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GEOPHYSICS. VOL. 49. NO IO (OCTOBER 1984); P. 1596-1604. 10 FIGS.

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Solution of the fundamental problem in


resistivity logging with a hybrid method

Leung Tsang *, Andrew K. Chan$, and Stanley Gianzerog

boundaries (Figure I). Most of the work done considers the


ABSTRACT problem with the source on the axis of the borehole so that
azimuthal symmetry is preserved.
The fundamental resistivity logging problem of a re- Two types of methods were employed to solve the boundary
sistivity tool in the presence of both vertical and hori- value problem. The first method consists of the formulation of
zontal boundaries is solved with a hybrid method. The integral equations. This can be done either in the space domain
hybrid method combines the mode concept in wave- via Greens function (Alpin, 1964; Tikhonov et al. 1977) or in
guide theory together with the finite-element method. In the transform domain (Gianzero and Anderson, 1982). The
the mathematical formulation, the horizontal bound- integral equations are then solved by direct numerical inversion
aries are used to separate the geometry of the problem
into different regions. In each region, the waveguide
modes are obtained through the solution of an equiva-
lent variational problem. The solutions are calculated
by a one-dimensional finite-element method. The verti-
cal boundaries are taken into account in these calcula-
tions. The orthonormality of modes in each region
allows a series representation of the potential in the
regions. Boundary conditions at horizontal bed bound-
%l
REGION 2
aries then couple the modes between different regions
and enable the solutions for the potential to be ex-
pressed in terms of reflection and transmission matrices
of modes. The source excitation determines the ampli-
tudes of the modes.
The results of the hybrid method are in excellent
agreement with those of the integral transform solution.
Numerical results of the apparent resistivity are illus-
trated as a function of formation properties. The effects
of an invaded zone are also examined by considering
radial inhomogeneous profiles in the formation. 0
The results of the hybrid method are numerically ef- 2a- +I
ficient because it reduces the two-dimensional finite-
element problem into a one-dimensional one. It also
REGION 1
firovides a physical interpretation of the solution in
.
terms of modes.
SOURCE
AT

INTRODUCTION
z=zo

FIG. I. Configuration of the fundamental Droblem of resistivitv


The fundamental resistivity logging problem consists of the logging. Cyli?drical borehole of radius d and horizontal bed
determination of the response of a resistivity tool for the com- boundary at z = 0. Unit dc source on z-axis at z = zO. Cylindri-
posite physical situation involving both vertical and horizontal cal coordinates are denoted by p, +, and z.

Manuscript received by the Editor November 8, 1983; revised manuscript received March 19, 1984.
*Formerly Electrical Engineering Dept., Texas A&M University; presently Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98195.
ZElectrical Engineering Dept., Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.
@earhart Industries, Inc., Austin. TX 78746.
i 1984 Society of Exploration Geophysicists. All rights reserved.

1596
Well Logging 1597

or iteratively. The second approach employs the finite-element


method in which two-dimensional (2-D) subsectional basis orn2 (p = am , z) = or, $ (p = a+, z). (3)
functions are used (Chemali et al., 1983). Because of the vari-
ation of the solution in both horizontal and vertical directions, In region 2, we have
a large number of subsection basis functions is usually required.
In this paper the fundamental resistivity problem is solved by
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a hybrid method which uses the mode concept in waveguide


theory in combination with the finite-element method. The for 0 < p < a and li < p < 7; with boundary conditions at
method was initially suggested by Pudensi and Ferreira (1982) P = 0,
and was further developed by Chew et al. (1983) in studying the
diffractions of waves by discontinuities in guiding structures. In Q2(p = a ) 2) = O,(p = a+, Z), (5)
applying this hybrid method to the resistivity logging problem, and
we first use the bed boundaries to divide the domain into
~ a,
regions. The potential in each region is then expressed as a
linear combination of modes. Boundary conditions at the hori-
m F (P = a-, --I = q2 2 (p = a+, 2). (6)

