Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342

WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3UHVVXUH9HVVHO7HFKQRORJ\

&RPSDULVRQVRIWKH6ROXWLRQVRI&RPPRQ))66WDQGDUG3URFHGXUHV
WR%HQFKPDUN3UREOHPV
12/DUURVDD 5$$LQVZRUWKE
a
School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
b
School of Mechanical, Aerospace & Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

$EVWUDFW

7KHFRPPRQSUDFWLFHLQLQGXVWU\WRDVVHVVWKHVHYHULW\RIFUDFNOLNHGHIHFWVLQVWUXFWXUDOFRPSRQHQWVLVWRIROORZPHWKRGRORJLHV
XVXDOO\FRPSLOHGZLWKLQVWDQGDUGLVHGSURFHGXUHVRUFRGHV7KHPRVWSRSXODU)LWQHVV)RU6HUYLFH))6SURFHGXUHVDUHWKH8.
QXFOHDULQGXVWU\VWDQGDUGIRUIUDFWXUHDVVHVVPHQW5WKH$PHULFDQ3HWUROHXP,QVWLWXWH))6SURFHGXUHV$3,DQGWKH
%ULWLVK6WDQGDUGV,QVWLWXWLRQDVVHVVPHQWSURFHGXUH%67KHVHFRGHVXVXDOO\DVVHVVVWUXFWXUDOLQWHJULW\E\PHDQVRIWKH)DLOXUH
$VVHVVPHQW'LDJUDPV)$'LQZKLFKHODVWLFIUDFWXUHDQGSODVWLFFROODSVHDUHDVVHVVHGLQGHSHQGHQWO\DQGFRPELQHGLQDJUDSKLFDO
ZD\'XHWRWKHIRUPXODWLRQVZLWKLQWKHFRGHVEHLQJGLIIHUHQWVRPHGLYHUJHQFHLVH[SHFWHGLQWKHUHVXOWVSURYLGHG7KHDLPRIWKLV
SDSHULVWRVKRZWKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHUHVXOWVLQWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIWZRFDQGLGDWHSUREOHPVDVVHVVHGE\WKH$3,5DQG%6
SURFHGXUHVDQGWRKLJKOLJKWDQGGLVFXVVWKHSRVVLEOHUHDVRQVEHKLQGWKHVHGLIIHUHQFHV
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI,&397
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14
Keywords:)LWQHVVIRUVHUYLFH)$'VROXWLRQV5%6$3,

,QWURGXFWLRQ

'LIIHUHQWFDXVHVPD\OHDGWRWKHIDLOXUHRISUHVVXUHYHVVHOVDQGSLSLQJLQVHUYLFH)UDFWXUHFRUURVLRQFUHHSIDWLJXH
SODVWLFFROODSVHDQGWKHLULQWHUDFWLRQDUHH[DPSOHVRIIDLOXUHPHFKDQLVPVWKDWDUHOLNHO\WRFRQWULEXWHWRFRPSRQHQW
GHJUDGDWLRQDQGSRWHQWLDOIDLOXUH7KHUHIRUHDVVHVVLQJWKHVHYHULW\RIGHIHFWVDWJLYHQORDGLQJFRQGLWLRQVLVHVVHQWLDO


&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
E-mail address:QLFRODVODUURVD#PDQFKHVWHUDFXN

1877-7058 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of ICPVT-14
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2015.12.303
1328 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342

LQRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHVWUXFWXUDOLQWHJULW\7UDGLWLRQDOO\WKHWROHUDEOHVL]HRIGHIHFWVZDVVHWE\ZRUNPDQVKLSEDVHG
FULWHULDWKDWZHUHVRPHZKDWDUELWUDU\DQGDOZD\VFRQVHUYDWLYHVRPHWLPHVH[FHVVLYHO\VR
'HFDGHV RI UHVHDUFK DQG LQGXVWULDO H[SHULHQFH WRJHWKHU ZLWK H[WHQVLYH WHFKQLFDO SHHU UHYLHZ KDV OHG WR WKH
GHYHORSPHQW DQG FRPSLODWLRQ RI VWDQGDUGLVHG URXWHV IRU WKH HYDOXDWLRQ RI VWUXFWXUDO LQWHJULW\ RI GHIHFWLYH
FRPSRQHQWVVWUXFWXUHV,QWKHVHDFFHSWDQFHOHYHOVIRUIODZVDUHUHODWHGWRWKHORDGLQJRQWKHVWUXFWXUHDQGWRPDWHULDO
SURSHUWLHV
'LIIHUHQW SURFHGXUHV EDVHG XSRQ WKH SULQFLSOH RI ILWQHVVIRUVHUYLFH KDYH EHHQ FUHDWHG E\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO
RUJDQL]DWLRQVDQGDUHZHOODFFHSWHGLQPRVWLQGXVWULHV7KHPRVWSRSXODUSURFHGXUHVDUHLWKH$3,$60(
))6>@GHYHORSHGE\WKH$PHULFDQ3HWUROHXP,QVWLWXWH$3,LL%6>@ZKLFKLVWKHJHQHUDO8.SURFHGXUH
IRUWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIIODZVLQPHWDOOLFVWUXFWXUHVGHYHORSHGE\WKH%ULWLVK6WDQGDUG,QVWLWXWLRQ%6,DQGLLLWKH5
SURFHGXUH>@ZKLFKLVWKH8.QXFOHDULQGXVWU\IODZDVVHVVPHQWWHFKQLTXHRULJLQDWHGE\WKHIRUPHU&(*%GHYHORSHG
E\WKHIRUPHU%ULWLVK(QHUJ\DQGQRZXQGHUWKHGLUHFWLRQRI(')(QHUJ\
7KHVH SURFHGXUHVXVXDOO\ HYDOXDWH ILWQHVVIRUVHUYLFHRI FRPSRQHQWV FRQWDLQLQJ FUDFNOLNH GHIHFWVE\ PHDQV RI
(QJLQHHULQJ&ULWLFDO$VVHVVPHQWV(&$(&$LVEDVHGRQGDPDJHWROHUDQFHSULQFLSOHVIUDFWXUHPHFKDQLFVDQGLV
XVHGWRDVVHVVZKHWKHURUQRWDGHIHFWLYHFRPSRQHQWLVLQDVDIHFRQGLWLRQIURPHODVWLFSODVWLFIUDFWXUHDQGSODVWLF
FROODSVHXQGHUVSHFLILHGORDGLQJDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQV



)LJ)DLOXUHDVVHVVPHQWGLDJUDPLOOXVWUDWLQJVDIHUHJLRQERXQGHGE\WKH)$'FXUYHDQGFXWRII

7KHIDLOXUHDVVHVVPHQWGLDJUDP)$'SURYLGHVDJUDSKLFDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHOLPLWLQJYDOXHRIWKHQRUPDOLVHG

GULYLQJIRUFHDVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHQRUPDOLVHGDSSOLHGORDG,QJHQHUDOWKHVKDSHRIWKHFXUYHGHSHQGVRQWKHPDWHULDO
SURSHUWLHVDQGJHRPHWU\RIWKHFRPSRQHQWXQGHUDQDO\VLV+RZHYHUVLPSOLILHG)$'FXUYHVLQGHSHQGHQWRIJHRPHWU\
DQG PDWHULDO GDWD KDYH EHHQ GHULYHG E\ DSSO\LQJ FRQVHUYDWLYH DVVXPSWLRQV >@ 0RUH VRSKLVWLFDWHG URXWHV
UHTXLULQJPDWHULDOVSHFLILFGDWDHJVWUHVVVWUDLQFXUYHWHDULQJUHVLVWDQFHFXUYHFDQDOVREHXVHG7KHVHGLIIHUHQW
DSSURDFKHV SURYLGH GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV RI DVVHVVPHQW DUH RI LQFUHDVLQJ FRPSOH[LW\ DQG UHTXLUH H[SHULHQFH DQG PRUH
H[SHUWHQJLQHHULQJMXGJHPHQW
7KHDLPRIWKHSUHVHQWZRUNLVWRKLJKOLJKWGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHUHVXOWVLQWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHVDPHSUREOHPE\
PHDQVRIWKUHHGLIIHUHQWSURFHGXUHV$)$'EDVHGDQDO\VLVLVXVHGWRHYDOXDWHILWQHVVIRUVHUYLFHRIGLIIHUHQWFDVH
VWXGLHVE\PHDQVRIWKHPDWHULDODQGJHRPHWU\LQGHSHQGHQWIDLOXUHDVVHVVPHQWFXUYHXVXDOO\NQRZQDVWKH2SWLRQ
)DLOXUH$VVHVVPHQW&XUYH4XDOLWDWLYHYDULDWLRQVLQWKHSURFHGXUHVDVZHOODVTXDQWLWDWLYHGLIIHUHQFHVLQUHVXOWVDQG
WKHOHYHORIFRQVHUYDWLVPDUHUHSRUWHGIRUWKHFDVHVXQGHUDQDO\VLV)LQDOO\WKHEHQHILWVDQGOLPLWDWLRQVRIDSSO\LQJ
HDFKRIWKHPHWKRGRORJLHVDUHGLVFXVVHG

 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342 1329

1RPHQFODWXUH

2a FUDFNGHSWK
B VSHFLPHQWKLFNQHVV
2c FUDFNOHQJWK
E HODVWLFPRGXOXV
F L UHVHUYHIDFWRURQORDG
KI PRGH,VWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRU
P
KI VWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUGXHWRSULPDU\ORDGV
S
KI VWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUGXHWRVHFRQGDU\ORDGV
Kmat IUDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV
Kr IUDFWXUHUDWLR
P
Kr IUDFWXUHUDWLRGXHWRSULPDU\ORDGV
S
Kr IUDFWXUHUDWLRGXHWRVHFRQGDU\ORDGV
Lr QRQGLPHQVLRQDOSODVWLFFROODSVHSDUDPHWHU
LPD[
r QRQGLPHQVLRQDOSODVWLFFROODSVHSDUDPHWHUFXWRIIYDOXH
P LQWHUQDOSUHVVXUH
PL FROODSVHSUHVVXUH
 Qm VHFRQGDU\PHPEUDQHVWUHVV
Qb VHFRQGDU\EHQGLQJVWUHVV
ri LQWHUQDOUDGLXV
rm PHDQUDGLXV
ro RXWHUUDGLXV
7 RSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUH
9 SODVWLFLW\LQWHUDFWLRQIDFWRU
V VWUHVVHVGXHWRDSSOLHGORDGV
Vref UHIHUHQFHVWUHVV
Vf IORZVWUHVV
Vys \LHOGVWUHVV
Vr UHVLGXDOVWUHVVSURILOH

)$'EDVHGFRPSDULVRQ

7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVZRUNLVWRKLJKOLJKWGLIIHUHQFHVLQ))6DVVHVVPHQWSURFHGXUHVLQDVVHVVLQJWKHVLJQLILFDQFH
RI FUDFNOLNH GHIHFWV E\ IRFXVLQJ RQ VWUHVV LQWHQVLW\ IDFWRU 6,) DQG SODVWLF FROODSVH VROXWLRQV DV ZHOO DV WKH
VLJQLILFDQFH LQ WKH DVVHVVPHQW RI FRQVLGHULQJ UHVLGXDO VWUHVVHV DQG KRZ WKH SURFHGXUHV DFFRXQW IRU WKH HIIHFWV RI
UHVLGXDO VWUHVVHV RQ WKH FUDFNGULYLQJIRUFH 7KH )$' )LJ LV WKH PRVWZLGHO\XVHG DSSURDFK IRU DVVHVVLQJ WKH
LQWHJULW\RIVWUXFWXUHVFRQWDLQLQJFUDFNOLNHGHIHFWVVRFRPSDULVRQVZLOOEHPDGHEDVHGRQWKH)$'IUDPHZRUNZKHUH
DVVHVVPHQWUHVXOWVDUHSORWWHGLQWKH)$'SURYLGLQJDVLPSOHDQGVWUDLJKWIRUZDUGZD\RIVKRZLQJWKHGULYLQJIRUFH
IRU ERWK SODVWLF FROODSVH DQG HODVWLFSODVWLF IUDFWXUH PHFKDQLVPV DQG WR FRPSDUH VROXWLRQV DPRQJ WKH FRGHV )RU
FRPSDULVRQSXUSRVHWKHHIIHFWVRIRWKHUIHDWXUHVHJSDUWLDOVDIHW\IDFWRUVPDWHULDOSURSHUW\HVWLPDWLRQHWFWKDW
PD\DOVRDIIHFWUHVXOWVDUHH[FOXGHGLQWKHDQDO\VHV
7KHVROXWLRQVXVHGLQWKLVZRUNZHUHWKHEHVWDYDLODEOHLQHDFKSURFHGXUHIRUWKH6,)DQGSODVWLFFROODSVHVROXWLRQV
7KDWLVLIVD\D6,)VROXWLRQVZDVQRWDYDLODEOHIRUDF\OLQGHUXQGHUDQDO\VLVEXWDSODVWLFFROODSVHVROXWLRQZDVWKHQ
D IODW SODWH VROXWLRQ ZDV XVHG IRU WKH 6,) FDOFXODWLRQ ZLWK D F\OLQGHU VROXWLRQ IRU SODVWLF FROODSVH WR REWDLQ WKH
DVVHVVPHQWSRLQWKr, Lr
1330 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342

%HQFKPDUNSUREOHPV

,QWKLVZRUN([DPSOH3UREOHPDQG([DPSOH3UREOHPIURP>@KDYHEHHQFRQVLGHUHG7KHVHDGGUHVVWKH
DVVHVVPHQWRIDQLQWHUQDOVXUIDFHIODZLQWKHD[LDOZHOGRIDSLSHF\OLQGHUDQGDIXOO\FLUFXPIHUHQWLDOFUDFNOLNHIODZ
LQWKHJLUWKZHOGRQWKHRXWVLGHVXUIDFHRIDSLSHF\OLQGHUUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHVHH[DPSOHVDUHODEHOOHGKHUHDIWHU&DVH
VWXG\DQG&DVHVWXG\)LJ


D

E 


)LJ*HRPHWULHVFRQVLGHUHGIRUWKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKH))6DVVHVVPHQWSURFHGXUHVD
&DVHVWXG\E&DVHVWXG\)LJXUHVREWDLQHGIURPCrackwise>@OLEUDU\

