Magazine of Concrete Research Magazine of Concrete Research, 2013, 65(14), 855864

Volume 65 Issue 14 http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.12.00192

Paper 1200192
Behaviour of double prestress system in Received 09/10/2012; revised 09/01/2013; accepted 15/04/2013
prestressed concrete girders Published online ahead of print 04/06/2013

Kim, Kim and Kim ICE Publishing: All rights reserved

Behaviour of double prestress

system in prestressed concrete
girders
Choong Eon Kim Jin Kook Kim
PhD candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul Senior Research Engineer, Energy Infrastructure Research Department,
National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea Steel Structure Research Division, Research Institute of Industrial Science
Jae Kwan Kim and Technology, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon, Korea
Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul
National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea

Prestress generally refers to the compressive prestress that is introduced by a compressive force beforehand to
prevent tensile stress on the lower fibre of the bending member, and is often used in concrete girders. In girders
with a smaller height compared to span length, compressive stress, which has a harmful impact on structural
behaviour, is applied excessively to the girders upper edge, limiting the reduction in girder height of the prestressed
concrete girder. In this study, a prestress system integrating a tendon and two bars to support the compressive force
in the girders side ends was devised to offset the compressive force generated in the girder as a result of the
introduction of prestress. To manage the jacking force of this system, formulae are proposed by theoretically
clarifying the behaviour manifested during jacking in relation to the friction coefficient of the tendon and bars. A
10-m long rectangle-shaped girder is fabricated to check the friction coefficient of the bar and to verify the moment
prestress method using the proposed double prestress system. Applicability to real structures is validated by
measuring the behaviour manifested during the jacking of 35-m long real bridge girders.

Notation 1940s to control tensile stress in concrete girders (Billington,

AC area of compression member 2004; Dinges, 2009). The prestress load is applied in the
AT area of tension member opposite direction to the stress attributable to the design load of
C(x) distribution of force on compression member the structure. To achieve this, the tendon is arranged in a
EC elastic modulus of compression member downwards convex parabola shape. Using this arrangement, the
ET elastic modulus of tension member tendon generates bending towards the direction in which the
f C (x) distribution of frictional force on compression centre of the concrete girder is lifted, thereby causing bending
member stress in the opposite direction to the external design load.
f T (x) distribution of frictional force on tension member However, the concurrent compressive force causes compressive
L length of girder stress throughout the girder, which has a harmful effect on the
l(x) cumulative length girders upper flange, but not on the lower flange. If the height
T (x) distribution of force applied on tension member of the girder is low, the controllability of the compressive stress
(x) sum of absolute values of angular change of on the upper flange of the girder is limited in the structural
prestressing steel path from jacking end design because the bending attributable to the prestressing is
1 movement of anchorage on jacking side small and the compressive force is relatively strong.
2 movement of anchorage on non-jacking side
s elongation of tendon To resolve these problems, a post-compression technology was
C elastic deformation of compression members developed in 1977 in Austria. This introduces a tensile prestress
T elastic deformation of tensile members in the opposite direction of the normal prestressing by using a
kC wobble friction coefficient of compression member bar (compression member) (Johns, 1979; Parkinson, 1978). The
kT wobble friction coefficient of tension member BiPre method was developed in Japan in the early 1980s; it
T curvature friction coefficient of tension member refined the aforesaid technology and applied post-tension and
post-compression together (Kondo et al., 1986; Suzuki et al.,
Introduction 1991). The BiPre method has so far been applied to over 640
Technology to introduce prestress through the arrangement of bridges (Bi-Prestressing System Institute, 2004). When introdu-
the tendon (tension member) has been widely applied since the cing prestress through the application of tension and compres-