zontal beds serve to couple the modes between two different


To connect the potentials @, and QD,in the two regions, we
regions and enable the mode excitation coefficients to be calcu-
have the following boundary conditions at the bed boundary
lated. The mode solution in each region can be obtained by a
z=O.ForO<p<u,
one-dimensional (1-D) finite-element method. The hybrid
method is numerically efficient because it reduces the 2-D @l(P> ,1 = 0) = 0, (p. 2 = O), (7)
finite-element problem by one dimension. It also gives physical
and
interpretation of the solution in terms of transmission and
reflection of modes. With this method, the guided mode solu- 0,
tions are reproduced and the continuous modes are discretized -T$- (P? I = 0) = $ (p, 2 = O),

into a discrete set of modes (Pudensi and Ferreira, 1982; Chew


et al., 1983). We use this hybrid method to calculate the appar- andfora < p < X,
ent resistivities of the fundamental resistivity logging problem
@,(P, z = 0) = o2 (p, z = O), (9)
for various configurations and formation properties. The re-
sults are in excellent agreement with those of integral transform and
solution (Gianzero and Anderson, 1982). The effects of an in-
vaded zone are also studied by considering radial inhomoge- O,l ?(P , z = 0) = q2 !$ (p, 2 = 0). (10)
neous profiles in the formation.
In the hybrid method, a product representation with an
oscillatory dependence in depth z (which represents the modes)
is assumed for the solution. The governing equation for the
FORMULATION radially dependent part of the assumed solution reduces to a
Sturm-Liouville equation. These radially dependent functions
Consider the problem of the potential induced by a steady dc form a complete orthogonal set of functions. Rather than speci-
current source in a wellbore in the presence of a horizontal bed fy these functions explicitly, they are expanded in terms of a
boundary as shown in Figure 1. The bed boundary at z = 0 subsectional set of basis functions with arbitrary coefficients,
separates the domain into two regions. We use @i and @, to and the original Sturm-Liouville problem is transformed into
represent the potentials in regions 1 and 2, respectively. Let the an eigenvalue problem for the coefficients Moreover, the eigen-
source be on the z-axis at z = zO. In view of azimuthal sym- values themselves specify the exact values of the z dependence
metry, the potentials satisfy the following equations. Let z0 < 0. in the original oscillatory assumed solutions. The solution to
The case of z,, > 0 can be treated in a similar manner. the eigenvalue problem allows us to determine the coefficients
In region 1, in the expansion and hence the original eigenfunctions them-
selves. Next, expansions of the eigenfunctions with arbitrary
coefficients in each layered region are matched at the horizon-
tal boundaries. This matching procedure results in the explicit
for the region interior to the borehole 0 < p < a and the region form of the reflection and transmission modal matrices. Finally,
exterior to the borehole a < p < cc. We find it convenient to matching the solution in the presence of a source gives the
use the same symbol @i for the two regions interior to the amplitudes of the incident modes.
borehole and exterior to the borehole because the mode solu- We thus divide the solution of this problem into three steps:
tion that is later developed extends from p = 0 to p = E. In (a) construction of mode solutions; (b) determination of reflec-
equation (l), R, = l/o, is the resistivity of the mud in the tion and transmission matrix of modes; and (c)final solution.
borehole. In view of the discontinuity of conductivity at the
borehole wall, we have the following boundary conditions at (a) Construction of mode solutions
p=a:
We first consider the mode solution of an infinite borehole
Q*(p = a-, 2) = @,(p = a+, z), (2)
(Figure 2). The source is placed at the origin. The potential @
and satisfies the equation
1599 Tsang et al.

Hence

1 d dg,(PI
for 0 < p < (1 and a < p < ~1 with boundary conditions at
p = a expressed as
-3 -1
Pb dp
- k,Z
s,(p) = 0, (15)

for 0 < p < a and a < p < x with boundary conditions at


@(p = a-, z) = @(p = a+, z), (12) p = a expressed as
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and .y,(P = a-) = Y,(P = a+), (16)


_I

crm g (p = a-, 2) = (5, $ (p = a+,4. (13)


and

-dg, (p = a-) = 0, dy, (p = a+). (17)


We express the solution as linear combinations of modes @,,(p, Orndp dp
z) with
It can be shown that equations (15) through (17) are equivalent
@,(P, z) = &(Pkik, (14) to the variational problem (Hildebrand, 1965)
where a is the mode index, k, is the mode propagation constant FI = 0, (18)
in z-direction. and g,(P) is the eigenfunction designating the
mode amplitude distribution in the P direction. The modal with
solution satisfies the homogeneous version of equation (11).

