A method for computing acousticfields basedon the principle

of wave superposition
GaryH. Koopmann,Limin Song,andJohnB. Fahnline
NoiseControl
Laboratory,
17Hammond
Building,ThePennsy/vania
StateUniversity,
University
Park,
Pennsylvania
16802

(Received19June1989;accepted
forpublication
18August1989)
A methodfor computing theacoustic fieldsof arbitrarilyshapedradiatorsisdescribed that
usestheprincipleof wavesuperposition. The superposition integral,whichisshownto be
equivalentto the Helmholtzintegral,isbasedon theideathatthecombined fieldsof an array
of sources
interiorto a radiatorcanbemadeto reproduce a velocityprescribed on thesurface
of theradiator.The strengthsof thesources thatproducethisconditioncan,in turn,beusedto
compute thecorresponding surface pressures.Theresults of severalnumerical experiments are
presentedthatdemonstrate thesimplicityof themethod.Also,theadvantages thatthe
superposition methodhasoverthemorecommonlyusedboundary-element methodsare
discussed.
Theseincludesimplicityof generating thematrixelements usedin thenumerical
formulation andimprovedaccuracy andspeed,thelattertwobeingdueto theavoidance of
uniqueness andsingularityproblemsinherentin theboundary-element formulation.
PACS numbers: 43.20.Rz

INTRODUCTION
solutionsexist.In this procedure, a simplesourceis sur-
During the past decade,computationalmethodsin rounded by a fictitioussurfacehaving thesamegeometryas
acoustics usingbothfiniteelements andboundaryelements that of the acoustic radiatorfor which the boundaryelement
haveprogressed to the point wherecommercialsoftwareis isbeingapplied.Next, a setof nodalpointscorresponding to
nowavailablefor modelingcomplexacousticfields.Of the those usedin the boundary-elementformulation is identi-
two,finite-element acoustics isat a morematurestage,and fied.The fieldof the enclosedpoint sourceis thenevaluated
numericalexperiments involvinginternalandexternalradi- at eachof the nodepointsfor both pressureand velocity
atedfieldscoupledwith thestructuralresponse of theradia- (normalto the surface).Althoughthe surfacepressureand
torsarebecoming morecommonplace. Boundaryelements velocity are dependenton the locationof the interior point
are emergingin a complementary modeto the finite ele- source, they do providean exactpairof calibrationvaluesat
mentsand are bettersuitedto problemsof infiniteextent, each point for a givensourcelocation.With the gridgeome-
e.g.,free-fieldradiation.Severalresearchers 4havelaid the try alreadyprescribed, theboundary-element formulationis
groundworkto help make the boundary-element formula- calibrated simply by taking the computed velocitieson the
tioncompatible withthatof thefiniteelement,allowingboth fictitious surface asinputs and computing the corresponding
methods to share,for example,isoparametric, quadrilateral surfacepressures. A comparison of the "exact"andcomput-
elements, and,hence,gridgeometries, graphicpresentation, ed pressures at each nodal point indicates the extentof valid-
etc.Whiletheboundary-element methodwill undoubtably ity of the boundary-element formulation, e.g., whether or
continueto playan importantrolein computational acous- not the element size to wavelength ratio is adequate,the
tics,it isstillhampered withdifficulties
thatariseinapproxi- outward normals have been properly defined, andsoon.
matingtheHelmholtzintegralin numericalform.Whilethe It wasthecalibrationprocedure that triggeredthe idea
uniqueness problemalongwiththatof thesingularity of the that superposition couldbe usedto determinethe acoustic
Green function can be overcome with some resourceful fieldsof complexradiators.Sincethe fieldof a singlesource
mathematics, the end resultis alwaysto increasethe com- locatedwithin a surfaceboundarywas usedto providethe
plexity,andthustheextent,of thecomputations. For exam- exactsurfacepressure andvelocitydistributionof a radiator
ple, in computingacousticfields via the cmv formula- for calibration purposes,by superimposingthe fieldsof an
tion3'9oftheboundary-element
method
using
isoparametric, array of sources(of the samenumberof nodepointson the
quadraticelements,
the timerequiredto computethematrix surface),within the prescribedsurface,couldvaluesfor the
coefficients
isa substantial
portionof theoverallcomputing magnitudeand phasefor the strengthof eachsourcebe de-
time. terminedto give the correctsurfacepressureand normal
Thesearch to finda simpler,morestraightforward
com- velocityat eachnodepointindependently of thesourceloca-
putationalmethodthat circumventsthe abovecomplica- tions?That this is possiblewill be demonstratedin the sec-
tionswasthe motivationbehindthis study.The ideafor a tionsto follow.A seriesof computationalexperiments were
superpositionmethodemerged asanoffspringof thecalibra- conductedthat providedguidelines for thedevelopment of a
tionprocedure that isoftenusedin boundary-elementstud- corresponding theory.Interestingly,the mathematicalsteps
iesto providebenchmarkdatafor caseswhereno analytical leadingto the theorythat validatedtheabovehypothesis are