855
Magazine of Concrete Research
Volume 65 Issue 14
sion members, the axial force becomes offset and a moment
prestress attributable to the eccentric arrangement of the tension
member is introduced (see Figure 1); this enables control of the
tensile stress on the girders lower flange and the compressive
stress on its upper flange (Fu et al., 2001; Mou et al., 2003,
2004; Zhao et al., 2007). The depth of beam can be reduced by
using bi-prestress (Mou et al., 2003, 2004). However, post-
tension and post-compression are performed separately under the
existing methods; therefore, the anchorage zone needs to be
reinforced separately from the process of introducing the jacking
force, in two stages (Zheng et al., 2002).
In the present study, a double prestress system (DPS) was devised
that simplified the jacking force introduction process by integrat-
ing the tendon and bars on both ends of the girder to ensure that
the tension to the tendon and the compression of the bars are
applied simultaneously. However, the method for analysing the
behaviour characteristics associated with the friction coefficient
of the tendon and bars needs to be clearly established, along with
the design application method, because interaction between the
corrugated and galvanised metal sheath and the prestress (PS)
thread bar under compression is not clear, even though the same
corrugated sheath is used for the PS bar as for the tendon. For
this purpose, a formula is developed in the current study by
theoretically clarifying the behaviour manifested during jacking
for the double prestress system. The friction coefficient of the
bars from measurement during jacking of a 10-m long, rectangle-
shaped girder is verified, and the moment prestress method using
the proposed double prestress system is validated. Moreover, the
present study validates applicability to real structures by measur-
ing the behaviour during jacking of 35-m long real bridge girders.
Double prestress system
Double prestress system refers to a system that introduces
moment prestress through one-time jacking, unlike conventional
Post-tension
Tendon
Post-compression
PS bar
BiPre (bi-prestressing)
PS bar
Tendon
Figure 1. Stress distribution in PS concrete girders at the middle
section according to prestressing methods
856
Behaviour of double prestress system in
prestressed concrete girders
Kim, Kim and Kim
methods that require separate jacking for post-tension and post-
compression. A tendon consisting of high-strength strands is
used for post-tension to introduce the compressive prestress,
whereas high-strength bars (PS bars) are used for post-compres-
sion to introduce the tensile prestress. The DPS consists of the
tension member, compression member and DPS anchorage, to
which the tension and compression member were jacked and
anchored at the same time (Figure 2). The compression member
is arranged linearly on the girders upper area, and the tension
member is arranged parabolically at the lower side of the girder
from its centre and integrated with the compression member on
both ends to enable simultaneous jacking (Figure 2). Then, the
jacking force applied on the tendon is supported by the bars
through DPS anchorage. Thus the moment is introduced into the
girder without compressive force by lifting up the girder by the
tendon with parabolic profile. A high level of stress is imposed
on the slender PS bar and may cause excessive transverse
behaviour by buckling. In order to avoid such unexpected
deformation, a 50-mm dia. duct is used to carry the 40-mm dia.
PS bar, of which the outer diameter of the thread is 45 mm.
Formulation of DPS
Double prestress system anchorages should be able to move in a
longitudinal direction along the bars to ensure that elastic short-
ening of the bars is allowed. DPS anchorages are divided into the
anchorage (active side) on the side of jacking, where the jacking
force is directly applied, and the anchorage (passive side) on the
non-jacking side (Figure 3).
When the jacking force is introduced, the anchorage on the
jacking side moves towards the internal direction of the girder
(A2) because elastic shortening occurs in the compression
member (Figure 3). The direction of movement of the ancho-
rage on the non-jacking side is determined by the magnitude of
axial force of the tension and compression member at the
Axial Flexural Combined
Axial Flexural Combined
Post- Post-
Combined
tension compression
Magazine of Concrete Research Behaviour of double prestress system in
Volume 65 Issue 14 prestressed concrete girders
Kim, Kim and Kim

DPS anchorage PS bar

Duct PS bar

Tendon
Tendon DPS anchorage

Linear Parabolic Linear

Figure 2. Double prestress system (DPS) and anchorage

DPS anchorage DPS anchorage

(active side) (passive side)

