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E
G
Design for acceptable deformation the material may not fail,
but the amount of deflection, twisting and bending may be
excessive.
Consequently, stress and deformation values are usually the
criteria in stress analysis.
B-1
B-3
Example
A stepped vertical cylindrical rod is
required for suspension of a 30kN load A
at its lower end and has an upward force
of 65kN applied at the shoulder. The 2.0m
dAB = 30mm
upper portion has a length of 2.0m and a
diameter of 30mm; the rod material has a B
Youngs modulus of 70GPa and a yield 65kN
strength of 180MPa; the lower segment
is 3.0m long and its tip must not move by 3.0m
dBC = ?
more than 2mm. Using a safety factor
(SF) of 1.5, calculate the smallest
diameter of the lower portion of the rod. C
30kN
B-5
Equilibrium
Determine the axial force in each segment of
the shaft by: (i) making an imaginary cut in that
segment; (ii) drawing the unknown internal
forces as positive quantities; (iii) considering FAB
equilibrium to calculate the magnitudes and A
signs of the unknown forces.
(Allowable stress = 180/SF = 120MPa)
FBC B
Segment BC: FBC = 30kN
65kN 65kN
Segment AB: FAB + 65kN 30kN = 0
FAB = -35kN
Stress in AB: C
(i.e. acceptable)
30kN 30kN 30kN
Stress in BC:
B-6
ME2112 Strength of Materials (Victor Shim)
Example A
RD
B-10
ME2112 Strength of Materials (Victor Shim)
i.e. RA + 30 = RD kN
80kN 80kN
80kN
B B FAB B
FAB =
300 mm
C C FBC =
FBC
200 mm
50kN 50kN
FCD =
FCD D
RD i.e. FCD =
B-12
ME2112 Strength of Materials (Victor Shim)
Constitutive Relationship:
Hookes Law for uniaxial stress: = E
B-14
ME2112 Strength of Materials (Victor Shim)
Example RD RE
D E
RA
1m
2m 0.5m 0.5m
A B C
30kN
RD RE
Unknown reactions or forces: RA,
RD (= FDB), RE (= FEC); i.e. three.
D E Equilibrium (2 usable equations)
Vertical equilibrium: Fy = 0
RA
2m 1m
RA + FDB + FEC 30 = 0kN (1)
FD FE Rotational equilibrium: Mz = 0
A
Take moments about A:
B C
B
B C FDB x 2 + FEC x 3 30 x 2.5 = 0kNm
C (2)
Nu Ne = 3 2 = 1
30kN (indeterminate; i.e. one additional
equation based on deformation
compatibility is needed)
Deformation compatibility
B-16
ME2112 Strength of Materials (Victor Shim)
Constitutive relationship
Hookes law for uniaxial stress: = /L = /E; = (FL/AE)
(3)
The equilibrium equations (1) and (2) can now be combined with
condition (3) to yield three equations to solve three unknowns.
Consequently:
From (2):
From (1):
B-17
B-18
ME2112 Strength of Materials (Victor Shim)
Example
A pin-jointed truss is attached to a wall
and carries a vertical load of 5,000kg at its 1.0m
Vertical displacement:
V = BB* = BoD + EB* BCcos
= BCsin + (AB + BCcos)/tan B*
B-20
ME2112 Strength of Materials (Victor Shim)
V = BC/sin + AB/tan
= 3.30/0.5 + 2.47/0.5774
V =
Total resultant displacement = [(H)2 + (V)2]1/2
=
B-22
ME2112 Strength of Materials (Victor Shim)
Example
An unloaded horizontal beam comprises two segments A and B, rigidly
joined together. The beam is simply-supported and perfectly balanced at the
interface between the two segments. The geometrical and material
properties of the two segments are in the table below.
Segment Cross- Density Youngs Shear Poissons
sectional area modulus modulus ratio
A 100 mm2 2,400 kg/m3 10 GPa 4 GPa 0.25
B 100 mm2 600 kg/m3 20 GPa 8 GPa 0.25
2m 4m
A B
Equal and opposite tensile forces of 6kN are applied to the ends of the
beam. Determine whether the bar will remain horizontal, rotate clockwise, or
rotate anti-clockwise, after application of the tensile forces. (Neglect bending
of the beam arising from self-weight.)
B-23
Solution
2m 4m
6 kN 6 kN
A B
Elongation of segment A:
Elongation of segment B:
B-25
Example
A spaceship is stationary in outer space. Its power source is a cylinder of
radio-active material, aligned parallel to the axis of the spaceship, as
shown below. (The material has a density of 8,000 kg/m3, a Youngs
modulus of 180 GPa, a shear modulus of 72 GPa, a Poissons ratio of
0.25 and a failure stress of 400 MPa.) The diameter of the cylinder is
100 mm, its length is 2m and it is supported (clamped) at one end,
nearer the tail of the spaceship. When the spaceship accelerates
forward, describe what stress is induced in the material and whether/how
the stress varies with location along the cylinder. (NB: Recall Newtons
2nd Law that Force = Mass x Acceleration.) What is the maximum
acceleration the spaceship can attain without damaging its power
source?
power source cylinder
B-26
ME2112 Strength of Materials (Victor Shim)
Solution
A
Power source
x
F0
2m
Fxx
x 2-x
B-27
(compressive)
x
2m
Stress distribution
(yield stress)
Max acceleration:
B-29