References[edit]

Jump up ^ U+2695 ? STAFF OF AESCULAPIUS (See also caduceus)

Jump up ^ Wilcox, Robert A; Whitham, Emma M (15 April 2003). "The symbol of modern
medicine: why one snake is more than two". Annals of Internal Medicine. 138: 6737.
doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-8-200304150-00016. PMID 12693891. Retrieved 2007-06-15.
Jump up ^ See for example Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.26.128.1 (here
translated by Jones) 2nd A.D.: "The image of Asklepios is, in size, half as big as
Zeus Olympios at Athens, and is made of ivory and gold. An inscription tells us
that the artist was Thrasymedes, a Parian, son of Arignotos. The god is sitting on
a seat grasping a staff; the other hand he is holding above the head of the
serpent."
Jump up ^ Sigerist. Chapter 3, Religious medicine: Asclepius and his cult, p. 63ff.
^ Jump up to: a b Farnell, Chapter 10, "The Cult of Asklepios" (pp. 234279)
Jump up ^ Stephen Lock, John M. Last, George Dunea, The Oxford Illustrated
Companion To Medicine, 2001, p261 "In early statues of Asclepius the rod and
serpent were represented separately."
Jump up ^ "Asklepios' reptile was a healing creature: in ancient mythology the
snake, whose skin was shed and rejuvenated, symbolized eternity and restoration of
life and health" Albert R. Jonsen, The New Medicine and the Old Ethics, Harvard
University Press, 1990, p122; this interpretation was current in Antiquity, as can
be seen in an account of Apollodorus: "your marvel at the serpent curling around
him and say that it is the symbol of the healing art, because just as the serpent
sloughs the skin of old age, so the medical art releases from illness." (in E.
Edelstein and L. Edelstein (eds.), Asclepius: A Collection and Interpretation of
the Testimonies, Baltimore, 1945, p12)
Jump up ^ "[...] the ancient conception of the serpent as the embodiment of the
mystery of one absolute life of the earth, which entails a continual dying and
resurrection [...] the combination of corruption and salvation, of darkness and
light, of good and evil in the Asklepian symbol." Jan Schouten, The Rod and Serpent
of Asklepios, Symbol of Medicine, 1967, p2
Jump up ^ Albert R. Jonsen, The New Medicine and the Old Ethics, Harvard University
Press, 1990, p122-123
Jump up ^ Henry E. Sigerist, A History of Medicine, Oxford University Press, 1987,
p27-28
Jump up ^ James A. Kelhoffer, Miracle and Mission, Mohr Siebeck, 2000, p438-439
"[...] it was known, at least by some people in antiquity, that a snake's venom is
not harmful if imbibed, but rather only if it enters directly into a person's blood
stream. For example, the first-century CE historian Lucan writes that the younger
Cato, when leading his troops through Libya during the Roman Civil War, informed
his men about this very point [...] 'The poison of snakes is only deadly when mixed
with the blood; their venom is in their bite, and they threaten death with their
fangs. There is no death in the cup.'" He also mentions an account of Cornelius
Celsus (first century CE) "'For a serpent's poison, like certain hunter's
poisons..., does no harm when swallowed, but only in a wound'". "Likewise, Galen
relates a rather peculiar healing by Asclepius involving viper's venom. The god
appeared to a wealthy man in Pergamum and prescribed 'that he should drink every
day of the drug produced from the vipers and should anoint the body from the
outside.' [...] The elder Philostratus describes a similar practice of 'the wise
Asclepiads,' who 'heal the bites of venomous creatures... using the virus itself as
a cure of many diseases.'"
Jump up ^ Andre Menez, The Subtle Beast, Snakes From Myth to Medicine, 2003, p14
Jump up ^ Emma J. Edelstein; Ludwig Edelstein (February 27, 1998). Asclepius:
Collection and Interpretation of the Testimonies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press. p. 13. ISBN 0801857694.
Jump up ^ Gerald David Hart, Martin St. J. Forrest, Asclepius: The God of Medicine,
2000, p42
^ Jump up to: a b Dickson Despommier, People, Parasites, and Plowshares: Learning
from Our Body's Most Terrifying Invaders, Columbia University Press, 2016 (first
edition in 2013), pages 147-163 (chapter 7 on Dracunculus medinensis), ISBN
9780231161954.
Jump up ^ Blayney, Keith (July 2007) [Sep 2002]. "The Caduceus vs. the Staff of
Asclepius". Alternative Journal of Nursing (14): 4.
Jump up ^ "Management of Guinea Worm Disease (GWD)". Centers of Disease Control.
Retrieved 1 May 2012.
Jump up ^ Prakash, M; Johnny, JC (2015). "Things you don't learn in medical school:
Caduceus". J Pharm Bioallied Sci. (77 (Suppl 1)): S49S50. doi:10.4103/0975-
7406.155794. PMC 4439707?Freely accessible. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
Jump up ^ F.H. Garrison, "The Use of the Caduceus in the Insignia of the Army
Medical Officer", in Bull. Med. Lib. Assoc. IX (1919-20), 13-16
^ Jump up to: a b Engle, Bernice (Dec 1929). "The Use of Mercury's Caduceus as a
Medical Emblem"". The Classical Journal. 25 (1): 205.
Jump up ^ Friedlander, Walter J (1992). The Golden Wand of Medicine: A History of
the Caduceus symbol in medicine. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28023-1.
Jump up ^ An allusion to John Milton's description of Belial in Paradise Lost
II.113-114.
Jump up ^ Tyson, Stuart L (1932). "The Caduceus". Scientific Monthly. 34 (6): 495.