A1 A2 P2 P1
1 2

C(x)
x0 T(x) xL

Figure 3. Behaviour of DPS anchorage

anchorage. The anchorage moves towards the external direction compression member, the frictional force and so on were
(P1) of the girder if the force of the compression member is formulated as follows.
larger than that of the tension member. The resultant elastic
deformation leads to a gradual increase in the force of the The relation arising from the equilibrium of force can be
tension member and, as a result, the two forces become equal estimated by Equations 13
in magnitude, causing movement to stop. The movement
continues until the two forces reach equilibrium towards the 1: T 0 C(0) T L C(L)
internal direction (P2) of the girder if the tensile force of the
tension member is larger than that of the compression member
(Figure 3). Table 1 shows the related characteristics of this
behaviour. x x
T x T 0  f T ydy, C x C 0  f C ydy
To analyse behaviour during jacking, relations among the force 2: 0 0
applied on the tension member, the force transmitted to the

Type Direction Cause Results

Anchorage on the jacking side
Anchorage on the non-jacking side
A1 external side Elastic restoration of bar Decrease (compressive force of the bars)
A2 internal side Jacking/bar shortening Increase (compressive force of the bars)
P1 external side C.T Increase (tensile force of the tendon)
C: compressive force of bars
T: tensile force of tendon
P2 internal side C,T Increase (compressive force of the bars)
C: compressive force of bars
T: tensile force of tendon

Table 1. Cause of behaviour of DPS anchorage and changes

resulting from the movement

857
Magazine of Concrete Research Behaviour of double prestress system in
Volume 65 Issue 14 prestressed concrete girders
Kim, Kim and Kim

L L equilibrium of each member force. Thus, the anchorage on the

\ f T xdx f C xdx non-jacking side moves towards the external direction of the
3: 0 0 girder, causing the direction of the frictional force to change in
the tension member when the absolute value of frictional force in
the tension member is greater (Figure 4(a), case 1). The
The frictional force on the prestressed steel is divided into wobble anchorage on the non-jacking side moves towards the internal
friction and curvature friction, which are expressed through an direction of the girder when the absolute value of frictional force
exponential function, but can be expressed as a linear function if in the compression member is greater (Figure 4(b), case 2). For
the exponential number is small (Spiegel and Liu, 1999). Because
the compression member of the DPS is arranged linearly, the
Force
frictional force can be expressed as
T(0) C(0) PS bars
f T T (x)kT lT (x)g 
f T x T 0 3 1  e  T 0 T(L) C(L)
Tend
o n
4: 3 T T (x) kT lT (x)

f C x C 0 3 1  ef C C (x)kC lC (x)g   C 0

5: 3 kC lC (x) x
0 a L
(a)
Force

In this paper, three values measured from test specimens, namely

T(0) C(0) Tendon
tendon elongation (s ), movement of the anchorage on the
jacking side (1 ) and movement of the anchorage on the non- PS ba T(L) C(L)
rs
jacking side (2 ) are compared with their estimates to find the
wobble friction coefficient between corrugated sheath and PS bar,
as shown later in Figure 6. Once the coefficients related to
friction have been determined, then the behaviour of the DPS,
every value in Table 2, can be easily estimated and the stresses
on the concrete can be calculated.
x
Different arrangements and friction coefficients of tension and 0 b L
(b)
compression members induce differences in force profiles of each
member along the girder, even though they started at the same Figure 4. Distribution of force in a DPS: (a) case 1; (b) case 2
point. However, the profiles meet at the other end to form

Type Case 1 Case 2

L
T (x)
Elastic deformation of the compression member T dx
ET AT
0
L
C(x)
Elastic deformation of the tensile member C dx
E C AC
0
L L
T (x) C(x)
Movement of the DPS anchorage on the non-jacking side 2 dx 2 dx
E T AT E C AC
a b
Movement of the DPS anchorage on the jacking side 1 C 2 1 C  2
Elongation of tendon s T C s T C

