Chapter 2 - Pneumatic System

1
LEARNING OUTCOME
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to explain model,
types, architecture & operations related to actuators and drives
BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI KEJURUTERAAN
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
CHAPTER CONTENTS
Pneumatic System
Introduction
Properties of Compress Air
Pneumatic System
Pneumatic Power Supply
Pneumatic Compressor
Basic Pneumatic System

Air Production & Distribution System
Air Consumption System

4
INTRODUCTION
Gears are a means of changing the rate of rotation of a machinery shaft.
They can also change the direction of the axis of rotation and can change
rotary motion to linear motion.
Gears are of several categories, and can be combined in a multitude of ways.

PROPERTIES OF COMPRESSES AIR
Availability
Easily stored in large volumes
Simplicity in design and control
Provides linear and rotary movement
Low system cost due to low component cost

PROPERTIES OF COMPRESSES AIR
Components have long working life resulting in longer system reliability
Environmentally friendly
Safety issues are minimized e.g.. Fire hazards; unaffected by overloads
(actuators stall or slip)
Pneumatic actuators in a system do not produce heat (except for friction)

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
A pneumatic system uses compressed air, and this usually stored in a
pressure vessel called an air receiver.
Air, from atmosphere, is delivered to the air receiver by a motor-driven
compressor. Unlike the hydraulic pump, the compressor is controlled by a
pressure switch on the air receiver and either starts/stop on demand or vents
to atmosphere when the receiver is charged.

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
The cylinder movement is again controlled by a directional control valve, but
air returned from the cylinder vented to atmosphere.
A pneumatic system is an open system, the air being obtained from and
returned to the atmosphere.
Pneumatic systems also require clean dry air. A practical pneumatic system
has additional air treatment elements not present in a hydraulic system.

PNEUMATIC POWER SUPPLY
10

Electric motor drives an air compressor.
Air inlet to the compressor is likely to be filtered and via a silencer to reduce
the noise level.
Pressure relief valve provide protection against the pressure in the system
rising above the safe level.
11

Since the air compressor increases the temperature of the air there is likely to
be cooling system and to remove contamination and water from the air via a
filter and water trap.
An air receiver increases the volume of air in the system and smoothes out
any short term pressure fluctuations.
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PNEUMATIC COMPRESSOR
The compressors compress the air from atmospheric pressure to the desired
working pressure.
The compressor converts air at atmospheric pressure into high pressure by
changing it volume.
Compressed air serves as a source of pneumatic energy by producing
pressurized air.
13

Two types of pneumatic compressor:
Positive Displacement Compressor
Dynamic Compressor (Blowers)
14

1. Positive Displacement Compressor
Confine the air within a closed space and compress it by decreasing the
volume of the space.
Basically producing a low volume high pressure air supply.
Two types:
Reciprocating piston compressor
Rotary piston compressor
15

Reciprocating piston compressor
Most widely used.
When higher pressure is required, a multistage compressor is used
Two stage reciprocating compressors 16

Reciprocating compressors
Single stage Double Stage

17

Rotary piston compressor
Compressor with rotating piston
Advantage over reciprocating compressor: Compact dimensions, quiet
running and smooth, steady air delivery.
Disadvantage: slightly reduced efficiency and lower operating pressures
Two types:
Vane compressor
Screw compressor
18

Vane compressor
Same operation as Vane pump.
Screw compressor
Uses two intermeshing counter-rotating screws.
These mesh with a clearance of a few thousandths of an inch, and are
driven by timing gears.
As the screw rotate, pocket of air are carried from the inlet port to the
outlet port.
19

Screw compressor
Vane compressor 20

Rotary
Vane Screw
21

1. Dynamic Compressor (Blowers)
Draw air in one side and compress it by mass acceleration.

Dynamic compressor accelerates the air by rapidly turning the rotor
blade.
Basically they are large volume low pressure device.
Two types of blower
Centrifugal type
Axial type
22

Axial type
Centrifugal type 23

BASIC PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
(AIR PRODUCTION & DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM)
Compressor
Pressure Switch Line Filter
CheckDrain
Valve
Motor
Pressure Gauge
Refrigerated Air Dryer
Tank

BASIC PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
(AIR CONSUMPTION SYSTEM) Actuator
Air Line Take-off Drain

Conditioning
Directional
Unit
Valve
25

COMPRESSOR
26

AIR RECEIVER
A pressure Vessel (Tank) normally made of metal and installed either
horizontally or vertically. This vessel provides a volume of air to be utilized
by the system and reduced the loading and unloading of the compressor.
Air Receiver (Tank)

27

AIR TREATMENT
All atmospheric air carries both moisture and dust
Inlet Filter Used to remove large particle dirt from
entering the system.
Used to prevent excessive

wear of cylinder, piston rings and
other moving parts in the initial
stage of the system
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AIR DRYER
Compressed air cannot hold the
same amount of moisture as
non compressed air. Once the
air is compressed, some of the
moisture condenses in the tank
and is removed through a drain
valve. The remaining moisture
will rust internal components
of the system and must be
removed. One way this is done
by sending the air through an air
conditioned chamber which will
condense more of the moisture
which is present.
29

REGULATING & CONDITIONING
The compressed air to be used in a system needs to be treated because of
contamination inside the system. An example of this could be the scaling
of piped or worn seal material. A line filter is used to collect water and
solid impurities. A Lubricator is used to vaporize oil into the air stream to
lubricate moving parts in the system such as air tools
A regulator is used to adjust the

line pressure to a lower usable
pressure needed for some tool
applications.
30


Chapter 2 - Pneumatic System

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Chapter 2 - Pneumatic System

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1

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

Basic Pneumatic System

Air Consumption System

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

Gears are of several categories, and can be combined in a multitude of ways.

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

Two stage reciprocating compressors 16

Single stage Double Stage

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

Draw air in one side and compress it by mass acceleration.

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

Air Line Take-off Drain

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

Air Receiver (Tank)

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

Used to prevent excessive

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

A regulator is used to adjust the

BETI 3423 ACTUATORS & DRIVES

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