TRIZ

Need for Innovation :

In recent times, it has become apparent that corporations who seek innovative
solutions to engineering problems are able to maintain a competitive edge in the world
market. The techniques of optimizing and perfecting existing products have now been
applied widely and thus are neither able to help in keeping the leading position nor launch
new products to create and capture new markets. Innovations in existing products and
inventions for new products, that too quickly and with fewer resources, will help in
maintaining a competitive edge in an era of downsizing. Companies like Sony, (Japan),
Motorola, Hewlett-Packard, 3M (USA) have all benefited by innovative strategies in the
sense that more than 30% of their revenue has been due to products that were introduced in
the last 2 years! Sony alone introduces about 50 new products every year!!

However, changing tracks from making proven (safe) products to innovative (new)
products is not easy. The very things we cherished in the past are likely to be the hindering
(mental) blocks. Specialist training, habits, paradigms, the working environment and (last but
not the least) human nature, constrain our innovative thinking. This is called "psychological
Inertia" and it has to be overcome to obtain innovative solution concepts for the chronic
technical problems.

Many psychological techniques have been suggested and practiced to overcome the
psychological inertia brainstorming, lateral thinking etc. Yet, TRIZ is apparently the only
technology based systematic methodology that overcomes the "psychological inertia" and
produces a large range of solution concepts. The stress is on finding innovative solutions
concepts, from other engineering fields, that utilize available resources. This directly results
in improved product at reduced cost,

How will TRIZ help in INDIA?

Indian industries have been primarily borrowing technologies from West and Japan.
However, there are three main difficulties, TRIZ can help, in all the three cases, with quick
results using fewer resources, to maintain a competitive edge and hold the market share.
1. Next generation product and/or New customer requirements
TRIZ tool - Trends of Technical Evolution
2. Some products need to be modified to suit
a) availability of new raw materials
TRIZ tool - Ideal Final Result and Resources
b) new processing equipment
TRIZ tool - Functional Analysis / Trimming
3. Chronic engineering problems need to be solved
("chronic" implies that all known methods have been tried)
TRIZ tool - Technical or Physical Contradictions elimination
TRIZ tool - Substance-Field Analysis and system transformations

What does the course offer?

This course introduces all the main TRIZ tools : Ideality and IFR, Problem formulation
and Functional Analysis, Use of 40 Principles to solve contradictions, Use of S-curves and
Technology Evolution trends, and Use of extended knowledge-bases.

1
What is TRIZ?
TRIZ is a Russian acronym meaning "Theory of Inventive Problem Solving". In 1946,
Genrich Altshuller, the founder of TRIZ, was a patent reviewer at the Russian naval patent
office at the young age of 20. He perceived that there is a definite pattern in the way
innovations takes place in technical systems. He started a study of 200,000 patents to look
for the basic principles and patterns in the world's most innovative patents. He found that
each of the most inventive patents primarily solved an inventive problem. Altshuller defined
inventive problems as those which contain conflicting requirements, which he called
contradictions. Further he found that the same fundamental solutions were used over and
over again, often separated by many years. He reasoned that if latter inventors had the
knowledge of earlier solutions their task would have been simpler. He, therefore, set about
extracting, compiling, and organizing such knowledge.

The collated patent database and subsequent analysis revealed a natural pattern of
innovation that can help solve similar technological problems. This study was continued, by
Altshuller and his disciples, over the past 50 years and has yielded a systematic approach to
definition and identification of innovative problems, a set of problem solving tools, and a vast
knowledge database, which can help solve current technical problems in an innovative way.
Today, the TRIZ software database includes the essence of over 2,500,000 patents.

He defined 39 basic properties and 40 principles for solving problems containing

contradiction in any two-of-39 properties. This he gave in the form of a contradiction table of
size 39 x 39 with each cell giving up to 4 principles (and examples from patent data base)
that may be used to eliminate the contradiction.

Altshuller also laid the foundation for development of an analytical approach to

solving inventive problems with an axiom The evolution of all technical systems is
governed by objective laws. Improvement of any part of a system which has already
reached the highest level of functional performance will lead to conflict with another part. This
will lead to eventual improvement of the less evolved part(s). Such a continuing and self-
sustaining process will bring the system closer to its ideal state.

Su-Field analysis (two Substances and one Field) is used whenever a new
function is introduced or modified (either inadvertently or intentionally) and inventive
standard solutions (and examples from patent database) are available to find an analogous
solution. ARIZ Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving is used when systems mature
and become complex thus making it difficult to modify or improve them in an incremental
fashion.

Anticipatory Failure Determination and Directed Evolution are some of the more
recent additions (1992-) to the tools of TRIZ. Only a brief introduction is included.
1. Methods and tools of TRIZ:
Altshullers research of over fifty years on Creativity and Inventive Problem Solving
has led to many different classifications, methods and tools of invention.

1.1 Inventive Problems as Contradictions or Conflicts :

One of the first findings of Altshuller was that Inventive problems are those that have
Contradictions /Conflicts.

TRIZ defines two kinds of contradictions, "Physical" and "Technical".

Technical Contradictions are the classical engineering "trade-off". The desired state can't
be reached because something else in the system prevents it. In other words, when
something gets better, something else gets worse.

Examples of Technical contradictions are,

The product gets stronger (good) but the weight increases (bad)
The bandwidth increases (good) but requires more power (bad)
The vehicle has higher horsepower, but uses more fuel
The Pentium chip should work at GHz speed but then it gets heated
Electric vehicles can go long distances between recharging,
but the battery weight gets too high to move at all!

Technical contradictions are resolved by using Contradiction matrix and 40-Inventive

Principles (given in next section 1.1.1)

Physical Contradictions are situations where one object has contradictory, opposite
requirements.

Examples of Physical Contradiction are:

Software should be easy to use, but should have many complex features and
options.
A work table should be strong and light (in weight)
The battery in a mobile/cell phone should have large Amp-Hour capacity and it
should be light (in weight)
A pointer should be long (during a lecture) and should be short (during traveling)
Umbrella should be large when it is raining (fully cover the head and shoulders)
and it should be compact when it is not raining (easy to carry)

Physical contradictions are resolved by using 6-Separation Principles (given in next

section 1.1.2)
1.1 .1 Contradiction Matrix (39 x 39) and 40-Inventive Principles
:
(for eliminating Technical Contradiction)

Contradiction appears while trying to improve one desirable property another

desirable property deteriorates! Conventional problem solving generally leads to a
compromise solution. As mentioned before, the most inventive solution is obtained when a
technical problem containing a contradiction is solved by completely eliminating the
contradiction.