2433 J. Acoust.Soc. Am. 86 (6). December1989 0001-4966/89/122433-06500.80 1989 AcousticalSocietyof America 2433
closelyalignedto the Helmholtzintegral.In thefinalanaly- Equation
( 1) istheequation
based
6nwhichthesuperposi-
sis,the theorybehindsuperposition is shownto be equiva- tion method will be formulated.
lentto theHelmholtz-integral formulation.However,bylo- If themethodisa validformulation,
theEq. ( 1) should
caringsources internalto theradiatingsurface,
theproblems beequivalent
to theHelmholtz-integral
equation.To prove
of uniqueness and singularkernelsare circumventedalto- this,beginby assuming that themediuminteriorandexteri-
gether.Thus the methodof superposition represents an or to theradiatorisidentical.Thisassumptionisvalidsince
enormoussimplification computationally.From computa- theradiationfieldisindependent of thepropertyof theinte-
tionsinvolvingsimplegeometries, giventhesamedensityof rior medium.Applyingthe law of massconservation to the
nodesor computationalpointson an arbitrarysurface,it medium
contained
withinthevolumeV leads
totheequation
appearsthat thesuperposition methodismoreaccuratethan
the boundary-element formulation,especiallyat valuesof tP(r)
Ot
+ V.[p(ro)u(ro)
] =p(ro)q(ro)
, (4)
highwavenumbers. This featuretogetherwith its increased
computationalspeedshouldmakeit an attractivealternative wherep isthetotaldensity
ofthemedium. Then,neglecting
to the boundary-element method. thenonlineartermsandusingthefamiliarexpression
forthe
This paperpresentsthe resultsof somecomputational soundspeedco,Eq. (4) reducesto
experiments on simplegeometries usingthe superposition --fiop(ro)+ poCo
2V'u(ro) = poCo2
q(ro). (5)
methodalongwith sometheoreticalconsiderations.
Then,bysubstituting
theaboverelation
forq(ro)inEq. ( 1),
I. METHOD OF WAVE SUPERPOSITION
the pressurefieldbecomes

A. Analytical formulation
The superposition
methodis basedon the idea that the
p(r)
=f?k
2p(r
o)+jopoV'U(ro)
1
acousticfieldof a complexradiatbrcanbeconstructed asa Xg( Ir -rol )dV(ro). (6)
superposition of fields generatedby an array of simple Next, by usingthe vectoridentities
sourcesenclosed withintheradiator.The equivalency of the V. (ug) = gV.u + u.Vg,
superposition methodto the Helmholtz-integralformula-
tion,andhenceitsvalidity,canbedeveloped in thefollowing V. (pVg)= VpVg+ pV2g= VpVg+ p[6(r -- ro) -- k 2g],
way. By lettingthe enclosedsourcesbe distributedcontinu- (7)
ouslyinsidethe radiatoras shownin Fig. 1, the acoustic andthelinearizedEuler'sequation
pressureat a fieldpointr is the integralof the contribution
from all sources:
fiOpoU
(ro)=Vp(ro), (8)
Eq. (6) can be rewrittenas

