Chem 1151 Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2
Atoms,Elements, Periodic Table
1
Vocabulary
Chemistry
Science that describes matter its
properties, the changes it undergoes,
and the energy changes that
accompany those processes
Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies
space.
2
Elements
Elements
substances that cannot be decomposed into
simpler substances via chemical reactions
Elemental symbols
found on periodic chart
First letter capital, second letter lower case
C, Ca, Co
CO is not an element.
3
4
5
The Periodic Table: Metals
Some properties of metals

1. Form cations by losing electrons (+ charge)
2. Form ionic compounds with nonmetals
3. Typically solids (except mercury)
4. Shiny
5. Conduct Electricity
6. Ductile
7. Malleable
6
The Periodic Table: Metals,
Nonmetals, and Metalloids
Groups or families
Vertical group of elements on periodic table
Similar chemical and physical properties
7
Period
Horizontal group of elements on periodic table
Transition from metals to nonmetals
8
The Periodic Table: Metals
Group IA metals
Alkali metals Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
Group IIA metals
Alkaline earth metals Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra
9
The Periodic Table: Nonmetals
Some chemical properties of nonmetals

1. Form anions by gaining electrons (- charge)
2. Form ionic compounds with metals and
covalent compounds with other nonmetals
3. Noble gasses have full shells
4. Do not conduct electricity
5. Poor conductors
6. Typically gasses or solids.
10
Group VIIA nonmetals

halogens
F, Cl, Br, I
11
Group VIA nonmetals

Chalcogens
O, S, Se, Te
12
Group VIIIA nonmetals

noble, inert or rare gases
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
13
Stair step function on periodic table separates
metals from nonmetals.
Metals are to the left of stair
step.
Approximately 80% of the
elements
Nonmetals are to the right of
stair step.
Approximately 20% of the
elements
Metalloids have one side of the
box on the stair step.
Properties between metals and
nonmetals 14
Periodic trends in metallic character

More Metallic
More
Metallic
Periodic
Chart
15
16
Atoms and Atomic Theory
1. All matter is composed of extremely small, indivisible
particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element have identical
properties that differ from those of other elements.
3. Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or transformed
into atoms of another element.
4. Atoms of 2 or more elements can combine to form
compounds. These combine in fixed proportions
5. Chemical Reactions rearrange and recombine atoms
but do not destroy them.
17
Fundamental Particles
Three fundamental particles make up atoms. The
following table lists these particles together with
their masses and their charges.
P a rtic le M a s s (a m u ) C h a rg e
-
E le c tro n (e ) 0 .0 0 0 5 4 8 5 8 -1
P ro to n (p ,p + ) 1 .0 0 7 3 +1
0
N e u tro n (n ,n ) 1 .0 0 8 7 0
18
Structure of the Atom
1. The atom is mostly empty space.
2. It contains a very small, dense center called the
nucleus.
3. Nearly all of the atoms mass is in the nucleus.
4. The nuclear diameter is 1/10,000 to 1/100,000
times less than atoms radius.
19
Atomic Number
The atomic number is equal to the number of
protons in the nucleus.
Sometimes given the symbol Z.
Numbered consecutively on the periodic table
The atomic number determines the element .
The elements differ from each other by the
number of protons in the nucleus.
The number of electrons in a neutral atom is also
equal to the atomic number.
For charged species there are more electrons if it
is negative and less electrons if it is positive
20
Mass Number and Isotopes
Mass number is given the symbol A.
A is the sum of the number of protons and
neutrons.
Z = proton number N = neutron number
A=Z+N
A common symbolism used to show mass and
proton numbers is
A 12 48 197
Z E for example C, Ca, 6 20 79 Au
14 63 18
? N, Cu, ?
? 8
21
22
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element but
with different numbers of neutrons.
Isotopes have different masses and A values but
are the same element.
One example of an isotopic series is the
hydrogen isotopes.
1H or protium is the most common hydrogen
isotope.
one proton and no neutrons
2Hor deuterium is the second most abundant
hydrogen isotope.
one proton and one neutron
3H or tritium is a radioactive hydrogen isotope.
one proton and two neutrons 23
24
How many protons and neutrons are in the
following? 16 23 +
8 O 11 Na
18 40 2+
8O 20 Ca
82
238
U 35 Br
92
32 2
236
U 16 S
92 25
Give the number of protons, neutrons and
electrons and the correct element symbol
24
12 ?
200
79 ?
15
7 ?
26
Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of an element on the periodic table is the
weighted average of the masses of its stable isotopes
For example H = 1.008 amu
Calcium = 40.078 amu
We will use these masses later for chemical calculations
27
The role of the electron
Bohrs Planetary Model of the atom:
1. Atom has a number of discrete energy
levels (orbits, shells) in which an electron
may exist
As the orbital radius increases so does the energy
1<2<3<4<5......
1
2
3
28
2. An electron may move from one energy

