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TestingofConcreteBlocks
By
Er.KaushalKishore,
MaterialsEngineer,Roorkee

INTRODUCTION
ConcretecanbeconvertedintoprecastmasonryunitssuchasHollowandSolidnormalandlightweightconcreteblocksofsuitablesizetobeusedfor
loadandnonloadbearingunitsforwallings.Useofsuchconcreteblocksaremoreappropriateinregionwheresoilbricksarecostly,poorinstrength
andarenotavailable.Dependinguponthestructuralrequirementsofmasonryunit,concretemixescanbedesignedusingingredientsavailablelocallyor
ifnotfoundsuitablethenwithinthemosteconomicaldistance.Theconcretemixusedfornormalhollowandsolidblocksshallnotbericherthanone
partbyvolumeofcementto6partsbyvolumeofcombinedroomdryaggregatesbeforemixing.Hollowconcreteblocksfornormalworkusedin
masonrywhenreinforcedisusedshallnotbeleanerthan1partcementto8partsroomdrysandbyvolume.Themixesaredesignedwiththeavailable
materialstogiveoveralleconomyandtherequiredpropertiesoftheproducts.Thehollowloadbearingconcreteblocksofthestandardsize400x200x
200mmwillweightbetween17and26kg(1063to1625kg/m3)whenmadewithnormalweightaggregates.Normalweightblocksaremadewith
cement,sand,gravel,crushedstoneandaircooledslag.ThegradingforsandusedinHollowconcreteblockshallbeasgivenbelow:
ContinueReading

FiledunderCivilEngineeringTests,MaterialTesting,ResearchPapers|6Comments

SimpleTestingOfAdmixturesAndSurfaceCoatingForPermeabilityToWater.
By
Er.KaushalKishore,
MaterialsEngineer,Roorkee

Thismethodoftestdescribestheproceduresfordeterminingconcretepermeabilitytowaterbycapillaryabsorptionmethodforcomparisonbetween
controlledspecimensandthespecimenscontainingadmixtureshavingsurfacecoatings.Thismethodgivesthewaterproofingefficiencyofadmixtures
andcoating,thusalsoofthegreatestinterestfordurabilityofconcreteoffersprotectiontoreinforcementfromcorrosion.

Foralltestspecimensmaterials,proportions,workability,mixing,compaction,casting,curing,temperatureandtestingmethodshouldbekeptidentical
forconclusivecomparisonbetweencontrolledandadmixture/coatedspecimens.

CastingofSpecimens
10cmcubesofthefollowingmixaretobecastbyhandcompactionfillingthecubesintwolayerseachlayertoberammed35timesbyrammingrod
16mmdia600mminlengthoneendbulletpointed.Asetof3cubesshallbepreparedwiththerecommendeddosageofadmixture.Theothersetof3
cubesshallbemadewithoutanyadmixture(controlledcube).Incaseofsurfacecoatingistobetested,thenallthesixcubesshallbemadeofthesame
mix.

MixProportions
OPCement43grade=200Kg/m3
SandZoneII=850Kg/m3
205mmaggregate=1115lg/m3
Water=Togiveslumpof40+ 5mmorcompactionfactorofabout0.90.

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/materialtesting/page/2 1/6
5/20/2016 MaterialTesting
Theaboveisasuggestedmixofsandandaggregatehavingspecificgravityof2.6.Mixesmaybedesignedasperlocalaggregates.
Cement:Aggregateratioshouldbekept1:9to1:10

Liquidadmixturesusuallyreducethewaterdemand,butinveryleanmixesthereshallnotbemuchreductioninmixingwater.
Thewateroftheliquidadmixtureshouldbeaccountedinthemixingwater.Afewtrialsofcontrolledconcreteworkabilitywillberequiredforgetting
theexactquantityofmixingwaterforobtainingrequiredworkability.Asfaraspossiblethiscontrolledconcretemixingwatershouldnotbeexceeded
withtheadmixturemix.Theleanmixasrecommendedabovewillbedesirableforthistypeoftest.

ProcedureofTesting
After24hoursofcasting,allthecubesshallbedemouldedandcuredincleanwaterinthesamecuringtankfor28days.After28daysofcuringallthe
cubesshallbedriedinaventilatedovenatthetemperatureof100oCto+ 10oCtillconstantweight.Ifsurfacecoatingistobetested,thenasper
recommendationsofthemanufacturerthreecubestobesurfacecoatedatonefaceanduptotheheightof5cmonallthefourfaces.Aftercoatingand
conditioning,thesecubesalongwiththecontrolledcubesshallagainbediedintheovenatatemperatureof50oCto+ 2oCtillconstantweight.Coated
cubesfacesshouldbekeptupwardwhilekeepingtheminoven,sotthatcoatingshouldnotbedamaged.Thecoatingafteritsapplicationshould
withstandwithoutanyphysicalandchemicalchangeatemperatureof50oC,whichisatemperaturenormallyreachedofconcretesurfacesexposedto
sunatmostplacesofIndiaduringsummer.Acoatingsensitivetothistemperatureshouldnotbetestedwiththismethod.