p(r) =JPoO;vq(ro)g(]r--re])dV(ro), (1) p(r) =;vp(r)6(r

- ro)d
V(
%)-
fvV.[p(to)
Vg(
{r- rol)
wherepoisthemeandensityof themedium,toistheangular
frequencyof the harmonicvibrationof the surfaceS enclos- --jtopou(ro)g(Ir -- rot)]dV(ro). (9)
ingthevolume
Voftheradiator,
q(ro)isthestrength
ofthe Finally,applyingGauss'theoremto the secondtermon the
simplesourcedistribution
evaluated
at reinsideV.Thefree- rightsideof theaboveequationgives
spaceGreen'sfunctionis definedas

g(Ir - tel) = - dkIt- r,,74rlr

_ re[, (2) (r)
=;?(ro)5(r-ro)dl/(ro)-
[p(ro)Vg([r
re[)
which satisfies -jtOpoU(ro)g([r - re])] 'n dS(re), (10)
(V2+ k 2)g(lr _rol) ----6(r -- ro), (3) where n is the outward normal on the enclosed surface S.
where k is the wavenumber and is the Dirac delta function. Equation(10) is thewell-known
Helmholtz-integral
equa-
tion for exteriorradiationproblems.
In theprecedinganalysis,
theacoustic fieldsproduced
by thesuperposition
integral[Eq. ( 1) ] andtheHelmholtz
,p(r) integral[Eq.(10)] areidentical,
thusproving
thatthesu-
perpositionmethod is a valid formulation.

B. Numerical formulation

To reducethe superpositionintegralto a numerical

form,thefollowingstepsarenecessary.
Fromthelinearized
Eulerequation[Eq. (8)] andthe superpositionintegral
u(r,) S [Eq.( 1) ], theacoustic
velocity
atr canbecalculated
by

u(r)
=f?(ro)Vg(
[r--ro[
)dV(ro). (11
)
FIG. 1.Thediagram
forformulating
thesuperposition
integral. Thenormal
velocity
onthesurface
oftheradiator
isgivenby

2434 d.Acoust.
Sec.Am.,Vol.86,No.6,December
1989 Keepmann
etal.:Computing
acoustic
fields 2434
 n

Uj

FIG. 2. The diagramof the fictitioussourcesphereinsideof a radiator.

FIG. 3. Thediagramof thesimplesource
array.

U,(rs)=f?(ro)V,g(
[rs
- re[
)dV(ro),(12)
wherers is the locationvectorof a pointon S. However, whereri, r, and0iareshownin Fig.3. Thesuperposition
there is no restrictionon the locationof q(ro). Therefore, methodhasa usefulfeatureto quantifyhowwell the discre-
q(ro) canbeplacedanywhereinsideof S. For convenience, tizedvelocities
U,'srepresent
thecontinuous
velocity
dis-
thesimplesources areassumed to distributeoveron thesur- tribution on the surfaceS. By usingthe Q's to compute
faceof a fictitioussphericalshellwith a thin thickness
5r, as velocities
at pointsotherthanat theU,j pointsandcompar-
shownin Fig. 2. The sphericalshell is called the source ing thesewith the specifiedvalues,the degreeof the approxi-
sphere.ThusEq. (12) becomes mation of the velocitydiscretizationcan be determined.
After findingthesourcestrengthvectorQ, thepressure
U,(rs)
=5rq(ra)V,([rs
- ra[)da(r),
(13) fieldis a straightforward
N
calculationfrom the equation

