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Vol. 3(2), pp. 092-098, November, 2017. www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 3254-1213x
Conference Paper
Series compensation is installed in power system networks to increase power transfer capacity,
improve the system stability, reduce system losses, improve voltage regulation and for achieving
flexible power flow control. Distance relays are widely used as main or backup protection of
transmission lines including series-compensated transmission lines. The performance of
conventional distance relays is affected by series capacitors and cause certain protection issues.
This paper briefly discusses the problems like voltage inversion, current inversion, overreach and
under reach during the fault conditions specific to series compensated lines. The behavior of
capacitor protection techniques is discussed with simulations performed using Real Time Digital
Simulator (RTDS) simulator for a typical 400 kV system having series compensation. The analysis
is based on Transmission Line fault simulations, internal and external to the 400-transmission
line where the Fixed Series Compensation (FSC)is installed.
Keywords: Distance relay, series capacitor, MOV (Metal oxide varistor), voltage inversion, current inversion,
overreach, Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDSTM).
INTRODUCTION
To meet the increased demand on the consumption of predictable, they present unique challenges for directional,
electric power, it is required to construct new transmission distance, and differential elements. Capacitors will normally
lines. But construction of new transmission line is not much be associated with the metal oxide varistors (MOVs)to
appreciable due to cost and environmental constraints. It is reduce the overvoltage and spark gaps and bypass switch
possible to meet the excess power demand with the across the MOV to bypass the capacitor when the MOV
existing lines by installing the series compensation. The energy level exceeds a threshold.
Fixed Series Compensation (FSC) uses series capacitors
to cancel a portion of the inductive reactance of the Distance protection relays have been widely used for
transmission line, and thereby reduce the overall protecting transmission lines due to their simple operating
impedance of the line, resulting in increased power flow. principle and operate independently under most
The power flow in the system can be regulated by switching circumstances (Network Protection & Automation Guide
these series capacitors in and out. third ed. ALSTOM, 2002). The line protection scheme must
perform correctly with the series capacitor still in operation.
Series capacitors are installed at one or both line ends. Line The impedance as seen by the relay will depend on the
ends are typical capacitor locations, as it is possible to use series capacitor and its associated protection depending on
space available in the substations. Another possibility is to factors like conduction or non-conduction of MOV,
install the series capacitors at some midpoint location on operation or non-operation of bypass switch.
the transmission line. Series capacitors located at the line
ends cause more protection problems than those installed
at the midpoint of the line. The compensation levels
adopted are generally in the range of 30 to 70 percent. As *Corresponding author: T Meera KS, CPRI, Bangalore,
the transient response of the series capacitors are not India. Email: meera@cpri.in
Kumar and Meera 093
The capacitor, MOV or bypass switch coming in the fault provide a very detailed and realistic model of the system,
loop depends on the ratings of capacitor and energy limits including all nonlinearities. The simulator with parallel
of MOV. Some of the problems that distance relay processing architecture is specifically designed for power
encounters in the presence of series capacitors are current system simulations and ensures continuous real-time
inversion, voltage inversion, overreach and under reach. operation. This type of simulator is an ideal tool for
Thus, it is required to evaluate the performance of the relay designing, studying, and testing protection schemes (Real
for these conditions. The power system is modeled with the Time Digital Simulator (RTDS TM) users Hardware and
series capacitor at one end of the transmission line on Software manual set, RTDS Technologies, Canada).
RTDSTM and by simulating various fault conditions, tests
are carried out. The faulted voltage and current signals at A. Power System Network model
the relay location is fed to the relay (also modeled on The power system network chosen for simulation is based
RTDS) and the performance analyzed. on recommendations of CIGRE Working Group 04 of Study
Committee 34 (Evaluation of characteristics and
Voltage and current Inversion performance of power system protection relays and
protective systems, CIGRE Working Group 04 of Study
The first challenge that a distance relay located on a series Committee 34 (Protection), 1986). Fig 1 shows the 400 kV
compensated line faces is the dynamic changes that occur power system network simulated on RTDS, with source at
in the total impedance presented by the series capacitor either ends of the line. The parallel line is kept open by the
and its protection devices. The state of the series capacitor, circuit breakers at either end of the line. The data used for
whether it is in service/by-passed, or partly in service and the system simulation are given in Appendix I. The
partly by-passed, complicates the reach settings of zone 1 transmission line is modeled using the distributed
elements. parameter Bergeron line model. The network behind the
buses at either end are represented by voltage sources
Series capacitors located at line ends are more likely to behind the impedance calculated based on the short circuit
create voltage and current inversions because of the contribution from the network. The series capacitor on
absence of line impedance between the relay location and RTDS is modeled as shown in Fig 2. A compensation level
series capacitor (R.J. Marttila, 1992). of 40 % has been chosen. The Lightning arrester across
the series capacitor has been modeled with its nonlinear
Voltage inversion: This phenomenon is experienced on characteristics and providing of the discharge voltage at
series compensated lines, if the impedance between the @10 kA and the associated decay factor.