Altshuller, from his research on over 40,000 most inventive patents, found that there
are only "39 Features" which either improve or degrade. So, every problem could be
described as a conflict between a pair of parameters (2-out-of-39 parameters). Many patents
had, in the past, resolved these individual conflicts in several different fields. The conflicts
were solved over and over again, sometimes, these were spaced several years apart. He
concluded that only "40 inventive principles" were used to resolve these contradictions
fully, and not as a trade-off or compromise. He further argued that, if the latter researchers
knew these earlier results, they would have solved their own problems with more ease.

Altshuller, therefore, set about to extract and to organize the frequently occurring
contradictions and the principles of the resolution of these contradictions. He put it in the
form of a matrix of 39-improving parameters and 39-worsening parameters (39 X 39 matrix)
with each cell entry giving the most often used (up to 4) inventive principles. This matrix is
known as the "CONTRADICTION MATRIX" and remains to be the simplest and the most
straightforward of TRIZ tools.

The next page gives the complete list of "39 Features" and "40 Inventive Principles".
A table is given in appendix-A for identifying which features correspond to your own technical
system.
List of the 39 Features
1. Weight of moving object
2. Weight of stationary object
3. Length of moving object
4. Length of stationary object
5. Area of moving object
6. Area of stationary object
7. Volume of moving object
8. Volume of stationary object
9. Speed
10. Force
11. Stress or pressure
12. Shape
13. Stability of the object's composition
14. Strength
15. Duration of action by a moving object
16. Duration of action by a stationary object
17. Temperature
18. Illumination intensity * (jargon)
19. Use of energy by moving object
20. Use of energy by stationary object
21. Power * (jargon)
22. Loss of Energy
23. Loss of substance
24. Loss of Information
25. Loss of Time
26. Quantity of substance/the matter
27. Reliability
28. Measurement accuracy
29. Manufacturing precision
30. External harm affects the object
31. Object-generated harmful factors
32. Ease of manufacture
33. Ease of operation
34. Ease of repair
35. Adaptability or versatility
36. Device complexity
37. Difficulty of detecting and measuring
38. Extent of automation
39. Productivity *
List of the 40 Principles
Principle 1. Segmentation
Principle 2. Taking out
Principle 3. Local quality
Principle 4. Asymmetry
Principle 5. Merging
Principle 6. Universality
Principle 7. "Nested doll"
Principle 8. Anti-weight
Principle 9. Preliminary anti-action
Principle 10. Preliminary action
Principle 11. Beforehand cushioning
Principle 12. Equipotentiality
Principle 13. 'The other way round
Principle 14. Spheroidality - Curvature
Principle 15. Dynamics
Principle 16. Partial or excessive actions
Principle 17. Another dimension
Principle 18. Mechanical vibration
Principle 19. Periodic action
Principle 20. Continuity of useful action
Principle 21. Skipping
Principle 22. "Blessing in disguise" or
"Turn Lemons into Lemonade"
Principle 23. Feedback
Principle 24. 'Intermediary'
Principle 25. Self-service
Principle 26. Copying
Principle 27. Cheap short living objects
Principle 28. Mechanics substitution
Principle 29. Pneumatics and hydraulics
Principle 30. Flexible shells and thin films
Principle 31. Porous materials
Principle 32. Color changes
Principle 33. Homogeneity
Principle 34. Discarding and recovering
Principle 35. Parameter changes
Principle 36. Phase transitions
Principle 37. Thermal expansion
Principle 38. Strong oxidants
Principle 39. Inert atmosphere
Principle 40. Composite materials
TRIZ Introduction 6
1.1.2 Physical Contradictions and 6-Separation Principles :
(for Eliminating Physical Contradictions)

Physical Contradictions are situations where one object has contradictory,

opposite requirements

Examples :
A locomotive engine should be very heavy so that it can provide the
necessary friction to move the large train load, but it should be less heavy so
that it can accelerate fast
Software should be easy to use, but should have many complex features and
options.
An electric vehicle needs the battery to be large (and hence heavy in weight)
so that it can run over a longer distance or climb a ramp at reasonable speed,
but it would also like if the battery is small (and light in weight) so that more
passengers can be taken (for a ride)

TRIZ has 6 classical ways to resolve Physical Contradictions and these are known as
Separation Principles for Physical Contradictions,

1. Separation in Space
2. Separation in Time
3. separation at microlevel : transition to sub-system
4. separation at macrolevel : transition to super-system
5. Separation on condition (phase transition)
6. Convert to technical contradiction (and then use C-Matrix)

Examples of Resolution of Physical Contradiction (from TechOptimizer-3.0)

1. Separation in space

Example :
Temperature in the freeze should be low (for some items, say meat) and not so
low (for others, say vegetables)
create space for frozen items and rest for non-frozen items

Try using Inventive principles (connected with space)

(1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 17, 24 or 26)

2. Separation in Time

Example :
Wings should have min. drag (to reduce fuel consumption) and max. drag (for a
quick stop on landing)
change the shape of wings during cruising and landing

Try using Inventive principles (connected with time)

( 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 29 or 34)

TRIZ Introduction 7
 3. Separation at microlevel : transition to sub-system

Example :
Window panes should be transparent (to let light in) and should be opaque (to
prevent people from looking in)
let the pane be made of small pieces of glass, but oriented at different
angles - extreme case of smaller and smaller pieces takes us to
ground glass pane

Try using Inventive principles (1 or 27)

4. Separation at macrolevel : transition to super-system

Example :
Boat's hull should be narrow (to reduce water drag) and should be wide (for good
stability)
combine two narrow boats into a catamaran

Try using Inventive principles (5 or 22)

5. Separation in phase /or on condition

Example:
Doors should be permeable for people but impermeable for cold (imagine a
winter)
use an air curtain of warm air

Try using Inventive principles (13, 28, 32, 35, 36, 38 or 39)

6. Convert it to a Technical Contradiction between 2-of-39 features

Refer to the Contradiction Matrix
Use upto 4 Inventive Principles to resolve the contradiction

Can you solve these Physical Contradictions?

