S2h + extra width] x Length
[ i: I1
Thus, the total deduction = (1 x h ) + - x 1 x r
Semi-circularArch Openings
The area of semicircular portion = $2
The area of the semi-circular portion may also be obtained approximately by
314 x span x rise.
Therefore, quantity, q =
3
Case 2 : Segmental Arch with span and Rise Given
To find radius r,
To find length 1,
7t
Im = Wm = -
2
X (S + t)
Exact Method
The exact method involves actual quantification of the reinforcement grills. This
presupposes the availability of detailed design of the structural concrete members
and detailed drawings.
The designer provides the structural drawings along with detailing of
reinforcement as per design requirements and according to the provisions of the
codes oi-'practice. Normally, this is made available in the form of a Bar Bending
Schedule (BBS) using which the estimxtor prepares a Bar Requirement Schedule
(BRS). The total quantity of reinforcer~~ent is arrived at by multiplying the length
of bars with its corresponding linear weight. Table 6.4 gives the linear weight of
different diameters of commonly available reinforcing steel.
Table 6.4 : Linear Weight of Different Diameters
Note : The linear weight can also be calculated using unit weight of steel as
7850 kg/m3. To calculate the linear weight per metre length (kglm) of any
diameter rbd, multiply the cross-sectional area expressed in sq m by 7850.
Example 6.5 : Slab
A RCC two way slab 150 mm thick covers a hall of clear size 3.6 m x 7.0 m. The
supporting walls all around are 230 mm thick.
Reinforcement along short direction - 10 mm diameter HYSD bars @ 180 mm clc
Reinforcement along long direction - 8 mm diameter HYSD bars @ 150 mm clc.
Altemate bars are c r e e d up at 0.2L (115 span) from face of support. Clear cover
to reinforcement and end cover are 20 mm and 25 mm, respectively. Quantify the
reinforcing steel for the slab. The structural details are given in Figure 6.1 1.
The bar bending schedule is as follows :
Figure 6.11 : Reinforcement Details (Two-way Slab)
Solution
BAR REQUIREMENT SCHEDULE
Location
I 1
Mark Type/
m / Total
No. ( Length
(m) I Total
Length I Linear
Weight ( Total
Weight (
SLAB -
Short Span I I
'
lOHYSD ( 40 1 4.24 / 169.6m 1 0.620 1 105.2kp I
SLAB - 'b' 8 HYSI) 2.S 7.63 190.75 m 0.395 75.3 kg
Long Span
At Cranked 'c' 8 HYSD 6 4.16 24.96 m 0.395 9.9 kg
up portion
At Cranked 'd' 8 HYSL) 4
-
7.56
-
30.24 m
-
0.395 11.9 kg
up portioi~
Total 202 kg
Solution
BAR REQUIREMENT SCHEDULE
Type/ Total Length Total Linear Total
Location Weight
Size No. (m) Length Weight
BEAM -bottom 20HYSD 10 5.80 58.00 m 2.46 142.7 kg
straight marked 'p'
/ BEAM-cranked
marked 'q'
/ 20 HYSD I I
5 6.24 I 31.20 m ( 2.46 ) 76.8 kg )
At top portion 16 HYSD 10 5.72 57.20m 1.58 90.4 kg
marked 'r '
Stimps nmked 's' 8 HYSD 145 1.768 256.40 m 0.395 101.3 kg
1 Total / 411.12kg 1
Add 5% (approximate) for Wastage and Laps (rounded up) 20.80
TOTAL 432.0 kg
Concrete
In quantifying concrete, different types of concrete, viz. lime concrete, cement
concrete, concrete using stone jelly, concrete using brick jelly etc. shall be
quantified as separate items. Similarly, concrete to be made with different
proportions of materials, methods of mixing, curing etc, shall be quantified as
separate items. Further, concrete used in different component, viz. foundation,
roof, wall, columns may have to be classified and measured under separate heads.
Concrete shall be quantified in cu m and measurements of length, breadth and
height or thickness shall be takeII' to the nearest lcm except that the thickness of
slabs, partitions, posts, beams and the like shall be measured to the nearest 0.5 cm.
No deduction shall be made for openings up to 0.1 sq m.
