Fluid mechanics

C SURESH
 OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOME
OBJECTIVES
Understand the principles of Basic concepts
and properties of Fluid
OUTCOME
The basic terms like Pressure , Density,
Surface Tension & Fluid Statics
 UNIT - I: BASICCONCEPTS ANDPROPERT
Fluid definition,
Distinction between solid and fluid
Units and dimensions
Properties of fluids- density, specific weight,
specific volume, specific gravity, temperature,
viscosity, compressibility, vapour pressure,capillary
and surface tension
Fluid statics- concept of fluid
static pressure, absolute and gauge pressures
Pressure measurements by manometers and
pressure gauges.
 Fluid
A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms
continuously under application of a shearing
stress, regardless of how small the stress is.
Difference between fluids and solids
Fluids Solids

Fluids particles are loosely Solid particles are closely

packed. packed.

Fluid will continue to change Solids will regain their original

shape in time even after the shape when these external
removal of the external forces forces are removed.
causing the deformation.
 Units and dimensions
In science, a type of question often asked is how
much? how big? In order to answer such
questions it is important to have systems of
measurement which are consistent and
understood by all.
A dimension is a property that can be measured
such as distance, time, temperature,.
A unit is a basic division of a measured quantity
and it enables to say how much of the quantity
we have - 10 miles, 2 hours etc.
 Base units and derived units

Base units are units that are defined by

reference to some external standard. This
external standard is arbitrary but is a matter
of common agreement.
Derived units are units that are defined by
reference to combinations of the base units.
The SI system of units.
The SI system is an internationally agreed
system of units based on seven base units.
Base units of the SI system of units
Some derived units in the SI system
 Properties of fluids

1 N=1 kg/m2s2
 Temperature

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, exp
ressed in terms of units or degrees designated on a standard scale.
Temperature is a physical property of matter that quantitatively
expresses the common notions of hot and cold.

When a heat transfer path between them is

open, heat spontaneously flows from bodies of a higher
temperature to bodies of lower temperature.

The flow rate increases with the temperature difference, while

no heat will be exchanged between bodies of the same
temperature, which are then said to be in "thermal equilibrium".
 VISCOSITY
Viscosity: A property that represents the internal resistance of a fluid to motion
or the fluidity.
Drag force: The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow direction. The
magnitude of this force depends, in part, on viscosity

A fluid moving relative to a

body exerts a drag force on
the body, partly because of
friction caused by viscosity.
13
SURFACE TENSION AND
CAPILLARY EFFECT
Liquid droplets behave like small balloons
filled with the liquid on a solid surface,
and the surface of the liquid acts like a
stretched elastic membrane under
tension.
The pulling force that causes this tension
acts parallel to the surface and is due to
the attractive forces between the
molecules of the liquid.
The magnitude of this force per unit
length is called surface tension (or
coefficient of surface tension) and is
usually expressed in the unit N/m.
This effect is also called surface energy
[per unit area] and is expressed in the
equivalent unit of N m/m2.
Some consequences of surface tension.
14
Walking on water
Floating a needle
Don't touch the tent
Capillary effect: The rise or fall of a liquid in a small-diameter tube inserted into the liquid.
Meniscus: The curved free surface of a liquid in a capillary tube.

The strength of the capillary effect is Capillary Effect

quantified by the contact (or wetting) angle,
defined as the angle that the tangent to the
liquid surface makes with the solid surface at
the point of contact.

The meniscus of colored water in a 4-

mm-inner-diameter glass tube. Note
that the edge of the meniscus meets
The contact angle for wetting and the wall of the capillary tube at a very
nonwetting fluids. small contact angle. 16
 Fluid Statics

The word statics is derived from Greek word

statikos= motionless

For a fluid at rest or moving in such a manner

that there is no relative motion between
particles there are no shearing forces present:
 Definition of Pressure

force N
P 2 Pa
area m

Pressure is defined as the amount of force exerted on a unit area of a substance:

 Pascals Laws

Pascals laws:
Pressure acts uniformly in all directions on a
small volume (point) of a fluid
In a fluid confined by solid boundaries, pressure
acts perpendicular to the boundary it is a
normal force.
Direction of fluid pressure on boundaries

Furnace duct Pipe or tube

Heat exchanger

Pressure is a Normal Force

(acts perpendicular to surfaces)
It is also called a Surface Force

Dam
Absolute and Gauge Pressure
 Absolute and Gage Pressure
Absolute pressure: The pressure of a fluid is expressed relative to
that of vacuum (=0)

Gage pressure: Pressure expressed as the difference between the

pressure of the fluid and that of the surrounding atmosphere.

Usual pressure gages record gage pressure. To calculate absolute

pressure:

Pabs Patm Pgage

Physics at Mealtime: Capillary Action

Use your straw to put a couple of drops of water in the middle of the
wrapper. What happens?
 Compressibility

Liquids are nearly incompressible, so they

exhibit nearly uniform density over a wide
range of heights ( only varies by a few percent)
Gases, on the other hand, are highly
compressible, and exhibit significant change in
density over height
air at sea level ~ 3air at Mt Everests peak
Vapors Pressure
Vapors Pressure
 Measurement of pressure
The pressure of a fluid is measured by the following
devices.
1.Manometers
2. Mechanical gauges
Manometers
Manometers are defined as the devices used for
measuring pressure at a point in a fluid by balancing
the column of fluid by the same or another column of
the fluid. They are classified as
a. Simple manometers b. Differential Manometers
 Mechanical gauges
Mechanical gauges are defined as the devices
used for measuring the pressure by balancing the
fluid column by the spring or dead weight.
The commonly used mechanical pressure gauges
are
1. Diaphragm pressure gauges
2. Bourdon tube pressure gauges
3. Dead weight pressure gauges
4. Bellow pressure gauges
 Simple Manometers
A simple manometer is one which consists of a glass tube,
whose one end is connected to a point where pressure is to
be measured and the other end is open to atmosphere.
Piezometer
Piezometer is one of the simplest forms of manometers.
It can be used for measuring moderate pressures of liquids.
The setup of piezometer consists of a glass tube, inserted
in the wall of a vessel or of a pipe.
The tube extends vertically upward to such a height that
liquid can freely rise in it without overflowing.
The pressure at any point in the liquid is indicated by the
height of the liquid in the tube above that point.
Pressure at point A can be computed by measuring the height to which the liquid rises
in the glass tube. The pressure at point A is given by p = wh, where w is the specific
weight of the liquid
Limitations of Piezometer
1. Piezometers can measure gauge pressures only. It
is not suitable for measuring negative pressures.

2. Piezometers cannot be employed when large

pressures in the lighter liquids are to be measured
since this would require very long tubes, which
cannot be handled conveniently.

3. Gas pressures cannot be measured with

piezometers, because a gas forms no free surface.
 Single column Manometer
It is modified form of a U tube manometer in
which a reservoir having a large cross
sectional area as compared the area of the
tube one of the limbs of the manometer.
 Problems
Properties of fluids- density, viscosity, specific
weight, specific volume, specific gravity,
1.0-1.19 FM and HM by R.K Bansal
Temperature
1.20-1.22 FM and HM by R.K Bansal

Compressibility
1.23-1.24 FM and HM by R.K Bansal
Capillary and surface tension
1.25-1.32 FM and HM by R.K Bansal
 Fluid statics
2.1-2.7 FM and HM by R.K Bansal
Manometers
2.8-2.20FM and HM by R.K Bansal