wherea is the surfaceof the sourcesphereand re is the p(r) = M(lr-r,l)Q,

i=1
(18)
locationvectorera simplesourceona. Sincere canbemade
alwaysto be smallerthan rs, thereis no singularityin Eq. where the coefficient M is defined as
(13). Consequently, the singularityproblemscommonto M(lr - r,l) =jopog(]r - r,I). (19)
the boundary-element formulationare avoidedaltogether.
On the surfaceof the radiator,the pressurevectorP corre-
Next, the surfacerr is dividedinto N segmentsand the
spondingto the velocityvectorU, is simplygivenby
areaof eachsegment isrepresented byai. Equation(13) can
be rewritten as P = [M] [D] -'U, (20)
wheretheelementof themenupolematrixMis evaluatedby
=&.,s
V.(rs) , fq(r)V,g(lrs-r,,l)da(r,,).
, (14)replacingr in Eq. (19) withr/.
No approximations havebeenmadeupto thispoint.Ifai for
all segmentsismadeto besufficiently
small theintegrandin C. Numerical accuracy
Eq. (14) canbetakenasa constant.By doingso,thesurface Two approximations havebeenintroducedinto thefor-
velocityis approximatedby
mulationof the superposition method.The first oneis that
N
theintegrationon therightsideofEq. (14) isreplacedby the
U,r,) Q,V,([rs - r,,,I),
i=1
(15) finite summationin Eq. (15), and the secondone is that a
whereQi is the volumevelocityof the simplesourceat the finitenumberof the normalvelocityvalueson thesurfaceof
the radiatorare usedto determinethe sourcestrengths. Ob-
location
re,onthesource
sphere.
Equation
(15) givesthe
normalvelocityof thesurfaceof theradiator,whichisgener- viously,increasingthenumberof thesimplesources N will
atedby N simplesources distributedon the sourcesphere. reducethe errorscausedby bothapproximations.
SinceU,(rs) isknown,Eq. (15) canbeusedto evaluateQ. For a fixed N, however,the locationsof the simple
Supposethat the normalvelocityvaluesare prescribed sourcesinsidethe radiatorcan be adjustedto improvethe
at NpointsonthesurfaceS. ApplyingEq. (15) to eachpoint accuracyof the method.As the sourcesare locatedfarther
from the surfaceS or as the radiusof the sourcespherebe-
givesN equations for N unknownQ's.In matrixform,the
sourcevectorQ is relatedwith the normal velocityU,by comes smaller, the area of each segment,a, becomes
smaller,and the variationof the integrandin Eq. (14), as
Q = [D ] - 'U, (16) measured
byOi,becomes
smaller.
Thisisillustrated
byFig.
4. As a resultof compactlugthe sources,the error intro-
whereD isanN X Ncoefficientmatrixcalleda dipolematrix.
ducedby the secondapproximationbecomessmaller.This
Eachelementof the dipolematrix is determinedby the fol-
effectwill be demonstrated by the numericalexperiments
lowingequation: that follow. Physically, the compactnessof the simple
sources increases the relative contribution of each source to
1 jklrj
--r.]-
D= - 4rr ]r- r,11dklr_r,t
cos
0,, (17) each discrete surface.

