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2016 Edition
Metal
Injection
Molded Parts
2016
MPIF Standard 35 Table of Contents2016 Edition
1
i
INDEX
Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems &
Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35 ......................................... 28
2
ii
MPIF Standard 35
Scope
MPIF Standard 35 is issued to provide the design and materials engineer with the information necessary for specifying
powder metal (PM) materials that have been developed by the PM parts manufacturing industry. This section of Standard 35
deals with products manufactured by Metal Injection Molding (MIM). It does not apply to conventional PM structural materials,
PM self-lubricating bearings or powder forged (PF) materials which are covered in separate editions of MPIF Standard 35.
Each section of this standard is divided into subsections based on the various types of MIM materials in common commercial use
within that section. Notes at the beginning of each subsection discuss the characteristics of that material. The same materials
may appear in more than one section of the standard depending upon their common use, e.g., some low-alloy or stainless
steel materials may also be used in soft-magnetic applications.
The use of any MPIF Standard is entirely voluntary. MPIF Standards are issued and adopted in the public interest. They
are designed to eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer and the purchaser and to assist the purchaser in
selecting and obtaining the proper material for a particular product. Existence of MPIF Standards does not in any respect
preclude any member or non-member of MPIF from manufacturing or selling products that use materials or testing procedures not
included in MPIF Standards. Other such materials may be commercially available.
By publication of these Standards, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any patent rights nor does the MPIF
undertake to ensure anyone utilizing the Standards against liability for infringement of any Letters Patent or accept any such
liability.
Neither MPIF nor any of its members assumes or accepts any liability resulting from use or non-use of any MPIF Standard. In
addition, MPIF does not accept any liability or responsibility for the compliance of any product with any standard, the achievement
of any minimum or typical values by any supplier, or for the results of any testing or other procedure undertaken in accordance
with any Standard.
MPIF Standards are subject to periodic review and may be revised. Users are cautioned to refer to the latest edition. New,
approved materials and property data may be posted periodically on the MPIF website. Between published editions, go to
mpif.org to access data that will appear in the next printed edition of this standard.
Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings,
agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component: material selection, chemical
composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application.
1
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher
2
MPIF Standard 352016
Materials Standards for
Metal Injection Molded Parts
3
MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts2016 Edition
MPIF Standard 42: This method is generally used for Poissons Ratio ( )
PM products having surface-connected porosity and is Poissons ratio is the absolute value of the ratio of
based on the use of Archimedes principle. MIM transverse strain to the corresponding axial strain
materials generally contain less than 5% porosity, so resulting from uniformly distributed axial stress below
impregnation is not applicable. the proportional limit of the material.
5
MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts2016 Edition
The manufacturer and the purchaser should agree on Boiling Water Testing - The boiling water test consists
the hardness, the measuring procedure, and the of immersing the specimen in boiling, distilled water for
hardness scale for each part tested. (See MPIF 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, the heat source is shut
Standard 43 for additional details.) off and the specimen remains in the water for 3 hours.
The specimen is then removed and left to dry for
Microindentation Hardness 2 hours. Specimens that show no visual corrosion are
Microindentation hardness is determined by utilizing classified as passing this test. (See ASTM F1089 for
Knoop (HK) or Vickers (HV) indentors with a microinden- additional details.)
tation hardness tester. It measures the true hardness of
the structure by eliminating the effect of porosity, and thus Soft-Magnetic Properties
is a measure of resistance to abrasive and adhesive The magnetic data presented in this standard were
wear. Microindentation hardness measurements are developed in accordance with ASTM Standard A773.
convertible to equivalent Rockwell hardness values
for comparison with other materials. Magnetizing Field (H)
A description of the microstructure must be reported. The magnetic field applied to a test specimen,
The specimen shall be polished to reveal the porosity measured in oersteds (Oe) or amperes/metre (A/m).
and lightly etched to view the phases in the micro-
structure and to determine where to place the hardness Induction (B)
indentation. If the indentor strikes an undisclosed pore, The measured magnetic field generated in a test
the diamond mark will exhibit curved edges and the specimen due to an applied magnetic field, measured
reading must be discarded. Since the data tend to be in kilo- gauss (kG) or tesla (T).
scattered compared with pore-free material, it is recom-
mended that a minimum of 5 indentations be made, Maximum Induction (Bm)
anomalous readings discarded, and an average taken of The maximum value of induction in a DC hysteresis
the remainder. (See MPIF Standard 51 for additional loop. This value depends on the magnetizing field
details.) applied. Data are reported at magnetizing fields of 25 Oe
and 500 Oe, (1,990 A/m and 39,800 A/m), in units of
Corrosion Resistance kilogauss (kG) or tesla (T).
