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INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
COLLEAGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
AND MANAGEMENT
COURSE TITLE WATER WORK CONSTRUCTION
COURSE CODE . HENG4142
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT
C , BLANKET GROUTING
This type of grouting strengthens an area rather than forming a curtain
as shown above.The illustration shows its use at the
Proper Protection against piping should be made for dam stability
D, Dental treatment:
The procedure of reinforcing and stabilizing weak zones during
drilling action and final excavation is called dental treatment.
E, Cut-off
Is imprevious borrier constructed at shallow depth to ensure the H2O tightness of the dam
foundation .
The bearing structure is ridged reinforced concrete
F, Plastic diaphragm
It is impervious borreir carried out by the plastic structure.
3.What factors you will keep in mind while selecting a suitable site for a
dam reservoir?
SELECTION OF SITE FOR A DAM
It is almost impossible to select a perfect ideal reservoir site, but its selection is gide
by the following factors
1, a suitable dam site is available the cost of the dam is generally a controlling factor
in the selection of a reservoir site.
2, the geological formation for the reservoir bank walls etc. should be such as to
entail minimum lakege .
3, the geology of the catchment area should be such as to entail minimum water
losses through absorption and percolation .
4, the site should be such that a deep reservoir if formed. a deep reservoir is
prefered to a shallow one because of lower land cost per unit of capacity less
evaporation loss and less possibility of weed growth .
5, the reservoir site have adequate capacity.
7, the reservoir basin should have a deep narrow opening in the valley, so that the
length of the dam is minimum.
What is a dam?
A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious
material built across a river to create a reservoir on its
upstream side for impounding water for various
purposes.
Dams are generally constructed in the mountainous reach of the river where the
valley is narrow and the foundation is good.
ACCORDING TO MATERIAL
A Rigid and
B Non rigid
1. RIGID DAMS
a. GRAVITY DAM
External forces resisted weight of dam
Constructed either of masonry or concrete
ADVANTAGES
Strong and stable than earth dams
Least maintenance
Failure not sudden
Deep set sluices can be used
Cheaper in long run to areas of heavy rainfall Disadvantages
Can be constructed only on
strong rocks
Initial cost is high
Construction time is longer
Require skilled labour
Height cant be increased
unless provisions are made
b. ARCH DAMS
Curved in plan
Carries its part load to the abutments by arch action
Water load amount of curvature
Balance water load to foundation
Advantages
Adopted in gorges of length < height
Requires less material
Problems of uplift pressure is less
Disadvantages
Requires skilled labour
Speed of construction is slow
All sites are not possible for this dam
A number of piers divide space number of spans
To hold water panels placed between piers
Panels flat or arched.
Advantages
Less massive than gravity dam
Extension of height is possible
Concrete volume used is less.
Disadvantages
Skilled labour is needed
More susceptible to damage
d. STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
Advantages
Speedy construction possible
Cheaper then rigid dams
Greater resistance to settlement
Not affected by frost action
Repairing can be done easily
Disadvantages
Lighter can absorb shoocks
Life shorter than concreted dams
Requires constant maintenance
e.TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
Advantages
Low initial cost
Suitable for any foundation
Speedy construction
Disadvantages
High maintenance cost
Short life
Small height is only possible
Seepage loss is more
11. How do you classify dams according to:
a. their use
b. hydraulic design
c. material of construction
Classification of Dams
Based on Function Served
1. STORAGE DAM
Stores water excess supply
Behind dam reservoir
Water irrigation, power etc
Stone type, concrete,earth fill, rock fill types
2. DETENTION DAM
Store water floods releases after flood
Two types one type stored water released outlet
Second no outlet water
seeps lift irrigation is
possible This type also
Also used to trap and release
sediments called debris dam
3. DIVERSION DAMS
Debris dams
Coffer dams - a temporary dam constructed for facilitating construction.It is an enclosure
constructed around a site to exclude water so that the construction can be done in dry .
Based on Hydraulic Design
1. OVER FLOW DAMS
Surplus discharge carried
crest
Crest level lower non over
flow dams
Water glides down- strong
Material usage
Generally concrete or masonry
Overflow dam called spillway
At times non overflow and overflow types are combined.