3.1. Case study 1

7KHILUVWH[DPSOHLVWKDWRIDFUDFNOLNHGHIHFWORFDWHGLQWKHKHDWDIIHFWHG]RQH+$=SDUDOOHOWRDORQJLWXGLQDO

GRXEOH9JURRYHVHDPRQWKHLQVLGHVXUIDFHRIDF\OLQGULFDOSUHVVXUHYHVVHO7KHSUHVVXUHYHVVHOLVPDGHRI6$
*UDGH VWHHO DQGGHVLJQHGDV SHU WKH $60( % 39 FRGH 6HFWLRQ9,,,'LYLVLRQ  7KH F\OLQGHU LV IXOO\
SUHVVXULVHGZKHQWHPSHUDWXUH7o)WRDQLQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHP psig7KHYHVVHOLVQRWVXEMHFWWRSRVWZHOGKHDW
WUHDWPHQW3:+7DWWKHWLPHRIIDEULFDWLRQ>1RWHWKHEHQFKPDUNSUREOHPVLQ>@DUHSURYLGHGLQ,PSHULDOXQLWVEXW
DVVHVVPHQWVDUHJHQHUDOO\UHSRUWHGKHUHLQQRQGLPHQVLRQDOIRUPRUFRQYHUWHGWR6,XQLWVZKHUHQHFHVVDU\@
7KH GHWHFWHG IODZ GHSWK a  PP LV HVWLPDWHG IURP XOWUDVRQLF WHVWLQJ 87 DQG LWV OHQJWK c  PP LV
REWDLQHGE\PHDQVRIWKHPDJQHWLFSDUWLFOHLQVSHFWLRQWHFKQLTXH07DVUHSRUWHGLQ>@7KHRXWVLGHUDGLXVDQGWKH
WKLFNQHVVRIWKHF\OLQGHUDUHro in DQGB inUHVSHFWLYHO\VRWKDWWKHLQWHUQDOUDGLXVLVri in7DEOHVKRZV
WKHPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHVXVHGLQWKHDVVHVVPHQW)RUDPRUHGHWDLOHGGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHSUREOHPWKHUHDGHULVUHIHUUHGWR
>@

7DEOH0DWHULDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVWHHOLQ&DVH6WXG\
3URSHUW\ 0DJQLWXGH
<RXQJVPRGXOXV(*3D 
3RLVVRQVUDWLR 
0LQLPXPVSHFLILHG\LHOGVWUHVV\VNVL 
)UDFWXUHWRXJKQHVV.PDWNVLLQ 

7KLQZDOOHGF\OLQGHUVROXWLRQVB/ro DUHXVHGWRFRPSXWHWKHKRRSmDQGWKURXJKZDOOEHQGLQJb
FRPSRQHQWVRIWKHSULPDU\VWUHVVDWWKHFHQWUHRIWKHXQFUDFNHGF\OLQGHUXVLQJHTXDWLRQV'DQG'LQ>@
 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342 1331

Pri
Vm ksi 03D   
B

 
Pro B B B
Vb     ksi 03D  
ro  ri ri ri ri

'XHWRLWVVPDOOYDOXHLQFRPSDULVRQWRWKHPHPEUDQHVWUHVVFRPSRQHQWVmWKHEHQGLQJVWUHVV Vb LVQHJOHFWHGLQ
WKHDVVHVVPHQW$3DUWLDO6DIHW\)DFWRURQORDGRILVXVHGLQWKHVROXWLRQSURYLGHGLQ>@7KXVLQWKHDVVHVVPHQWV
UHSRUWHGKHUHm 03D  03DLVXVHGWRPDNHUHVXOWVGLUHFWO\FRPSDUDEOHWRWKHEHQFKPDUNUHVXOWV
LQ>@
5HVLGXDOVWUHVVHVDUHDFFRXQWHGIRUPHDQVRIDXQLIRUPPHPEUDQHVXUIDFHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQ7KHVLPSOH
DQGFRQVHUYDWLYHDSSURDFKHVDUHJLYHQLQHTXDWLRQV

V r  y  V rys Rr ZLWKV rys V ys  'V ys $3,  

V ref
V r  y  PLQ V ys    V ys %6  
Vf

V r  y  V ys 5   

ZKHUHy LVWKHORFDOFRRUGLQDWHIRUWKHVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQDORQJWKHRXWHUVXUIDFHDQGLVPHDVXUHGIURPWKHZHOGFHQWUH
DQGSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHVHDPGLUHFWLRQ,QHTXDWLRQRr LVDUHGXFWLRQIDFWRUDFFRXQWLQJWKHHIIHFWRQUHVLGXDO
VWUHVVHV RI WKH WHVW SUHVVXUH $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH $3,  SURFHGXUH (TV ( LQ >@ IRU WKLV FDVH Rr  7KH
HOHYDWLRQRIWKHPHPEUDQHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVLQ$3,ys ksi 03DLVJLYHQLQ(T(LQ>@ZLWKys LQ
WKLVFRGHEHLQJWKHPLQLPXPVSHFLILHG\LHOGVWUHVV,QHTXDWLRQref DQGf DUHWKHUHIHUHQFHVWUHVVDQGWKHIORZ
VWUHVVUHVSHFWLYHO\,Q%6DQG5ys LQHTXDWLRQVVKRXOGEHWDNHQDVWKHPHDQ\LHOGVWUHVVLQFRQWUDVWWR
WKHPLQLPXPVSHFLILHG\LHOGVWUHVV+RZHYHUDV>@GRHVQRWSURYLGHPHDQ\LHOGVWUHVVGDWDWKHPLQLPXPVSHFLILHG
\LHOGVWUHVVKDVEHHQXVHGLQVWHDGZKHQDSSO\LQJ%6DQG5DQGWKLVLVGLVFXVVHGODWHU
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHUDQJHRIDSSOLFDWLRQRIWKH6,)VROXWLRQVJLYHQLQHDFKSURFHGXUHIRUDF\OLQGHUZLWKDVHPL
HOOLSWLFDOLQWHUQDOFUDFN,WLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDWWKHUDQJHVRIDSSOLFDWLRQIRUWKH6,)VROXWLRQVGLIIHUVLJQLILFDQWO\
DPRQJWKHSURFHGXUHV)RUWKLVFDVH5LQFOXGHVVROXWLRQVIRURQO\DOLPLWHGUDQJHRIrm/BEXWSURYLGHVDVRXUFH
UHIHUHQFH IRU KLJKHU rm/B WKH VROXWLRQV IURP ZKLFK DUH FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH 5FRGH VRIWZDUH  $V IRU WKH FDVH XQGHU
DQDO\VLVJUHHQGRWWKH6,)VROXWLRQVFRQWDLQHGLQERWK5DQG%6DUHRXWVLGHWKHUDQJHRIDSSOLFDWLRQDIODW
SODWHVROXWLRQKDVEHHQXVHGLQWKHDVVHVVPHQWDVDQDOWHUQDWLYH5FRGHVRIWZDUHKDVDOVREHHQXVHGDVLWSURYLGHV
WKHVROXWLRQVUHIHUUHGWRLQ5ZLWKDODUJHUUDQJHRIDSSOLFDWLRQ7KHUHDUHQRHYLGHQWGLPHQVLRQDOUHVWULFWLRQVIRUWKH
UHIHUHQFHVWUHVVVROXWLRQVIRUWKLVJHRPHWU\LQWKHSURFHGXUHV%6FRQWDLQVERWKWKLQZDOOHG3DQGWKLFN
ZDOOHG3VROXWLRQV+RZHYHUDVWKHODWWHULVDORFDOVROXWLRQZLWKFUDFNIDFHSUHVVXUHWKHWKLQZDOOHGVROXWLRQ
VHHPVWREHWKHDSSURSULDWHFKRLFH&DUHVKRXOGEHWDNHQKRZHYHULQWKHXVHRIWKHVROXWLRQVSURYLGHGE\%6WR
DVVHVVWKLFNZDOOHGF\OLQGHUVDVLWKDVEHHQGHULYHGIRUWKLQZDOOHGVWUXFWXUHV>@7DEOHVKRZVWKHVROXWLRQVXVHGLQ
WKHFRPSDULVRQRIWKHSUHVHQWFDVHVWXG\)RUIXUWKHUGHWDLORQWKHVROXWLRQVWKHUHDGHUPD\UHIHUUHGWRWKHSURFHGXUHV
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHLr UHVXOWVIRUGLIIHUHQWVROXWLRQVDVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHQRUPDOL]HGFUDFNGHSWKa/B&\OLQGHU
VROXWLRQVDUHVKRZQLQWKHILJXUHIRUERWK%6DQG$3,7ZRVHWVRIVXUIDFHEUHDNLQJIODWSODWHVROXWLRQVDUH
DOVR LQFOXGHG IRU %6  ,Q %6  WHQVLOH IRUFHV FDQ EH DSSOLHG YLD SLQ MRLQWHG RU IL[HG JULS FRQGLWLRQV Lr
HVWLPDWHVIRUWKHJHRPHWU\XQGHUDQDO\VLVDUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH5HVXOWVIURP$3,F\OLQGHUDQG5F\OLQGHU
JOREDODUHLGHQWLFDO,QFRQWUDVW%6F\OLQGHUHVWLPDWHVDUHXSWRKLJKHUWKDQWKRVHIRU$3,DQG5
)RUODUJHUFUDFNVWKHGLIIHUHQFHDPRQJWKHVHVROXWLRQVGRHVQRWFKDQJHVLJQLILFDQWO\7KH%6>)ODWSODWH)L[HG
1332 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342