Fair finish to the exposed surface of ccncrete or hacking or roughening surfaces of
concrete shall be included in the description and the thickness of finishing shall not
be measured with the concrete. Special finishes except in precast concrete shall be
measured separately in sq m. In RCC work, the volume occupied by reinforcement
shall not be deducted from the measured concrete volume.
6.2.5 Structural Steel
There are a large number of major buildings where steel is extensively used. They are
Industrial and very tall residential buildings,
Large span structures, e.g. suspension bridges, railway bridges etc.,
Towers and water tanks, and
- Large span roofs for auditoria and warehouses.
It is fairly easy to estimate the quantity of structural steel due to the following reasons :
(a) Only standard sections of limited sizes are manufactured and their linear weiiht
is known.
(b) InvaAably, the structural drawings are made to a high degree of accuracy and
detail, enabling the estimator to directly work out the quantity of structural steel
used.
Standard strucb~ralsteel sectlons consist of angles (equal and unequal), channels, beams,
plates, flats and ropes. Steel structures are fabricated by cutting and shaping these
sections and joining them by welding or bolting or riveting. This process is known as
"wrought and put up" in estimating parlance. The estimator arrives at the total weight
(tonnage) of steel used. This is done by just multiplying the length of the structural steel
sections by their respective linear weights as done in the case of reinforcing steel. In case
of plates - (Area of plates used x weight/unit area) will give the quantity.
In measuring jointed frame, full length of structural sections out of which site lengths are
fabricated shall be considered. Sirmlarly, in case of plates, e.g. gusset plates, full size of
plates (rectangular or square), out of which odd shapes are cut, shall be measured.
Normally, all structural steel is painted with a coat of red oxide primer - number of coats
depending upon the degree of protection required. if needed one or two coats of enamel/
aluminium paint is given as further protection from corrosion. Painting is measured on
area (m2) bass.
6.2.6 Woodwork
Woodwork is required for doors, windows, ventilators, cupboards, partition etc. While
estimating woodwork items, the type is specified as to whether it is panelled, glazed,
partly panelled and partly glazed, louvered, venetian, etc. and the area is measured in
(m2). It may not be required to take out the quantities of the woodwork components on
volume basis - if standardised doors, windows are adopted for which standard data is
available. In major buildings, large number of doors and windows of standard size and
design are used. In such cases, doors 'uld windows can be quantified simply as "so many"
numbers. If standardised doors/windows are not adopted, it is necessary to arrive at the
quantities of woodwork components individually -as shown in the example below for a
door with panelled shutter.
In measuring framed timber, length of tenons, scrafs shall be added to site length of
framed timber.
Referring to Figure 6.13, Table 6.5 gives quantification for the woodwork of a door with
panelled shutter.
Table 6.5
Item Particulars No. L B D Quantity
No.
1. Door Frame
Verticals out of 2m-3m long 2 2.10 0.10 0.075 0.3 15
scantlings
b l m e n s ~ o n s in m n .
Fittings
Fittings made of anodised aluminium or steel
100 mm - Butt hinges - 6 nos.
250 rnm - Aldrop bolt - 1 no.
100 mm - Tower bolt - 1 no.
150 mm - Tower bolt - 1 no.
Handle - 1 no.
Labour
Making frames, fixing, holdfasts complete
= 0.0315 + 0.0090 = 0.0405 m3
Making Shutters with moulded panels and fixing fittings complete
I I
10 c u m
Bond stone 1 cu m
3.4 cu m
Cement 816 kg
On a cursory observation of the pricing data relating to the above two items, the
following points can be noted :
(a) The items to be priced are described with reference to their salient
specifications.
(b) The unit of measurement, i.e. 1 cu m or 10 cu m as the case may be is
mentioned.
(c) The quantities of materialAabourIequipment time are given.
(d) The quantities of material/labour/equipment time are not necessarily in full
numbers.
(e) Overheads are not mentioned.
(f) Profit margin is not specified.
(g) While in Example (A), three elements (materials, labour and equipment) are
involved, in Example (B), only two elements (materials and labour) are
involved.
It is to be further noted that the tabulated quantity of materials required for the unit of
work will remain unchanged whoever carries out the work. But the labour/equipment
requirements can change either way (increase or decrease) depending upon the
productivity levels. Similarly, overheads and profit margins also can be significantly
different with different contractors.
