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Padmasambhava
Padmasambhava
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Padmasambhava
[note 1]
 (lit. "Lotus-Born"), also known as
GuruRinpoche
, was an 8th-century Indian Buddhist master. Although there was a historical Padmasambhava, nothing is known of  him apart fromhelping the construction of the first Buddhist monastery in Tibet at Samye,at the behest of Trisong Detsen,
[1]
 and shortly thereafter leaving Tibetdue to court intrigues.
[2]
 A number of legends have grown around Padmasambhava's life and deeds, and he is widely venerated as a 'second Buddha' across Tibet,Nepal, Bhutan, and the Himalayan states of India.
In Tibetan Buddhism, he is a character of a genre of literature calledterma,
[2]
 an emanation of  Amitābha that is said to appear to tertöns in visionary encounters and a focus of guru yoga practice, particularly in theRimé schools. The Nyingma school considers Padmasambhava to be a founder of their tradition.
[5]
Contents
1Historical sources2Mythos2.1Sources2.2Early years2.2.1Birth2.2.2Tantra in India and Nepal2.3Tibet2.3.1Subjection of local religions2.3.2Translations2.3.3Nyingma2.4Bhutan3Iconography, manifestations and attributes 3.1Iconography3.1.1General3.1.2Head3.1.3Skin3.1.4Dress3.1.5Hands3.1.6Khatvanga3.1.7Seat3.1.8Surrounding3.2Eight Manifestations3.3 Attributes3.3.1Pure-land Paradise3.3.2Samantabhadra and Samantabhadri4Teachings and practices ascribed to Padmasambhava4.1The Vajra Guru mantra4.2The Seven Line Prayer to Padmasambhava4.3Termas4.4Tantric cycles5Consorts and twenty five main disciples5.1The five main consorts or five wisdom dakinis5.2The 'Twenty-five Main Disciples' of Padmasambhava6Gallery7See also8Notes9References
SchoolsKey personalitiesTeachingsPractices and attainment
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eStatue of Princess Mandarava atRewalsar Lake.
10Sources11External links
Historical sources
[edit]One of the earliest sources for Padmasambhava as a historical figure isthe Testament of Ba (dating to the 9th or 10th centuries), which recordsthe founding of Samye Monastery under the reign of king Trisong Detsen (r. 755–797/804).
[6]
 Other texts from Dunhuang show thatPadmasambhava's tantric teachings were being taught in Tibet during the10th century. In later texts, Padmasambhava's story became highlymythologized and integrated into Tantric ritual.
[7]
Mythos
[edit]
Sources
[edit]
See also: Namtar (biography)
Nyangrel Nyima Özer (1136-1204) was the principal architect of thePadmasambhava mythos according to Janet Gyatso.
[8]
 Guru Chöwang(1212–1270) was the next major contributor to the mythos.
[8]
In the eleventh and twelfth centuries there were several competing termatraditions surrounding Padmasambhava, Vimalamitra, Songtsän Gampo, and Vairotsana.
[9]
 At the end of the 12th century, there was the "victory of the Padmasambhava cult,"
[10]
 in which a much greater role is assigned tothe role of Padmasambhava in the introduction of Buddhism to Tibet.
[11]
Early years
[edit]
Birth
[edit] According to tradition, Padmasambhava was incarnated as an eight-year-old child appearing in a lotus blossom floating in Lake Dhanakosha, in the kingdom of Oddiyana.
[12]
 While somescholars locate this kingdom in the Swat Valley area of modern-day Pakistan, a case on literary, archaeological, and iconographical grounds can be made for placing it in the present-day state of Odisha in India.
[13]
 Padmasambhava'sspecial nature was recognized by the childless local king of Oḍḍiyāna and was chosen to take over the kingdom, but heleft Oddiyana for northern parts of India.
[14][15]
Tantra in India and Nepal
[edit]
Main articles: Tantra and Vajrayana
In Rewalsar , known as Tso Pema in Tibetan, he secretly taught tantric teachings to princess Mandarava, the local king's daughter. The king found out and tried to burn him, but it is believed that when the smoke cleared he just satthere, still alive and in meditation. Greatly astonished by this miracle, the kingoffered Padmasambhava both his kingdom and Mandarava.
[16]
Padmasambhava left with Mandarava, and took to Maratika Cave
[17]
 in Nepal topractice secret tantric consort rituals. They had a vision of buddha  Amitāyusand achieved what is called the "phowa rainbow body,"
[note 2]
 a very rare type of spiritual realization.