*ULS)*DQG3LQ/RDGHG3/@VROXWLRQVDUHWKHPRVWSHVVLPLVWLFZLWKGLIIHUHQFHVZLWKLQ)*DQG3/

$VVKRZQLQ)LJGLIIHUHQFHVDUHODUJHUIRUKLJKHUa/B YDOXHV


)LJ6WUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUUDQJHVRIDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDF\OLQGHUZLWKDQ
LQWHUQDOVHPLHOOLSWLFDOD[LDOIODZ*UHHQGRWUHSUHVHQWVFDVHXQGHUDQDO\VLV

7DEOH6ROXWLRQVXVHGLQWKHDVVHVVPHQWIRU&DVHVWXG\///LPLWORDG565HIHUHQFH6WUHVV
363ULPDU\VWUHVVHV666HFRQGDU\VWUHVVHV**OREDO//RFDO7:7KLFNZDOOHG
3URFHGXUH *HRPHWU\ 6,) 5HIHUHQFH6WUHVV/LPLWORDG
5 3ODWH ,9 
 &\OLQGHU  ,9
%6 3ODWH 0 356
 &\OLQGHU 0 3
$3, &\OLQGHU &36 '56
&66

7DEOH3ODVWLFFROODSVHSDUDPHWHU/UUHVXOWVIRU&DVH6WXG\)3)ODW3ODWH)*)L[HG
JULS3/3LQORDGHG&\O&\OLQGHUVROXWLRQ**OREDO//RFDO
6ROXWLRQ /U 3HUFHQWDJHGLIIHUHQFH$3,
%6)3)*  
%6)33/  
%6&\O  
$3,&\O  QD
5&\O  
 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342 1333


)LJ3ODVWLFFROODSVHUDWLRLrIRUWKHVROXWLRQVSURYLGHGLQWKHWKUHHVWDQGDUGV9HUWLFDOGDVKHGOLQHVKRZVUHVXOWVIRU&DVH6WXG\

)UDFWXUH SDUDPHWHU Kr HVWLPDWHV IRU SULPDU\ DQG VHFRQGDU\ ORDGV DQG WKH SODVWLFLW\ LQWHUDFWLRQ IDFWRU 9 DUH
VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH  ,W LV REVHUYHG WKDW WKH SULPDU\ ORDG FRPSRQHQWV KrP DUH LQ YHU\ FORVH DJUHHPHQW 6LJQLILFDQW
GLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQ$3,VHFRQGDU\ORDGVKrSHVWLPDWHVDQG5%6SUHGLFWLRQVDUHIRXQGEXWWKLVLVODUJHO\
EHFDXVHWKHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVXVHGLQ$3,LVKLJKHUWKDQWKDWXVHGIRUWKH%65FDOFXODWLRQVDVDUHVXOWVRIWKH
DGGLWLRQRIys LQHTXDWLRQ$VVKRZQLQWKH7DEOHIRUWKHFDVHRI5%6WKHUDWLRRIWKHIUDFWXUHSDUDPHWHU
IRUVHFRQGDU\ORDGVWRWKDWRISULPDU\ORDGVKrS/KrPLVDOPRVWWKHVDPHDVWKHUDWLRRIWKHPHPEUDQHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHV
WRWKHDSSOLHGPHPEUDQHVWUHVVVyr/VVKRZLQJWKDWIRUWKLVVLPSOLILHGFDVHWKHVDPH6,)VROXWLRQLVXVHGIRUWKH
SUHVVXUHPHPEUDQHVWUHVVDQGWKHUHVLGXDOVWUHVV$GLIIHUHQFHRIEHWZHHQKrS/KrPDQGVyr/VLVREVHUYHGLQ$3,
LQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKH6,)VROXWLRQVXVHGIRUWKHSULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\ORDGVGLIIHUDOWKRXJKQRWVLJQLILFDQWO\

7DEOH)UDFWXUHSDUDPHWHUUHVXOWVIRUSULPDU\.U3DQGVHFRQGDU\.U6ORDGVIRU&DVH6WXG\

 5 %6 $3,
KrP   
S
K r   
KrS/KrP   
Vyr/V   
9   


7DEOHVKRZVWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHDVVHVVPHQWIRUWKHVXUIDFH RDQGGHHSHVWSRLQWV RRIWKHD[LDOO\RULHQWHG
LQWHUQDOFUDFNERWKLQFOXGLQJDQGH[FOXGLQJWKHHIIHFWRIUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHV8VLQJWKH$3,VROXWLRQDVDQDUELWUDU\
UHIHUHQFHZKHQDXQLIRUPUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVGLVWULEXWLRQLVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWKrVROXWLRQVDUHZLWKLQIRUWKH
GHHSHVWSRLQWDQGZLWKLQIRUWKHVXUIDFHSRLQW,IUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVDUHQHJOHFWHGVROXWLRQVDUHZLWKLQDQG
DWWKHGHHSHVWDQGWKHVXUIDFHSRLQWUHVSHFWLYHO\'LIIHUHQFHVLQLrVROXWLRQVDUHZLWKLQ7KHODUJHVWGLIIHUHQFHV
DULVHVEHWZHHQ%6DOLPLWORDGDSSURDFKDQGWKHVROXWLRQVSURYLGHGE\5DQG$3,ZKLFKDUHEDVHGRQD
UHIHUHQFHVVWUHVVDSSURDFKDQGDUHH[SUHVVHGE\VLPLODUHTXDWLRQV)LJVKRZVWKHVHUHVXOWVZLWKLQWKH2SWLRQ
IDLOXUHDVVHVVPHQWGLDJUDP)$'



1334 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342

7DEOH3ODVWLFFROODSVHSDUDPHWHU/UDQGIUDFWXUHSDUDPHWHUUHVXOWV.UIRU&DVH6WXG\

5HVLGXDOVWUHVVHV   3HUFHQWDJHGLIIHUHQFH$3,
Deepest point Lr Kr Lr  Kr
$3,   QD QD
5    
%6    
Surface point /U .U Lr  Kr
$3,   QD QD
R6    
%6    
1RUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHV   3HUFHQWDJHGLIIHUHQFH$3,
Deepest point /U .U Lr  Kr
$3,   QD QD
R6    
%6    
Surface point /U .U Lr  Kr
$3,   QD QD
5    
%6    


o
)LJ$VVHVVPHQWUHVXOWVRI&DVHVWXG\DWWKHVXUIDFH  DQGGHHSHVW
o
SRLQW  ORFDWLRQVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWWKHHIIHFWRIUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHV

,WZDVQRWHGDERYHDQGVKRZQLQ(TWKDW$3,>@UHFRPPHQGVDQHOHYDWLRQDERYHWKHPLQLPXPVSHFLILHG
\LHOGVWUHQJWKWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHW\SLFDOHOHYDWLRQRIPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHVDERYHPLQLPXPUHTXLUHPHQWV,Q)LJWKH
UHGV\PEROVVKRZWKH$3,VROXWLRQVLIWKLVHOHYDWLRQLVQRWFRQVLGHUHG,WLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHSRLQWVDUHVKLIWHG
GRZQZDUGVDQGWKHKrVROXWLRQVDWWKHGHHSHVWSRLQWZKHUHFRQGLWLRQVDUHPRVWVHYHUHGLIIHUE\OHVVWKDQIURP
WKHRWKHUVROXWLRQV8VLQJWKHVDPHYDOXHRIWKHPHPEUDQHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVDVWKDWLQ5%6SURFHGXUHV$3,
HVWLPDWHVKrS/KrP ZLWKVyr/V VHH7DEOH
 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342 1335

)LJ$VVHVVPHQWUHVXOWVRI&DVHVWXG\DWWKHVXUIDFH RDQGGHHSHVWSRLQW
 RORFDWLRQVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWWKHHIIHFWRIUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHV5HGV\PEROVVKRZV
DVVHVVPHQWXVLQJPHPEUDQHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVDVUHFRPPHQGHGLQ5%6

Triangles: API 579, 2007 (Red: RS field as in R6-BS7910)

Squares: BS 7910, 2013 (Global Plate solution - SIF Cylinder)(Green: Thick cylinder soltuion)
 Stars: R6, 2014 (Blue: VM yield criterion)

 $3,2SW
 %652SW




.U .,.PDW

o
 Solid: I=90 , residual stresses
o
Hollow: I=0 , residual stresses
 o
Crossed: I=90 , no residual stresses
o
 Semi-Solid: I=0 , no residual stresses








        
/U 33/

o o
)LJ$VVHVVPHQWUHVXOWVRI&DVHVWXG\DWWKHVXUIDFH  DQGGHHSHVWSRLQW 
ORFDWLRQVZLWKDQGZLWKRXWWKHHIIHFWRIUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHV&RQGLWLRQVDQGSORWWHG

)LJXUHVKRZVUHVXOWVIRUWZRDGGLWLRQDOFRQGLWLRQVDGMXVWLQJWKHSLSHGLPHQVLRQVDQGYDOXHRIWKHDSSOLHG
LQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHPWRNHHSWKHVDPHDSSOLHGPHPEUDQHVWUHVVDQGREWDLQDUDWLRrm/B WKDWILWVZLWKLQWKHWKLFNSLSH
6,)VROXWLRQVUDQJH)LJDGRSWLQJWKH9RQ0LVHV\LHOGFULWHULRQ
7KHH[WUHPHYDOXHVrm/B DQGrm/B ZHUHXVHGLQWKHFRPSDULVRQWRDVVHVVWKHHIIHFWRQWKHUHVXOWVDQG
WKHYDOXHRIPZDVREWDLQHGDFFRUGLQJO\IURP(T7KHUHVXOWVIRUWKHVHFDVHVGLIIHUE\OHVVWKDQLQLrDQG
DQGLQKrDWWKHEDVHDQGWKHHGJHRIWKHFUDFNUHVSHFWLYHO\$VDUHVXOWHVWLPDWHVIRUrm/B DUH
RQO\SORWWHGLQWKHILJXUH,QFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHIODWSODWHVROXWLRQVUHVXOWVIRUFRQGLWLRQDUHKLJKHULQWHUPVRI
1336 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342

SODVWLFFROODSVHSDUDPHWHULrZLWKLQDQGORZHULQWHUPVRIWKHIUDFWXUHSDUDPHWHUKrZLWKGLIIHUHQFHVRI

OHVVWKDQIRUWKHHGJHRIWKHFUDFNDQGZLWKLQDWWKHEDVHRIWKHIODZ
)RUFRQGLWLRQLrUHVXOWVXVLQJWKHYRQ0LVHV\LHOGFULWHULRQEOXHVWDUVDUHORZHUWKDQWKRVHREWDLQHGE\WKH
7UHVFD\LHOGFULWHULRQEODFNVWDUVEXWGLIIHUE\OHVVWKDQ
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHUHVHUYHIDFWRUV)LIRUWKHVXUIDFHDQGWKHGHHSHVWSRLQWRIWKHFUDFNZKHQUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVDUH
WDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWDQGZKHQWKH\DUHQHJOHFWHG,WLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHYDOXHRI)L LVFRQVLGHUDEO\KLJKHUZKHQWKH
HIIHFWVRIUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVDUHQRWFRQVLGHUHGLQWKHDQDO\VLVDQGLWLVVLJQLILFDQWO\ORZHUZKHQWKH\DUHLQFOXGHGZLWK
DYDOXHYHU\FORVHWRLQWKHFDVHRI$3,DWWKHEDVHRIWKHIODZ
)LQDOO\)LJVKRZVWKHFULWLFDOFUDFNVL]HVHVWLPDWHGZLWKWKHGLIIHUHQWFRGHV*HQHUDOO\%6SURYLGHVWKH
PRVWSHVVLPLVWLFUHVXOWVZKHUHDV5DQG$3,VKRZKLJKHUDQGYHU\VLPLODUHVWLPDWHV


)LJ5HVHUYH)DFWRUVRQ/RDGIRU&DVHVWXG\&RPSDULVRQRIDVVHVVPHQWSURFHGXUHHVWLPDWLRQV


)LJ&ULWLFDOFUDFNVL]HHVWLPDWLRQVIRU&DVHVWXG\&RPSDULVRQRIDVVHVVPHQWSURFHGXUHHVWLPDWHV
 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342 1337

3.2. Case study 2

&DVHVWXG\LVDFUDFNOLNHIODZWKDWKDVEHHQIRXQGRQWKHRXWVLGHVXUIDFHRIDSLSHDWWKHZHOGWRHRIWKHJLUWK
ZHOGSLSH)LJE7KHVHDPLVDVLQJOH9JURRYHZHOGDQGWKHIODZLVSDUDOOHOWRWKHZHOGVHDP7KHSLSHLVPDGH
RI6$*UDGH%VWHHODQGGHVLJQHGDVSHU$60(%FRGH)XOO\RSHUDWLRQDOFRQGLWLRQVDUHUHDFKHGZKHQ
7 R&7KHSLSHZDVGHVLJQHGWRVXVWDLQ03DRILQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHDWR&DQGKDGQRWEHHQVXEMHFWWRSRVWZHOG
KHDWWUHDWPHQW3:+7DWWKHWLPHRIIDEULFDWLRQQRUHOD[DWLRQRIUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHV7KHGHWHFWHGIODZGHSWKLVD 
PP7KHRXWVLGHUDGLXVDQGWKHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHF\OLQGHUDUHro PPDQGB PPUHVSHFWLYHO\
,QWHUQDOSUHVVXUHDQGJOREDOEHQGLQJGXHWRWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHIODZPLGZD\EHWZHHQVXSSRUWVZKLFKDUHDWD
GLVWDQFHDSDUWRIPDUHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW7KHVHOHFWHGKHDWLQSXWFRUUHVSRQGVWRVKLHOGHGPHWDODUFZHOGLQJ
60$:PHWDODUFZHOGLQJ00$SDVVHVUHFRUGHGDVE -RXOHVPP7DEOHVKRZVWKHPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHV
XVHGLQWKHDVVHVVPHQW

7DEOH0DWHULDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHVWHHOLQ&DVH6WXG\
3URSHUW\ 0DJQLWXGH
<RXQJV0RGXOXVE *3D 
3RLVRQVUDWLR 
0LQLPXPVSHFLILHG\LHOGVWUHVVys 03D 
)UDFWXUHWRXJKQHVVKmat 03DP. 

