Polyalphaolefin Synthetic Basestocks

Group IV Basestocks
Polyalphaolefins
What are Poly Alpha Olefins (PAO)?

Synthetic high performance basestocks

Hydrogenated (saturated) olefin polymers

Manufactured by the catalytic oligomerization of linear alphaolefins

Wax-free combination of molecules of predetermined chain length

PAO Manufacturing Process

Alpha Olefins
+ Hydrogen
Catalyst +
Catalyst
Monomer

Oligomerisation Distillation Distillation Hydrogenation

PAO
 SpectraSyn PAO Structure
Many Short
Branches CH3 Backbone Uniform Structure With
Longer Branches
CH3 CH2 CH3

H2 C H2 C H3 C H2C
H2 H2 H2 H2
H3 C C C C C
H3 C CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH CH2
CH CH CH CH CH2

H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C
H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

H2 C H2 C H2 C H2C H2 C
H2 C H2 C H2 C H2C H2 C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C H2 C
H2 C H2 C CH3 H2 C H2C CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3
H2 C H2C H2C H2 C H2 C
H2 C CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
CH3

Conventional PAO SpectraSyn Ultra High VI PAO

- prominent backbone and relatively - very uniform, comb-like structure
uniform structure provides superior - absence of short side chains results in
lubricating performance versus rheological advantages providing unique
mineral oils lubricant benefits
ExxonMobil PAO Manufacture
Dedicated reactor trains
Full range of viscosity grades (2 - 1000 cSt@100C)
Manufacturing Facilities:
USA - Beaumont, Texas
France - Port-Jerome Gravenchon

Port-Jerome Gravenchon
France

Beaumont, TX
USA
PAO Key Features
Compared to conventional mineral oils, PAOs have
Higher viscosity index
Lower temperature fluidity
Lower volatility
Better oxidative stability
Greater thermal stability
Lower traction force

Compared to Group III oils, PAOs have

Much wider viscosity range

Slightly higher viscosity index PAO

Lower temperature fluidity

Gp III
Similar or lower volatility

Better oxidative and thermal stability 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Viscosity Range (cSt@100C)
Viscosity Index Viscosity change with Temperature
PAOs typcially have a higher viscosity index than mineral oil.

Lower viscosity at
low temperature Mineral Oil
Offers increased
fluidity.

PAO

Equivalent Higher viscosity at

viscosity
Viscosity

high temperature:
Offers improved oil
film thickness.

0 100 150
Temperature, oC
SpectraSyn PAOs Have High Viscosity Indices
350

300 SpectraSyn Ultra

SpectraSyn
Ultra
250
Viscosity Index

200
PAO PIB
150 PAO
Gp III
100 Mineral Oil
Mineral Oil
50

0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Kinematic Viscosity @100C, cSt

At equivalent viscosity, SpectraSyn Ultra is 40 VI higher than high viscosity PAO,

enabling formulations with better protection at high temperatures and reduced energy
losses and easier starting at low temperatures
 SpectraSyn PAO High VI Effect

0 oC 40 oC 100 oC
6000 250 35
Lower
Viscosity at 5000 30 Thicker
200 hydrodynamic
low 25
4000 film at high
temperature 150 20
3000 temperature
Better 100 15
2000 Better
fluidity & 10
1000 50 protection
energy 5
savings 0 0 0
Viscosity in cSt

ISO VG 220 Fluids with

HVI-PAO PAO Mineral Oil

 Low Temperature Fluidity Pour Point
SpectraSyn PAOs have lower pour points than mineral oil.
0

-10 Group II
Group III

-20
Pour Point, C

-30

-40

-50

PAO
-60

-70

-80
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Kv@100C (cSt)

Trends based on typical data points from product data sheets

SpectraSyn PAOs Have Low Pour Points
0

-10

-20
Typical
Pour Point, C

Mineral Oil
-30 Range

SpectraSyn Ultra
-40

-50
SpectraSyn PAO
-60

-70
1 10 100 1000
Kinematic Viscosity @100C, cSt

Spectrasyn PAOs flow easily at low temperatures.