I= [dP Po(P){[yy + k:g:(p)}, (19)

and the continuity relation of equation (16).


In equation (19) the function o(p) is

1 OnI O<p<a
O(P) =
0, a<p<aZ

To solve equations (18) and (19) we let the eigenfunction


9%(p) be expanded in terms of a complete set of basis functions
fm(p) as follows :

a-=1 1 Y,(P) = i: C,,&(P).


WI=,
(21)

*R
m
atict Putting equation (2 1) in equations (18) and (19), we have

z
4
?r
In, 0
dp P~(P)C(~~,,)C,,~:,(P)/:,(P)

L -\,
+ @c,,k,, k,2.f,(~)f, @)I = 0. (22)
.I -.- ----- Since this is true for arbitrary &,,, we have, on setting the

SOURCE,
I
coefficient of SC,, = 0, the matrix eigenvalue problem

-._ [A]c = k,2 [B]c, (23)


--___- - .I
where c is the column vector for the coefficients c,,. The ele-
ments of the matrices [A] and [B] are
a
-2 a-
A,, = dP P@PK (PM:, (P)> (24)
s0

and

B,, = -

s 0
3c

dp P@P)_L,(PK (P).

The infinite set of equations in equation (23) is truncated at


(251

-co
l m = N. Thus we have an N-dimensional eigenvalue matrix
equation of (23). We have N number of eigenvalues ki with
a = 1, 2, . . . . N and N number of eigenvectors. We can use
subsectional basis functions for f,(p). Thus the determination
FIG. 2. Geometry for the open-hole problem with point source of the mode solutions is done by a 1-D finite-element method.
at the origin. Let [E] denote the M x M eigenmatrix solution of equation
Well Logging 1599

1.0
r
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Zlrn,
12 14

0 .2 .4 .6 .a 1.0 1.2 14 ' ZIrn,


1.6
FIG. 5. Comparison of variational solution and classical solu-
tion for cased hole with om = 10 S/m, cr, = 1 S/m, a = 10 cm,
FIG. 3. Comparison of variational solutions and classical solu- and ri = 40 cm. Apparent resistivity as a function of z is plotted.
tion for open hole with om = 10 S/m, ot = 1 S/m, and a = 10
cm. Apparent resistivity as a function of z is plotted.

(23), (retaining M modes) where [I] is the unit matrix. In view of the Sturm-Liouville
nature of equations (15) through (17) and the normalization
%(P) = i: kl,f,(P), a= 1,2 ,..., M. (26) condition of equation (27), we have the following orthonor-
It=, mality relation of the eigenfunctions :
It is readily shown that [E][B][E] is a diagonal matrix 3c
where superscript t denotes the transpose of the matrix. Thus i Q po(p)g,(p)g&) = 6,,, a., B = 1, , M. (28)
we choose to normalize the eigenmatrix such that Jo

The solution of the problem with a unit dc source at the origin


-CElCBlCEI = PI (27) is

@,(P, 2) = ; h,+ &(PkikZZ, (29)


II=,
_-__ - _ for z > 0, and
-_
.

\\ @M, Z) = E b; S,(p)e-, (30)


Ill=,
for z < 0. By matching the source condition in the plane z = 0
and using equation (28), it is found that (Appendix A)
U=oO
Ut Ut U-a)

b: =b; =$g,(p=o). (31)


1

To assessthe accuracy of the solution in equation (29), we


compare the results with that of the classical solution in terms
of Bessel functions (Appendix B). To calculate equation (29) we
use triangle basis functions of base length Ap. The magnitude of
._-- Ap can change from small values at small p to much larger
values at large p. In Figure 3, we compare the classical solu-
tions with the solution of the hybrid method as given by
...._ equation (29). The results for the apparent resistivity R,, de-
-dp fined as

R,(z) = 4rrzQ(p = 0, z), (32)


are calculated with the two methods compared herein. The two
results ae indistinguishable. In Figure 3 the results of equation
(29) are computed by using 78 triangular basis functions with
Ap = 2 cm for the first 20 basis functions and Ap = 1 m for the
remaining 58 basis functions. The first and the twenty-first basis
FIG. 4. Cased hole. Point source is at origin functions are asymmetrical. Thus, we have represented the
1600 Tsang et al.

