DEVIANCE Stigma

Attribute that is socially devalued and discredited

David mile Durkheim (April 15, 1858 Nov.15, 1917) was a
Result of being labeled as deviant
French sociologist. Stigmatized individuals
Deviance = As a Behavior that fails to conform to the rules or People with disabilities and deformities
norms of a group Considered having spoiled identity

Deviance - A behavior or characteristics that violate important
group norms and as a consequence are reacted to with social
disapproval
Important concepts found in both definition: Failure to
conform or violation, norms and group
Anybody who violates these rules will be considered as
OUTSIDER
Deviance
Created by society
Therefore, Deviance is not the quality of the person
commits RATHER it is a consequence of the
applications by others of rules and sanctions by a
VIOLATOR
One should not assume that when somebody had
broken the rule, He actually committed deviant act-
because the process of labeling is not infallible.
Social rules- are the creation of specific social groups.
SUBSTANCE ABUSE: DRUGS AND ALCOHOL
Considered deviant and stigmatized
Race, gender, and class: contribute to the label that
users are deviant
FUNCTIONS AND DYSFUCTIONS OF DEVIANCE
Emile Durkheim
Deviant behavior: integral part of all healthy societies
in the process of deviant behaviour, a social group
becomes united in its response Ex. EDSA 2
FUNCTIONS
Causes groups members to close ranks
Prompts the group to organize in order to limit future
deviant act
Helps clarify for the group what it really does believe in
Teaches normal behaviour by providing examples of
rule violation
In some situations, tolerance of deviant behaviour acts
as a safety valve and actually more serious instances
of nonconformity

The organization or society - is made up of different cultural DYSFUNCTIONS

lines, ethnic lines, occupational lines and social class lines. Threat to the social order because it makes social life
difficult and unpredictable
Normality therefore is relative to the group or person who
Causes confusion about the norms and the values of
observes the act or behavior.
that society
FORMS OF DEVIANCE It also undermines trust
Sociologists focused mostly on subjects such as Diverts valuable resources
mental illness, social stigmas, and crime or substance
abuse. THEORIES OF DEVIANCE STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIS
Shaped by social context: race, class, gender THEORIES
relationship A. Anomie Theory
Emile Durkheim States that :
David mile Durkheim (April is a sociological term
MENTAL ILLNESS 15, 1858 November 15, meaning "personal feeling
1917) was of a lack
Functionalist theory: recognizing mental illness,
a French sociologist. of norms; normlessness".
society also upholds normative values.
He formally established the and according to Durkheim
Symbolic Interaction theory: mentally ill people are not
academic discipline and, this anomie is the major
necessarily sick but victims of societal reactions to
with Karl Marx and Max cause of suicide among
behaviour.
Weber, is commonly cited as modern societies.
Sociologist: social status and mental illness the principal architect of
Ex. Women, racial minorities, poor modern social science
Labeling theory: women more likely to be labeled Borrowed the word wherein some people lose
mentally ill anomiefrom the French their sense of belonging,
philosopher Jean-Marie participate less in social
SOCIAL STIGMAS Guyau meaningful activities; feel
 alone, frightened and Ritualism -abandoning or scaling down of cultural goals and
disoriented. social mobility to the point where ones aspiration is satisfied.
Retreatism -least common among the adaptation; individuals
who adapt this type are the taong grasa, drug addicts,
Terms:
drunkards, manlilimos psychotics and even autists.
Altruism- those who are very integrated
Rebellion -they alienate themselves from the acceptable goals
Egoism-those who are un-integrated
and standards. Example: NPAs
Fatalism-those who are very regulated
Symbolic Interactionism Theory
Anomie-those who are unregulated
Labeling Theory (Edwin M. Lemert)
Altruistic suicide- death for the good of the group
Societal Reaction Theory
Egoistic suicide- death for the removal of the self-due
to or justified by the lack of ties to others Deviance and conformity result not so much from what
people do as from how others respond to those action.
Anomic suicide -death due to the confounding of self-
interest and societal norms Three important factors that determine when a
persons behavior will set in the motion the process by
B. STRAIN THEORY which his behavior will labeled as deviant:
1. Importance of norms are violated
ROBERT MERTON States that:
2. Social identity of the person who violated it
Robert King Merton (July 4, In criminology, the strain
3. The social context of the behavior in question
1910 February 23, 2003) theory states that social
was a distinguished structures within society may
Importance of norms are violated
American sociologist. He encourage citizens to
spent most of his career commit crime. Violation will generate among observers of the act as
teaching at Columbia a relative feeling of disgust and consider the violator as
University, where he attained deviant.
the rank of University Social identity of the person who violated it
Professor. In 1994, Merton Those who belong to the marginal class or group of
won the National Medal of society such as paupers, unemployed or even just the
Science for his contributions poor sectors of the population, when committed a
to the field and for having violation of norms are less tolerated by the society.
founded the sociology of
science. Primary Deviance - The application or level of individual or the
situation in which we are labeled by others as deviant (e.g. by
our friends)
Secondary Deviance - The behavior that people develop as a
Illustrative Example: result of having been labeled as deviant or the resultant
If a particular social structures are inherently behavior that a person adapt in response to the reaction of
inadequate or there is inadequate regulation, this may change others to his or her primary deviance
the individual's perceptions as to means and opportunities. Effects of Labeling
Labeling affects the persons self-concept
Labeling has on peoples social relationship
Can be expresses in two different kinds:
1. Retrospective
2. Projective