Low Temperature Fluidity Cold Cranking Viscosity

25
20
Noack, wt%

15 Conventional PAO

10
5 SpectraSyn Plus

0
500 1500 2500 3500
CCS@-35C, cP

SpectraSyn Plus PAO offers improved

Low Temperature Fluidity
 High Temperature Volatility Noack
SpectraSyn PAOs generally have lower volatility than mineral oil.
40

Group II
35
Group III
30

25
% Volatility

20

15

10
SpectraSyn PAO
5

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Kv@100C (cSt)

Projected trends based on typical data points from product data sheets
 High Temperature Volatility Noack

25
Group III
20
Noack, wt%

15 Conventional PAO
10 SpectraSyn Plus
5
0
3.6 4.0 4.3 4.6 4.9 5.2 5.5 5.8 6.1 6.4
KV@100C, cSt

SpectraSyn Plus PAO offers improved

Noack Volatility
 Oxidation Stability
SpectraSyn PAOs have better oxidative stability than mineral oil.

Oxidation Stability Test

Good oxidative stability is PAO Vs. Mineral Oil (2% Antioxidant)
essential for applications at
elevated temperatures with air Mineral Oil 6 cSt 40 cSt 100 cSt
contact Product Group II PAO PAO PAO

PAOs show excellent oxidative % Vis Change @ 100C 215.7 3.5 2.6 1.8
stability when formulated with TAN change, mg 14.5 0.1 0.08 1.1
suitable antioxidants Lead loss, mg 160.7 0.9 0.1 0.2
Sludge moderate nil nil trace
PAOs are more responsive to
antioxidants than mineral oil.
Test Conditions: 163oC (325oF), 72 hours
Thermal Stability
Cleanliness*
Base Fluid (10 = Clean)

4.0 cSt Mineral oil 0

4.0 cSt PAO 8.0

4.0 cSt PAO / polyol ester 9.5

Panel Coker Thermal Stability Test

310oC aluminum panel splashed by test oil for 6 min
baked for 1.5 min
Panels rated for cleanliness, where 10 = clean.

PAO withstands high temperatures with minimum decomposition.

 Traction
Note: Maximum shear stress is the maximum
traction force divided by the contact area
Maximum Shear Stress (psi)

20000

15000

Mineral Oil
10000
Conventional PAO

5000 SpectraSyn Ultra PAO

Lower Traction
0
100000 150000 200000 250000
Maximum Contact Stress (psi)
Scuffing Hypothesis:
Scuffing occurs when Frictional Power Intensity (FPI) The low traction of SpectraSyn PAOs may
exceeds critical limit. increase allowable gear loading / reduce
FPI = (Traction)*(Power)*(V2 - V1) scuffing & improve gear durability
2*A*
SpectraSyn High Viscosity PAO Characteristics

SpectraSyn 40 SpectraSyn 100

Specific Gravity @15.6/15.6C 0.850 0.853
Viscosity @ 100C, cSt 39 100
Viscosity @ 40C, cSt 396 1240
Viscosity Index 147 170
Flash Point, Open Cup, C 281 283
Pour Point, C -36 -30
Total Acid Number (TAN), mg KOH/g <0.10 <0.10

Brookfield Viscosity @ -26C, cP 102,000 745,000

Fire Point, C 318 330
Demulsibility @ 82C, 40-40-0, min 0 0
SpectraSyn High Viscosity PAO

ISO / Wt % VG 100 VG 150 VG 220

SpectraSynTM 6 33 17
SpectraSynTM 40 47 63 80
SynessticTM 5 20 20 20

ISO / Wt % VG 150 VG 220 VG 320

SpectraSynTM 6 37 27 16
SpectraSynTM 100 43 55 64
SynessticTM 5 20 20 20

ISO / Wt % VG 100 VG 150 VG 220 VG 320 VG 460 VG 680

SpectraSynTM 6 53 42 31 21 11 1
SpectraSynTM 100 32 43 54 64 74 84
Adipate Ester 15 15 15 15 15 15