)LJXUH  VKRZV WKH UDQJH RI DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU WKH 6,) VROXWLRQV IRU &DVH VWXG\  D F\OLQGHU ZLWK D IXOO\
FLUFXPIHUHQWLDOH[WHUQDOFUDFNIRUHDFKSURFHGXUH)RUWKHFDVHXQGHUDQDO\VLVJUHHQGRWWKH6,)VROXWLRQVSURYLGHG
E\5LVRXWWKHUDQJHRIDSSOLFDWLRQWKXVDIODWSODWHVROXWLRQZDVXVHGIRUDVVHVVPHQWSXUSRVH+RZHYHUDVIRU&DVH
VWXG\5SURYLGHVDVRXUFHUHIHUHQFHIRUVROXWLRQVIRUODUJHUrm/BDQGWKHVHVROXWLRQVDUHFRQWDLQHGLQ5FRGH

)LJ6WUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUUDQJHVRIDSSOLFDWLRQIRUDF\OLQGHUZLWKDQ
H[WHUQDOFLUFXPIHUHQWLDOIODZ*UHHQGRWUHSUHVHQWVFDVHXQGHUDQDO\VLV

7DEOHVKRZVWKH6,)DQGUHIHUHQFHVWUHVVOLPLWORDGVROXWLRQVXVHGLQWKLVFDVHVWXG\,QWKLVSUREOHPWKHWUHDWPHQW
RIVHFRQGDU\VWUHVVHVLHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVLVGRQHE\XVLQJDQRQXQLIRUPVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQDFURVVWKHWKLFNQHVVRI
WKHSLSHLQFRQWUDVWWR&DVHVWXG\ZKHUHDFRQVWDQWUHVLGXDOVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQZDVXVHG


1338 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342

7DEOH6ROXWLRQVXVHGLQWKHDVVHVVPHQWIRU&DVHVWXG\///LPLWORDG565HIHUHQFH6WUHVV
5HIHUHQFH
3URFHGXUH *HRPHWU\ 6,)
6WUHVVRU/LPLWORDG
,9RU
5 3ODWH 
,9
 &\OLQGHU  ,9//
%6 &\OLQGHU 0 356
$3, &\OLQGHU & '56


+HUHFRPSDULVRQVRIWKHUHVXOWVE\XVLQJWKHGLIIHUHQWSURFHGXUHVDQGWKHUHFRPPHQGHGUHVLGXDOVWUHVVSURILOHV
JLYHQLOOXVWUDWHVWKHLPSDFWRIWKHDVVXPHGUHVLGXDOVWUHVVSURILOHVRQWKHDVVHVVPHQWUHVXOWVDVZHOODVWKHHIIHFWRIWKH
6,)VROXWLRQRQWKHDVVHVVPHQWUHVXOWVIRUWKHVDPHQRQXQLIRUPUHVLGXDOVWUHVVSURILOH
7KHWUDQVYHUVHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVSURILOHSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHZHOGLQ%6$QQH[4DQG56HFWLRQ,9VXJJHVW
WKUHHW\SHVRISURILOHGHSHQGLQJRQWKHPDWHULDOIHUULWLFRUDXVWHQLWLFDQGZHOGLQJKHDWLQSXWHQHUJ\)RUWKHFDVHRI
$3,WKHWKURXJKWKLFNQHVVUHVLGXDOVWUHVVILHOGLVFDOFXODWHGIURP$QQH[(DVDIXQFWLRQRIWKHPHDQUDGLXVWR
WKLFNQHVVUDWLRDQGRIWKHKHDWLQSXWRIWKHZHOGLQJSURFHVVDQGLWLVSURYLGHGDVWKHVXSHUSRVLWLRQRIDOLQHDUDQGD
VHOIHTXLOLEUDWLQJFRPSRQHQW%RWK%6DQG5RQO\FRQVLGHUZDOOWKLFNQHVVHIIHFWVLQDQRUPDOL]HGOLQHDUKHDW
LQSXW GHILQLWLRQ ZKLOH $3,  53$60( ))6 H[SOLFLWO\ LQFRUSRUDWH WKLFNQHVV WHUP LQ WKH UHVLGXDO VWUHVV
IRUPXODWLRQXSWRDWKLFNQHVVRIPP7KHWUDQVYHUVHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVVXJJHVWHGIRUWKHGLIIHUHQWSURFHGXUHVDUH
VKRZQLQ)LJ

)LJ7UDQVYHUVHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVSURILOHVSUHVFULEHGE\$3,$QQH[(%6$SSHQGL[4DQG56HF,9

$VLPSOHDQGUDSLGDSSURDFKWRDVVHVVVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUVROXWLRQVIRUERWKSULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\ORDGVLVWR
WDNHLQWRDFFRXQWVWUHVVJUDGLHQWVE\OLQHDULVLQJWKHVWUHVVILHOGRYHUWKHIODZGHSWKaDQGVSOLWWLQJLWLQWRPHPEUDQH
WHQVLOHDQGEHQGLQJFRPSRQHQWV7KHPHWKRGRIOLQHDULVDWLRQVKRXOGEHSHVVLPLVWLFLQWKDW6,)VDUHRYHUHVWLPDWHG
>@
)LJXUHVKRZVWKHVWUHVVOLQHDULVDWLRQDSSURDFKXVHGDVVXJJHVWHGLQ5DQG%6,WLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHUH
DUHFRPSUHVVLYHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVRYHUWKHFRPSOHWHFUDFNIDFHJLYLQJDSRVLWLYHPHPEUDQHVWUHVVQmDQGDQHJDWLYH
EHQGLQJFRPSRQHQWQb
 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342 1339


)LJ6WUHVVOLQHDULVDWLRQDSSURDFKXVHGWRDVVHVVUHVLGXDOVWUHVVFUDFNGULYLQJIRUFH

)LJXUHVDQGVKRZVWKHILWWLQJDSSURDFKXVHGWRHYDOXDWHWKH6,)IRUWKHFDVHXQGHUDQDO\VLV7KLUGRUGHU)LJ
DQGDIRXUWKRUGHU)LJSRO\QRPLDOILWVDUHXVHGWRREWDLQ6,)VZLWK5>@DQG$3,>@UHVSHFWLYHO\,Q
RUGHUWRFRPSDUHVROXWLRQVRIWKHGLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHVVXJJHVWHGLQWKHFRGHVWKHOLQHDULVDWLRQDSSURDFKLVXVHGWR
REWDLQ6,)VZLWK%6>@
$VVHVVPHQW UHVXOWV DUH VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH  DQG )LJ  $V VKRZQ UHVLGXDO VWUHVVHV KDYH D VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW RQ
IUDFWXUHSDUDPHWHUUHVXOWV8QLIRUPUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVSURGXFHWKHPRVWSHVVLPLVWLFUHVXOWVZKHUHDVWKHQRQXQLIRUP
GLVWULEXWLRQVXVXDOO\KDYHDPLOGHUHIIHFW,WLVZRUWKPHQWLRQLQJWKDWDSSOLFDWLRQRIERWK5DQG%6OHDGVWR
FRPSUHVVLYHVHFRQGDU\VWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUVDQGIRUDVVHVVPHQWSXUSRVHVWKHFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHIUDFWXUHGULYLQJ
S
IRUFHLVWKHQQHJOHFWHG Kr  