Three media and test methods were used to rate the
resistance of the MIM stainless steel alloys to corrosion. Maximum Permeability (max)
The slope of the line from the origin to the knee of
Sulfuric Acid Testing - Standard 5 mm X 10 mm X 55 mm the initial B-H magnetization curve. This parameter is
test specimens were immersed in a 2% sulfuric acid dimensionless.
solution at room temperature (72 F 4 F [22 C 2 C])
for 1,000 hours. Two replicates were tested. The loss Coercive Field (Hc)
in mass for each was determined and then The DC magnetizing field required to restore the
converted into a mass loss per surface area (in dm2) magnetic induction to zero after the material has been
per day factor, in units of symmetrically, cyclically magnetized, measured in Oe
g (A/m).
2
(dm ) (day)
Residual Induction (Br)
The retained magnetism in the specimen after
(See MPIF Standard 62 for additional details.)
the applied field has been reduced to zero Oe (A/m).
This is reported in kG or T.
Copper Sulfate Testing - The copper sulfate test
consists of mixing 22.5 ml of distilled water with 1 g
cupric sulfate crystals and 2.5 g sulfuric acid.
Specimens are immersed in this solution for 6 minutes
at a temperature between 63 and 67 F (17 and 19 C).
Specimens that show no visual signs of copper plating
are classified as passing this test. (See ASTM F1089 for
additional details.)
6
MPIF Standard 35, Metal Injection Molded Parts2016 Edition
7
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35
Low-Alloy Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured Application
from both prealloys and admixtures of iron powder and Low-alloy steels are generally used for structural
other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, applications, especially when carburized. They are
and carbon. specified for applications where high strength and
The proportions of each element used and heat hardness are necessary.
treat conditions may be varied to achieve a range of
properties. Alloys may be hardened for very high Microstructure
strength with moderate ductility. Lower carbon alloys Residual pores should be small, discrete, well
may be case hardened for wear resistance while distributed and rounded. The microstructure will vary
achieving a tough core. with composition and heat treatment.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally
takes place during sintering. The homogeneous
structure imparts exceptional strength properties. The
high density attained through MIM processing also
gives these materials good ductility.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application
8
Low-Alloy Steels
MIM Material Properties Inch-Pound Units
9
(quenched & tempered)
MIM-4605
55 25 11 7.5 64 30 15 29.0 0.28 50 62 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)
MIM-4605
215 190 <1 7.5 240 215 2 29.5 0.28 40 48HRC 55 HRC
(quenched & tempered)
NOTES:
(A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm cross-section
Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).
2016 Edition
Approved: 1992 Revised: 2000, 2007, 2016
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35
Stainless Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured MIM-430L Ferritic Grade
from prealloyed or elementally blended stainless steels. This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
Included are austenitic, ferritic and precipitation hardening response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for
grades. applications in a corrosive environment where protective
coatings are impractical. (See Soft-Magnetic Alloys
Material Characteristics section for additional information about this material.)
High densities achieved by the MIM process enhance
the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance of these MIM-17-4 PH Precipitation Hardening Grade
materials. The precipitation hardening grade of stainless is used
where a high level of strength and hardness is
Application necessary. It generally has better corrosion resistance
There are several grades of MIM stainless steels. than the 400 series stainless steels because of low
Each has specific properties which cover a wide variety of carbon content. A range of properties and hardness
applications: can be achieved through modifications of the aging
temperature during heat treatment.
MIM-316L Austenitic Grade
This grade is used in applications which require Microstructure
extremly good corrosion resistance. Parts made from All materials should exhibit wrought-like microstructures
this material have a good combination of strength and except that MIM materials have evenly dispersed, well
ductility. rounded pores. There should be no evidence of original
particle boundaries. Internal oxides, nitrides and chromium
MIM-420 and MIM-440 Martensitic Grades carbides are detrimental to properties.
