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INTRODUCTION
z=zo
Manuscript received by the Editor November 8, 1983; revised manuscript received March 19, 1984.
*Formerly Electrical Engineering Dept., Texas A&M University; presently Dept. of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98195.
ZElectrical Engineering Dept., Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843.
@earhart Industries, Inc., Austin. TX 78746.
i 1984 Society of Exploration Geophysicists. All rights reserved.
1596
Well Logging 1597
Hence
1 d dg,(PI
for 0 < p < (1 and a < p < ~1 with boundary conditions at
p = a expressed as
-3 -1
Pb dp
- k,Z
s,(p) = 0, (15)
1 OnI O<p<a
O(P) =
0, a<p<aZ
*R
m
atict Putting equation (2 1) in equations (18) and (19), we have
z
4
?r
In, 0
dp P~(P)C(~~,,)C,,~:,(P)/:,(P)
L -\,
+ @c,,k,, k,2.f,(~)f, @)I = 0. (22)
.I -.- ----- Since this is true for arbitrary &,,, we have, on setting the
SOURCE,
I
coefficient of SC,, = 0, the matrix eigenvalue problem
and
B,, = -
s 0
3c
dp P@P)_L,(PK (P).
-co
l m = N. Thus we have an N-dimensional eigenvalue matrix
equation of (23). We have N number of eigenvalues ki with
a = 1, 2, . . . . N and N number of eigenvectors. We can use
subsectional basis functions for f,(p). Thus the determination
FIG. 2. Geometry for the open-hole problem with point source of the mode solutions is done by a 1-D finite-element method.
at the origin. Let [E] denote the M x M eigenmatrix solution of equation
Well Logging 1599
1.0
r
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Zlrn,
12 14
(23), (retaining M modes) where [I] is the unit matrix. In view of the Sturm-Liouville
nature of equations (15) through (17) and the normalization
%(P) = i: kl,f,(P), a= 1,2 ,..., M. (26) condition of equation (27), we have the following orthonor-
It=, mality relation of the eigenfunctions :
It is readily shown that [E][B][E] is a diagonal matrix 3c
where superscript t denotes the transpose of the matrix. Thus i Q po(p)g,(p)g&) = 6,,, a., B = 1, , M. (28)
we choose to normalize the eigenmatrix such that Jo
continuous modes of the solutions by a set of discrete modes (5))(6). To determine the relation of the coefficients bh:, bh,,
(Chew et al., 1983). The modal propagation constants k, in this and hi:, we impose the boundary conditions (7) through (10) at
case are all purely imaginary, indicating that they are attenu- the bed boundary z = 0. Hence
ative modes.
Next we consider the case when a metal casing is present j, CG + Glg,,(P) = : Ggaa (P) (37)
(Figure 4). The classical solution is listed in Appendix B. In a=,
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Figure 5, we compare the results of the two solutions. Again the for 0 < p < CL,,
results are indistinguishable. In this case, true discrete modes
exist in the problem and their propagation constants can be
~j+[h:: - Gl g,,(P) = : k,, bb:g,z(P) (38)
obtained from the location of the poles of the integrand in ?=I
equation (B-3) in the complex plane. The propagation con-
for 0 < p < a, and
stants of the modes of the classical solution coincide with the
k,s of the variational solution. For example, for the parameters M M
as given in Figure 5, the dominant eigenvalue is at k, = i3.4 by o,r 1 k,, Chh: - G%,,(P) = o,z 1 k,, hl:)glz (P) (39)
z= 1 a=1
both the hybrid and classical methods. In principle, all the
discrete modes of the classical solution will be reproduced in fora<p<cc.