fault point and the relaying point is capacitive but the overall
impedance between the power system source and fault a. Relay model
point is still inductive i.e. the reactance of the capacitor is
greater than the reactance of the line section up to fault Fig 3 (a) and 3(b) shows the sampling, extraction of
point. During voltage inversion the voltage at the relaying fundamental component of voltage and computation of line-
point will be of the opposite sign with the source voltage, to-line voltages. The currents are computed similarly. The
causing the voltage inversion. A voltage inversion on the
power system results in a distance element (polarized by
voltage) to incorrectly identify the fault direction.
System Model
The results show that the fault current is 16.41 kA and the
Fig 3(b): Line to line Voltage computationsfor Relay model energy dissipation across MOV is 38.8 MJ which is less
than the threshold energy limit of the MOV. So, the bypass
switch will not operate resulting in the capacitor as well as
MOV to remain in the fault loop. Due to the combination of
MOV and the series capacitor branch in the fault loop, the
impedance seen by relay is slightly capacitive as seen in
figure 4(b). It can also be observed from fig 4(a) that voltage
inversion is occurring in this case due to which, the locus of
the impedance seen by the relay lies outside the zone (mho
characteristic) leading to mal-operation of the relay.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Fig 6(a): Locus of Impedance seen by the relay for a fault Evaluation of characteristics andperformance of power
at 100 % line length systemprotectionrelays and protective systems, CIGRE
Working Group 04 of Study Committee 34 (Protection),
January 1986.
Hermann W. Dommel (1968). Digital Computer Simulation
of ElectromagneticTransients in Single and Multi-
Phase Networks, Paper 68 TP 657-PWR presented at
IEEE Summer Power Meeting, Chicago, IL.
Network Protection & Automation Guidethird ed. ALSTOM,
2002.
R.J. Marttila, Member (1992). Performance of distance
relaymho elements on MOV-protected series-
compensated transmission lines. IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, Vol. 7. No. 3, pp 1168-1178.
Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS TM) users Hardware
and Software manual set, RTDS Technologies,
Canada.
Sub-committee on relay/protection under task force for
power system analysis under contingencies, Model
setting calculations for typical IEDs line protection
setting guide lines protection system audit check list
Fig 6(b) Locus of Impedance seen by the relay for a fault recommendations for protection management, 2014.
at 100 % line length
Accepted 23 October, 2017
CONCLUSIONS
Citation: Kumar A and Meera KS (2017). Scada Based
The main objective of series compensation in transmission Remote Monitoring and Data Acquisition for Energy
lines is to increase power transfer capacity. Protection relay Management. International Research Journal of Power
application in series compensated networks is not straight and Energy Engineering, 3(2): 092-098.
forward and hence a careful evaluation needs to be
performed. It is difficult to foresee the impact of dynamic
behavior of the series capacitor compensated transmission
network when setting distance protection schemes. The
setting of distance protection schemes using standard Copyright: 2017. Kumar and Meera. This is an open-
practice is not adequate, without a clear understanding of access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
the behavior of the protected network itself. The dynamic Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted
behavior of distance relays with a real-time digital simulator use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
(RTDS) is done in real time so as to study their provided the original author and source are cited.
performance under actual power system conditions.
Int. Res. J. Power Energy Engin. 098
APPENDIX I
A. Source
VS = 400kV 0o, 50 Hz
Source Impedance ZS = 145.4586.18o
B. Transmission Line
C. Load
Real Power, P = 1000 MW
Reactive Power, Q = 30 MVAR
APPENDIX II
Distance relay characteristics are set based on the NRPC guidelines for transmission line protection.