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CONCRETE
- the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of bars, or
prestressing tendons or ducts
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTS
PRESTRESSING TENDONS
CURING
- concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10C and in a moist condition for at
least the first 7 days after placement
- high-early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10C and in a moist condition for at least the first
3 days
- they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the area of cross section when embedded
within a column
- they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or beam in which
they are embedded
- conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in compression the displaced
concrete, provided:
o they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard Schedule 40 steel pipe
o they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are spaced not less than 3 diameters on centers
- concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed to earth or weather, or less than 20mm
for concrete not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
- reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete section shall be provided normal
to the piping
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
- construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle third of spans of slabs, beams and girders
- joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2 times the width of intersecting beams
STANDARD HOOKS
- 180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at free end of bar
o 16mm diameter bar and smaller 90-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar, or
o 20 and 25mm diameter bar 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar, or
o 25mm diameter bar and smaller 135-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar
- bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) 4db (inside diameter)
- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not less than 25mm
- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more layers shall not be less than 25mm between
layers
- in spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal bars
shall not be less than 1.5db or less than 40mm
- in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be
spaced farther apart than 3 times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther than 450mm
BUNDLED BARS
- individual bars within a bundle terminated within the span of flexural members shall terminate at different
points with at least 40db stagger
- where spacing limitations and minimum concrete cover are based on bar diameter db, a unit of bundled
bars shall be treated as a single bar of a diameter derived from the equivalent total area
- minimum concrete cover shall be equal to the equivalent diameter of the bundle, but need not be greater
than 50mm
- center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a member shall not be less than 5db for
wire, nor 4db for strands
o beams, columns:
o wall panels:
o other members:
o beams, columns:
primary reinforcement db but not less than 15mm and need not exceed 40mm
o beams, columns:
OFFSET BARS
- slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall not exceed 1 in 6
- portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of column
- lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than 150mm from points of bend
- where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars shall not be offset bent. Separate dowels,
lap sliced with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column faces, shall be provided
SPIRALS
- for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm diameter
- clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than 25mm
- anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1 extra turns of spiral bar or wire at each end of
a spiral unit
- spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than 300mm or welded
- in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or width of capital is 2 times
that of the column
o ASTM A 615M
o ASTM A 616M
o ASTM A 617M
TIES
- 10mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 32mm diameter or smaller
- 12mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 36 diameter and bundled bars
- ties shall be arranged that no bar shall be farther than 150mm clear on each side along the tie
- ties shall be located vertically not more than a tie spacing above the top of footing or slab in any story
- where beams or brackets frame from 4 directions into a column, termination of ties not more than 75mm
below reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or brackets shall be permitted
- shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness,
or 450mm
T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
- the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded together
- width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web shall not exceed:
- for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width shall not exceed:
- transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness, nor 450mm
JOIST CONSTRUCTION
- ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth of not more than 3 times the minimum
width of rib
- slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12 the clear distance between ribs nor less
than 40mm
- when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not be les than 1/12 the clear distance
between ribs, or less than 50mm
- where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab thickness shall be at least 25mm greater than
the total overall depth of the conduits or pipes at any point
REQUIRED STRENGTH
o U = 1.4D + 1.7L
o U = 0.9D + 1.3W
o U = 0.99D + 1.1E
STRENGTH-REDUCTION FACTOR
o cantilever, L/10
o cantilever, L/8
- for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + Fy/700)
DISTANCE BETWEEN LATERAL SUPPORTS OF FLEXURAL MEMBERS
- spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times the least width b of compression flange or
face
- minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 3 for bars within triangular ties, 4
for bars within rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by spirals
- shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in prestressed members or 600mm
SPLICES
- lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36mm diameter
- lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice length required for individual bars within
the bundle
- bars spliced by non-contact lap splices in flexural members shall not be spaced transversely farther apart
than 1/5 the required lap splice length, or 150mm
WALLS
- minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
o 0.0012 deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield strength not less than
420Mpa, or
o 0.0015 for other deformed bars, or
- minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
o 0.0020 deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield strength not less than 420
Mpa, or
- in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-16mm diameter bars shall be provided
around all window and door openings. Such bars shall be extended to develop the bar beyond the corners of
the openings but not less than 600mm
NON-BEARING WALLS
- thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the least distance between members that
provide lateral support
- depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm for footings on soil, or not less
than 300mm for footings on piles
- the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face of a supporting member
o d/4
o 8 times the diameter of the smallest longitudinal bar
o 300mm
- where hoops are not required, stirrups shall be placed at no more than d/2 throughout the length of the
member
STRUCTURAL STEEL
- for members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness ratio preferably should not
exceed 200
- for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed
300
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS
- minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall not be less than 2/3 of the
net area across the pinhole
- width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its thickness
- pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar width
- pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than the pin diameter
SHEAR CONNECTORS
- diameter of studs shall not be greater than 2 times the thickness of the flange to which they are welded
- minimum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall be 6 diameters along the longitudinal axis and
4 diameters transverse to the longitudinal axis maximum center-to-center spacing of stud connectors shall
not exceed 8 times the total slab thickness
WELDS
- weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the weld preparation not less than 1 times the
thickness of the material in which the hole is made
- groove welds:
o effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration groove weld = thickness of the thinner part joined
flare V-groove, R
- fillet welds:
o effective throat thickness of a fillet weld = shortest distance from the root of the joint to the face of the
diagrammatic weld
not greater than the thickness of the material (material less than 6mm thick)
not greater than the thickness of the material minus 1.6mm (material 6mm or more in thickness)
o minimum effective length of a fillet weld designed on the basis of strength shall not be less than 4 times
its nominal size
o if greater than 4 times its nominal size, the size of the weld should not exceed its effective length
o effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall not be less than 4 times the weld size,
with a minimum of 38mm
o in lap joints, minimum lap shall be 5 times the thickness of the thinner part joined, but not less than
25mm
o slide or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts or members shall, wherever
practicable, be returned continuously around the corners for a distance not less than 2 times the nominal
size of the weld
o diameter of the hole for a plug weld shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it plus
8mm, nor greater than the minimum diameter plus 3mm or 2 times the thickness of the weld
o minimum spacing of lines of slot welds in a direction transverse to their length shall be 4 times the width
of the slot
o minimum center-to-center spacing in a longitudinal direction shall be 2 times the length of the slot
o length of the slot shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the weld
o width of the slot shall not be less than the thickness of the part containing it plus 8mm, nor shall it be
larger than 2 times the thickness of the weld
o thickness of plug or slot welds in material 16mm or less thick = thickness of the material
o thickness of plug or slot welds in material over 16mm thick = the thickness of the material but not less
than 16mm
FASTENERS
- distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall not be less than 2 2/3 times
the nominal diameter of the fastener
- maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge of parts in contact shall be 12
times the thickness of the connected part, but shall not exceed 150mm
CAMBER
- trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately the dead-load deflection
- crane girders of 22.9m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately the dead-load
deflection plus the live-load deflection