A. Shaving :
The razor should be sharp {to cut hair}
and blunt {not to cut skin}

B. Electroless Plating :
Temperature of bath should be high {faster deposition}
and low {no deposition on container walls}

C. Bone Nails :
nails must be there {when bones are healing}
and must not be there {after bones have healed}

D. Vacuum Cleaner :
Vacuum should be high {to provide powerful suction}
and low {machine can move easily}

TRIZ Introduction 8
1.2 Levels of inventions

Altshuller, while researching 200,000 patents, found that patents encompassed a

very broad range from very ordinary to extremely inventive. He classified them in 5
levels, which he called "Levels of Inventions",

Level 1 : apparent solution (32% of all the patents)

A simple improvement of a technical system.

Use examples from the same field.

Altshuller felt that Level 1 is not really innovative as it provides only

some improvement to an existing system without solving any problem.

Level 2 : minor improvements, removing some contradictions (45% of all the patents)

Use 40 Principles to separate and solve technical

contradictions. Requires knowledge from different areas within
the same field.

Level 3 : major improvements requiring Su-field analysis (18% of all the patents)

Use the 76 Standard Solutions to solve Physical

contradictions. Use effects physical, chemical and
geometrical.
Requires knowledge from other fields.

Level 4 : radical change / new concept, requires ARIZ (4% of all the patents)

Use ARIZ to fully describe the real problem and possible new solutions.
This level improves a technical system, but without solving an existing technical
contradiction. It simply replaces the original technology with a new technology
so as to move towards ideality!

Level 5 : discovery-previously unknown (1% of all the patents).

Altshuller proposed to exclude the two extreme levels viz. Level 1 and Level 5
from his inventive problem solving tools. As one can see, the tools become
progressively more powerful as we move from Level 2 to Level 3 and to Level 4. The
levels 2 and 3 are termed as "innovative" and Level 4 as "inventive".

Each level has its own defined problems and its own problem solving tools. The
aim is to move towards ideality. In this sense the level 4 is not better than Level 3 if
Level 3 solution brings it closer to ideality. Each higher level also requires more
detailed analysis and resources.

TRIZ Introduction 9
1.3 Patterns in evolution of technological systems :

Altshuller, while compiling the data for the contradiction matrix, also found that
evolution of various technical systems was not random but in fact followed objective
laws. He found that evolution of any system could fit into one of the 8 specific
patterns. The underlying guiding principles behind this evolution were that "every
system evolves towards increasing ideality" and "evolution continues at the expense
of system's own resources".

Contemporary TRIZ software has an Evolution Trends database containing over

20 trends and 200 lines of evolution with examples from different processes and
products. Altshuller established 8 patterns of technical system evolution, which are
given below

i) Life cycle of birth, growth, maturity and death.

Example: Steam-engine and Propellers replaced Boats with oars

ii) Trend of increasing ideality.

Example: Printers with better resolution and printing speeds

iii) Uneven development of sub-systems resulting in contradictions.

Example: Powerful aero-engines developed faster than the wing design

iv) First to match parts and later mismatch parts (to gain advantage).
Example: Pocket knife with one blade, then many blades, finally with
scissors, screw-drivers, can openers etc. (Swiss Army Knife)

v) Increasing complexity followed by simplicity through integration.

Example: PCB with lot of components leading to Integrated Circuit

vi) Transition from macro-system to micro-system.

Example: Rolled Glass sheets to Float glass
Steel rollers with reducing diameters ultimately lead to
molecules of molten tin acting as rollers

vii) Technology follows increasing dynamism and controllability.

Example: Wooden Pointer, to telescopic pointer, to Laser pointer

viii) Decreasing human involvement with increasing automation.

Example: All on-board controls on Satellite

TRIZ Introduction
1010
1.4 S-Field Analysis and Standard Solutions

Altshullers main premise was that every technical system could be thought of
as a network of subsystems each of which performs some specific function. Thus
every system has subsystems and every subsystem is said to belong to a
supersystem. Subsystems can be progressively sub divided, ultimately reaching
microlevels like particles, molecules, atoms, electrons etc. Supersystems are the
result of growth of a technical system from simple to more complex system. Finally,
every supersystem will have environment as its supersystem.

A technical system, in its smallest unit, performs a function. Altshuller defined

a function as the interaction between two substances and a field acting between the
two substances. The S-field (or energy) acts on substance S2 to improve or modify
interaction with the substance S1. The two substances are also known as tool
(substance S2) and object (substance S1). Among many possibilities that exist, the
most important ones are the useful interaction and the harmful interaction. The
figure below shows a S-Field model for useful and harmful interaction.

Field

TRIZ Introduction
1111
 Acts on
Tool Object Useful Action

Field

Acts on
Tool Object Harmful Action

Figure: S-Field model (showing 'useful' and 'harmful' action)

TRIZ Introduction
1212
 Once a technical system function is stripped of all 'jargon' and is represented
simply by its S-field model, then it is possible to identify the current system's problem
with a 'generic' problem associated with the S-field model. Altshuller argued that
such generic problems have also been solved earlier by researchers and these
solutions would be part of various patents. He divided the standard solutions into five
generic classes and compiled a knowledge database of their solutions from the
patents. The five classes of standard solution are,

Class #1 : Build or destroy a S-field

Usually, a useful interaction is intentionally built up while a harmful
interaction is intended to be destroyed through the S-field

Class #2 : Develop (or bring into existence) an S-field

Class #3 : Transition from a base system to a supersystem or

To a subsystem (all the way ) to the micro-level

Class #4 : Measure or detect anything within a technical system

Class #5 : Describe how to introduce substances or fields into the technical system

Improvements in (partly) useful actions and elimination of harmful actions

are considered for problem solving using the S-Field model. Each modification
performed on S-Field model and its entities (two substances and a Field), is like a
transformation of the system. Altshuller proposed that system improvement ideas
could also be borrowed from analogous system having similar S-Field model and its
transformation examples from patent literature. These he termed as "STANDARD
SOLUTIONS". He identified 72 standard solutions based on basic variations and
modifications in substances and fields of a S-Field model.

In the TRIZ software available today, there are more than 200 standard
solutions and each having several examples from technology and patents in
different fields. This is referred to as Standards database or as prediction
database in the IMC's software "TechOptimizer-3.0".
1.5 Law of Ideality and Ideal Final Result (IFR) :

1.5.1 Law of Ideality :

A technical system's primary objective is to provide some function. The main

function can be divided and sub-divided into sub-functions till it can not be divided
any further. This is known in TRIZ as the S-Field function model. Conventional
thinking leads to : "It is required to deliver such and such function. Therefore, we
must build such and such mechanism or device". TRIZ, on the other hand, starts the
thinking process by stating : "It is required to deliver such and such function without
introducing a new mechanism or device into the system".