2435 J. Acoust.
Sec.Am.,Vol.86,No.6, December
1989 Keepmann
eta/.:Computing
acoustic
fields 2435
FIG. 4.?hemsureofthedefee
ofvariation
oftheintoBrand
in!- ( [4),
II. NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS
The followingnumericalexperimentswere performed
on two simplegeometries. The firstwasa sphericalradiator
having20 surfacenodesgivenboth monopoleand dipole
velocitydistributions.
The secondwasa cuberadiatorwith
nine nodesevenlydistributedon eachsurfaceand with the
velocitynodesgivenvaluescorresponding to the fieldof an
interiorsphericalradiatorevaluatedat eachnodepoint.The
pressuresat the surfacenodeswerecalculatedby the super-
positionmethodand comparedwith the exactvalues.
Figure5 givesthe normalizedreal andimaginarypres-
sureon thesurfaceofa monopoleasa functionof nondimen-
sionalwavenumber.For the rangeof ka's presented,the
pressures computedwith the superposition
methodfor all
practicalpurposes
agreedexactlywith thetheory,andthus,
to avoidconfusion,valuesfor the correspondingtheoretical
pointsare omittedfrom the graph.Interestingly,the agree-
ment with theorycontinuedwell beyondthe rangeshownto
exceedinglyhigh wavenumbers,e.g., above2000.
For the dipolewith the sameradiusasthat of the above
monopole,the matricesD and M are the same.Thus Eq.
(20) wasevaluatedsimplyby replacingU,by a dipoleve-
locityvectorto givethecorresponding pressurevector.Gen-
erally,the sameprocedurecanbeusedto determinethe sur-
facepressure for any arbitraryvelocitydistributionon the
surface of a radiator once the matrices D and Mare available.
The resultsfor the dipoleare shownin Fig. 6. The accuracy
00-
0.6-
0.4-
0.0
0
I;2[
FIG. 5. Variation of normalized surfacepressurewith nondimensional
wavenumber
ka for a monopole,wherea is the radiusof the monople
sphere.
2436 J. Acoust.Soc. Am., Vol. 86, No. 6, December 1989
FIG. 6. Variationof normalizedsurfacepressurewith nondimensional
wavenumber ka for a dipole,wherea istheradiusof thedipolesphere.
in this caseis nearlyidenticalto that in the monopolecase.
An agreementbetweentheory and this numericalexperi-
ment at muchhigherwavenumbers reinforcesthe observa-
tion that the superposition methodseemsto performsub-
stantiallybetterat high wavenumbers than the boundary-
elementformulation(see,for example,Ref. 7).
The next set of tests was conducted to examine how the
relativepositionof the inner sourcesurfaceto that of the
radiator influencesthe computational accuracy. For the
casesof the monopoleand dipole, the radius of the inner
sphericalsurfacewasvariedfrom nearlyzero to nearlyone
times the radius of the radiator surface. The results are
shownin Fig. 7, which givethe normalizedpressures as a
functionof the ratioof theradiusof theinnersourcesphere
to that-of the radiator.As expected,the accuracyimproves
as this ratio becomes smaller. For the wavenumber shown
(ka = 1), the numericallycomputedpressuresare nearly
the sameas predictedby theorywhen the ratio is lessthan
approximately0.4. As thewavenumberincreases, for a given
accuracy,this preferredratio shoulddecrease.
The resultsof thesuperpositionstudyon the cuberadia-
tor are shownin Fig. 8, where the normalizedpressuresat
the centernodeof a cuberadiatorare givenasa functionof
ka (a isdefinedashalf of thelengthof onesideof thecube).
In thiscase,thereference surfacevelocityisa complexquan-
tity, sinceit isdeterminedby evaluatingthefieldof a spheri-
cal sourceon the surfacesof a cube.As expectedwith this
typeof a referencesource,thedependence of thepressureon
FIG. 7. Variation of normalizedsurfacepressurewith nondimensional
wavenumber ka fora cubicradiator,wherea isthehalf-length
ofonesideof
the cube.
Koopmannet al.: Computingacousticfields 2436
 Numerical
0 30

0.20 -
o.,. : o.,- --'-- Re[P/pcUn]
Numerical
-- n-- Re[P/pc0U]
lm[P/p%U[
0,4 n.6
O --o--Im[P/PCoUr
]
b/a

FIG. 8. Variationof normalized

surfacepressure
with relativesizeof the FIG. ]0. Variationof normalizedsurfacepressurewith relativesizeof the
innersourcesphere forthemenopicanddipoleeases,whereb istheradius innersourcecubefor thecubicradiator,whereb isthehalflengthofoneside
of the innersphere. of the inner cube.

matrix D is of a higher order than that in the monopole

ka is similarto that of a sphericalradiator.Usingthe refer-
encevelocities asinputto thesuperposition equation(16) at
54 nodalpoints,the corresponding Qi's werecomputedto
givethestrengths of the 54 sources locatedwithinthecube.
Their combinedfieldswerethen computedvia Eq. (20) to
matrix M in Eq. (20). While this study indicatesthat the
geometryof the innersourcehaslittle effecton thecomputa-
tion accuracy, additional studies are needed to provide
working guidelinesfor caseswhere more complicatedge-
ometries are to be treated.

givethesurface pressuresat eachof the54surfacenodes.