level (orbit) to another. Radiation is
emitted or absorbed
Energy is absorbed when electrons jump to higher orbits.
n = 2 to n = 4 for example
Energy is emitted when electrons fall to lower orbits.
n = 4 to n = 1 for example
29
Atomic Spectra and the Bohr
Atom
The principal quantum

number has the symbol n.
n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ...... shells
n = K, L, M, N, ......
The electrons energy depends
principally on n .
30
31
3. Each sell contains a region

where electrons move in a circular
orbit around the nucleus
Atomic Orbital (sub shell)
Atoms have electrons in s, p, d, or f orbitals.
32
Atomic Orbitals
Every orbital can hold up to two electrons.
The two electrons are designated as having
one spin up and one spin down
The number of orbitals per n level is given
by n2.
The maximum number of electrons per n
level is 2n2.
The value is 2n2 because of the two paired
electrons.
33
Electrons per shell
Energy Level # of Orbitals Max. # of e-

n n2 2n2
1 1 (s) 2
2 4 (s,p) 8
3 9 (s,p,d) 18
4 16 (s,p,d,f ) 32
34
Atomic Orbitals
s orbital properties:
There is one s orbital per n level.
1s, 2s, 3s, 4s
s orbitals are spherical
35
Atomic Orbitals
p orbital properties:
The first p orbitals appear in the n = 2 shell.
2p, 3p, 4p.
p orbitals are peanut or dumbbell shaped.
There are 3 p orbitals per n level
Each orbital holds 2 electrons, 6 total in
the p orbitals
36
Atomic Orbitals
d orbital properties:
The first d orbitals appear in the n = 3
shell. (3d,4d)
There are 5 d orbitals
per n level.
With 2 electrons per
orbital
There are 10 electrons
In a d orbital
37
Atomic Orbitals
f orbital properties:
The first f orbitals appear
in the n = 4 shell.
(4f, 5f, 6f)
There are seven f
orbitals per n level..
2 electrons per level
14 electrons total
38
Electron Configurations
39
The Periodic Table and
Use the periodic chart to figure out how the
shells fill up.
40
Use the periodic chart to figure out how the
shells fill up.
41
1st row elements.
1s Configuration
1 H 1
1s
2 He 1s 2
42
2nd row elements. (Hunds rule)
1s 2s 2p Configuration
3 Li 1s 2 2s1
4 Be 1s 2 2s 2
5B 1s 2 2s 2 2p1
6C 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
7N 1s 2 2s 2 2p3
8O 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4
9F 1s 2 2s 2 2p5
10 Ne 1s 2
2s 2
2p 6
43
3rd row elements
3s 3p Configuration
11 Na [Ne] [Ne] 3s1

12 Mg [Ne] [Ne] 3s2
13 Al [Ne] [Ne] 3s2 3p1
14 Si [Ne] [Ne] 3s2 3p2
15 P [Ne] [Ne] 3s2 3p3
16 S [Ne] [Ne] 3s2 3p4
17 Cl [Ne] [Ne] 3s2 3p5
18 Ar [Ne] [Ne] 3s2 3p6 44
4th row elements
3d 4s 4p Configuration
19 K [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1
45
19 K [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1

20 Ca [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2
46
19 K [Ar ] [Ar] 4s1

20 Ca [Ar ] [Ar] 4s2
21 Sc You do it!
47
19 K [Ar ] [Ar] 4s1

20 Ca [Ar ] [Ar] 4s 2
21 Sc [Ar ] [Ar] 4s2 3d1
48
19 K [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1

20 Ca [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2
21 Sc [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d1
Ti You do it!
22
49
19 K [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1

20 Ca [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2
21 Sc [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d1
Ti [Ar ]
22 [Ar ] 4s2 3d2
50
19 K [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1