Cultural Transmission Theory

Shaw and McKay focused mainly on the development
of some urban neighborhoods of a criminal tradition
that persists from one generation to another despite
Mertons typology of individual modes of Adaptation: changes in population.
Conformity -the most common and more widely diffused so
Differential Association Theory
long as the society is stable.
Innovation -when an individual has assimilated the cultural Edwin Sutherland -
emphasis upon the goals without equally internalizing the Criminology, 1924 / Principles of Criminology, 1939
He believed that direct communication was essential in
institutional norms for attainment.
learning the criminal behavior.
 Learning of criminal behavior includes two components
1. Criminal techniques
2. Criminal attitudes
Nine Postulates of Differential Association Theory
Deviant behavior is learned
Deviant behavior is learned in interaction with other
persons in a process of communication.
The principal part of the learning of a criminal behavior
occurs within intimate personal groups.
When deviant behavior is learned, the learning
includes: (a) techniques of committing the act, (b)
specific direction of motives.
The specific direction of motives and rives is learned
from definitions of legal codes as favorable and
unfavorable.
A person becomes deviant due to an excess of
definitions favorable to violating the law over definitions
unfavorable to violating the law.
Differential association may vary in frequency, priority,
duration, and intensity.
The process of learning criminal behavior by
association with criminal ad anti-criminal patterns
involves all the mechanisms used in any other learning
situation.
Criminal behavior is an expression of general needs
and values, in the same way as criminal behavior is an
expression of the same needs and values.
Control Theory
Travis Hirschi, 1969
Role of the society
Conventional Groups
Conformity
Intimate Attachments
Deviant Behavior
Elements of Social Bond
Attachment valuing relationships; dont want to risk
losing it -> conformity
Commitment - investment
Involvement an idle mind is the workshop of the
devil
Belief the more you believe in the rules the more
you obey them
Containment Theory - Walter Reckless
Social Control Theories
It is a theory that says all humans are subject to
criminal behavior, but many of us can resist this
criminal behavior with the 2 buffers of inner and outer
containment, and also that the probability of deviant
behavior increases when the internal and external
constraints weaken
Containment Theory
For every individual, a containing external structure as
well as protective internal structure exist.
He suggested that people can be insulated from crime
if properly socialized by their parents and peers, and
control himself
Person will prevent himself or herself from committing
criminal or unjudicial behavior by containing their
impulses
If the individual fails at containing this impulse, then the
second buffer, of families or peers, will attempt to
dissuade them by counseling and talking to them.
Outer Containment (external factors)
Ones social environment
Belongingness, effective supervision, cohesion among
group members opportunities for achievements,
reasonable limits, responsibilities etc.
External Factors
The external factor is provided by groups in society, the
state, tribes and villages, family and other nuclear
groups of that manner.
The following are considered external factors:
1. Consistent moral values
2. Institutional support for moral values
3. Positive role models
4. Reasonable limits and responsibilities
5. Sense of belongingness
Inner Containment (internal factors)
Inner containment is thought to be the more powerful
force.
Inner strength of ones personality
It is important that one has a favorable image of oneself
in comparison to others members of the groups and
persons.
One must have very strong morals and ethics, must be
very goal oriented and focused, and have a well
developed ego and super ego
The following are considered internal factors:
1. favorable self-image
2. Inner directedness and goal-orientedness
3. high level of frustration tolerance
4. internalized moral and ethics
5. well developed ego and superego
Push and Pulls
Some examples of pushes are unhappiness with living
conditions and family issues or conflicts, overt
aggressiveness, anger, and hostility, socioeconomic
problems, frustration, boredom and racism.
Some pulls can be delinquent peers, family members,
subcultures, and groups
Rational Choice Theory
Individuals always choose what they believe to be the
best means to achieve their given ends.
An act which has less risks and more rewards will be
chosen.

Self-Esteem Theory
Types of Self-Esteem:
1. Low Self-Esteem
2. High Self-Esteem

Low Self-Esteem
Feels awkward, shy, conspicuous, and unable to
express oneself
Worried making mistakes, embarrassed or ridiculed
Avoid people, reflect negatively to people
Hypertensive/alert to signs of rejections, inadequacy or
rebuff.
Protective and defensive
Depressed and unhappy
Vulnerable to criticism

High Self-Esteem
Secure about oneself and the future
Need to feel accepted and loved by others
Have a sense of purpose toward achievement
Confident in the ability to meet challenges in life.
Have a sense of trust by others
Show what one is capable in doing
Develop a sense of importance, and contribute in a
meaningful way to others.
Has the ability to make decisions which are considered
important
Has a sense of self-discipline and self-control
Has a sense of encouragement, support and reward.

How to develop High Self-Esteem?

Simple praises, such us good, job-well-done, I know
you can do it, Im so proud of you can help develop
good self-esteem.
If a person doesnt get the respect/self-esteem from
the primary group, he will look for another group that
allow him to develop
But if this person find that group that will praise him
even in wrongful acts.

Effects of Self-Esteem
Persons self-esteem affects his behavior on how he
conducts himself.
An individual who with low self-esteem will most likely
to commit deviants acts or violate norms while person
with high self-esteem is less likely to violate social
norms.