continuous modes of the solutions by a set of discrete modes (5))(6). To determine the relation of the coefficients bh:, bh,,
(Chew et al., 1983). The modal propagation constants k, in this and hi:, we impose the boundary conditions (7) through (10) at
case are all purely imaginary, indicating that they are attenu- the bed boundary z = 0. Hence
ative modes.
Next we consider the case when a metal casing is present j, CG + Glg,,(P) = : Ggaa (P) (37)
(Figure 4). The classical solution is listed in Appendix B. In a=,
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Figure 5, we compare the results of the two solutions. Again the for 0 < p < CL,,
results are indistinguishable. In this case, true discrete modes
exist in the problem and their propagation constants can be
~j+[h:: - Gl g,,(P) = : k,, bb:g,z(P) (38)
obtained from the location of the poles of the integrand in ?=I
equation (B-3) in the complex plane. The propagation con-
for 0 < p < a, and
stants of the modes of the classical solution coincide with the
k,s of the variational solution. For example, for the parameters M M
as given in Figure 5, the dominant eigenvalue is at k, = i3.4 by o,r 1 k,, Chh: - G%,,(P) = o,z 1 k,, hl:)glz (P) (39)
z= 1 a=1
both the hybrid and classical methods. In principle, all the
discrete modes of the classical solution will be reproduced in fora<p<cc.
the variational solution by letting M---t co. Thus the advantage To solve equations (37) through (39), we use the orthog-
of the hybrid method is that it provides a physical interpreta- onality relations of mode functions in equation (33). We also
tion of the solution in terms of modes. define [C,] and [C,] matrices as

CCJp, = - u dP Poi(P)spi(P)saz(P)>
s0
(b) Determination of transmission and reflection matrix of p,a= 1,2 ,..., M, (40)
modes
and
For the resistivity problem in Figure 1 (dc source in region l),
we first determine the mode solutions of regions 1 and 2 by
CC&, = - dP Po, (P)+i(P)g,z (P),
using step (a). The same basis functionsf,(p), m = 1, 2, . . , N, I0
are used in each region. Let g,,(P) and go12(P),a = 1, . . , M,
b, a = 1, 2, . , M. (41)
denote the eigenfunctions of regions 1 and 2, respectively, [E,]
and [EJ are their respective eigenmatrices, k,, and k,, , a = 1, Then equations in (37) through (39) become
) M are the propagation constants of the modes, and [K1]
and [KJ are diagonal matrices containing the k,,s and k,,s, b: + b\- = -[C,]b:, (42)
respectively. The orthogonality relations are
and

n dP Poi(P)g.i (P)gpi(P) = 6,s 1 W,ICbi+- b:- 1 = - [C,][K,]b$+), (43)


s0

a, p= l,..., M;i= 1,2. (33) where b,+ , b,- > and b(2+)are column vectors containing the
coefficients b(+) mz, respectively. Using equations
al ) bh;, and b(+)
In equation (33) the conductivity profiles al(p) and cr2(p) are (25) and (26) in equations (40) and (41), it can be shown readily
those in regions 1 and 2, respectively. Thus we have that [C,] and [C,] can be expressed in terms of the following
matrix multiplications:
O<p<a
Oi(P) = 1: (34)
i fl a<p<r; CC,1 = CWCBJCW~ PI
withi= 1,2. and
To solve the problem in Figure 1 [equations (1) through
(lo)], we let the potential in each region be represented by a CC,1 = CE:ICWCW> (45)
linear combination of modes. In region 1, for 0 2 z 2 z,, ,
where [B,] and [BJ correspond to the [B] matrix [equation
(25)] for regions 1 and 2, respectively.
+ F bb;)gOl,(p)e-ik*lz,
@,(p, z) = ; 6:; )gpll(p)eik=iZ (35) In view of (27) we have
m=1 m-1
CC,1 = -CJh~C~,I~ (46)
with both upgoing exp (ik,,z) and downgoing exp (-ik,,z)
waves. Region 2 consists of upgoing waves only, i.e., and