Law of ideality states that any technical system moves towards ideality, that
is, it becomes more reliable, simple, effective more ideal. An "Ideal System" can
be defined as one that performs the function without existing. As we get closer to
ideality, it costs less, it is simpler and more efficient.

Ideality always reflects the maximum utilization of existing resources within

subsystems themselves or within super-system including environments free
resources like gravity, air, heat, magnetic field, light etc. Altshuller stated that art of
inventing is the ability to remove barriers to Ideality in order to qualitatively improve
a technical system. There are several ways to make the system more ideal:

1. Increase amount of functions of the system - make it multi-function

2. Transfer as many functions to that working element that produces the final action
3. Transfer some of the functions of the system to a supersystem
4. Utilize internal and external resources that already exist and are available

1.5.2 Ideal Final Result :

According to the law of ideality "All technical systems evolve towards

ideality". Every system designer must define an ideal function that a system has to
deliver. This is called as the Ideal Final Result (IFR). Ideal Final Result is very
useful concept as it ,

1. gives an implementation-free description (after the problem has been solved)

2. focuses on functions needed (and not on the currently used processes and / or equipment)
3. eliminates rework (by solving the right problem the first time itself)
4. leads to breakthrough thinking

The IFR concept can be applied to the product, process, substances by

referring to an "the ideal product," "the ideal process," and "the ideal substance."
The ideal product is one that performs without existing. The ideal process delivers
the necessary action without expending energy and time. The ideal substance does
not exist, but it helps fields to act on them in the required manner. Using the IFR as
a 'lighthouse', the necessary effect or function is achieved without adding new
processes or materials to the technical system. It is important that the IFR be kept in
mind at all times during the problem-solving process and particularly when several
solution concepts have to be evaluated and one of them is to be selected for final
implementation.
1.6 System of Systems and Resources :

Altshuller describes every technical system as a 3 level hierarchical system:

base system, subsystems and supersystem. Any technical system can be thought
of as one that delivers certain technical functions. Every base system, therefore,
consists of subsystems that provide a variety of functions. The subsystems can be
thought in terms of parts, components etc. going all the way down to particles,
molecules, atoms and so on. Further, every base system belongs to a
supersystem, going all the way to environment. He outlined the process of system
evolution as one that is primarily due to improvement in some system part reaching
its pinnacle, and thus creating a conflict with not so developed system part. This
motivates improvement of a succession of less developed parts. This happens by
utilizing system's available resources and the improvements continue till these
resources are fully utilized. The system will then reach its ideal final form.

In TRIZ, a system is considered as a system of systems i.e. a hierarchical

system consisting of supersystem, base system and the subsystems. Thus, all
available resources of supersystem, base system and the subsystems are taken as
resources of the system.

1. Space Resources,
2. Time Resources,
3. System resources,
4. Function Resources,
5. Information,
6. Substances,
7. Energy and Field Resources

Altshuller concluded that the progress towards ideality is closely linked to

the utilization of available resources. All level 1, Level 2 and Level 3 solutions
depend on utilization of available resources and can thus be called as innovative
solutions or innovations.

Further development of the system function is possible only by addition of

new system components or replacement old components by new components.
Each new component brings along with it additional resources. Thus, Level 4
solutions depend primarily on a new system that implements the required system
function without actually solving any contradiction. Thus, these can be classified as
inventive solutions or inventions. Additional/new resources will further result in
improvement towards a new superior level of system performance.
1.7 Scientific and Technical Effects:

From 1965 onwards, Altshuller and his followers studied the synthesis of
functions as depicted by the S-Field models. When system requirements are broken
down to the simplest S-Field models, it is then necessary to realize or implement
these using only the available resources. This particular constraint (that only available
resources have to be used) requires many non-obvious, innovative ideas for
implementation of the desired function.

Altshuller developed an abstract model of scientific effects in which an effect

is described as the interaction between two or more parameters, under certain
operating conditions, which results in a specific level of output parameter. So, in a
sense, an effect is a (non-linear) operator which operates on input (set of parameters)
and delivers output (set of parameters).

During 1965-1970, he and his colleagues set about creating an Effects

Database which was to be organized "from technical goals to means of realization".
This he had to do afresh as conventionally scientific effects were always organized
either subject-wise or by the name of the scientist or inventor. An inventor who
needs to realize a specific function, say move a liquid, had look into different fields
of physics, chemistry etc or search patiently by names of people associated with
similar effects. The task is made extremely difficult, as the inventor may not even
know anything of fields other than his own! Thus, a large database of effects was
compiled in accordance to the basic goal and the means which achieve them. It is
now easy for the inventor to first determine what basic function (S-Field model) he
needs and then to look into Effects database for possible innovative solution
concepts for realization of the same.

The Standard Solutions suggest particular system transformation on the S-

Field model. Scientific and Technical Effects are used for realizing the function as
modeled by the transformed S-Field diagram. Furthermore, Scientific and technical
effects are used in cases where the S-Field model of the required function is known
but there is no known method of implementation. This is called as the synthesis of
functions.

1.8 ARIZ: Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving :

Altshuller wanted to make the process of inventive problem solving as familiar

to contemporary inventors as possible. He therefore set about formulating a step-
by-step procedure that one could follow to solve problem which contained
'contradictions' (in agreement with his definition of an inventive problem). This
procedure contains following tasks. Of course, the first task would be to identify the
problem itself!

ARIZ is the central analytical tool of TRIZ. It is a systematic procedure for

identifying solutions, without apparent contradictions, to the very complex problems.
This is achieved by a step by step analysis which inevitably leads even to
reformulation of the problem, that should be solved, and the solutions to the right
problem. The most recent version, ARIZ-85C contains nine steps:
 STEP 1 : Identify and Formulate the problem
TRIZ method : Use Innovative Situation Questionnaire (ISQ)
STEP 2 : Make S-Field Models of the system parts that have problem
TRIZ method : Use S-Field model
STEP 3 : Formulate an Ideal final result (IFR) and define ideality
TRIZ method : Define IFR and ideality
STEP 4 : Make a list of the available resources (of the system, subsystems
and the supersystem)
TRIZ method : List the available resources
STEP 5 : Look into database of examples and find an analogous solution
TRIZ method : Look up the examples from the database of inventive
solutions for the trend of evolution that is applicable for your system
STEP 6 : Resolve Technical or physical contradiction by using inventive or
separation principles
TRIZ method : Use Contradiction Matrix and Inventive principles to
resolve technical contradictions or use inventive separation principles to
resolve physical contradictions
STEP 7 : Starting from the S-Field model, Generate several solution
concepts using
TRIZ methods : the knowledge-base of Effects
the knowledge-base of Standards
STEP 8 : Implement solutions by using only the free available resources of
the system
STEP 9 : Analyze the modified system to verify that no new drawbacks
appear

1.9 Anticipatory Failure Determination and Directed Evolution :

These are two of the more recent additions to the tool box of TRIZ.