The data books available with the Central Public Works Department and Public Works
Departments of different States give average labour/equipment requirements, which can
be used for preparation of estimates. The equipment usage can be arrived at based on the
principles given in Unit 5. Arriving at labour requirements for a given unit of work is a
difficult exercise. A large number of factors are involved in deciding on the crew size and
its productivity for each and every item of work. Observations taken from a large number
of sites are averaged out and used as labour data for rate analysis. Major contractors have
their own data based on the productivity of their own labour force or on their
subc'ontractors' rates. These are made available in a "Standard Data Book" which
includes a large number of items of work covering most Civil Engineering works.
The exercise of rate analysis is to associate costs to the listed quantum of materials,
labour, equipment for different items of work. While associating costs to materials, the
estimator has to work out the cost of various materials to be used at site of work.
Cost of materials at site = Cost of materials at source + Transportation cost
In a particular locality, though the cost of a material may be same at the source of
availability, the distance of different work sites in the locality from that source may be
different and hence, the landed cost per unit of material may be different. General
guidelines are given below for working out transportation costs of materials. In working
out transportation costs, the principle of "Erne is money" is used.
The following data are needed :
(a) Mode of conveyance - lorry, cart etc.
(Most of the urban work sites are connected by good, black topped roads and
conveyance of building materials is generally by lorries. In rural areas, where
road conditions are poor, bullock carts are used.)
(b) Capacity of conveying vehicle for different materials.
(c) . Distance of site from source of availability of material.
I (e) Speed linlits, if any.
(f)
(If different speed limits are specified as in cities, then split up distances outside
and inside city limits are to be noted.)
Hire charges per day of the conveying vehicle.
(g) Loading and unloading time of material.
(h) Loading and unloading charges of material per trip.
The following example will illustrate the procedure nf working out "cost of material at
site".
Example 6.7
The site is located in an urban area. Material to be transported is river sand. Cost at
source is Rs. 15 per cu m.
Data given is as follows :
Examples with Dierent
Types d S t ~ c t ~ u - e
= 150 min.
Cost of conveyance of 1 lorry load of sand to site
= Cost of lorry use + Loading and unloading charges
= (150 x 3.00) + 50 + 50 = Rs. 550
Cost of conveyance of 1 cu m of sand
i. .: ,$
\%%atis i?c palntir:g urea fore srrrck of ~t~uct:.irr,l
s t ~C~C , IlI S ~ S ! ~ :0f,1::'~('9.
~K
YSh.Is 49(f (I:mgc width 23'3 mm)and 3 nos. of !SA 150 'F, 1 1.5 x i2 '!
EPtimating 6.4 EXAMPLES
In the earlier sections, you were given an insight into the nuances of quantification
involved in individual items of work. In the following sections, you will be exposed to
quantification of actual structures. Different types of structures are chosen so that, by
themselves, these together cover a fairly wide range of civil engineering projects.
Nevertheless, these examples alone cannot be considered exhaustive. This is in view of
the limitations of this unit and you are advised to refer to good textbooks suggested in the
section "Further Reading" given at the end of this block.
The first example given below is complete by itself in the sense that it includes all the
three components, viz. quantity estimate, rate analysis and abstract estimate. In other
examples, only quantity estimates are furnished. The reason is that while quantities of
items of work remain unaltered as long as the drawings/specifications are not altered, cost
changes from site to site and time to time.
Specifications
. The site is located in a town.
The foundation is with PCC 1 : 4 : 8 using 40 mm size broken stone
jelly and 230 mm thick wall built with stock bricks - I sort of size
23 x 11.5 x 7.5 cm in cement-sand mortar 1 : 5.
The superstructure consists of 115 mrn thick wall built with stock
bricks - I sort of size 23 x 11.5 x 7.5 cm size in cement-sand mortar
1 : 4, plastered on both faces using cement-sand mortar 1 : 5 - 12 mm
thick, extending 20 crn below ground level; white wash with 3 coats up
to G.L.
The super~tructureis strengthened with 230 x 230 rnm size pilasters at
2.4 m cic, built with stock bricks - I sort of size 23 x 11.5 x 7.5 cm in
cement-sand mortar 1 : 4; plastered and whitewashed.
