5/20/2016 MixDesign

UnderstandingNominalandDesignMixes
By
KaushalKishore
MaterialsEngineer,Roorkee

CementconcreteinIndiaonlargescaleisbeingusedsincethelastabout70years.Intheearlydaysthefollowingnominalratiobyvolumeforconcrete
werespecified.

Cement : Sand : Aggregate

1 : 2 : 4 CorrespondtoM15Grade

1 : 1.5 : 3 CorrespondtoM20Grade

1 : 1 : 2 CorrespondtoM25Grade

IS:4562000hasrecommendedthatminimumgradeofconcreteshallbenotlessthanM20inreinforcedconcretework.Designmixconcreteis
preferredtonominalmix.IfdesignmixconcretecannotbeusedforanyreasonontheworkforgradesofM20orlower,nominalmixesmaybeused
withthepermissionofengineerincharge,whichhoweverislikelytoinvolveahighercementcontent.
ContinueReading

FiledunderMixDesign|21Comments

WhatisMarshallMixDesignforBituminousMaterials?
TheMarshallMixDesignmethodwasoriginallydevelopedbyBruceMarshalloftheMississippiHighwayDepartmentin1939.Themainideaofthe
MarshallMixDesignmethodinvolvestheselectionoftheasphaltbindercontentwithasuitabledensitywhichsatisfiesminimumstabilityandrangeof
flowvalues.

TheMarshallMixDesignmethodconsistsmainlyofthefollowingsteps:

(i)Determinationofphysicalproperties,sizeandgradationofaggregates.

(ii)Selectionoftypesofasphaltbinder.

(iii)Prepareinitialsamples,eachwithdifferentasphaltbindercontent.
Forexample,threesamplesaremadeeachat4.5,5.0,5.5,6.0and6.5percentasphaltbydryweightforatotalof15samples.Thereshouldbeatleast
twosamplesaboveandtwobelowtheestimatedoptimumasphaltcontent.

(iv)Plotthefollowinggraphs:

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/concreteengineering/mixdesign/page/2 1/6
5/20/2016 MixDesign
(a)Asphaltbindercontentvs.density
(b)Asphaltbindercontentvs.Marshallstability
(c)Asphaltbindercontentvs.flow
(d)Asphaltbindercontentvs.airvoids
(e)Asphaltbindercontentvs.voidsinmineralaggregates
(f)Asphaltbindercontentvsvoidsfilledwithasphalt

(v)Determinetheasphaltbindercontentwhichcorrespondstotheairvoidcontentof4percent

(vi)Determinepropertiesatthisoptimumasphaltbindercontentbyreferencewiththegraphs.Compareeachofthesevaluesagainstdesignrequirements
andifallcomplywithdesignrequirements,thentheselectedoptimumasphaltbindercontentisacceptable.Otherwise,themixtureshouldberedesigned.

ThisquestionistakenfrombooknamedASelfLearningManualMasteringDifferentFieldsofCivilEngineeringWorks(VCQAMethod)byVincent
T.H.CHU.

FiledunderHighwayEngineering,MixDesign|1Comment

WhatistheprincipleofAsphaltMixDesign?
Themainobjectiveofasphaltmixdesignistoachieveamixwitheconomicalblendingofaggregateswithasphalttoachievethefollowing:

(i)workabilitytofacilitateeasyplacementofbituminousmaterialswithoutexperiencingsegregation
(ii)sufficientstabilitysothatundertrafficloadsthepavementwillnotundergodistortionanddisplacement
(iii)durabilitybyhavingsufficientasphalt
(iv)sufficientairvoids

Inasphaltmixdesign,highdurabilityisusuallyobtainedattheexpenseoflowstability.Hence,abalancehastobestrickenbetweenthedurabilityand
stabilityrequirements.

ThisquestionistakenfrombooknamedASelfLearningManualMasteringDifferentFieldsofCivilEngineeringWorks(VCQAMethod)byVincent
T.H.CHU.

FiledunderHighwayEngineering,MixDesign|0Comments

10ThingstoRememberwhendoingConcreteMixDesign
Goodqualityconcretestartswiththequalityofmaterials,costeffectivedesignsisactuallyabyproductofselectingthebestqualitymaterialandgood
constructionpractices.Followingare10ThingstorememberduringConcreteMixDesignandConcreteTrials.

1.ACIandotherstandardsonlyservesasaguide,initialdesignsmustbeconfirmedbylaboratorytrialandplanttrial,adjustmentsonthedesignshallbe
doneduringtrialmixes.Initialdesignonpaperisneverthefinaldesign.

2.Alwayscarryouttrialmixesusingthematerialsforactualuse.

3.Carryout2or3designvariationsforeverydesigntarget.

4.Consideralwaysthefactorofsafety,(1.125,1.2,1.25,1.3Xtargetstrength)

5.Beforeproceedingtoplanttrials,alwaysconfirmthesourceofmaterialstobethesameastheoneusedinthelaboratorytrials.

6.Checkcalibrationofbatchingplant.

7.Carryoutfulltestsoffreshconcreteatthebatchingplant,speciallytheaircontentandyieldwhichisveryimportantincommercialbatchingplants.

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/concreteengineering/mixdesign/page/2 2/6
5/20/2016 MixDesign
8.Correctqualitycontrolproceduresattheplantwillpreventfutureconcreteproblems.

9.Followadmixturerecommendationsfromyoursupplier

10.Checkandverifystrengthdevelopment,mostcriticalstageisthe3and7daysstrength.

