4.1.

a thermometer having a time constant of 0,2 min is placed in a temperature bath, and
after thermometer comes to equilibrium with the bath, the temperature of the bath is
increased linealy with time at a rate of 1 o / min. Find the difference between the indicated
temperature and the bath temperature.

a. 0,1 min after the change temperature begins

b. 1,0 min after the change temperature begins

c. what is the maximum deviation between indicated temperature and bath

temperature and when does it occur.

Jawab :

Perbandingan temperatur equilibrium dan bath

X (t) = X + (1 /m)t, t > 0

X(t)-Xs = t

X(t) = X(t) - Xs = t

Y(s) = G(s).X(s)
a. t = 0.1 min = X(0.1)_ Y(0.1)
= 0.1 - (0.2e-0.1/0.2 - 0.2+0.1) , T = 0.2
= 0.0787 C
b. t = 1.0 min
X(1) - Y(1) = 1- (0.2e-1/0.2 - 0.2 +1) = 0.1986
c. D = -Y(t) +X(t)
=e-t/T+T = ( -e-t/T+1)

Max dD/dT = (-e-t/T+(_-1/T) = 0

Dimana : -e-t/ = 0

D= 0.20C

4.2. a mercury themometer bulb in long by 1/8-in diameter. The glass envelopes is very
thin. Calculate the time constant in water flowing at 10 ft/s at a temperature of 100 0 F. In your
solution, give a summary the includes

a. assumptions used

b. source of data

c. results

Jawab:

T = mCp/hA = /
 NUd = hD/ K

= CRe (PR)n

Red = (1/ 8*2.54 *10 )(10*0.3048)103 / 10-3 = 9677.4

Pr = Cp / K
= 4,2 kj/kg k

Source data
Re = 9677,4
C = 0.26 & m = 0.6
NuD = hD/K = 0.193 (9677.4)*(6.774X10-3) = 130
.h = 25380

4.3. given: a system with the transfer function Y(s) / X(s) = (T1 s + 1) / (T2 s +1). Find Y(t) if
X(t) is a unit-step function. If T1/T2+5, sketch Y(t) versus t/T2. Show the numerical valies of
minimum, maximum, and ulti ate values that may occur during the transient. Check these by
using the initial-vakue and final-value theorms of app 3.

Jawab :

A = 1 B = T1 - T2

e-t/T2

Jika T1/T2=s

Y (t) = 1 + 4 e -t/T2

t/T2 = x
Y(t) = 1 + 4e -x
Menggunakan initial value theorem dan final value theorem

Gambar
4.4. a thermometer having first-order dynamics with a time constant of 1min is placed in a
temperature bath at 110 0F at t= 0 and left there for 1 min, after which it is immediately
returned to the bath at 1000F

a. draw a sketch showing the variation of the thermometer reading with time

b. calculate the thermometer reading at t=0.5 mmin and at t= 2.0 min

Jawab:

Y(s) / X(s) = 1 / S+1 = 1 min

(s) = 10 [ 1/s e-s /s ]

Y(s) = 10 [ 1/ s (S+1) e-s/ s(s+1)

Y(t) = 100 (1-e-t) t < 1

Y(t) = 10 ( 1- e-t) - ( 1- e-t-1) t>1

T= 0,5 T= 103,93

2T= 102,325
Gambar