[C,] = [CJ. (47)


Oz (p, z) = ; b;;g,, (p)eikSzr. (36)
II= I
Equations (42) and (43) can be readily solved. The solutions
Because the mode solutions satisfy the boundary conditions at are
p = a [equations (16) and (I 7)], the potential solutions of equa-
tions (35) and (36) satisfy the boundary conditions (2)-(3) and b$- = [RJb:+, (48)
Well Logging 1601

c and

b$+ = [T,,]b\+, (49)

where

C&J = {CKJ + CC:1 CKJCCII-


I~
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R,= 1
x @,I - C~,~CKJCC,1-~> (50)

R+,=10 and
1 O(
R,,= 100 CTlJ = -WWCJ + CC:I-CKJ~CW (51)

Thus [R,J and [TrJ are reflection and transmission


matrices giving the reflected mode and transmitted mode am-
plitudes in terms of the incident mode amplitudes. They corre-
::
c spond to scattering matrices of modes due to waveguide dis-
continuities (Collins, 1966). Thus for cases when a few domi-
nant waveguiding modes are present, the coupling character-
istics of these modes at the waveguide discontinuity provide
l(
useful information. For caseswhen there is no waveguide mode
that is dominant, physical interpretation is more difficult.

(c) Final solution

To determine the solution of the potentials, what remains to


be done is to calculate the incident mode amplitude column
vector b\+. In view of equations (29) and (31), we have
I
-80 -40I I
0I I
40I 1
80I ,
D linr
h(+) _ I gz,(p = O)e-ik*izn. (52)
r - 4nk,,
FIG. 6. Comparison of results computed by hybrid method and
the integral transform method for the case of single bed bound- By using equations (35) and (36) plus equations (48) and (49)
ary. For R, = 1 Q.m, R,, = 10 R.m, Rtz = 100 n.rn, a = 4
the solutions of the potentials can be calculated and the appar-
inches.
ent resistivity is

4rt 12 - z. 1Ol(p = 0, z), for z in region 1


R,(z) = (53)
100 i 4rr(z - z,)@,, (p = 0, z), for z in region 2
R,- 1
(d) Source in region 2
R+,-10 cw

Rt2z100 For the case when the dc source is in region 2, z0 > 0. The
potential solutions are, for 0 5 z 5 zO,

O)2(P, z) = F h~~yl,(P)eik=2z
pL=,

I
R,- 1
100
+ F hb1)~~~(P)~-ik=2(z-zo),
R,,-10 eouo (54)
II= I
Rt2: 1000
p and for z > z,,
2

Q2 (P, z) = 2 G k2 (P)@
pr=,

(55)

In region 1 we have

@,(p, z) = E h~~gll,(p)e-~~. (56)


I a=1
-80 -40 0I I
40I 1
80, I
Diinl
It can readily be shown that
FIG. 7. Apparent resistivity for two different resistivity contrasts
withR,=1R~m,R,,=10~~m,a=4inches,andR,,=100 hi; = & .4s*(P = 0). (57)
R.mand 1OOOR.m.
Tsang et al.

- !.JWE 7
R PP
9
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Rtl =lO
RtZA00
100

-80I I
-40I 4
0 I
40I I I
80 Dti 1

FIG. 9. Apparent resistivity for radially inhomogeneous profiles


with a = 4 inches, R, = 1 0 m, and b, = b, = 3a. For curve
A: obl = ofi = 0.1 S/m, crbZ= of2 = 0.01 S/m. For curve B:
- 0 2 S/m, ofi = 0.1 S/m, or,* = 0.02 S/m, and crfZ = 0.01
;;m;