Table 2. Calculation of behaviour of the DPS

858
Magazine of Concrete Research
Volume 65 Issue 14
this distribution of frictional force, a non-sliding point exists in
the tension member in case 1 and the direction of the frictional
force is reversed based on that point. Another non-sliding point
exists in the compression member in case 2 and the direction of
the frictional force is reversed based on that point.
The formulation above is based on the assumption that there is a
non-sliding point during jacking of the DPS and the position of
the point remains unchanged. In a real structure, the position of
the non-sliding point may change slightly because the friction
coefficient of the tension and compression members change
slightly in the process of jacking, although the coefficient is
constant on average. A behaviour different from the calculated
behaviour may appear when friction exists between the DPS
anchorage and concrete girder. However, the forces applied to the
compression and tension members become equal to the design
values if the relative behaviour of the DPS anchorage and tension
member remain unchanged.
Experimental verification of DPS
Test specimen
Two rectangular girders, 10 m long, 450 mm wide and 800 mm
high, were prepared using 40 MPa concrete to determine whether
their behaviour would be consistent with calculated behaviour
during jacking of the DPS and how much moment prestress
would be introduced. The DPS was applied to one rectangular
girder (DPS girder), and conventional post-tensioning was applied
to the other rectangular girder (conventionally post-tensioned
girder) for comparison. To ensure that equal stresses were gener-
ated on the bottom fibres of the two specimens, a tendon
consisting of 19 strands was arranged linearly at the centre of the
girder for the conventionally post-tensioned girder and a tendon
consisting of nine strands was arranged parabolically. For
purposes of comparison, the same height was chosen for the two
girders. In the DPS girder, the 19-strand tendon was arranged
linearly at the centre of the girder in the same way as the
conventionally post-tensioned girder, and the DPS consisting of
two 40-mm bars and seven 15.2-mm strands was applied.
Figure 5 shows a drawing of the specimen; 2750 kN was intro-
duced into the 19 strands, whereas 1350 kN was introduced into
the nine strands; 1000 kN was introduced into the DPS. The
calculated stresses on the specimens are presented in Table 3. At
this time, the coefficients of elasticity of concrete and steel were
assumed to be 28 600 MPa and 200 000 MPa, respectively. The
wobble friction coefficient (kT ) and curvature friction coefficient
(T ) of the tendon were assumed to be 0.005/m and 0.25/rad,
respectively (AASHTO, 2010; Eurocode 2 (CEN, 2003); Korea
highway bridge design code (Korea Road and Transportation
Association, 2010)). The wobble friction coefficient (kC ) of the bar
was assumed to be 0.007/m (Igarashi et al., 1986; Kuranari et al.,
1987).
The results of calculation showed the distribution of prestress
Behaviour of double prestress system in
prestressed concrete girders
Kim, Kim and Kim
force as indicated in Figure 4(a), case 1, and the equilibrium of
force reached while the anchorage on the non-jacking side moved
towards the girders external direction.
Friction coefficient of high-strength bars
Rigid body behaviour appears in the DPS anchorage as the forces
between bars and tendon come into equilibrium. In other words,
the behaviour of the anchorage needs to be taken into considera-
tion in addition to the friction behaviour of the tendon and bars.
However, the behaviour was not considered separately in this
study, because it appears in association with the behaviour of the
tendon and bars. At the present time, the friction coefficient of
the tendon, assumed in the calculation above, is used.
Based on the measurement of the behaviour of the DPS
anchorage and the elongation of the tendon during jacking, it was
found that the movement (m 1 ) of the anchorage on the jacking
side was 36 mm and the movement (m 2 ) of the anchorage on the
non-jacking side was 18 mm towards the external direction of the
girder (case 1). The elongation of the tendon (m s ) was 64 mm.
Figure 6 shows comparisons between the results of calculations
based on the wobble friction coefficient of the bar. The elongation
of the tendon (s ) was scarcely affected by the wobble friction
coefficient of the bar, as shown in Figure 6. Meanwhile, the
behaviours of the anchorages on the jacking side and the non-
jacking side show similar slopes; this suggests that the behaviours
were affected at a similar level in respect of the changes in
wobble friction coefficient of the bar.
Thus, the results of the experiment and calculation were com-
pared only for the anchorages on the jacking side and the non-
jacking side, and the wobble friction coefficient of the bar was
estimated to range between 0.005 and 0.007/m. This is a similar
value to that of the friction coefficient (Igarashi et al., 1986;
Kuranari et al., 1987) of the compression member used in
existing post-compression. Since contact which might have
caused friction between the DPS anchorage and specimen is
negligible, the friction behaviour of the anchorage in the DPS
anchorage could be excluded from consideration in the calcula-
tion. The wobble friction coefficient of the bar in DPS may be
proper to apply 0.007/m in the calculation.
Stress comparison of conventional prestressing and
moment prestressing
Jacking of the specimen began with the girders lower side being
supported entirely. Stress was generated by the prestress as the
jacking force was introduced, and the stress by the self-weight is
added as the girder bends upward. The coefficient of elasticity of
concrete was assumed to be 28 600 MPa to convert the strain into
the stress of concrete at the reinforcement bar position, which
was the measured value, and the calculated stress was compared
at the same position (Figure 7). In Figure 7, mea represents
measured value and cal represents calculated value.
Calculated stresses in the conventionally post-tensioned girder
859
Magazine of Concrete Research Behaviour of double prestress system in
Volume 65 Issue 14 prestressed concrete girders
Kim, Kim and Kim