These martensitic stainless steels combine high
strength, hardness and wear resistance with moderate
corrosion resistance. A range of properties and
hardness can be achieved though modifications of the
carbon content and heat-treating conditions.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application
10
Stainless Steels
MIM Material Properties Inch-Pound Units
11
MIM-440
150 (B) (C) 7.5 190 170 <1 29.0 0.29 4 56 HRC 60 HRC 0.364 N/D Pass
(heat-treated)***
MIM-17-4 PH
115 94 4 7.5 130 106 6 28.0 0.29 100 27 HRC N/D <0.005 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)
MIM-17-4 PH
155 140 4 7.5 172 158 6 28.0 0.29 100 33 HRC 40 HRC <0.005 Pass Pass
(heat treated)*
2016 Edition
Approved: 1992 Revised: 2000, 2007, 2016
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35
Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured MIM-Fe-3%Si
from prealloyed powder or admixtures of iron and other Exhibits low core losses and high electrical resistivity
elements such as nickel, chromium, cobalt and silicon. in AC and DC applications (e.g., solenoids, armatures,
These alloys are classified as soft-ferromagnetic relays). Since this alloy readily work hardens, it is
materials, that allows them to be easily magnetized particularly suited to net-shape forming via MIM.
and demagnetized.
MIM-Fe-50%Ni
Material Characteristics High permeability and low coercive field are the
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally hallmark magnetic properties for this alloy. It is used in
takes place during sintering. A homogeneous motors, switches and relays, and for magnetic
microstructure, low levels of interstitials and high shielding applications.
sintered density will enhance magnetic properties.
MIM-Fe-50%Co
Grade Selection The iron-cobalt alloys produce the highest magnetic
Certain materials in this standard with the same saturation, surpassing pure iron. This material is
nominal composition have been assigned two grades. suitable for small components required to carry high
When selecting a material, a comparison should be magnetic flux densities.
made between the magnetic properties required and
the properties of each grade. MIM-430L
This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
Application response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for
There are several MIM soft-magnetic alloys. Each applications in a corrosive environment where
has specific properties that covers a wide range of protective coatings are impractical.
applications.
Microstructure
MIM-2200 The unetched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
Used in applications requiring high magnetic output, uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
comparable to iron, but with improved strength. the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application
12
Soft-Magnetic Alloys
MIM Material Properties Inch-Pound Units
13
MIM-430L 7.50 1,000 2.3 11.0 1,500 1.8 5.5 11.5 15.8 7.55 60 35 25 65
2016 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2007, 2016
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35
Controlled-Expansion Alloys
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured fiber optic and microwave packages, such as splitters,
from pre-alloyed powder and/or admixtures of iron, dual in-line packages and micro-electronic mechanical
nickel and cobalt. systems.
The proportions of the elements iron, nickel and
cobalt may be varied to meet the requirements of the Material Characteristics
coefficient of thermal expansion. Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes
place during sintering. The homogeneous microstructure
Application and high sintered density provide for exceptional her-
Controlled-expansion alloys are used in electronics meticity and controlled thermal expansion.
applications to provide hermetic seals with materials
such as glasses and ceramics. Microstructure
The un-etched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
MIM-F-15 uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
This low expansion alloy is used for glass-to metal seal- the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
ing applications. It provides hermetic seals for electronic nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.
MIM-F15 Bal. 29 17 0.50 0.20 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20
Other Elements: Aluminum, magnesium, zirconium and titanium may not exceed 0.20%
combined. Total may not exceed 1% combined.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application
14
Controlled-Expansion Alloys
MIM Material Properties Inch-Pound Units
NOTES:
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
15
The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for the
MIM-F-15 alloy in accordance with ASTM E228. A push-rod
dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 3.6 F/minute
heating rate in a nitrogen atmosphere. The average
coefficient of thermal expansion was determined from room
temperature (68 F) up to a series of temperatures.
2016 Edition
Approved: 2007
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35
Copper
This subsection covers MIM copper. MIM copper is made copper parts can be treated like a wrought copper part
using commercially pure copper powder. in the annealed condition and can be machined, plated,
brazed, crimped, and staked.
Material Characteristics
MIM copper has the typical color of copper and is Microstructure
commonly used for its excellent thermal and electrical Copper will sinter to a point where very few original
conductivity. particle boundaries are observable. The un-etched
microstructure will exhibit small, uniformly distributed,
Applications well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In the
Pure copper parts are used in applications requiring etched condition, the microstructure is homogenous
excellent thermal or electrical conductivity. Sintered with little to no evidence of oxides or contaminants.
99.8 Minimum
MIM-Cu
100.0 Maximum
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application
16
Copper
MIM Material Properties Inch-Pound Units
17
dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 1.8 F/minute
heating rate in air atmosphere. The average coefficient of
thermal expansion was determined from room temperature
(68 F) up to a series of temperatures.