As
in the monopoleanddipolestudies,theagreement between
theexactpressures computed witha singlereference
source
andthosecomputedwith thesuperposition methodwasex-
cellent,e.g., in this later caseapproximatelyto within
0.02%.
Twotypesof internalsourcegeometrieswereusedin the
cubicradiatorstudy:aninnercubeandaninnersphere.Both
sourcearrangements predictedaccuratesurfacepressuresas
longasthe ratiosof theircharacteristic
lengths(the half-
lengthof onesidefor theinnercubeandtheradiusfor the
innersphere)to the half-lengthof onesideof the radiator
werebetween 0.05and0.5,asshownin Figs.9 and 10.When
thisratioisbelow0.05,bothdipoleandmonopolematrices
becomeill-conditionedsince the matrix elementsall ap-
proachnearlythesamevalue.Above0.5, it appearsthat the
matricesbecometoo diagonallydominantas the singulari-
ties in the Green's function and its derivative are ap-
proached.As thisratioapproachesunity,the pressures ap-
proachzeroasexpected, sincethe singularityin the dipole
-- -- Re[ P/PcoUI
-- o -- Im[p/PcoU]
8 o,.
0.4,
02
0.0
CI.O O.S 0.8
b/a
III. CONCLUSIONS
It hasbeenshownthata methodusingthesuperposition
of acousticfieldsgenerated
by an arrayof simplesources can
beusedto predictthepressures onthesurfaceof a radiatorin
termsof the surfacevelocities.This is achievedby enclosing
an array of sourceswithin the radiator and computingthe
sourcestrengthsnecessary to givethe specified velocitieson
the surfaceof the radiator. The sourcestrengthsare then
used to compute the correspondingsurface pressures.
Shoulda new surface-velocity distributionbe specified,the
corresponding changein surfacepressurecanbe computed
easilywithouthavingto performa new matrixoperation.
The acousticfieldgeneratedvia the superposition meth-
od has been shownto be mathematicallyequivalentto the
Helmholtz formulation,thusprovingthat the superposition
method has a valid formulation.
In numericalexperimentsinvolvingsphericaland cubi-
cal radiators,it has beendemonstratedthat the superposi-
tion method has the following advantagesover the more
commonlyusedboundary-element method.First, the com-
putationsare immenselysimplifiedsincethe methodhas
neitheruniquesness problemsnor singularities to dealwith.
Second,the procedureto generatethe matrix elementsis
simplersincenodesand not elementsare the basisfor the
formulation.Consequently, calculations
that requireseveral
mathematicaloperationsin the boundary-element method
(e.g.,Gaussintegrationroutine) are reducedto a singleop-
erationin the superposition method.Third, for a wide range
of the inner sourcelocations,the accuracyof the superposi-
tion methodrepresents at leastan order of magnitudeim-
1.0
provementover a similarboundary-element computation
usingthe densityof nodes.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
FIG. 9. Variation of normalizedsurfacepressurewith relativesizeof the
innersourcespherefor thecubicradiatorcase,whereb is theradiusof the The authorsare grateful for discussions
with the col-
inner sphere. leaguesthat haveled to the developmentof this paper.In

2437 J. Acoust.Sec.Am.,Vol.86, No.6, December1989 KeepmannoraL:Computing

acousticfields 2437
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we wouldliketo acknowledge ourBerlincol- 3A.F. Seybert
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Foundation
in thisproject. sW.L. Meyer,W. A. Be!l,B. T. Zinn,andM.P. Stallybrass,
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acousticradiationproblems,"J.
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2438 J. Acoust.Soc. Am.,VoL86, No. 6. December1989 Koopmannet al.: Computingacousticfields 2438