Total number of bays - 80 (2.4 m length each).
Solution Exampleswith Different
T y p dStmetan
QUANTITY ESTIMATE -per bay of 2.4 m length
Item
No. Particulars N L B D Quantity
3. Brickwork in foundation
and pilaster
0.421 m3
5. Plastering 12 mm thick
8.850 m2
7.850 m2
RATE ANALYSIS
The following data are available from the records of the contractor's office :
The contractor has his ownlorry for transportation. According to the costing data,
the running cost per km is Rs. 5.00. Loading/unloading charges are Rs.30 per each
operation.
Rates of labow
Earthwork ex'cavation :
. Open excavation - Rs. 70 per m3
Excavation for foundation in loose soil - Rs. 120 per m3
Refilling the sides - Rs. 10 per m3
Mazdoor I - Rs. 80 per day and Mazdoor I1 - Rs. 75 per day 57,.
z
Mason (skilled) - Rs. 130 per day Mason (semi-skilled) - Rs. 110 per day
Mortar mixing per m3 - 1/3 Mazdoor I1 = 7513 = Rs. 25
.t
Cost of Materials at Site
Cement
Conveyance cost per lorry load = 2 x 5 x 5 + 60 = Rs. 110.
Conveyance cost per tonne = [ -
l i o ) = Rs. 22
.
Cement-sand mortar 1 : 5 - 1 m' Examples with Different
Types of Stmetare
Quantity Details Rate (Rs) Per Amount (Rs.)
1 m3 Sand for mortar 105 1 m3 105.00
288 kg Cement 3422 1tonne 985.54
1m3 Mixing mortar 25 1n13 25.00
Total Rs. 1115.54
TOILET
rJ 260 X 160
C
DRAlJlNt KIT~McW
W( 0
480 x 360 ,- 360x360 ..W
b-
V E R A N DAH
8ED 4- r 200
% 360~890
D J
-
L I M E PLAM-
( ~ h o d n j clear m t e r d dimenstons of
rooms @ f 10or Iebel)
LEGEND<
-
0 Opening - 100 x 200
J-RCJali -180x120 All dimensions in centimetres
Figure 6.15 :One Bed Roomed House
Cross wall between bed and hawing 1 8.0 0.8 0.7 4.48
(0.1 + 3 . 6 + 0 . 2 + 4 . 8 + 0 . 1 ) - 0 . 8 = 8 . 0 0 m
Cross wall between bed and verandah 1 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.78
(2.2-0.8)= 1.4m .
Cross wall between kitchen and drawing 1 3.0 0.8 0.7 1.68
3.8 - 0.8 = 3.00 m
Cross wall between kitchen and toilet 1 2.0 0.8 0.7 1.12
2.8 - 0.8 = 2.00 m
,Lump sum 0.22
- Add for steps etc.
Total 29.0 A3
- -
Item B Quantity
No. Particulars N L I)
Note : Precast lintels are used over toilet door and ventilator openings.
Item Particulars N L B D Quantity
No.
8. Filling in basement with sand
Baj room 1 3.4 37 0.35 4.40 m3
14. Woodwork
Par~elleddoors - 100 x 200 cm 3 3 nos.
Panelled doors - 90 x 200 cm 1 1 no.
50 x 50 x 6 on either side.
* Column and base
The column consists of 2 nos. of ISWB 400 with a battened plate of 10
mm thick at the top end and 7 nos. of intermediate plates.
The column is supported by cleat angles 2 nos. of ISA 75 x 75 x 8 at
the web side. Ths size of the base plate is 750 x 750 x 22 mm and that
of gusset plates - 2 nos. of 750 x 350 x 12 mm, Packing plates - 2 nos.
of 750 x 350 x 10 mm, Gusset angle - 2 nos. of ISA 150 x 115 x 12.
* Minimum cover of concrete is 125 mm.
7. .-
Setion AA.
7 5 ~ brick
~ .
FB S O / id3
.
beams ISLB 259
Figore 6.16 (b) :Steel Staaehion figure 6.16 (c) :Details of Gusseted Base
Solution
Details of Measurement and Calculation of Quantities.