The Anticipatory Failure Determination (AFD) is a tool for systematically identifying

and eliminating system failure before these occurs. (in answer to the question How
can we make the system fail ?). Directed Evolution is an extension to the Trends of
Evolution and allows the designer to anticipate a future scenario and visualize a future
best selling product and aggressively move into its implementation.
2. Problem Solving using TRIZ tools :
Problem solving by TRIZ begins by stating the problem in the frame work of
TRIZ and then applying appropriate TRIZ tool or method for resolving the said
problem. For example the system problem may be connected with,

(i) A technical contradiction

(ii) A Physical contradiction
(iii) A function has to be performed and there is no known method
(iv) An inefficient useful action
(v) A harmful action or effect
(vi) A function has to be performed in a (somewhat) different way
(vii) System is too complex

The problem descriptions (i), (ii) and (iii) satisfy the classic definition of an
Inventive Problem. The problem descriptions (iv) and (v) fit into the classification of
an Innovative Problem. The problem descriptions (iii) and (vi) indicate possibility
new patents (or building patent fences/umbrella around the current product/
process). The problem description (iv), (v) and (vi) indicate system improvement.
The problem description (vii) satisfy the Inventive Level 4 classification in the sense
that no real contradiction is apparent and yet a new simpler system is desirable.

It is now required to find an appropriate TRIZ method to solve the problem.

TRIZ consists of 5 problem solving tools. These are listed below,

1. (Inventive) Principles to solve technical contradictions (the contradiction matrix)

2. Separation (Principles) to solve Physical contradictions (using available resources)
3. Standards for transformation of technical systems (for improvement in useful function
and eliminating harm)
4. Scientific and Technical Effects (for synthesis of functions)
5. ARIZ - Algorithm to solve a (complex) inventive problem (with no explicit
contradiction)

The process of Innovative problem solving begins with Problem Definition

2.1 Problem definition :

The first and the main task in inventive problem solving by TRIZ still remains
to be the toughest one - to identify and formulate the problem. The purpose of this
paper is to concentrate on this aspect and yet cover the 4 top issues that were listed
above as "heart of TRIZ" - namely Contradictions, Evolution, Ideality and
Resources. The methodology adopted in this paper for doing this is simple - ask
many questions till we get the answer. Like W.E. Deming has once said "Ask why 5
times", below I have compiled a list of questions one ought to ask to get the right
answer. Questions we usually ask begin with 5 W's "Who?", "What?", where?,
"when?" and "why?". The last one, "why?" is asked repeatedly till we get the
answer! To complete the sequence of questions we need to add one more question
starting with "how?" in an effort to find a possible answer or solution to the problem.
I will therefore use a phrase "5W's and an H" first to identify the problem and then to
provide a possible solution to it. Below I give a compilation of "5W's and an H" as
used for each of the TRIZ keywords given above.

TRIZ Introduction
2020
 Innovative System / Situation Questionnaire

Even if one knows what is the problem, it is still a good idea to ask all the
relevant questions, because it is important not to miss any aspect of the problem.
The questions given below form the starting point of TRIZ application of the
software by Ideation International.

1. Name the system and its primary function

2. What is the current and desired system structure?
3. How does the system execute the primary function
now?
4. What is the operating environment?
5. What are the available resources and natural phenomena?
6. What are the problems or opportunities?
7. What mechanism constrains achievement? History.
8. Can a substitute problem be solved?
9. What system changes are allowed, prohibited?
10. What time, money, people issues constrain solutions? Previous attempts? Solved
elsewhere?

2.2 Identify the problem (System Contradictions) : Ask 5Ws and 1H

We begin with " 5W's and an H " of Innovation. Ask these question of every
system so that the system function and problem is identified.

W1. Who has the problem?

W2. What does the problem seem to be? What are the resources?
W3. When does the problem occur? Under what circumstances?
W4. Where does the problem occur?
W5. Why does the problem occur? What is root cause?
And
H1. How does the problem occur? How can the problem be solved?

1Q. Who has the problem? : This clearly identifies the person connected with the
problem. He could be one who is using the final product or anyone in the line-up of
concept-to-market or a person at any of the product Life-stages (listed below),

stage 1: manufacture
stage 2: packaging
stage 3: storage
stage 4: transportation
stage 5: installation
stage 6: operation / use
stage 7: maintenance
stage 7: repair
stage 8: Disposal or Salvage

TRIZ Introduction
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 2Q. What does the problem seem to be? What are the resources? :

Problem specification,

1. Try to specify a conflict/contradiction

-- as a technical contradiction or as a physical contradiction
2. Try to specify a harmful action/interaction/effect
3. Try to specify an inefficient useful action/interaction/effect

Determine what is a possible remedy by using a TRIZ tool (keeping track of

the resources):

1a. Technical Contradiction : use Contradiction Matrix

(39 parameters and 40 inventive principles)
1b. Physical Contradiction : use separation principles
(space, time, structure - parts/whole, on condition)
2. Harmful action/effect : use direct or indirect elimination
and standard solutions
3. Inefficient useful action/effect : use standard solutions
and scientific effects

3Q. When does the problem occur? Under what circumstances?

Determine whether

-- Time of conflict is before Time of operation

-- Time of conflict is during Time of operation
-- Time of conflict is after Time of operation

Determine what are the available time resources

Possible remedy using a TRIZ tool :

-- Use separation-in-time principle for eliminating physical contradiction

4Q. Where does the problem occur?

Determine what is the zone of conflict

>> where is the zone of conflict in relation to the Zone of operation?