2016 Edition
Approved 2012
17
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35
Low-Alloy Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured Application
from both prealloys and admixtures of iron powder and Low-alloy steels are generally used for structural
other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, applications, especially when carburized. They are
and carbon. specified for applications where high strength and
The proportions of each element used and heat hardness are necessary.
treat conditions may be varied to achieve a range of
properties. Alloys may be hardened for very high Microstructure
strength with moderate ductility. Lower carbon alloys Residual pores should be small, discrete, well
may be case hardened for wear resistance while distributed and rounded. The microstructure will vary
achieving a tough core. with composition and heat treatment.
Material Characteristics
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally
takes place during sintering. The homogeneous
structure imparts exceptional strength properties. The
high density attained through MIM processing also
gives these materials good ductility.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application
18
Low-Alloy Steels
MIM Material Properties SI Units
MIM-4140 1,380 1,070 3 7.5 1,650 1,240 5 205 0.28 75 46 HRC N/D
(quenched & tempered)
19
MIM-4605
380 170 11 7.5 440 205 15 200 0.28 70 62 HRB N/D
(as-sintered)
NOTES:
(A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm cross-section
Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).
2016 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2007, 2016
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35
Stainless Steels
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured MIM-430L Ferritic Grade
from prealloyed or elementally blended stainless steels. This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
Included are austenitic, ferritic and precipitation hardening response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for
grades. applications in a corrosive environment where protective
coatings are impractical. (See Soft-Magnetic Alloys
Material Characteristics section for additional information about this material.)
High densities achieved by the MIM process enhance
the strength, ductility and corrosion resistance of these MIM-17-4 PH Precipitation Hardening Grade
materials. The precipitation hardening grade of stainless is used
where a high level of strength and hardness is
Application necessary. It generally has better corrosion resistance
There are several grades of MIM stainless steels. than the 400 series stainless steels because of low
Each has specific properties which cover a wide variety of carbon content. A range of properties and hardness
applications: can be achieved through modifications of the aging
temperature during heat treatment.
MIM-316L Austenitic Grade
This grade is used in applications which require Microstructure
extremly good corrosion resistance. Parts made from All materials should exhibit wrought-like microstructures
this material have a good combination of strength and except that MIM materials have evenly dispersed, well
ductility. rounded pores. There should be no evidence of original
particle boundaries. Internal oxides, nitrides and chromium
MIM-420 and MIM-440 Martensitic Grades carbides are detrimental to properties.
These martensitic stainless steels combine high
strength, hardness and wear resistance with moderate
corrosion resistance. A range of properties and
hardness can be achieved though modifications of the
carbon content and heat-treating conditions.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application
20
Stainless Steels
MIM Material Properties SI Units
21
MIM-440
1,030 (B) (C) 7.5 1,310 1,170 <1 200 0.29 5 56 HRC 60 HRC 0.364 N/D Pass
(heat treated)***
MIM-17-4 PH
790 650 4 7.5 900 730 6 190 0.29 140 27 HRC N/D <0.005 Pass Pass
(as-sintered)
MIM-17-4 PH
1,070 970 4 7.5 1,190 1,090 6 190 0.29 140 33 HRC 40 HRC <0.005 Pass Pass
(heat treated)*
*Heat-treated MIM-1 7-4 PH parts were aged at 482 C (900 F). NOTES:
**Heat-treated MIM-420 parts were austenitized and tempered at (A) Impact energy values derived from an un-notched 5 mm x 10 mm
204 C (400 F) for a minimum of 1 hour. cross-section Charpy specimen (see MPIF Standard 59).
***Heat treated MIM-440 parts were austenitized, oil quenched (B) Heat-treated MIM-420-SS may not show any yield point based on a
and tempered at 160 C (325 F) for 2 hours 0.2% offset.
(C) There may be no measurable elongation for the MIM-420-SS
heat-treated material.
2016 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2007, 2016
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35
Soft-Magnetic Alloys
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured MIM-Fe-3%Si
from prealloyed powder or admixtures of iron and other Exhibits low core losses and high electrical resistivity
elements such as nickel, chromium, cobalt and silicon. in AC and DC applications (e.g., solenoids, armatures,
These alloys are classified as soft-ferromagnetic relays). Since this alloy readily work hardens, it is
materials, that allows them to be easily magnetized particularly suited to net-shape forming via MIM.
and demagnetized.