L I I I / I I / I
do D(inl
-80 -40 0 40

Frc;. 8. Apparent resistivity for two borehole sizes with R, = 1


R~m,R,,=10R~m,R,,=100R~m,anda=4inchesand6
inches. various situations. In all three figures, the observation point is
16 inches above the dc source, i.e., z - z,, = 16 inches. The
abscissais the midpoint between the transmitter and the receiv-
er. Thus the figures illustrate R,(z) as a function of (z + z,)/2.
This simulates the response of a 16-inch normal resistivity tool.
In Figure 6, the accuracy of the results computed by the
hybrid method are tested against the integral transform method
(Gianzero and Anderson, 1982). The agreement is excellent.
Carrying out analysis similar to that of the source in region 1, In Figure 7, we compare the results for two formation con-
we find that trasts. For the case of large contrast, e.g., Rr2 = 1 000 fi. m, a
higher portion of the total current tends to flow through the
b$+ = [R,,]b- z 9 (58) lower resistivity region which, in our case, is the lower region.
Since the apparent resistivity measures a combination of the
where
resistivities in both regions, it will indicate a value between R,,
WA = @bl + CC;~CKI~CCJ~~CKJ- CC;lCKJCW~ and R,, for a considerable distance from the boundary. Thus
the tool must be well into the upper region before the apparent
(59) resistivity yields the value of the formation. In Figure 8, we
is the reflection matrix for modes and bb;) is a column vector compare the solution for two different borehole sizes with the
with the a element given by bb; exp (ik,,z,). The apparent same resistivity contrast. Since the mud resistivity is lower than
resistivity is as defined in equation (53). that of the formation, and the borehole mud acts like a resistor
in series with the formation, the larger borehole has a smaller
NUMERICAL RESULTS apparent resistivity because of a bigger effect of the mud resis-
tivity.
In this section, we illustrate numerically the results of the
previous section for a vertically layered formation. Then the Radially inhomogeneous profiles
method is further extended to calculate a solution for the case
when the vertically layered formation also contains radially The hybrid method can be readily extended to treat cases
inhomogeneous profiles. In all the figures, the apparent resistiv- where the formations in region 1 and region 2 are radially
ity, defined in equation (32) is plotted. inhomogeneous with of i(p) and or2 (p) as functions of p. Analy-
In Figures 68, we illustrate the numerical results computed ses are identical to those of the section on formulation with
with the hybrid method by plotting the apparent resistivities for oi(p) and o2 (p) replaced by the following definitions:
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1604 Tsang et al.

reflection and transmission of guided waves: J. Opt. Sot. Am., 72, Solution of electrical prospecting for inhomogeneousmedia: Izv
126130. Phys.of Solid Earth, 13, X33 -839.
Tikhonov, A. H., Dimitriyev, V. I., and Zakharov, Y. E. V., 1977,
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APPENDIX A

For a unit dc source at the origin, Poissons equation is Multiplying equation (A-4) by o(p)pg,(p) and integrating from
0 to infinity gives
Km
(A-1) F 2ik, bz dP P@P)&(P)C!p(P)
x=1 s0
The solutions for z > 0 and z < 0 are given, respectively, by
equations (29) and (30). Due to continuity of potential at z = 0,
we have
=-s O
0

Y&P = 0)
S(P)
dp x 4P)ge(P)&,

b; = b, 64-2) (A-5)
2x
The other boundary condition at z = 0 is Using the orthogonahty relation of equation (28) in equation
SQ cm (A-5), the immediate result is
=_6(p)R, (A-3)
;i,- Iz-o- --i & =_o_ 2xp m

Using equations (29) and (30) plus equations (A-2) and (A-3), we
b, = -&(I g,(p = 0). (A-6)
have

i 2ik,bJ g,(p) = -b(p) R,. (A-4)


a=, 2XP

APPENDIX B

The classical solution of equation (11) is For the case of an infinite borehole, we have (Dakhnov, 1962)

(ot - o,)Hg(ik, a)ff\(ik, a)


A= -
a,H,(ikZa)J,(ik,a) - o,J,(ik,a)Hb(ik,a)
0=&R, m [Ha(ik, p) + .4J,(ikz p)]e-ikz dk,.
smm (B-2)
(B-1) For the case where a metal casing is placed at p = d, we have

A, = ot Hb(x)[Hy(x)Hp(y) - H\*(x)Hp(y)] - o,,,H,(.x)[H~(x)Hb*(y) - H~(x)H~(y)]


(B-3)
-Jo(x)cr,[H~(x)H~)(y) - H\(x)Hb(y)] + cr,J,(x)[Hb(x)Hb(y) - Hb(x)Hj,(y)]

where x = ikz a and y = ik, d.

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