-- zone of conflict is in the Super-system

-- zone of conflict is same as zone of operation
-- zone of conflict is in the Sub-system

Determine what are the available space resources

Possible remedy using a TRIZ tool :

-- Use separation-in-space principle for eliminating physical contradiction

TRIZ Introduction
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 5Q. Why does the problem occur? {Ask WHY 5 times - W. E. Deming} :

Identify the function that creates/leads to the problem :

Identify 2 substances ( tool and object ) and 1 field (energy, enabling, acting force)
Is tool, object or field causing the problem?

Determine what are the available substance/field resources

Possible remedy by using a TRIZ tool:

1. Harmful action/effect : use direct or indirect elimination

and standard solutions
2. Inefficient useful action/effect : use standard solutions
and scientific effects

1H. How does the problem occur?

Keep asking How? till you reach the root cause of the problem

" 5W's and an H leads to a clear understanding of the problem along with the
ideal final result, the resources available and the possible TRIZ tools to solve the
problem.

2.3 Ideal Final Result (IFR) and Ideality :

Ideal Final Result is very useful concept as it ,

1. gives an implementation-free description (after the problem has been solved)

2. focuses on functions needed (and not on the currently used processes and / or
equipment)
3. eliminates rework (by solving the right problem the first time itself)
4. leads to breakthrough thinking (about the solution and not inhibited/hindered by
intervening problem)

IFR has the following characteristics,

(i) Eliminates the deficiencies of the original system

(ii) Preserves advantages of the original system
(iii) Does not make the original system more complicated (uses free or available
resources) (iv) Does not introduce new disadvantages

The main advantages of IFR are

I. Encourages Breakthrough Thinking (eliminates / avoids psychological inertia)

II. Inhibits move to less ideal solutions (rejects compromises)
III. Clearly establishes the boundaries of the solutions

TRIZ Introduction
2323
 Ideality as a measure of progress towards IFR:

One of the basic findings of TRIZ is that Systems evolve towards increased
ideality, where ideality is defined as

Benefits
Ideality = -----------------
Costs + Harms

Evolution is always in the direction of increasing benefits, decreasing costs, and

decreasing harm (so as to give increased Ideality)

2.4 System Resources :

TRIZ: Zlotin and Zusman (1989) consider the following types of resources for a
technical system:

1. Space Resources,
2. Time Resources,
3. System resources,
4. Function Resources,
5. Information,
6. Substances,
7. Energy and Field Resources,

In TRIZ, a system is considered as a system of systems i.e. a hierarchical

system consisting of supersystem, base system and the subsystems. Thus, all
available resources of supersystem, base system and the subsystems are taken as
resources of the system.

2.5 What issues are addressed by TRIZ ?

Finally, we have questions which will clearly answer as to what we expect if we

apply the innovative TRIZ tools for solving problems,

1. How to define problems in the complex practical situations?

2. How to develop breakthrough concepts of solutions?
3. How to overcome psychological inertia and direct the creative effort towards most
promising solution?
4. How to replace tradeoffs with real solutions that satisfy all conflicting requirements?
5. How to maximize utilization of available resources?
6. How to visualize future evolution of the product or process?
7. How to prevent possible (future) failure?

TRIZ Introduction
2424
Harmful (shown as double line in red)

TRIZ Introduction
2525
Trimming :

Parts are to be eliminated or "trimmed" while their useful functions are still
performed. The useful function may be performed by another part in a sub-system,
or the super-system. This is illustrated using the example of a solar cooling system.

A function model of the solar cooling system, given as input to the TechOptimizer, is
shown in Figure1. An example of insufficient useful interaction is - solar panel
raising the temperature of the zeolite may be insufficient for regeneration of the
zeolite. An example of harmful interaction is ambient air cools the solar panel and
thus reduces the highest temperature the panel can reach.

Figure.1. Function model of Solar Cooling System before trimming

TRIZ Introduction
2626
Trimming example contd. :

The problem manager of TechOptimizer suggests concepts for eliminating the

harmful and improving the partly useful interactions. It also grades the
components with problem rank and suggests trimming action for an inefficient
component. In the existing solar cooling system, the component called container
was trimmed and its useful function (to accept condensate from condenser) was
transferred to Evaporator. The system thus became simpler and more efficient.
The function model after trimming is shown in Figure 2.

Figure.2. Function model of Solar Cooling System after trimming

TRIZ Introduction
2727
4. TRIZ and QUALITY:

TRIZ methodology can be applied to create quality in an engineering systems or

product,

- by trimming an inefficient component (thus reducing complexity and cost)

- by eliminating contradictions

- by separating harmful effects in space/time/structure (and eliminating them)

- by enhancing useful effects

- by utilizing available resources

- by synthesizing required function (from available resources)

- by using predictions based on Trends of Evolution

- by using Ideality as measure of progress towards IFR

Furthermore, all tools of TRIZ are quality tools if we consider the definition of quality
in a wider sense. The tools available in TechOptimizer are indicated in bold against
different quality criteria;

QUALITY TechOptimizer Modules

- Quality of manufacturing (processes) Trimming

- Quality of product Principles and effects
- Value or cost or the ratio of benefits/cost Trimming
- Competitiveness Feature Transfer
- Environmental quality Effects and Prediction

TRIZ Introduction
2828
5. TRIZ and other 'creative' tools :
As TRIZ solves engineering problems in an inventive way it is appropriate to
compare it with other 'creative' tools like brainstorming, de Bono's Lateral Thinking
etc. which are widely used in business problem solving.

5.1 TRIZ and Brainstorming :

Brainstorming is a free-for-all-ideas session, generally aimed at encouraging out-of-

box thinking mode. The main condition of the brainstorming session is that criticism
on or about any new idea is forbidden. All participants are only required to give their
own new suggestions and they are not to dwell on other's ideas. TRIZ uses similar
technique once the problem has been defined with the help of a S-Field model.
Solutions concepts from all fields are to be considered as equally likely for each of
the possible system transformation. Any transformations that utilize the resources
best and lead closer to the ideal final result are to be evaluated for implementation.

5.2 TRIZ and de Bonos Thinking Hats :

Edward de Bono proposes to use 6 thinking hats to switch on and off the 6 thinking
modes, so that the problem is looked at from all possible aspects. Below is given a
comparison between TRIZ and thinking hats,

Color of Hat Thinking mode TRIZ analysis/problem solving

1. White Hat : (facts) (identify and formulate the problem)

2. Red Hat : (emotions) (analyze the problem)
3. Black Hat : (negative judgement) (evaluation/selection)
4. Yellow Hat : (positive speculation) (several possible solutions)
5. Green Hat : (creativity) (many solutions from other fields)
6. Blue Hat : (control of thinking) (implementability)

TRIZ especially helps green hat thinking mode by generating many new ideas
when confronted with engineering problems.