SpectraSyn
SpectraSynHigh
HighViscosity
ViscosityPAO
PAOare
arethe
thekey
keybasestock
basestockinin
formulating
formulatingwide
wideviscosity
viscositygrade
gradeindustrial
industriallubricants.
lubricants.
SpectraSyn High Viscosity PAO comparison to PIB
SpectraSyn PIB SpectraSyn PIB PIB
40 A 100 B C

Kinematic Viscosity
@ 100C, cSt 39 31 100 108 52
@ 40C, cSt 396 590 1,240 3,300 1,225
Viscosity Index (VI) 147 75 170 98 87
Pour Point, C -36 -35 -30 -13 -23
Flash Point, C 281 >141 283 >190 >150

SpectraSyn High Viscosity PAOs have Higher VI,

Lower Pour Points and Higher Flash Points than PIBs of
Comparable Viscosity
SpectraSyn High Viscosity PAO comparison to PIB

Outstanding Low Excellent Tapered Roller

Temperature Viscosity Bearing Shear Stability

200000 100

% V is c o s i ty R e te n ti o n , 2 0 h o u r s
180000
B ro o k fie ld V is c o s ity @ -4 0 C , c P

99
160000
SpectraSyn 100 98

SpectraSyn 100
SpectraSyn 40
140000

SpectraSyn 40
97
120000

100000 96

80000
95
60000
94
PIB

40000

PIB
93
20000

0 92

SpectraSyn
SpectraSynHigh
HighViscosity
ViscosityPAO
PAOperformance
performanceadvantages
advantages
extend
extendto
tolow
lowtemperature
temperatureviscosity
viscosityand
andshear
shearstability.
stability.
SpectraSyn High Viscosity PAO in Mineral Oil

250
160

increase mgKOH/g
Lead loss mg/ Tan
KV@100C change

200
120
150

80
100

50 40

0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percent of SpectraSyn 40 in Blend

KV@100C Change Lead Loss, mg TAN Change

Additions of SpectraSyn High Viscosity PAO to

mineral oils improve the oxidation stability of the blends
SpectraSyn PAO in Automotive Gear Formulation
SAE Grade 75W-140
Additive Package, wt % 6.02
SpectraSyn 4, wt % 16.94
SpectraSyn 100, wt % 57.04
Adipate Ester, wt % 20.00
Viscosity @ 100 oC, cSt 24.8
Viscosity @ -40 oC, cP 120,200
Viscosity Index 172
Flash Point, oC 210
Pour Point, oC -48
Channel Point, oC <-45
Copper Corrosion, 3 h @ 121 oC 1b
Foaming Tendency, Seq. I, II, III, mL 0, 0, 0
Storage Stability & Compatibility Pass
Shear Loss after Tapered Roller Bearing Test 20 hr, % 0

SpectraSyn
SpectraSynHigh
HighViscosity
ViscosityPAO
PAOcan
canbe
beformulated
formulatedininwide
wide
cross
crossgrade
gradeautomotive
automotivegear
gearoil
oilwith
withgood
goodshear
shearstability.
stability.
SpectraSyn 100 in Industrial gear /Compressor Oil Formulations
ISO VG* 46 68 100 150
SpectraSyn 6 . wt % 74 63 53 42
SpectraSyn 100, wt % 11 22 32 43
Synesstic 5, wt % 15 15 15 15
PROPERTIES
Viscosity @ 100 C, cSt 7.9 11.1 15.1 20.8
Viscosity @ 40 C, cSt 45.3 69.9 104 156 Wide ISO grade
Viscosity Index 145 150 153 156 Better efficiency
Specific Gravity @ 15.6/15.6 C 0.840 0.842 0.846 0.846
Flash Point, C 236 236 239 240
Reduce risk of ignition
Fire Point, C 268 270 271 268
Good low temperature
Pour Point, C -57 -51 -45 -39
performance
* Examples of basestock combination only. Will require appropriate additives and testing.