3. Cement concrete in
foundation ( 1 2 4 )
Lower portion
Upper portion 1 3.00 3.00 0.55 4.95m3
1 3.00 1.05 0.65 2.05 m3
Total 7.00m3
Note :No deduction is to be made for the volume occupied by the grillage beams. This
practice is similar to that adopted for reinforced concrete.
I /
Item
No. ~arriptionof item I *a ( L ( B ( H / Quanti@ p /
weisht 1
r udt itl~upntity I
4. STEELWORK
22 1
I
27.9 (
I
613.8kg /
i
(e) 1 B W plate
~
thick
33 mm I 1
I
I 0.75 10.75 1 1 0.5625 / 172.7 1 97.14kg (
Gusset plate 12 2 0.75 0.35 0.525 94.2 49.46 kg
(f)
mm thick .
I !
(g) Packing plate 10
mm thick
1 / 1 / I
2 0.75 0.35 0.525 1 78.5 1 41.21 kg I
(h) Gusset angle ISA 2 0.75 1.5 23.8 35.70kg
15ox 115 x 12
Ty P ~ C A L sc>lt4T
Note :
The members at a joint do not join at a point The Gussct
Plate joins t b m and its size is cut out from (L x B).
Solutlon
'
Details of Measurement and Calculation of Quantities
1 (a)
Total
1 : I 2:: 1 235.8 kg
I
Item L B Total
NO.
Oescription of item No. QuantiQ we.$t j
1 (b) Verticles marked 3 2 0.35 0.7 2.45
Verticles marked 4 2 0.7 1.4 4.90
Total 7.35 kg
Total 67.5 kg
Total 10.48 m2
Total
- 0.336 m2
Item Examples with Different
No.
Description of item No. L B Quantity T~l~esofstmctwe
J
Total c 2.976 m2
Total 0.643 m2
Painting 6 r 1 truss = (10.48 + 0.336 + 2.976 + 1.56 + 0.64 + 0.643) 16.635
Painting for 5 truss 83.175
Total 203.51 m2
3. AC Sheet roof including all fittings 2 24.30 0.4 335.35 m2
4. AC Sheet ridging 1 24.30 24.30 m
5. AC Gutters 2 24.30 49.6 m
6. A@ Raiowater pipes 150 dia. 6 3 .O 18 m
.L PLAN
Deduct
No.
(m) I
Breadth Height or
D ~ ~ &Quantity Remark
Examples with D i i e m t
Types d Structure
Arch calculations :
(';)+(s)(y) 1"(
r = = + 8 x 0.45 = 2.725 m
, (t1= r (y)
+ = 2.725 + = 2.825 m
) )
*
.
I = ((8b ;
=
2a) = ((8 x 1.566) - (2 x 1.5)
lx(+)=
Q = L x In x t = 6.8
3.176X(s)=
X
3
3.293-
5. at stone work
laid in coping 2 10.6 0.35 0.075 0.5565
6. Cement Pointing
Total 118.89 mZ
Breadth Height or Q u a . 6 ~
Estimating
D-rip.onofItem No. L;y Deptl, etb(m)
Remark
Deduct -
6.4.6 Road
Example 6.13
Prepare a q-ty estimate for the construction of a new road with the
, cross section as given in Figure 6.19.
Specifications
The length of road is 1 km.
The formation width of the road is 10 metre.
The average height of embankment is 1 m with the side slope of 2 : 1.
The metalled width is 3.70 m and three coats of metalling are to be
provided.
The surface shall be finished with two coats of black topping.
Solution
Details of Measurement and Calculation of Quantities
1. Surveying, 1 1 km lkm
/
degbelling ,,'
2. Earthwork (EW) Q = ( ~ +dsd2) x L 12000m2 B = lOm
in Q = (10 x 1 + 2 x 12) x 1000 d=lm
3. Land acquisition
temporary -- Quantity of EW in embankment 40000 m2 Depthof
borrow pit
Depth of borrow pit
= 0.3 m
12000
----0.3
- 40000
METALLING - -
7. Soling coat
8. Inter coat
9. Top coat
6.5.1 Introduction
We have seen that estimating involves handling of an enormous amount of compilation of
measurements, calculations of quantities using mostly simple arithmetic and the use of a
fairly large volume of cost data, which are mostly standard. Witb the advent of
microcomputers and their ability to rapidly accept, file, store, sort and retrieve or delete
large amount of complex data with minimal error and in desired and advantageous
patterns, it is realised that an estimator needs to educate himself on the use of personal
computers just in the same way as electronic calculators were substituted for manual .