)LJ7KLUGRUGHUSRO\QRPLDOILWWRDVVHVVUHVLGXDOVWUHVVFUDFNGULYLQJIRUFHDVVXJJHVWHGLQ5,9DQGLQ%64

1340 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342


WKRUGHUSRO\QRPLDOILW
$3,
 $3,/LQHDUFRPSRQHQWVPVE
$3,6HOI(TXLOLEUDWLQJFRPS




7
V5 


&RHIILFLHQW 9DOXH
V 
 V 

V 

 V 

V 


     

]% Crack


)LJ)RXUWKRUGHUSRO\QRPLDOILWWRDVVHVVUHVLGXDOVWUHVVFUDFNGULYLQJIRUFHDVVXJJHVWHGLQ$3,(E

)LJ$VVHVVPHQWUHVXOWVRI&DVHVWXG\DWWKHGHHSHVWSRLQWORFDWLRQZLWKDQGZLWKRXWWKHHIIHFW
UHVLGXDOVWUHVVHV&RPSDULVRQVRIXVLQJDXQLIRUPDQGDQRQXQLIRUPUHVLGXDOVWUHVVSURILOHDUHVKRZQ

)URP7DEOHLWLVREVHUYHGWKDWLr VROXWLRQVDUHZLWKLQRIHDFKRWKHU5Kr VROXWLRQVZHUHXSWRDQG

DQG%6Kr VROXWLRQVZHUHXSWRDQGZLWKDQGZLWKRXW56UHVSHFWLYHO\LQFRPSDULVRQZLWK$3,
VROXWLRQV7KHGLIIHUHQFHLQ6,)GXHWRSULPDU\VWUHVVHVLVZLWKLQEXWPXFKJUHDWHUGLIIHUHQFHVRFFXUZLWK56
EHFDXVHRIERWKGLIIHUHQFHVLQ56OHYHOVLQWKHFRGHVDQGGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKH6,)VROXWLRQDSSURDFKHV




 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342 1341

7DEOH$VVHVVPHQWUHVXOWVIRU&DVHVWXG\(IIHFWRI/HYHODQG/HYHOUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHIIHFWLQ
Kr LQFOXGHG3HUFHQWDJHGLIIHUHQFHZLWKUHVSHFWWR$3,HVWLPDWLRQVLQSDUHQWKHVLV
 /U .U
 1R5HVLGXDO6WUHVVHV
$3,  
5  
%6  
 8QLIRUP5HVLGXDO6WUHVVSURILOH/HYHO
$3,  
5  
%6  
 1RQXQLIRUP5HVLGXDO6WUHVVSURILOH/HYHO
$3,  
5  
%6  


'LVFXVVLRQ

7KHDVVHVVPHQWUHVXOWVIRUWKHWZRFDVHVWXGLHVLQWKLVZRUNVKRZDQXPEHURIIHDWXUHV,QWHUPVRIWKHDYDLODELOLW\
RIJHRPHWU\VSHFLILFVROXWLRQV$3,FRYHUVDZLGHUDQJHRIGLPHQVLRQVIRUWKHFDVHVXQGHUDQDO\VLVLQWKLVZRUN
$VDQDOWHUQDWLYHIODWSODWHVROXWLRQVKDYHEHHQXVHGLQWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI5DQG%6GXHWRWKHGLPHQVLRQVRI
WKHF\OLQGHUVEHLQJRXWRIWKHJHRPHWU\UDQJHFRYHUHGE\WKHJHRPHWU\VSHFLILFVROXWLRQVFRQWDLQHGLQWKRVHFRGHV
,WLVVKRZQLQWKLVSDSHUWKDWQHJOHFWLQJUHVLGXDOVWUHVVKDVDPDMRULPSDFWRQWKHDVVHVVPHQWVROXWLRQVDQGWKDWWKH
DSSURDFKXVHGWRDFFRXQWIRUUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVDOVRSOD\VDPDMRUUROH)RUH[DPSOH$3,VXJJHVWVDQHOHYDWLRQRI
WKHHIIHFWLYH\LHOGVWUHQJWKDERYHWKHVSHFLILHGPLQLPXP\LHOGVWUHQJWKWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHW\SLFDOHOHYDWLRQRIDFWXDO
SURSHUWLHVDERYHPLQLPXPUHTXLUHPHQWV2QWKHRWKHUKDQG5%6UHFRPPHQGWKHXVHRIPHDQYDOXHVRI\LHOG
VWUHVV+RZHYHULIRQO\WKHYDOXHRIWKHPLQLPXPVSHFLILHG\LHOGVWUHQJWKDGHVLJQPDWHULDOSDUDPHWHULVDYDLODEOH
WKHQDQHVWLPDWHRIPHDQ\LHOGVWUHVVPD\QRWEHSRVVLEOH7KHGLIIHUHQWUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVLQWKHSURFHGXUHVRQWKH
WUHDWPHQW RI UHVLGXDO VWUHVVHV WR HYDOXDWH Krs KDYH EHHQ VKRZQ WR SURGXFH VLJQLILFDQW GLIIHUHQFHV LQ Kr HVWLPDWHV
+RZHYHUXVLQJWKHVDPHDSSURDFKWRDFFRXQWIRUUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVUHGXFHVWKHVHGLIIHUHQFHVFRQVLGHUDEO\
7KH PDLQ GLIIHUHQFHV LQ Kr VROXWLRQV DULVH IURP GLIIHUHQFHV LQ 6,) IRUPXODWLRQ VROXWLRQV DQG WKH WUHDWPHQW RI
VHFRQGDU\ VWUHVVHV 7KH QRQXQLIRUP UHVLGXDO VWUHVV SURILOH VXJJHVWHG LQ $3,  LV FRQVLGHUDEO\ GLIIHUHQW WR WKDW
UHFRPPHQGHGLQ5%6:KHQWKHFUDFNOLHVRQWKHH[WHUQDOVLGHRIWKHSLSHF\OLQGHUDVLQ&DVH6WXG\D
FRPSUHVVLYHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVFRPSRQHQWLVJLYHQE\5%6ZKHUHDVDWHQVLOHUHVLGXDOVWUHVVSURILOHLVREWDLQHGE\
PHDQVRIWKHGLVWULEXWLRQVXJJHVWHGE\$3,7KLVKDVDKXJHLPSDFWRQWKHDVVHVVPHQWUHVXOWV)RUH[DPSOH
DOWKRXJKWKHDSSURDFKXVHGZLWK5DQG$3,WRDVVHVV6,)VLVVLPLODULWLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHVHYHULW\RIWKHGHIHFW
S
LVXQFKDQJHGDV Kr   LWLVVHWWR]HURZKHQDSSO\LQJWKHQRQXQLIRUPUHVLGXDOVWUHVVSURILOHDVVXJJHVWHGLQ5%6
FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHVVHVRQWKHDUHDZKHUHWKHFUDFNOLHVZKHUHDVDQLQFUHDVHGVHYHULW\LVREWDLQHGZKHQDSSO\LQJ
WKH$3,UHVLGXDOVWUHVVSURILOHWHQVLOHVWUHVVHVRQWKHDUHDZKHUHWKHFUDFNOLHV
6LJQLILFDQWGLIIHUHQFHVLQLr VROXWLRQVDULVHGXHWRWKHDYDLODELOLW\RIJHRPHWU\VSHFLILFVROXWLRQV$GMXVWLQJWKH
SLSHGLPHQVLRQVDQGYDOXHRIWKHDSSOLHGLQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHPWRNHHSWKHVDPHDSSOLHGPHPEUDQHVWUHVVDQGREWDLQD
UDWLRrm/B WKDWILWVZLWKLQWKHWKLFNSLSH6,)VROXWLRQUDQJH)LJOHGWRUHVXOWVLQJRRGDJUHHPHQWZLWKHDFKRWKHU