MIM-Fe-50%Ni
Material Characteristics High permeability and low coercive field are the
Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally hallmark magnetic properties for this alloy. It is used in
takes place during sintering. A homogeneous motors, switches and relays, and for magnetic
microstructure, low levels of interstitials and high shielding applications.
sintered density will enhance magnetic properties.
MIM-Fe-50%Co
Grade Selection The iron-cobalt alloys produce the highest magnetic
Certain materials in this standard with the same saturation, surpassing pure iron. This material is
nominal composition have been assigned two grades. suitable for small components required to carry high
When selecting a material, a comparison should be magnetic flux densities.
made between the magnetic properties required and
the properties of each grade. MIM-430L
This ferritic stainless steel combines good magnetic
Application response with corrosion resistance. It is suitable for
There are several MIM soft-magnetic alloys. Each applications in a corrosive environment where
has specific properties that covers a wide range of protective coatings are impractical.
applications.
Microstructure
MIM-2200 The unetched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
Used in applications requiring high magnetic output, uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
comparable to iron, but with improved strength. the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application
22
Soft Magnetic Alloys
MIM Material Properties SI Units
23
MIM-430L 7.50 1,000 185 1.10 1,500 140 0.55 1.15 1.58 7.55 415 240 25 65
2016 Edition
Approved: 2000 Revised: 2007, 2016
23
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35
Controlled-Expansion Alloys
fiber optic and microwave packages, such as splitters,
This subsection covers MIM materials manufactured
dual in-line packages and micro-electronic mechanical
from pre-alloyed powder and/or admixtures of iron,
systems.
nickel and cobalt.
The proportions of the elements iron, nickel and Material Characteristics
cobalt may be varied to meet the requirements of the Complete diffusion of alloying elements normally takes
coefficient of thermal expansion. place during sintering. The homogeneous microstructure
and high sintered density provide for exceptional her-
Application meticity and controlled thermal expansion.
Controlled-expansion alloys are used in electronics
applications to provide hermetic seals with materials Microstructure
such as glasses and ceramics. The un-etched structures exhibit small, uniformly distrib-
uted, well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In
MIM-F-15 the etched condition, the microstructure is well-homoge-
This low expansion alloy is used for glass-to metal seal- nized with little or no evidence of carbides or oxides.
ing applications. It provides hermetic seals for electronic
MIM-F15 Bal. 29 17 0.50 0.20 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.20
Other Elements: Aluminum, magnesium, zirconium and titanium may not exceed 0.20% combined.
Total may not exceed 1% combined.
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application
24
Controlled-Expansion Alloys
MIM Material Properties SI Units
NOTES:
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) N/D Not determined for the purposes of this standard.
25
The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined for the
MIM-F-15 alloy in accordance with ASTM E228. A push-rod
dilatometer was used for these tests, using a 2 C/minute
heating rate in a nitrogen atmosphere. The average
coefficient of thermal expansion was determined from room
temperature (20 C) up to a series of temperatures.
2016 Edition
Approved: 2007
MIM Material Section2016 MPIF Standard 35
Copper
This subsection covers MIM copper. MIM copper is made copper parts can be treated like a wrought copper part
using commercially pure copper powder. in the annealed condition and can be machined, plated,
brazed, crimped, and staked.
Material Characteristics
MIM copper has the typical color of copper and is Microstructure
commonly used for its excellent thermal and electrical Copper will sinter to a point where very few original
conductivity. particle boundaries are observable. The un-etched
microstructure will exhibit small, uniformly distributed,
Applications well-rounded pores that are not interconnected. In the
Pure copper parts are used in applications requiring etched condition, the microstructure is homogenous
excellent thermal or electrical conductivity. Sintered with little to no evidence of oxides or contaminants.
99.8 Minimum
MIM-Cu
100.0 Maximum
To select a material optimum in both properties and cost effectiveness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the MIM parts
manufacturer. (See Explanatory Notes: Minimum Value Concept.) Both the purchaser and manufacturer should, in order to avoid
possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a MIM component:
material selection, chemical composition, minimum property values and any other processes, that may affect the part application
26
Copper
MIM Material Properties SI Units
27
heating rate in air atmosphere. The average coefficient of
thermal expansion was determined from room temperature
(20 C) up to a series of temperatures.