TRIZ Introduction
3030
5.3 TRIZ and Lateral Thinking :

Edward de Bono proposed to use 6 lateral thinking methods to provoke creativity

Thinking modes Example TRIZ's creative features

1. Escape (what others take for granted) (remove all jargon)

2. Reversal (reverse the current direction) (eliminate harm)

3. Exaggerate (normal measurements) (TDC operator

time, dimension, cost)

4. Distort process (A-B-C-D becomes B-A-C-D) (intensify conflict)

5. Wishful thinking (wouldn't it be nice. . . ) (think of ideal system)

6. Random word (association, Ex. gold - mine) (an 'action' with effects database)

5.4 Synergy between QFD, Taguchi and TRIZ :

The paper also briefly points to the synergy between innovative TRIZ and two of the
most important quality tools viz. QFD and TAGUCHI methods. While QFD and
Taguchi methods have originated in Japan, TRIZ has originated in Russia (earlier
USSR).

QFD concentrates on what the customer wants? Thus, it really defines the
Functional Requirements (FRs), without actually concerning directly with the
question : how these FRs are met and which technology is used?. The "house of
quality" does, however, qualitatively shows the gaps between organization's
capabilities and customer requirements. QFDs house of quality can be used to
point out conflicts and the parameters that conflict. This can be directly used by
TRIZs Contradiction Matrix to eliminate the conflict.

Taguchi methods are experimental statistical methods to optimize a given process

technology with respect to an objective function defined as

( Benefits )
Objective function = -10 Log10 [Ideality} = -10 Log10 ( )
( Costs + Harms )

TRIZ Introduction
3131
 Variance is in fact reduced in presence of noise (variations in the control
parameters of the process) and thus the product/process becomes robust and
low cost. It is primarily an optimization technique and suggests optimum
parameter settings for best results. However, should there be trade-off situations,
the ANOVA plots point to the situations requiring trade-off. This occurs when two
or more process parameters have conflicting effect on two distinct desired
characteristics (technical contradiction) or when low and high levels of one single
parameter result in improving one desired characteristics while the middle level
gives worsening characteristics (physical contradiction).

The Taguchi method thus points out clearly the technical and physical
contradictions and thus helps TRIZ in the sense of identification of the problem
becomes easy. TRIZ tools can then be applied to resolve the contradictions. Exactly
in the opposite way, the innovative solution concepts of TRIZ can be verified,
evaluated, implemented by planning an experiment where parameter settings can
be optimized and best process can be selected.

Thus, the synergy between QFD, Taguchi and TRIZ can be utilized for developing
future products, right from conception to market.

REFERENCES

General :

1. G. Altshuller (H. Altov), English translation by Lev Shulyak,

"And Suddenly the Inventor Appeared: TRIZ, the Theory of Inventive Problem,
Technical Innovation Center, Inc., USA (1994)
2. Genrich Altshuller, English translation by Anthony Williams
"Creativity as an Exact Science", American Supplier Institute, 1988.
3. The TRIZ Journal http://www.triz-journal.com/
4. The CREAX site http://www.creax.com/
5. The Systematic-Innovation site http://www.systematic-innovation.com
6. Invention Machine Corp. http://www.invention-machine.com/
7. Ideation International Inc. http://www.ideationtriz.com/
8. TRIZ Empire Home Page, http://home.earthlink.net/~lenkaplan/
9. USA gov. patent office (free) http://www.uspto.gov/
10. European Patent office http://ep.espacenet.com/
11. Free patent site http://www.yet2.com/

Books :
1. Darrell L. Mann, "Hands-on SYSTEMATIC INNOVATION",
Creax Publication, 2002, 460 pages
2. Darrell Mann, Simon Dewulf, Boris Zlotin, Alla Zusman, "Matrix 2003"
Creax Press, 2003
3. Darrell L. Mann, "Hands on Systematic Innovation for Business and Management
IFR Press, 2004, 539 pages

TRIZ Introduction
3232
 APPENDIX - A
Explanation of the 39 Features of the Contradiction Matrix
(reference : http://www.triz-journal.com/archives/1998/11/d/index.htm)

Moving objects :

Objects which can easily change position in space, either on their own, or as a result of
external forces. Vehicles and objects designed to be portable are the basic members of
this class.

Stationary objects :

Objects which do not change position in space, either on their own, or as a result of
external forces. Consider the conditions under which the object is being used.

1. Weight of moving object

:

The mass of the object, in a gravitational field. The force that the body exerts
on its support or suspension.

2. Weight of stationary object :

The mass of the object, in a gravitational field. The force that the body exerts
on its support or suspension, or on the surface on which it rests.

3. Length of moving object

:

Any one linear dimension, not necessarily the longest, is considered a length.

4. Length of stationary object :

Same.

5. Area of moving object

A geometrical characteristic described by the part of a plane enclosed by a

line. The part of a surface occupied by the object. OR the square measure of
the surface, either internal or external, of an object.

6. Area of stationary object

Same

TRIZ Introduction
3333
7. Volume of moving object

The cubic measure of space occupied by the object. Length x width x height
for a rectangular object, height x area for a cylinder, etc.

8. Volume of stationary object

Same

9. Speed

The velocity of an object; the rate of a process or action in time.

10. Force

Force measures the interaction between systems. In Newtonian physics, force

= mass X acceleration. In TRIZ, force is any interaction that is intended to
change an object's condition.

11. Stress or pressure

Force per unit area. Also, tension.

12. Shape

The external contours, appearance of a system.

13. Stability of the object's composition

The wholeness or integrity of the system; the relationship of the system's

constituent elements. Wear, chemical decomposition, and disassembly are all
decreases in stability. Increasing entropy is decreasing stability.

14. Strength

The extent to which the object is able to resist changing in response to force.
Resistance to breaking .

15. Duration of action by a moving object

The time that the object can perform the action. Service life. Mean time
between failure is a measure of the duration of action. Also, durability.

TRIZ Introduction
3434
16. Duration of action by a stationary object

Same.

17. Temperature

The thermal condition of the object or system. Loosely includes other thermal
parameters, such as heat capacity, that affect the rate of change of
temperature.