450 450
150

150
235
5
350

350
800

800
300

300
450 450

DPS girder
10 000
PS bar (2EA)
800

Tendon (19 strands) Tendon (seven strands)

Conventionally post-tensioned girder

10 000
800

Tendon (19 strands) Tendon (nine strands)

Figure 5. Geometry of test girders (unit: mm)

were 6.64 MPa at the girders top fibre and 16.81 MPa at the
girders bottom fibre, which are equivalent to 252 3 106 m=m
and 568 3 106 m=m: The DPS girders calculated stresses were
0.29 MPa (22 3 106 m=m) at the girders top fibre and
16.27 MPa (536 3 106 m=m) at the girders bottom fibre.
Stress arising from the self-weight was calculated while the
19-strand tendon underwent jacking. Regarding the sequence of
introducing the prestress, the 19-strand tendon underwent jacking
initially for the two specimens, which was followed by jacking of
the nine-strand tendon, then the seven-strand DPS.
Figure 7 presents the strains of the reinforced bar at the top and
bottom fibres based on the jacking sequence. Although the two
specimens exhibited some differences in stiffness during the
jacking of the 19-strand tendon, the variation in strain based on
the jacking phase and the final strain were similar because the
magnitude of the introduced force and the effect of self-weight
were similar. Variations in strain at the top fibre of the girder were
negligible and only the compressive strain at the girders bottom
fibre varied, as shown in Figure 7(a), during jacking of the nine-
strand tendon in the conventionally post-tensioned girder. As a
result, the typical stress distribution of conventionally post-
tensioned girders appeared, which is attributable to the paraboli-
cally arranged tendon. In the DPS, the variations in strain implied
the introduction of moment prestress that led to an increase in the
compressive stress at the girders bottom fibre and a decrease in
the compressive stress at the girders top fibre, as shown in Figure
7(b). The final strain after post-tensioning was 287 3 106 m=m
at the girders top fibre and 577 3 106 m=m at the girders
bottom fibre in the conventionally post-tensioned girder. In the
DPS girder, the final strain after post-tensioning was
66 3 106 m=m at the girders top fibre and 517 3 106 m=m
at the girders bottom fibre, which reveals that the final prestress
value measured was consistent with the calculated value.

860
Magazine of Concrete Research Behaviour of double prestress system in
Volume 65 Issue 14 prestressed concrete girders
Kim, Kim and Kim

70 m 0
s 64 mm
Calculated displacement: mm

60 100

50 200

Micro strain
40 c 00068 m
1 36 mm 300

30 400
c 00051 m
20 2 18 mm 500

10 600
Tendon 1 (19 strands) Tendon 2 (nine strands)
0
0 0005 0010 0015 0020
mea_upper mea_lower cal_upper cal_lower
c: per m
1_cal 2_cal s_cal (a)