2016 Edition
Approved 2012
27
Index
Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems &
Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35
The MPIF Standard 35 family of publications comprises alphabetically, followed by the name of the specific mate-
four separate publications dealing with materials for: metal rial system section of the standard where the chemical
injection molded parts, conventional PM structural parts, composition and/or mechanical property data can be
PM self-lubricating bearings and powder forged (PF) steel found. See Table of Contents for page numbers where
parts. The same materials may appear in more than one cited material systems (inch-pound or SI units) can be
publication or section of the standard depending upon found.
their common use, e.g. some structural materials may also
be used in bearing applications and vice versa and stain- INDEX 2 (35MIM2-2016) provides similar information on
less steel materials may be manufactured by more than the other three MPIF Standard 35 publications.
one PM process, such as MIM or conventional PM, depen-
dent upon part design and use.
The following indices provide the user with a reference KEY - MPIF Standard 35 Publications:
tool to more easily locate the information on the standard-
ized material needed for a specific application. MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded
Parts
INDEX 1 (35MIM1-2016) provides information on materi- PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts
als contained in this edition of MPIF Standard 35,
SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating
Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts. The
Bearings
standardized material designation codes are listed SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts
Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
MIM-17-4 PH Stainless Steels MIM
MIM-2200 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-2700 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-316L Stainless Steels MIM
MIM-4140 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-420 Stainless Steels MIM
Stainless Steels MIM
MIM-430L
Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-440 Stainless Steels MIM
MIM-4605 Low-Alloy Steels MIM
MIM-Cu Copper MIM
MIM-F-15 Controlled-Expansion Alloys MIM
MIM-Fe-3% Si Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-Fe-50% Co Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
MIM-Fe-50% Ni Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM
28
MPIF Standard 35 Publication KEY
MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings
PF Materials Standards for P/F Steel Parts SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts
INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016)
Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
AC-2014 Aluminum Alloys SP
C-0000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CFTG-3806-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB
CNZ-1818 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CNZP-1816 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CT-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CT-1000-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CTG-1001-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CTG-1004-K Bronze Bearings SLB
CZ-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZ-2000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZ-3000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZP-1002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZP-2002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
CZP-3002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP
F-0000 Iron and Carbon Steel SP
F-0000-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
F-0005 Iron and Carbon Steel SP
F-0005-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
F-0008 Iron and Carbon Steel SP
F-0008-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0200 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0200-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-0205 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0205-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0208 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0208-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0505 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0508 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-0508-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FC-0808 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-1000 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP
FC-1000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-2000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB
FC-2008-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB
FCTG-3604-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB
FD-0105 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0200 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0205 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0208 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0400 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
29
INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016)
Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
FD-0405 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FD-0408 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FDCT-1802-K Diffusion-Alloyed Iron-Bronze Bearings SLB
FF-0000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FG-0303-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB
FG-0308-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB
FL-3905 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4005 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4205 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4400 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4405 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4605 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4805 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-4905 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-5108 Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-5208 Prealloyed Steel SP
Prealloyed Steel SP
FL-5305
Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC-4608 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC-4805 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC-4908 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC2-4808 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLC2-5208 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLDN2-4908 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FLDN4C2-4905 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP
FLN-4205 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN2-3905 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN2-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN2-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN2-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLN2C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN4-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN4-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN4-4405(HTS) Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN4-4408 Sinter Hardened Steel SP
FLN4C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN6-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLN6-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FLNC-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP
FLNC-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP
FN-0200 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0205 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0208 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0405 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
FN-0408 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP
30
INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016)
Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
FN-5000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FS-0300 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FX-1000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-1005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-1008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-2000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-2005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FX-2008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP
FY-4500 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
FY-8000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP
P/F-1020 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1040 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1060 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-10C40 Copper Steel PF
P/F-10C50 Copper Steel PF
P/F-10C60 Copper Steel PF
P/F-1140 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-1160 Carbon Steel PF
P/F-11C40 Copper Steel PF
P/F-11C50 Copper Steel PF
P/F-11C60 Copper Steel PF
P/F-4220 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4240 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4260 Low-Alloy P/F-42XX Steel PF
P/F-4620 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4640 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4660 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
P/F-4680 Low-Alloy P/F-46XX Steel PF
SS-303L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-303N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-303N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304H Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-304N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316H Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-316N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP
SS-409L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-409LE Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-409LNi Stainless Steel 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-410 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-410L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
31
INDEX 2. (35MIM2-2016)
Material Section
Designation Code Material System Key
SS-430L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-430N2 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-434L Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-434LCb Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
SS-434N2 Stainless Steel - 400 Series Alloy SP
32
33
NOTES
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Metal Powder Industries Federation 2016 MIM Standards
105 College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540-6692 U.S.A.
(609) 452-7700 FAX (609) 987-8523
Email: info@mpif.org website: mpif.org