18. Illumination intensity * (jargon)

Light flux per unit area, also any other illumination characteristics of the
system such as brightness, light quality, etc.

19. Use of energy by moving object

The measure of the object's capacity for doing work. In classical mechanics,
Energy is the product of force times distance. This includes the use of energy
provided by the super-system (such as electrical energy or heat.) Energy
required to do a particular job.

20. Use of energy by stationary object

same

21. Power * (jargon)

The time rate at which work is performed. The rate of use of energy.

22. Loss of Energy

Use of energy that does not contribute to the job being done. See 19.
Reducing the loss of energy sometimes requires different techniques from
improving the use of energy, which is why this is a separate category.

23. Loss of substance

Partial or complete, permanent or temporary, loss of some of a system's

materials, substances, parts, or subsystems.

24. Loss of Information

Partial or complete, permanent or temporary, loss of data or access to data in

or by a system. Frequently includes sensory data such as aroma, texture, etc.

TRIZ Introduction
3535
25. Loss of Time

Time is the duration of an activity. Improving the loss of time means reducing
the time taken for the activity. "Cycle time reduction" is a common term.

26. Quantity of substance/the matter

The number or amount of a system's materials, substances, parts or

subsystems which might be changed fully or partially, permanently or
temporarily.

27. Reliability

A system's ability to perform its intended functions in predictable ways and

conditions.

28. Measurement accuracy

The closeness of the measured value to the actual value of a property of a

system. Reducing the error in a measurement increases the accuracy of the
measurement.

29. Manufacturing precision

The extent to which the actual characteristics of the system or object match
the specified or required characteristics.

30. External harm affects the object

Susceptibility of a system to externally generated (harmful) effects.

31. Object-generated harmful factors

A harmful effect is one that reduces the efficiency or quality of the functioning
of the object or system. These harmful effects are generated by the object or
system, as part of its operation.

32. Ease of manufacture

The degree of facility, comfort or effortlessness in manufacturing or fabricating

the object/system.

TRIZ Introduction
3636
33. Ease of operation/Simplicity

The process is NOT easy if it requires a large number of people, large number
of steps in the operation, needs special tools, etc. "Hard" processes have low
yield and "easy" process have high yield; they are easy to do right.

34. Ease of repair

Quality characteristics such as convenience, comfort, simplicity, and time to

repair faults, failures, or defects in a system.

35. Adaptability or versatility

The extent to which a system/object positively responds to external changes.

Also, a system that can be used in multiple ways for under a variety of
circumstances.

36. Device complexity

The number and diversity of elements and element interrelationships within a

system. The user may be an element of the system that increases the
complexity. The difficulty of mastering the system is a measure of its
complexity.

37. Difficulty of detecting and measuring

Measuring or monitoring systems that are complex, costly, require much time
and labor to set up and use, or that have complex relationships between
components or components that interfere with each other all demonstrate
"difficulty of detecting and measuring." Increasing cost of measuring to a
satisfactory error is also a sign of increased difficulty of measuring.

38. Extent of automation

The extent to which a system or object performs its functions without human
interface. The lowest level of automation is the use of a manually operated
tool. For intermediate levels, humans program the tool, observe its operation,
and interrupt or re-program as needed. For the highest level, the machine
senses the operation needed, programs itself, and monitors its own
operations.

39. Productivity *

The number of functions or operations performed by a system per unit time.

The time for a unit function or operation. The output per unit time, or the cost
per unit output.

TRIZ Introduction
3737
 APPENDIX - B

Chronological order of TRIZ development :

1926 : Altshuller born on October 15, 1926

1946 : Patterns of Evolution / or Objective Trends of Evolution of technical systems

1948 : Technical and Engineering contradictions

1952 : ARIZ - a step-by-step procedure was developed (while in prison) and

was meant as "instructions to Inventors". Altshuller gave it the name
ARIZ in 1970

1959 : Ideal Final Result

1964 : In 1964 - Systematic analysis of patents was started

By 1968 it yielded the first table of 35 Inventive Principles
Finally in 1971, 5 more Inventive Principles were added
The table or Altshuller's Matrix was thus complete.

1970 : Physical contradictions : The existence of physical

contradictions behind technical or engineering
contradictions was revealed. Physical Contradictions
and Separation Principles were included in ARIZ-75

1970 : Standard Solutions : In 1970s Altshuller begun to

develop standard solutions of inventive problems.

1972 : Physical effects : The first lists of physical effects were

prepared.

1973 : Substance-Field model : Altshuller found that

problems and solutions can be described with so called
substance-field models.

1975 : Database of scientific and technical effects

1977 : ARIZ-77 worked now together with the patterns or

trends of evolution, substance-field-transformations and
compiled guides of effects.

1977 : Standard Solutions : In 1977 existed 10 standards.

1985 : Standard Solutions : the system of 76 standards was

published

TRIZ Introduction
3838
More recent developments in TRIZ

1990 : In 1990s TRIZ got popular in the US, Germany, Japan and many other
countries. The TRIZ theory and tools are now being developed and
practiced throughout the world.

1992 : Anticipatory Failure Determination

1995 : Directed Evolution

1992 -1997 : Software (IM-Lab, TechOptimizer 2.5, TechOptimizer 3.0)

by Invention Machine Corporation, USA

1995 -1999 : Software (Ideator, Improver, Eliminator, Ideation Work-Bench, AFD)

by Ideation International Incorporated, USA

1998 Altshuller died on September 24, 1998

1999 : Software by Ideation (Safety System)

2000 : Software CreaTRIZ by Creax N.V. Leper, Belgium

Pioneering Feature : TRIZ for Business
-A Contradiction Matrix for Business Problems

2002 : Darrell L. Mann, "Hands-on SYSTEMATIC INNOVATION",

Creax Publication, 2002, 460 pages

2004 : Darrell L. Mann, "Hands on Systematic Innovation for Business and Management
published by IFR Press, 2004, 539 pages

2008 : Darrell L. Mann, Systematic (Software) Innovation",

IFR Press, 2008, 466 pages

2008 : Darrell L. Mann and Ekta Ozozer,

trenDNA: Understanding Populations Better Than They Understand Themselves",
IFR Press, 2008, 143 pages

2012 : Darrell L. Mann, Innovation Capability Maturity Model: an Introduction",

IFR Press, 2012, 168 pages

TRIZ Introduction
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