0
Figure 6. Prediction of DPS behaviour according to wobble
friction coefficient of bar 100

200
Micro strain

Ultimate load test 300

The three-point load test was performed under the simple support
400
condition for the two girders. As a similar stress in the lower fibre
was introduced in each test girder, cracking occurred at approxi- 500
mately 430 kN in both specimens and there were changes in
stiffness (Figure 8). The ultimate load was slightly higher in the 600
conventionally post-tensioned girder, which was attributable to Tendon 1 (19 strands) DPS
the arrangement of the nine-strand tendon in the conventionally
mea_upper mea_lower cal_upper cal_lower
post-tensioned girder, two strands more than the seven-strand
tendon in the DPS girder. Meanwhile, larger maximum displace- (b)
ment at ultimate load was found in the DPS girder.
Figure 7. Strains during jacking
In the three-point loading of the reinforced concrete girder,
vertical cracks occurred at the girders centre under loading,
along with diagonal cracks propagating towards the loading point In relation to the crack patterns observed in this study, diagonal
between the support and loading points (Nawy, 1996). Such cracks scarcely occurred in the conventionally post-tensioned
cracks occur because the girders fracture behaviour is affected by girder into which the compressive stress by post-tensioning had
the shear, as well as the bending moment. Diagonal cracks been intensively introduced in the upper fibre (Figure 9(a)). In
appeared after vertical cracks propagated to some degree when other words, the effect of shear in fracture behaviour was very
the post-tension force was introduced (Nawy, 1996). In other small. This is attributable to the fact that high compression stress
words, the compressive force applied on the girder by prestress in the upper fibre was introduced and the height of the girder used
controls the direction of crack propagation and induces vertical in the experiment was relatively low, so crushing of the concrete
propagation of cracks at the initial stage of crack appearance. was induced before diagonal cracks propagated. Meanwhile,

DPS girder Conventionally post-tensioned girder

Stage Upper fibre Lower fibre Stage Upper fibre Lower fibre

Self-weight 2.41 2.41 Self-weight 2.36 2.41

19 strands 7.99 7.98 19 strands 7.71 8.13
DPS (seven strands) 10.69 10.69 Nine strands 3.43 11.08
Final stress 0.29 16.27 Final stress 6.64 16.81

Table 3. Calculated stresses (MPa) of DPS girder and

conventionally post-tensioned girder

861
Magazine of Concrete Research Behaviour of double prestress system in
Volume 65 Issue 14 prestressed concrete girders
Kim, Kim and Kim

1200

1000

800
Load: kN

600 400 mm

400
(a)
200

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Displacement: mm

1200
400 mm
1000

800
Load: kN

(b)
600
Figure 9. Distribution of cracks resulting from the fracture of
400 girders

200

ally post-tensioned girder specimen. This is also considered to

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 have induced the ductile behaviour of the DPS girder.
Displacement: mm
Application to an actual bridge with DPS
Figure 8. Loaddisplacement curve of specimens
In order to verify the applicability of DPS to the site, stress
distributions and variations in a real bridge were measured during
jacking of girders and compared with calculated elongations and
vertical cracks appeared approximately 200 mm high and were strains. The bridge was Ugeum I Bridge (2@35 m), which was
followed by diagonal cracks in the DPS girder into which the installed in Pocheon City, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea
moment prestress had been introduced (Figure 9(b)). This may be (Figure 10). The height of the bridge girder with DPS is 1.5 m,
attributed to the fact that the compressive stress arising from the which is much shorter than a conventionally post-tensioned girder
prestress at the girders top fibre was less than in the convention- with a height of 2.2 m (Jeon et al., 2012). To measure the

800
13 000

500 1750 250 250 500

4000 4000 1750
T1
550

CL of road T2
S 2000% S 2000%
350
1500

T3
350

T4
250

1200 4@2650 10 600 1200 1200

Figure 10. DPS applied to real bridge (unit: mm)

862
Magazine of Concrete Research Behaviour of double prestress system in
Volume 65 Issue 14 prestressed concrete girders
Kim, Kim and Kim

150
variations in strain, gauges were installed on to the longitudinal
reinforcement bars on the upper and lower sides of the girder 0
centre during jacking for the external girder (girder 1 (G1)) and 150