SpectraSyn
SpectraSynHigh
HighViscosity
ViscosityPAO
PAOcancanbe
beformulated
formulatedinto
intowide
wideISO
ISO
grade
gradeindustrial
industrialgear/compressor
gear/compressoroils
oilsthat
thathave
havehigh
highVI,
VI,high
highflash/fire
flash/fire
points, and good low temperature performance.
points, and good low temperature performance.
 Other Key Features of PAO

Low toxicity

Hydrolytically stable

Excellent additive response

Compatible with mineral oils, Esters and Alkylated Napthalene

All SpectraSynTM grades are registered worldwide

Meet FDA Requirement under 21 CFR 178.3620(b) Technical White Mineral Oil

Can be used to formulate lubricants for incidental food contact

Kosher approved
Halal approved

NSF Approval For Incidental Food Contact (USDA H1)(except SpectraSyn 5)

Listed in the NSF White Book (http://www.nsf.org/usda/Listings.asp)

 PAO Typical Applications

or
s
i on

ss
ns
m i ive

ic
pre
ss

s io

ids aul
nC n

d
t

gs

res Ga s
mi

ms

tio rbo
mo

om
s

i
l

Flu
gin ese

Flu ydr
rin
ns

r
s te
& T uto

so

era ca
mp and

nt
ns
T ra

ea
En & Di

H
r
es

sf e
sy

ica
a rs l/A
a

frig y dr
lB

ve
r
t ic

ran
lic
Ge tria

br
i

oti
e

tria

s
yA

H
ma
lin

ne

Lu
au

se

om
T
Co
us

us

t ar
so

rbi
dr
to

ea

at

st
I nd

t
I nd
Ga

Au

Ro

Au
EMCC Product Names

Hy

Re

He
Tu
Gr

Mi
SpectraSyn 2 n n n n
SpectraSyn 4 n n n n n n
SpectraSyn 5 n n n n
SpectraSyn 6 n n n n n n n n
SpectraSyn 8 n n
SpectraSyn 10 n
SpectraSyn 40 n n n n n n n
SpectraSyn 100 n n n n n n
SpectraSyn Plus 3.6 n n n n
SpectraSyn Plus 4 n n n n
SpectraSyn Plus6 n n n n n
SpectraSyn Ultra 150 n n n n n n n
SpectraSyn Ultra 300 n n n
SpectraSyn Ultra 1000 n
n Most common application uses
n Less commonly used
SpectraSyn PAO Product Line Summary
Description Product kV@100oC kV@40oC VI Pour Point oC COC Flash point
oC

SpectraSynTM 2 1.7 5 - -66 157

SpectraSynTM 4 4.1 19 126 -66 220
Low and high viscosity SpectraSynTM 5 5.1 25 138 -57 240
PAO with excellent
oxidative & thermal SpectraSynTM 6 5.8 31 138 -57 246
stability, low volatility
and low temperature SpectraSynTM 8 8.0 48 139 -48 260
performance SpectraSynTM 10 10.0 66 137 -48 266
SpectraSynTM 40 39 396 147 -36 281
SpectraSynTM 100 100 1240 170 -30 283

Low viscosity PAO with SpectraSyn PlusTM 3.6 3.6 15.4 117 -65 224
enhanced volatility and
SpectraSyn PlusTM 4 3.9 17.2 126 -60 228
low temperature fluidity
SpectraSyn PlusTM 6 5.9 30.3 143 -54 246

Very high viscosity PAO SpectraSyn UltraTM 150 150 1500 218 -33 265
with high viscosity
index, good shear
stability, improved low SpectraSyn UltraTM 300 300 3100 241 -27 265
temperature properties,
enhanced oil film
thickness & lower SpectraSyn UltraTM 1000 1000 10000 307 -18 265
traction
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