[note 3]
 Both Padmasambhava and one of his consorts,Mandarava, are still believed to be alive and active in this rainbow body form bytheir followers. She and Padmasambhava's other main consort, Yeshe Tsogyal,who reputedly hid his numerous
terma
s in Tibet for later discovery, reachedBuddhahood. Many thangkas and paintings show Padmasambhava in between them, with Mandarava on his right and Yeshe Tsogyal on his left.
[18]
Tibet
[edit]
Main articles: Tibet  and History of Tibet 
Subjection of local religions
[edit] According to Sam van Schaik, from the 12th century on a greater role was assigned to Padmasambhava in theintroduction of tantric Buddhism into Tibet:
Major monasteriesInstitutional rolesFestivalsTextsArtHistory and overview
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Statues of Padmasambhava,Buddha and Amitayus at NamdrolingMonastery.
 According to earlier histories, Padmasambhava had given some tantric teachings to Tibetans before beingforced to leave due to the suspicions of the Tibetan court. But from the twelfth century an alternative story,itself a terma discovery, gave Padmasambhava a much greater role in the introduction of Buddhism toTibet, and in particular credited him with travelling all over the country to convert the local spirits toBuddhism.
[11]
 According to this enlarged story, King Trisong Detsen, the 38th king of the Yarlung dynasty and the first Emperor of Tibet (742–797), invited the Nalanda University abbot Śāntarakṣita (Tibetan
Shiwatso
) to Tibet.
[19]
 Śāntarakṣita startedthe building of Samye.
[19]
 Demonical forces hindered the introduction of the Buddhist dharma, and Padmasambhavawas invited to Tibet to subdue the demonic forces.
[20]
 The demons were not annihilated, but were obliged to submit tothe dharma.
[21][note 4]
 This was in accordance with the tantric principle of not eliminating negative forces but redirectingthem to fuel the journey toward spiritual awakening. According to tradition, Padmasambhava received the Emperor'swife, identified with the dakini Yeshe Tsogyal, as a consort.
[23]
Translations
[edit]
Main article: Tibetan Buddhism
King Trisong Detsen ordered the translation of all Buddhist Dharma Texts intoTibetan. Padmasambhava, Shantarakṣita, 108 translators, and 25 of Padmasambhava's nearest disciples worked for many years in a gigantictranslation-project. The translations from this period formed the base for thelarge scriptural transmission of Dharma teachings into Tibet. Padmasambhavasupervised mainly the translation of Tantra; Shantarakshita concentrated onthe Sutra-teachings.
[
citation needed 
]
Nyingma
[edit]
Main article: Nyingma
Padmasambhava introduced the people of Tibet to the practice of TantricBuddhism.
[21][24]
He is regarded as the founder of the Nyingma tradition. The Nyingma tradition is the oldest of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
[note 5]
 The Nyingma tradition actually comprises several distinct lineages that all trace their origins toPadmasambhava."Nyingma" literally means "ancient," and is often referred to as "Nga'gyur" "
[note 6]
 or the "early translation school"because it is founded on the first translations of Buddhist scriptures from Sanskrit into Tibetan, in the eighth century.
[note 7]
The group particularly believes in hidden terma treasures. Traditionally, Nyingmapa practice was advanced orallyamong a loose network of lay practitioners. Monasteries with celibate monks and nuns, along with the practice of reincarnated spiritual leaders are later adaptations,
[25]
 though Padmasambhava is regarded as the founder of SamyeGompa, the first monastery in the country.
[26]
 In modern times the Nyingma lineage has been centered in Kham ineastern Tibet.
Bhutan
[edit]
Main articles: Bhutan, History of Bhutan, and Buddhism in Bhutan
Bhutan has many important pilgrimage places associated with Padmasambhava. The most famous is Paro Taktsang or  "Tiger's Nest" monastery which is built on a sheer cliff wall about 500m above the floor of Paro valley. It was builtaround the
Taktsang Senge Samdup (stag tshang seng ge bsam grub) cave
 where he is said to have meditated in the8th Century. He flew there from Tibet on the back of Yeshe Tsogyal, whom he transformed into a flying tigress for thepurpose of the trip.
[
citation neede
]
 Later he travelled to Bumthang district to subdue a powerful deity offended by a local king. According to legend, Padmasambhava's body imprint can be found in the wall of a cave at nearby KurjeLhakhang temple.
[
citation neede
]
Iconography, manifestations and attributes
[edit]
Iconography
[edit]
General
[edit]He has one face and two hands.
[27][28]
He is wrathful and smiling.
[27]
He blazes magnificently with the splendour of the major and minor marks.
[27]

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