TYPES OF FRONT-END LOADERS

CRAWLER MOUNTING
Crawler tractors that carry loaders are usually specially designed for them, and differ from
standard models. Tracks may be wide gauge and made extra-long, with an additional track roller on each
side. The idler and sometimes the front roller are of extra heavy-duty design. Width is necessary for
stability against side tipping when carrying high loads. The long tracks move the center of balance
forward so that heavier loads may be broken out and carried. The heavier idler and roller construction is
required by the heavy front loads.

WHEEL-TRACTOR-MOUNTED-TYPE
Wheel loaders are versatile mobile shovels that transfer material from stockpiles to trucks, or
transport material around job sites. Bucket sizes range from perhaps 1 cubic yard for small utility
machines, to 20 cubic yards or more for large models in mining applications. Small and mid-sized wheel
loaders frequently have an attachment coupler that allows them to use work tools such as forks, brooms,
and lifting jibs.
 TYPES OF SCRAPERS
CRAWLER-TRACTOR PULLED SCRAPER for relatively short haul distances the crawler-type
tractor, pulling a rubber-tired self-loading scraper, can move earth economically. Unless the loading
operation is difficult, a crawler tractor can load a scraper without the aid of a bulldozer.

WHEEL-TRACTOR-PULLED SCRAPER for longer haul distances the higher speed of the wheel-type
tractor-pulled self-loading scraper will permit it to move earth more economically than a crawler-type
tractor
 EXCAVATING EQUIPMENT
POWER SHOVELS -power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric mining shovel) is a
bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth or fragmented
rock and for mineral extraction. They are capable of excavating all classes of earth, except solid rock,
without prior loosening.

BACKHOES-Backhoe loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks:
construction, small demolitions, and light transportation of building materials, powering building
equipment, digging holes/excavation, landscaping, breaking asphalt, and paving roads.
DRAGLINES-A dragline excavator is a piece of heavy equipment used in civil engineering and surface
mining. Draglines fall into two broad categories: those that are based on standard, lifting cranes, and the
heavy units which have to be built on-site.

CLAMSHELLS
The clamshell bucket is a more sophisticated articulated several-piece device, including two
elementary buckets associated on a hinged structure forming a claws-like appendage with an internal
volume.
CRANES
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains,
and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly
used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places.
1. Truck-mounted Crane
A truck-mounted crane has two parts: the carrier, often referred to as the lower, and the lifting
component which includes the boom, referred to as the upper. These are mated together through a
turntable, allowing the upper to swing from side to side. Generally, these cranes are able to travel on
highways, eliminating the need for special equipment to transport the crane unless weight or other size
constrictions are in place such as local laws. If this is the case, larger cranes are equipped with either
special trailers to help spread the load over more axles or are able to disassemble to meet requirements.

2. Rough Terrain Crane

A rough terrain crane has a boom mounted on an undercarriage atop four rubber tires that is
designed for off-road pick-and-carry operations. Outriggers are used to level and stabilize the crane for
hoisting.
These telescopic cranes are single-engine machines, with the same engine powering the undercarriage and
the crane, similar to a crawler crane. The engine is usually mounted in the undercarriage rather than in the
upper, as with crawler crane.
 3. Crawler Crane
A crawler crane has its boom mounted on an undercarriage fitted with a set of crawler tracks that
provide both stability and mobility. Crawler cranes range in lifting capacity from about 40 to 3,500 short
tons (35.7 to 3,125.0 long tons; 36.3 to 3,175.1 t).
The main advantage of a crawler crane is its ready mobility and use, since the crane is able to operate on
sites with minimal improvement and stable on its tracks without outriggers. Wide tracks spread the
weight out over a great area and are far better than wheels at traversing soft ground without sinking in. A
crawler crane is also capable of traveling with a load. Its main disadvantage is its weight, making it
difficult and expensive to transport. Typically a large crawler must be disassembled at least into boom
and cab and moved by trucks, rail cars or ships to its next location.

4. Floating Crane
Floating cranes are used mainly in bridge building and port construction, but they are also used
for occasional loading and unloading of especially heavy or awkward loads on and off ships. Some
floating cranes are mounted on pontoons, others are specialized crane barges with a lifting capacity
exceeding 10,000 short tons (8,929 long tons; 9,072 t) and have been used to transport entire bridge
sections. Floating cranes have also been used to salvage sunken ships.
All terrain
An all-terrain crane is a hybrid combining the readability of a truck-mounted and on-site
manoeuvrability of a rough-terrain crane. It can both travel at speed on public roads and manoeuvre on
rough terrain at the job site using all-wheel and crab steering.
ATs have 2-9 axles and are designed for lifting loads up to 1,200 tonnes (1,323 short tons; 1,181 long
tons).

Carry Deck Crane

A carry deck crane is a small 4 wheel crane with a 360 degree rotating boom placed right in the centre
and an operators cab located at one end under this boom. The rear section houses the engine and the area
above the wheels is a flat deck. Very much an American invention the Carry deck can hoist a load in a
confined space and then load it on the deck space around the cab or engine and subsequently move to
another site. The Carry Deck principle is the American version of the pick and carry crane and both allow
the load to be moved by the crane over short distances.
Telescopic handler
This type of crane offers a boom that consists of a
number of tubes fitted one inside of the other. A hydraulic
mechanism extends or retracts the tubes to increase or
decrease the length of the boom. Most cranes today are in
some form a telescopic crane. Except for the lattice boom
crane with is a iron constructed frame that is bolted together
to get the right height for the hoist.

Fixed
Tower crane atop Mont Blanc
Tower cranes are a modern form of balance
crane that consist of the same basic parts. Fixed to the
ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes attached to
the sides of structures), tower cranes often give the best
combination of height and lifting capacity and are used
in the construction of tall buildings. The base is then
attached to the mast which gives the crane its height.
Further, the mast is attached to the slewing unit (gear
and motor) that allows the crane to rotate. On top of the
slewing unit there are three main parts which are: the
long horizontal jib (working arm), shorter counter-jib,
and the operator's cab.
Hammerhead crane (Finniest on)
The "hammerhead", or giant cantilever, crane is a fixed-jib crane consisting of a steel-braced
tower on which revolves a large, horizontal, double cantilever; the forward part of this cantilever
or jib carries the lifting trolley, the jib is extended backwards in order to form a support for the machinery
and counterbalancing weight. In addition to the motions of lifting and revolving, there is provided a so-
called "racking" motion, by which the lifting trolley, with the load suspended, can be moved in and out
along the jib without altering the level of the load. Such horizontal movement of the load is a marked
feature of later crane design. These cranes are generally constructed in large sizes and can weigh up to
350 tons.

Level luffing crane

Normally a crane with a hinged jib will tend to have its hook also move up and down as the jib moves
(or luffs). A level luffing crane is a crane of this common design, but with an extra mechanism to keep the
hook level when luffing.
Overhead
Also referred to as a suspended crane, this
type is normally used in a factory, with some of them
being able to lift very heavy loads. Larger overhead
cranes (also known as goliath cranes) can be found in
use in shipyards and large outdoor manufacturing
plants. The hoist is set on a trolley which will move in
one direction along one or two beams, which move at
angles to that direction along elevated or ground level
tracks, often mounted along the side of an assembly
area.