calculations a few decades back. Computers significantly reduce the time required to
prepare an estimate, improve the accuracy of computations and enhance the quality of the
various analyses required. I
Applications \
In the particular fields of constrbction estimating and cost accounting, there are
already hundreds of specialist programs with more beiqg developed every year. All
of these exhibit varying degrees of quality and utility, and each has been to serve
some-real or imaginary specific need of the construction estimator or cost
accountant, either on an individual basis or on an industry-wide basis. Programs of
most interest to construction estimators broadly fall into the categories of
spreadsheets, databases, CADD and speci-d estimating packages.
I
A spreadsheet is nothing more than a two-dimensional matrix which consists of khmplos with Differed
Types dStmdure
vertical columns connecting with horizontal rows, to produce small boxes or
"fields" into which data can be inserted. The ordinary quantity take-off paper used
by estimators is a good example of a spreadsheet. Most of the examples illustrated
in this unit can be easily implemented on a spreadsheet. The columns are usually
identified by letters and the rows by numbers. As all columns and lines chat
appear on the computer console screen at once, the program must be able to permit
"scrolling" from side to side and forward and backward to permit all parts of the
spreadsheet to be viewed and modified. The main advantage of the computer
spreadsheet is that the program can command the CPU to manipulate data inserted
into the various field cells; for example, lengths can be multiplied by widths to
produce areas, and numbers of areas can be summed instantly and correctly.
- Reflected dimensions can be passed automatically to one or more cells, as
I required. If a change is made in any one cell, the results can also be automatically
amended to reflect the effects of the change. Some of the popular spreadsheet
packages available in the market include Microsoft Excel, Lotus 1-2-3, etc.
Apart from measurement and summarising, there are many programs available to
suit the needs of estimators involved with cost control, scheduling, purchasing
payroll and other features involved in the proper management of any construction
company. Filling and mailing programs are also very popular and useful for
companies with large numbers of customers or clients, or any other extensive data
base requiring storage, manipulation, and retrieval, such a labour, material, and
equipment output and cost data. In the design field, there are computer programs
intended to assist with the graphical aspects of design, in which the data are
pictorial or graphical, as distinct from vertical or numerical. Such programs are
generally known by the acronym CADD, which stands for "computer aided design
and drafting". CADD prograrns can also be used to generate data of use to the
design estimator, m the form of the perimeter lengths of walls, floor areas, building
volumes, quant~tiesof specified elements, heating and cooling roads, and the like,
which when used with other programs can generate probable costs of proposed
solutions to design problems with in seconds.
%,4$12
:, 5,
r ii. Irni: pl:lt.: -,I a building w l f h clear intertlal dirnlcnsinns (in cmj
r? %
at fli~urlevel is
~tt!'..;ii in !71yur.r6 . X (a). *a
Ahr-;ih!wn i s !he cross-section of the founclati!)n for the
.
u:a . . in F;gi:r.i: b.20 (I-.). Nnte that the supersti-ccwe wall is placed eccentric
i:~~:. ii the ft,oriug:; zxr: crjncenric) with rcfereilcc rc; foundation concrete. Estimate
;i!.: ii:!:!!i:!iry :.'f ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~in and masonry ill the t%o for:lings:
c :l'c:u~ldatir!~l
I~!c
- . SAQ3
m e line plan of a proposed residential building, showing clear intkmal dimensions
(in cm) of rooms, is given m Figure 6.21 (a). The eastem outer wall is to be built to
coincide with the property limit of the plot and hence, is provided with eccentric
footing [Figure 6.21 (b)l. All other remaining walls have concentric footings
\ [Figure 6.21 (c)]. Make a quantity estimate of concrete in foundation and ,
brickwork in foundation arid basement. I
LET
SAQ 4
Work out lhe area of formwork needed for concreting of the beams and slab in the
room shown in Figure 6.22. Also calculate the quantity of reinforcing grill work
needed for both the slab and the beams assuming approximate quantities of
60 kg/cu m of concrete for slab and 110 kglcu m of concrete for beams.