Importantnote:
Technicalknowledgeisanadvantageforbatchingplantstaff,evenifyouhavegoodconcretedesignbutuncommonorwrongproceduresarepracticedit
willeventuallyresulttofailures.

Weatengineeringcivil.comarethankfultoTumiJ.Mbaiwaforsubmittingthese10pointswhicharehelpfultoeachandeverycivilengineer.

FiledunderMixDesign|2Comments

CementAndWaterSavingWithWaterReducers
By
Er.KaushalKishore,
MaterialsEngineer,Roorkee

InIndia0.93kgofCO2isemittedintheproductionofonekgofcement.Inthefinancialyear200910Indiaproduces200milliontonnesofcement.In
theproductionofthiscement186milliontonnesofCO2wasemittedintheatmosphereduringfinancialyearof200910.

TheavailabilityofwaterinIndiaperpersonperyearin1950was5177cu.m.Intheyear2009itisreducesto1700cu.m.

If50milliontonnescementinmakingconcreteuseswaterreducers7500000tonnesofcementcanbesaved.3750000klofpotablewaterwillbesaved
andthesavingofRs.3300croresperyeartoconstructionindustry.Thisamountisworkedoutafteradjustingthecostofwaterreducers.Lesscement
usedmeanslesscementrequiredtobeproducebythecementfactoriesresulting6975000tonnesofCO2willbepreventedtobeemittedtothe
atmosphere.Theseareworkedoutwithanaveragesavingof15%cementand15%water.

CO2emissioniswordproblem,butforIndiainadditiontoCO2ithasproblemsofAir,Water,Soil,FoodandNoisepollutions.Lessdensilypopulated
countriesmaycopewiththeseproblemsbutforIndiaitisofthetopconcern.Thepopulationfiguresof2009is,India350personpersq.km,China132
personpersq.kmandUSAonly34personpersq.km.Thefiguresof2006CO2emissionsareUSA658.60tonnespersq.km,China611.76tonnesper
sq.kmandIndia459.35tonnespersq.km.Everyoneshouldcontributehisorhereffortstosavetheenvironmentfrompollution.Thoseinvolveinthe
constructionactivitiescancontributetheirsharebyproperdesignofconcreteMixes.Thisisbestillustratedbythefollowingexamples.
ContinueReading

FiledunderMixDesign,ResearchPapers|8Comments
Page2of6Previous12345NextLast

ShareInformation
SubmitContent
AskAnExpert

WhatisCivilEngineering
CivilEngineeringHome
CivilEngineeringDisciplines
CivilEngineeringHistory

JournalsBooks&Softwares
FreeCivilEngineeringMagazinesandWhitePapers
CivilEngineeringBooks
CivilEngineeringJournals
CivilEngineeringSoftwares

CivilEngineeringBranches
Building
BridgeEngineering
ConcreteEngineering
HighwayEngineering
Hydraulics
MarineEngineering
PilesEngineering
PrestressEngineering
SoilEngineering
Steelworks
http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/concreteengineering/mixdesign/page/2 3/6
5/20/2016 MixDesign
Surveying
TimberEngineering

CivilEngineeringJobs
CivilEngineeringJobs

KnowledgeCenter
ConstructionEquipments
CivilEngineeringDisasters
CivilEngineeringEvents
CivilEngineeringFacts
CivilEngineeringInformation
CivilEngineeringNotesFromUniversities
CivilEngineeringPresentations
CivilEngineeringQuotes
CivilEngineeringVideos
CivilEngineeringWonders
ConstructionTerms
FamousCivilEngineers
Interviews
MaterialandSiteTesting
MeasurementUnits
MixDesign
ProjectReports
ResearchPapers
StudentCorner
HelpOthers

CivilEngineeringUniversities/Events
CivilEngineeringUniversities
CivilEngineering2016

AllCivilEngineeringEvents
AdvertiseYourEventHere

GalleryCivilEngineeringPictures
Bridges
CivilEngineersAndWorkers
ConstructionEquipments
ConstructionSite
RoadsAndHighways
Skyscrapers

Search
http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/concreteengineering/mixdesign/page/2 4/6
5/20/2016 MixDesign
Search

CivilEngineeringForum

Award

TopContributors
Youcanlistyourselfherebysubmittingcivilengineeringrelatedtopicstous.
Er.Vikrant
Er.RajM.Khan
SreenivasaHassanJayaram
RamaseshIyer
Er.KaushalKishore
VincentT.H.CHU

YahooGroupCivilEngineeringPortal
SubscribetoEngineeringCivil.com Enteremailaddress

Poweredbygroups.yahoo.com

RecentlyAdded
HowtoAssesstheQualityofFineAggregateatSite?
ETSE16
AirfieldPavementEngineering&MaintenanceConference2016
ICES16SustainingTomorrow
NoisePollutionfromVehicularTrafficfromSelectedJunctionsinBengaluru
AAKAAR2016,IITBombay
CivilEngineering2016
AquiferCharacteristicsinUYOMetropolis
CONCRETEQUALITYCONTROLDURINGCONSTRUCTION
DesignofSteelTrussbyStaddpro

CivilEngineeringLinks
GeminiGeek
TheBigger
CivilEngr.SoftwareDatabase
http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/concreteengineering/mixdesign/page/2 5/6
5/20/2016 MixDesign
ImpressiveBuildings
CivilEngineeringLinks

AboutUs|ContactUs|Disclaimer|CopyrightPolicy|PrivacyPolicy|Media|Testimonials

AllRightsReserved:20072016|

http://www.engineeringcivil.com/theory/concreteengineering/mixdesign/page/2 6/6