the variational solution by letting M---t co. Thus the advantage To solve equations (37) through (39), we use the orthog-
of the hybrid method is that it provides a physical interpreta- onality relations of mode functions in equation (33). We also
tion of the solution in terms of modes. define [C,] and [C,] matrices as
CCJp, = - u dP Poi(P)spi(P)saz(P)>
s0
(b) Determination of transmission and reflection matrix of p,a= 1,2 ,..., M, (40)
modes
and
For the resistivity problem in Figure 1 (dc source in region l),
we first determine the mode solutions of regions 1 and 2 by
CC&, = - dP Po, (P)+i(P)g,z (P),
using step (a). The same basis functionsf,(p), m = 1, 2, . . , N, I0
are used in each region. Let g,,(P) and go12(P),a = 1, . . , M,
b, a = 1, 2, . , M. (41)
denote the eigenfunctions of regions 1 and 2, respectively, [E,]
and [EJ are their respective eigenmatrices, k,, and k,, , a = 1, Then equations in (37) through (39) become
) M are the propagation constants of the modes, and [K1]
and [KJ are diagonal matrices containing the k,,s and k,,s, b: + b\- = -[C,]b:, (42)
respectively. The orthogonality relations are
and
a, p= l,..., M;i= 1,2. (33) where b,+ , b,- > and b(2+)are column vectors containing the
coefficients b(+) mz, respectively. Using equations
al ) bh;, and b(+)
In equation (33) the conductivity profiles al(p) and cr2(p) are (25) and (26) in equations (40) and (41), it can be shown readily
those in regions 1 and 2, respectively. Thus we have that [C,] and [C,] can be expressed in terms of the following
matrix multiplications:
O<p<a
Oi(P) = 1: (34)
i fl a<p<r; CC,1 = CWCBJCW~ PI
withi= 1,2. and
To solve the problem in Figure 1 [equations (1) through
(lo)], we let the potential in each region be represented by a CC,1 = CE:ICWCW> (45)
linear combination of modes. In region 1, for 0 2 z 2 z,, ,
where [B,] and [BJ correspond to the [B] matrix [equation
(25)] for regions 1 and 2, respectively.
+ F bb;)gOl,(p)e-ik*lz,
@,(p, z) = ; 6:; )gpll(p)eik=iZ (35) In view of (27) we have
m=1 m-1
CC,1 = -CJh~C~,I~ (46)
with both upgoing exp (ik,,z) and downgoing exp (-ik,,z)
waves. Region 2 consists of upgoing waves only, i.e., and
c and
where
R,= 1
x @,I - C~,~CKJCC,1-~> (50)
R+,=10 and
1 O(
R,,= 100 CTlJ = -WWCJ + CC:I-CKJ~CW (51)
Rt2z100 For the case when the dc source is in region 2, z0 > 0. The
potential solutions are, for 0 5 z 5 zO,
O)2(P, z) = F h~~yl,(P)eik=2z
pL=,
I
R,- 1
100
+ F hb1)~~~(P)~-ik=2(z-zo),
R,,-10 eouo (54)
II= I
Rt2: 1000
p and for z > z,,
2
Q2 (P, z) = 2 G k2 (P)@
pr=,
(55)
In region 1 we have
- !.JWE 7
R PP
9
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Rtl =lO
RtZA00
100
-80I I
-40I 4
0 I
40I I I
80 Dti 1
L I I I / I I / I
do D(inl
-80 -40 0 40
reflection and transmission of guided waves: J. Opt. Sot. Am., 72, Solution of electrical prospecting for inhomogeneousmedia: Izv
126130. Phys.of Solid Earth, 13, X33 -839.
Tikhonov, A. H., Dimitriyev, V. I., and Zakharov, Y. E. V., 1977,
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APPENDIX A
For a unit dc source at the origin, Poissons equation is Multiplying equation (A-4) by o(p)pg,(p) and integrating from
0 to infinity gives
Km
(A-1) F 2ik, bz dP P@P)&(P)C!p(P)
x=1 s0
The solutions for z > 0 and z < 0 are given, respectively, by
equations (29) and (30). Due to continuity of potential at z = 0,
we have
=-s O
0
Y&P = 0)
S(P)
dp x 4P)ge(P)&,
b; = b, 64-2) (A-5)
2x
The other boundary condition at z = 0 is Using the orthogonahty relation of equation (28) in equation
SQ cm (A-5), the immediate result is
=_6(p)R, (A-3)
;i,- Iz-o- --i & =_o_ 2xp m
Using equations (29) and (30) plus equations (A-2) and (A-3), we
b, = -&(I g,(p = 0). (A-6)
have
APPENDIX B
The classical solution of equation (11) is For the case of an infinite borehole, we have (Dakhnov, 1962)