&RQFOXVLRQV

,QWKLVZRUNUHVXOWVEDVHGRQRIWKHPRVWFRPPRQO\XVHG)LWQHVV)RU6HUYLFHSURFHGXUHVKDYHEHHQFRPSDUHG
WRDVVHVVWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIGHIHFWVE\IRFXVLQJRQ6,)DQGSODVWLFFROODSVHVROXWLRQV7KHVDPHORDGLQJFRQGLWLRQV
1342 N.O. Larrosa and R.A. Ainsworth / Procedia Engineering 130 (2015) 1327 1342

DQGPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHVKDYHEHHQXVHGLQDSSOLFDWLRQRIDOOFRGHVWRH[FOXGHVRPHRIWKHHIIHFWVRIRWKHUIHDWXUHVHJ
SDUWLDOVDIHW\IDFWRUVPDWHULDOSURSHUWLHVHVWLPDWLRQHWFWKDWPD\DIIHFWUHVXOWV
([DPSOHSUREOHPVDQGIURP$3,))6>@ZHUHXVHGDVEHQFKPDUNV([DPSOHSUREOHPFRQVLVWV
RIDFUDFNOLNHIODZSDUDOOHOWRDORQJLWXGLQDOGRXEOH9JURRYHVHDPZHOGRQWKHLQVLGHVXUIDFHRIDF\OLQGULFDOSUHVVXUH
YHVVHOXQGHULQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHZKHUHDV([DPSOHSUREOHPHYDOXDWHVDFUDFNOLNHIODZLQDFLUFXPIHUHQWLDOVHDPRQ
WKHRXWVLGHVXUIDFHRIDSLSHXQGHULQWHUQDOSUHVVXUHDQGJOREDOEHQGLQJ
,QWKHVHDQDO\VHVLWZDVREVHUYHGWKDW

x 7KH$3,VWDQGDUGFRQWDLQHGVROXWLRQVIRUWKHODUJHVWUDQJHRIGLPHQVLRQVIRUWKHFDVHVXQGHUDQDO\VLV
x Lr UHVXOWVGHULYHGE\%6DUHKLJKHUWKDQWKHRWKHUFRGHV
x 'LIIHUHQFHVLQ6,)IRUPXODWLRQVROXWLRQV9IDFWRUDQGUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVOHDGWRVLJQLILFDQWYDULDWLRQVLQ.U
VROXWLRQV
x ,Q5%6D/HYHOWUHDWPHQWRIUHVLGXDOVWUHVVHVDVVXPHVWKDWWKHPDJQLWXGHRIZHOGLQJUHVLGXDOVWUHVVLV
WKHPHDQ\LHOGVWUHQJWKRIWKHSDUHQWPDWHULDO$3,SURYLGHVDQHOHYDWLRQRIWKHHIIHFWLYH\LHOGVWUHQJWKDERYH
WKHVSHFLILHGPLQLPXP\LHOGVWUHQJWKWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHW\SLFDOHOHYDWLRQRIDFWXDOSURSHUWLHVDERYHPLQLPXP
UHTXLUHPHQWV
x )RU&DVHVWXG\WKH/HYHOQRQXQLIRUPUHVLGXDOVWUHVVGLVWULEXWLRQVXJJHVWHGE\$3,IRUWKHVSHFLILFOHYHO
RIKHDWLQSXWJLYHQLVVLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQWIURPWKRVHLQ5DQG%6
x %RWKDVWUHVVOLQHDULVDWLRQDSSURDFKDQGDSRO\QRPLDOILWWLQJSURFHGXUHDUHVXJJHVWHGLQ5DQG%6WR
DVVHVVVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUVLQIODWSODWHV
x %66,)VROXWLRQVZHUHDVVHVVHGLQWKLVZRUNLQWHUPVRIEHQGLQJDQGPHPEUDQHVWUHVV5DQG$3,
VROXWLRQVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWHUPVRIZHLJKWIXQFWLRQVDOORZLQJVWUHVVLQWHQVLW\IDFWRUVWREHHYDOXDWHGIRUDUELWUDU\
VWUHVVILHOGV
x 7KHVWUHVVOLQHDULVDWLRQDSSURDFKLVTXLFNDQGHDV\DQGSURYLGHVDVDWLVIDFWRU\SUHOLPLQDU\VROXWLRQ
x 7KHSRO\QRPLDOFXUYHILWWLQJDSSURDFKXVHGLQ&DVH6WXG\WRDVVHVVWKHKr VROXWLRQE\PHDQVRI5DQG$3,
XVXDOO\UHTXLUHVILWWLQJWKHVWUHVVILHOGE\WKWKRUGHUSRO\QRPLDOV)RUVRPHJHRPHWULHVQXPHULFDO
LQWHJUDWLRQIRUWKHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHSIF LVDOVRQHHGHG

7KLVSDSHULVSDUWRIDQRQJRLQJSURMHFWDQGWKHVHDUHSUHOLPLQDU\UHVXOWV

$FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV

7KHDXWKRUVZLVKWRDFNQRZOHGJHSDUWIXQGLQJIRUWKLVUHVHDUFKIURP%3WKURXJKWKH%3,QWHUQDWLRQDO&HQWUHIRU
$GYDQFHG0DWHULDOV3URYLVLRQRIVRIWZDUHE\7:,(')(QHUJ\DQG4XHVW,QWHJULW\LVJUDWHIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHG

5HIHUHQFHV

>@ $PHULFDQ3HWUROHXP,QVWLWXWH$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHUV$3,$60())65HFRPPHQGHGSUDFWLFHIRUILWQHVV
IRUVHUYLFH$3,
>@ %6*XLGHWRPHWKRGVIRUDVVHVVLQJWKHDFFHSWDELOLW\RIIODZVLQPHWDOOLFVWUXFWXUHV%ULWLVK6WDQGDUG,QVWLWXWLRQ/RQGRQ8.

>@ 55HYLVLRQ$VVHVVPHQWRIWKHLQWHJULW\RIVWUXFWXUHVFRQWDLQLQJGHIHFWV(')(QHUJ\*ORXFHVWHU8.
>@ $3,$60())6)LWQHVVIRUVHUYLFH([DPSOHSUREOHPPDQXDO$3,
>@ &UDFNZLVH$XWRPDWLRQRI)UDFWXUHDQG)DWLJXH$VVHVVPHQW3URFHGXUHV%6IRU(QJLQHHULQJ&ULWLFDO$VVHVVPHQW
>@ (UHQ6+DGOH\,DQG1LNELQ.'LIIHUHQFHVLQWKHDVVHVVPHQWRISODVWLFFROODSVHLQ%6DQG5)LWQHW))6
SURFHGXUHV$PHULFDQ6RFLHW\RI0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHUV3UHVVXUH9HVVHOVDQG3LSLQJ'LYLVLRQ3939ROSS