Micro strain
the central girder (girder 3 (G3)) among the 10 girders. The 300
friction coefficient, as previously used in the design of the
450
specimen, was used as the friction coefficient of the tendon and
bars when the bridge was designed. 600
750
The bridge girder had an I-shaped cross-section. One DPS system 900
(T1) was arranged on the girders top, and a guide for DPS Moment
prestress T3 T4 (T2)
anchorage was installed for the behaviour that could be mani- (T1)
fested during jacking. Three anchorages (T2,T4) were arranged
Upper_L Upper_R Lower_L Lower_R
using ordinary post-tension. In G1, the DPS system (T1) under-
(a)
went jacking first and ordinary post-tension systems (T2,T4) 150
were jacked sequentially. Meanwhile, T2,T4 were jacked before
0
T1 underwent jacking in G3.
150
Micro strain

The measured elongation in the wake of jacking and the 300

calculated elongation are presented in Table 4. The anchorage on 450
the non-jacking side moved towards the girders external side, as
600
shown in case 1. The measured elastic elongation of the tendon
was 220 mm (G1) and 225 mm (G3) when the calculated value 750
was 216.41 mm, with errors below 5%. For the amount of 900
shortening of the bar, the calculated value was 83.21 mm and the T3 T4 T2
Moment prestress
measured values were 81 mm (G1) and 82 mm (G3), with errors (T1)
also below 5%. Although differences in the absolute values of the Upper_L Upper_R Lower_L Lower_R
movements of anchorages (1 , 2 ) were measured, the relative (b)
deformations (c ) were similar.
Figure 11. Variation in strains of girders during jacking: (a) G1; (b)
Distributions of the strains differed between G1 and G3, depend- G3
ing on the stage of jacking force introduction, because of the
difference in time when the stress was applied by the girders
self-weight during the jacking of G1, which underwent jacking of anchorage due to its rigid body behaviour or friction between the
the DPS first, and jacking of G3, which initially underwent DPS anchorage and guide, a prestress identical to the calculated
jacking of the ordinary post-tension (T2,T4). However, the final value was introduced when the relative movement of each part of
strains at the girders upper and lower flanges were found to be the DPS in each girder (which can directly express the magnitude
consistent in the two girders based on a comparison of the of force introduced into the compression member) was identical
measured results (Figure 11). In Figure 11, upper_L represents to the calculated value.
strain in the upper flange at the left side, and upper_R
represents strain in the upper flange at the right side. The measurement results show that the relationship for the
moment prestress presented in Table 2 can accurately estimate
Despite the difference in absolute value in movement of the DPS the distribution of stress that is generated inside the girder,
regardless of its size. The proposed moment prestress system is
expected to perform well in the same way as projected in the
Type 1 2 C T s calculation.

Calculated 90.09 6.88 83.21 216.41 299.62

Girder 1 83 2 81 220 301 Conclusions
Girder 3 94 12 82 225 307 In this study, a prestress system, which integrated the tendon in
the girders side end and the bars supporting the compressive
Note: 1 , 2 , s are measured values; C and T are calculated values
based on measurements. force, was devised to offset the compressive force generated in
the girder as a result of the introduction of prestress. The DPS
Table 4. Comparison of calculated and measured elongation enables easy introduction of moment prestress by simulta-
(mm) of DPS neously jacking the tensile and compression members through
one-time jacking, unlike conventional methods that require