NON OVER FLOW DAMS
Top of dam higher level
than high flood level
Water not permitted to
overtop the dam
Materials rock fill, earth
fill, masonry, concrete
TIMBER DAM
Made of timber struts and beams
Temporary dam proper construction 30 to 40 years
Adopted timber is plenty
Types
i) A frame type
ii) Rock filled crib
iii) Beaver type
STEEL DAMS
Consists of framework of steel
No Dams in India
Three dams in USA. One failed due to underpinning
Two types of steel dams 1. Direct strutted type
2. Cantilever type
Direct strut type load directly to foundation through struts
Cantilever type Struts anchored into foundation
NON RIGID DAMS
EARTH DAMS
locally available materials
Moderate height
Materials used in natural state
With modern machinery height greater
ROCK FILL DAM
Rocks of various sizes
Rock fill dam has rock fill at the downstream, impervious
membrane, upstream cut off to check seepage
12. Discuss the various factors which govern the selection of a particular
type of dam for a particular project ?
Following are the factors affecting selection of dam site by dam type.
Topography
Availability of materials
Road way
Other factors such as cost of construction and maintenance, life of dam, aesthetics
etc.
1.Topography
Low rolling plains land Earth dam with separate spillway
Poor rock Earth dam, rock fill , low concrete gravity dam
Silt, fine sand foundations problems of settlement used as foundations for earth dams,
low gravity dams but not rock fill dams
Clay soils problems of settlement earth dams No gravity or rock fill dams
3. Materials of construction
Cost availability of materials nearby transportation charges reduced
Sand, Gravel, Crushed stone Concrete Gravity dam is suitable
5. Roadway
If roadway needed Earth dam or Gravity dam
17. Determine :
a. The normal stress;
b. The principal stress;
c. The shear friction factor at base of figure below.
Find the bead of the dam at the bese?
t 40+5+7.5/2=48
.75
W3 7200 351000
7.5*40*24
40+5+1/3*7.5= 166725
W4 *39*7.5*24 3510 475
1 = 58710 = 1949353
1462.5 40+5+2/3+4.5= 73125
Water Pv1 1/282.5*39*10
50
pressure
orce
45+2/3*7.5=50 10000
-2000 2/3*45=30
V2 *80/3*10*7.5*
180000
2
2026634.25
-6000 32000
3 = 795694.2
-1230940
V3 3 = 50247 5
*80/3*10*45
stability analysis
case 1 when the reservoir is empty condition
position of resultant from the toe:
x= 1/ =1949853/58710=33.2m
distance from center (eccentricity b/6=52.5/6=8.75 no
tension developed
E = - =52.5-33.2 = -6.96< fails to the left of center
E = - =52.5/2-15.84 =10.4
At the heel
2 . ( .
pn = (1- )= (1- ))=-180.48 Kg/
. .
Solution :
Free body diagram is shown in figer below
= = 1/0.5
= 2 /20 =5.71
30000
10+5/2=12.5
W2 5*20*24 240
15+1/3*2=15.6
W3 1/2*2*20*24
480 7 7521.6
= 5280
= 53529.6
180 15+2/3*2=16.3 2939.4
Water Pv *2*18*10
pressure
2 = 46749
2 = 5460.5 1620
-240 3600
Uplift V1 18/3*4*10 13+74/2=15
orce
10000
45+2/3*7.5=50
3381.3
V3 *18/3*10*1 -390 2/3*13=8.67
56469
3 = 4590 1620 3 = 36006.9 -20462.1
=130.8kg/m2
At the heel
1 6 .
Pn = (1- ) =5280/17(1- 6( )) =490.36
kg/m2
Principal stress at the toe
= pn =130.8*(1+ 63.4)=652.4 kg/m2
Principal stress At the heel
= pn =490.36*(1+
Shear stress at the toe :
=pn =130.8* 63.4) =261.2 Kg/
Shear stress at the heel:
=pn =49036*(tan 5.71) =4912.77 Kg/
Case-2
When the reservoir is full condition with uplift
2
= 2
=3600.9/4590 =7.8m
at the heel
3 6 .
Pn = (1- ) =4590/17(1- 6( )) =207.1 kg/m2
i.e stable.
1 The difference betewn Full reservoir level and maximum
water level and minimum pool level ?
Answer
Full reservoir level (FRL):
The full reservoir level (FRL) is the highest water level to which the water surface will rise
during normal operating conditions.