Allthesixweightedcubesshallbeplacedinthesameglazedorglassflattray,sothatthecubesaredippeduptoalevelof1.2cm.Thelevelofthewater
shallbemaintainedthroughouttheexperimentbyaddingfreshwaterfromtimetotime.Evaporationofwaterfromexposedcubessurfacesandtrayis
preventedbycoveringtheentiresetupbypolythene.Careshouldbetakenthatpolytheneshouldnotdisturbthesetup.Determinethegaininweightof
thecubeatdifferentintervalstilltheweightofcubebecomeconstant.

Thepermeabilityofeachcubeofasetshallbefoundbydeterminingthecoefficientofwaterabsorptionwiththehelpoftheformula:

A=Mw/t
WhereACoefficientofwaterabsorption.
MwAmountofwaterabsorbedperunitarea.
TTimeinsecondforabsorption

Fromthetestresultstheeffectivenessofadmixturesandcoatingmaybecomparedwithcontrolledspecimens.Thismethodissimplefortesting
waterproofingadmixturesandcoatingwithoutanyspecialequipment.

ThispaperbyEr.KaushalKishorewasfirstpublishedinNBM&CWmagazine.

FiledunderConcreteEngineering,MaterialTesting,ResearchPapers|2Comments

SettingUpSmallTestingLaboratoryatField
By
Er.KaushalKishore,
MaterialsEngineer,Roorkee

Designersandbuildersofconstructionprojectsnolongercanconsiderqualitycontroltestinganoptionorconvenience.Inthepastdecade,testingforthe
qualityofmaterialsandfinishedconstructionhasbecomeanecessitythatnoresponsiblebuildercanneglect.

Thetruthofthisstatementisprovednotonlybyconstructiondelaysandcostoverrunsbutalsobycatastrophicfailuresofmajorstructures.Such
catastrophiesincludedamfailures,collapsesandfoundationbreakdownsinmultistoreyedofficeandapartmentstructuresandotherfailuresinstadia,
factories,schools,auditoria,publicbuildingsandbridges.

Eachconstructionprojectdeterminesitsownindividualizedtestingneeds.Avarietyoffactorsinfluencethetypeoftestingrequired.Amongthese
factorsaresizeofthestructures,terrain,typeofsoilandsubsurfaceconditionsattheconstructionsiteandotherconditionspeculiartothespecific
location.Theexpertiseoftheconstructionengineersandtechnicalpersonnelworkingontheprojectwillalsohaveaninfluenceonthetestingand
inspectionneed.
ContinueReading

FiledunderMaterialTesting|15Comments

VariousLabTestOnSoil
Soilinspectionorsaygeotechnicalinspectionisveryimportantinunderstandingthephysicalpropertiesofsoilandtherocksbeneath.Thisisrequiredto
ascertainthethetypeoffoundationrequiredfortheproposedconstruction.Varioustestsaredonetoexplorethesubsurfaceandsurfacecharacteristicsof
soil.Someofthesearegivenbelow.
Justclickonthelinktogotothedetailsofthatparticulartest
1)WaterContentTherearetwotestwhichcanbedonetodeterminethewatercontentofsoil.Theseare
a)CalciumCarbideMethod
b)OvenDryingMethod
Othertestsonsoilare:
2)FreeSwellIndexOfSoil
3)PlasticLimitOfSoil
4)LiquidLimitOfSoil
5)ParticleSizeDistributionOfSoil

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/materialtesting/page/2 2/6
5/20/2016 MaterialTesting
6)TheSpecificGravityOfSoil
7)TheInSituDryDensityOfSoilBySandReplacementMethod
8)TheInSituDryDensityOfSoilByCoreCutterMethod
9)TheMaximumDryDensityAndTheOptimumMoistureContentOfSoil

ApartfromthesesomeSoilCompactionTestsarealsodone.Seethisfordetails

FiledunderMaterialTesting|34Comments

VariousLabTestOnBitumen
Bitumen is a mixture of organic liquids that is black, highly viscous, sticky product used for paving roads, waterproofing products (used in sealing
roofs).Therearemanytestswhichareconductedtocheckthequalityofbitumen.Bitumenisveryimportantcomponentofmanyconstructionsiteslike
roads,highways.Manytestsaredonetoensurethequalityofbitumen.Someofthesearegivenbelow:

1.BitumenContent
2.DuctilityOfBitumen
3.PenetrationofBitumen
4.SpecificGravityofBitumen
5.SofteningPointOfBitumen
6.FlashAndFirePointOfBitumen
7.TheMarshallStabilityofBituminousMixture

Justclickonthenamesofthetestsabovetoknowtheentireprocedureofhowweperformthesetests.

FiledunderMaterialTesting|30Comments
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