863
Magazine of Concrete Research
Volume 65 Issue 14
separate jacking of the tensile and compression members for
anchorage.
To validate the effectiveness of the DPS, the behaviour, which
varied depending on the force introduced into the tensile and
compression members and the frictional force during jacking,
was theoretically formulated. Furthermore, the friction coefficient
of the bar in the DPS was estimated in comparison with
experimental results for a 10-m specimen. The experimental
results revealed that frictional behaviour of the DPS anchorage
was too negligible to be considered in the calculation and it was
deemed proper to use 0.007/m, the friction coefficient of general
bars including the DPS anchorage, without any change.
Based on the results of the ultimate load test, it was found that
the vertical and diagonal cracks appeared together in the double
prestress girder, in the same way as for a reinforced concrete
girder with general crack patterns under ultimate load, because
the compressive stress attributable to the prestress at the top fibre
of the girder was scarcely introduced and, consequently, ductile
behaviour was seen. The suitability of the formula for the DPS in
a real bridge structure, derived by using the 10-m specimen, was
evaluated through comparison with the results of measurements
during construction of a real bridge with a span length of 35 m.
From this comparison, it was found that the formula for the
proposed moment prestress system could accurately evaluate the
distribution of stress generated inside the girder, regardless of its
size, and the proposed moment prestress system was expected to
perform well in the same way as it was projected in calculations.
REFERENCES
AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials) (2010) AASHTO LRFD Bridge
Design Specifications. AASHTO, Washington, USA.
Billington DP (2004) Historical perspective on prestressed
concrete. PCI Journal 49(1): 1430.
Bi-Prestressing System Institute (2004) Design/Construction
Manual for Bi-Pre. Bi-Prestressing System Institute, Japan.
CEN (European Committee for Standardisation) (2003)
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. CEN, Brussels,
Belgium.
Dinges T (2009) The History of Prestressed Concrete 1888 to
1963. MSc thesis, Kansas State University, Kansas, USA.
Fu G, Yang Y, Geng X and Zhu X (2001) Research on bi-
prestressing system of simply supported concrete girder
864
Behaviour of double prestress system in
prestressed concrete girders
Kim, Kim and Kim
bridge. Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science
Edition) 31: 128134.
Igarashi K, Matsuno HY and Yokota H (1986) New Technology
Using Bipre Construction Method for PSC Bridge Girder.
Development and Construction Department, Hakodate, Japan.
Jeon SJ, Choi MS and Kim YJ (2012) Graphical assessment for
span ranges of PSC girder bridges. Journal of Bridge
Engineering 17(2): 343352.
Johns MR (1979) Post-compression prestressing technique.
Concrete International 1(3): 2931.
Kondo O, Nakamura A and Kaizu AM (1986) Test of PSC bridge
girder using compression steel rod. Proceedings of the 8th
Conference of the Concrete Institute, Japan, pp. 925928.
Korea Road and Transportation Association (2010) Korea
Highway Bridge Design Code. Korea Road and
Transportation Association, Seoul, Korea.
Kuranari H, Teshima K and Nakamura T (1987) Design and
construction of Shinmachibashi bridge using Bipre
construction method. Journal of Prestressed Concrete, Japan
29(4): 4551.
Mou X, Wang Q and Xie W (2003) Test and study of the jacking
pressing method of bi-prestressed concrete beams.
Construction Technology 2003-11.
Mou X, Wang Q and Xie W (2004) Technical and experimental
study of prestressed concrete beams with additional
compression and tension. In Proceedings of the IABSE
Symposium. Metropolitan Habitats and Infrastructure,
Shanghai, pp. 118123.
Nawy EG (1996) Reinforced Concrete: a Fundamental Approach,
3rd edn. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA.
Parkinson J (1978) Post-Compression for Super-slim Span.
Institution of Civil Engineers, London, UK.
Spiegel MR and Liu J (1999) Mathematical Handbook of
Formulas and Tables, 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York,
USA, Schaums Outline Series.
Suzuki M, Tajima T and Yokota T (1991) Development of
bi-prestressing system in Japan. Bridges: Interaction between
construction technology and design. Proceedings of IABSE
Symposium, Leningrad, pp. 2901.
Zhao S, Wang T, Guo R and Liu M (2007) Test and theory study
on bi-prestressed concrete beam. Journal of Agricultural
University of Hebei 30: 110113.
Zheng WZ, An JB and Wang Y (2002) Research on design theory
of tension and compression double action prestressed
concrete structure. China Journal of Highway and Transport
15(4): 3542.
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
To discuss this paper, please submit up to 500 words to
the editor at www.editorialmanager.com/macr by 1
January 2014. Your contribution will be forwarded to the
author(s) for a reply and, if considered appropriate by
the editorial panel, will be published as a discussion in a
future issue of the journal.
Copyright of Magazine of Concrete Research is the property of Thomas Telford Ltd and its
content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the
copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email
articles for individual use.