20 Ca [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2
21 Sc [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d1
Ti [Ar ]
22 [Ar ] 4s2 3d 2
V [Ar ]
23 [Ar ] 4s2 3d3
51
19 K [Ar ] [Ar] 4s1

20 Ca [Ar] [Ar] 4s2
21 Sc [Ar] [Ar] 4s2 3d1
Ti [Ar]
22 [Ar] 4s2 3d2
V [Ar]
23 [Ar] 4s2 3d3
24 Cr [Ar] [Ar] 4s1 3d5
There is an extra measure of stability associated
with half - filled and completely filled orbitals. 52
3d 4s 4p Configurat ion
25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d 5
53
25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d 5
26 Fe You do it!
54
25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d 5
26 Fe [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d 6
55
25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 5

26 Fe [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 6
27 Co [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 7
56
25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 5

26 Fe [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 6
27 Co [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 7
28 Ni [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 8
57
25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d 5
26 Fe [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d 6
27 Co [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d 7
28 Ni [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d 8
29 Cu You do it!
58
25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 5

26 Fe [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 6
27 Co [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 7
28 Ni [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d8
29 Cu [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1 3d10
Another exception like Cr and
for essentiall y the same reason. 59
25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 5

26 Fe [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 6
27 Co [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 7
28 Ni [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d8
29 Cu [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1 3d10
30 Zn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d10
60
31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1
61
31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

32 Ge You do it!
62
31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

32 Ge [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p 2
63
31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

32 Ge [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p 2
33 As [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p 3
64
31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

32 Ge [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p 2
33 As [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p 3
34 Se You do it!
65
31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

32 Ge [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p 2
33 As [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p 3
34 Se [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p 4
66
31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

32 Ge [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p 2
33 As [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p 3
34 Se [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p 4
35 Br [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p5
67
31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

32 Ge [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2
3d 10
4p 2
33 As [ Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2
3d 10
4p 3
34 Se [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2
3d 10
4p 4
35 Br [ Ar ] [ Ar ] 4s 2
3d 10
4p 5
36 Kr [ Ar ] [ Ar ] 4s 2
3d 10
4p 6
68
More About the Periodic Table
Electron configurationssimilar leads to
similar properties.
Noble Gases
All of them have completely filled electron
shells.
Since they have similar electronic
structures, their chemical reactions are
similar.
He 1s2
Ne [He] 2s2 2p6
Ar [Ne] 3s2 3p6
Kr [Ar] 4s2 4p6
Xe [Kr] 5s2 5p6
Rn [Xe] 6s2 6p6 69
Representative
Elements
Are the elements in A
groups on periodic chart.
These elements will have
their last electron in an
outer s or p orbital.
These elements have
fairly regular variations in
their properties.
70
d-Transition Elements
Elements on periodic chart in B
groups.
Sometimes called transition
metals.
Each metal has d electrons.
ns (n-1)d configurations
These elements make the
transition from metals to
nonmetals.
Exhibit smaller variations from
row-to-row than the
representative elements.
71
f - transition metals
Sometimes called inner transition
metals.
Electrons are being added to f
orbitals.
Electrons are being added two
shells below the valence shell!
Consequently, very slight
variations of properties from
one element to another.
Outermost electrons have
the greatest influence on the
chemical properties of
elements. 72

Chem 1151 Chapter 2

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Chem 1151 Chapter 2

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CHAPTER 2

Atoms,Elements, Periodic Table

Some properties of metals

Some chemical properties of nonmetals

Group VIIA nonmetals

Group VIA nonmetals

Group VIIIA nonmetals

Periodic trends in metallic character

We will use these masses later for chemical calculations

2. An electron may move from one energy

The principal quantum

3. Each sell contains a region

Atoms have electrons in s, p, d, or f orbitals.

Energy Level # of Orbitals Max. # of e-

11 Na [Ne] [Ne] 3s1

19 K [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1

19 K [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1

19 K [Ar ] [Ar] 4s1

19 K [Ar ] [Ar] 4s1

21 Sc [Ar ] [Ar] 4s2 3d1

19 K [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1

19 K [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1

19 K [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s1

19 K [Ar ] [Ar] 4s1

25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 5

25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 5

25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 5

25 Mn [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s2 3d 5

31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

31 Ga [Ar ] [Ar ] 4s 2 3d10 4p1

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