Grammar and Composition 2 Handbook PDF

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English Grammar and

Composition 2:
A Handbook
Gianfranco Catanzaro
2 Gianfranco Catanzaro
English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook 3
GIANFRANCO CATANZARO
ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION 2: A HANDBOOK
UNIVERSIDAD CESAR VALLEJO

ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS, TRADUCCION E INTERPRETACION
Catanzaro Vargas, Gianfranco English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook,

1ra. Ed. Piura: Universidad Cesar Vallejo. Escuela de Idiomas, Traduccin e
Interpretacin, 2010. 174 p.
GRAMATICA Y REDACCION
Gianfranco Catanzaro Vargas. 2010. Primera compilacin.
La reproduccin total o parcial de este libro, su tratamiento informtico, la transmisin de cualquier forma
o por cualquier medio, ya sea electrnico, por fotocopia, por registro u otros mtodos, est permitida
siempre que se cite la fuente de compilacin
CONTENTS
1. Past Simple and Past Continuous in Contrast

Past simple.................................................................................................... 09
Past Continuous............................................................................................ 11
Exercise 1.1....................................................................................... 11
Exercise 1.2....................................................................................... 12
Exercise 1.3....................................................................................... 12
Exercise 1.4....................................................................................... 12
Exercise 1.5....................................................................................... 13
Exercise 1.6....................................................................................... 14
Past Simple and Past continuous in Contrast................................................ 15
Exercise 1.7........................................................................................ 16
Exercise 1.8........................................................................................ 16
Exercise 1.9........................................................................................ 17
Exercise 1.10...................................................................................... 18
Exercise 1.11...................................................................................... 18
Exercise 1.12...................................................................................... 19
Exercise 1.13...................................................................................... 19
Exercise 1.14...................................................................................... 20
2. Present Perfect and Past simple in Contrast

Present Perfect.............................................................................................. 21
Exercise 2.1....................................................................................... 22
Exercise 2.2....................................................................................... 22
Exercise 2.3....................................................................................... 23
Exercise 2.4....................................................................................... 23
Exercise 2.5....................................................................................... 24
Exercise 2.6....................................................................................... 25
Exercise 2.7....................................................................................... 25
Present Perfect and Past simple in contrast.................................................. 26
Exercise 2.8....................................................................................... 26
Exercise 2.9....................................................................................... 27
Exercise 2.10..................................................................................... 27
3. Present Perfect Modifiers

Ever & Never.................................................................................................. 29
Exercise 3.1........................................................................................ 29
Exercise 3.2........................................................................................ 30
Exercise 3.3........................................................................................ 30
Exercise 3.4........................................................................................ 31
Exercise 3.5........................................................................................ 31
Exercise 3.6....................................................................................... 32
Exercise 3.7....................................................................................... 33
How long, For & Since................................................................................... 34
Exercise 3.8....................................................................................... 35
Exercise 3.9....................................................................................... 35
Exercise 3.10..................................................................................... 36
Exercise 3.11..................................................................................... 36
Exercise 3.12..................................................................................... 37
Exercise 3.13..................................................................................... 38
Exercise 3.14..................................................................................... 38
Exercise 3.15..................................................................................... 39
4. The Formal Letter

Exercise 4.1................................................................................................... 44
Exercise 4.2................................................................................................... 44
Exercise 4.3................................................................................................... 46
Exercise 4.4................................................................................................... 47
Exercise 4.5................................................................................................... 49
Exercise 4.6................................................................................................... 50
Exercise 4.7................................................................................................... 51
Exercise 4.8................................................................................................... 52
Exercise 4.9................................................................................................... 53
Exercise 4.10................................................................................................. 54
Exercise 4.11................................................................................................. 55
Exercise 4.12................................................................................................. 56
Exercise 4.13................................................................................................. 57
Exercise 4.14................................................................................................. 59
Exercise 4.15................................................................................................. 60
Exercise 4.16................................................................................................. 62
Exercise 4.17................................................................................................. 63
5. Letter of Application
Exercise 5.1................................................................................................... 67
Exercise 5.2................................................................................................... 69
Exercise 5.3................................................................................................... 70
Exercise 5.4................................................................................................... 71
Exercise 5.5................................................................................................... 72
Exercise 5.6................................................................................................... 73
Exercise 5.7................................................................................................... 74
Exercise 5.8................................................................................................... 75
Exercise 5.9................................................................................................... 76
Exercise 5.10................................................................................................. 77
Exercise 5.11................................................................................................. 78
Exercise 5.12................................................................................................. 79
Exercise 5.13................................................................................................. 80
6. Letter of Complaint
Exercise 6.1................................................................................................. 82
Exercise 6.2................................................................................................. 85
Exercise 6.3................................................................................................. 86
Exercise 6.4................................................................................................. 87
Exercise 6.5................................................................................................. 88
Exercise 6.6................................................................................................. 89
Exercise 6.7................................................................................................. 90
Exercise 6.8................................................................................................. 91
Exercise 6.9................................................................................................. 92
Exercise 6.10............................................................................................... 94
Exercise 6.11............................................................................................... 95
7. Gerunds and Infinitives

Exercise 7.1................................................................................................. 98
Exercise 7.2................................................................................................. 98
Exercise 7.3................................................................................................. 99
Exercise 7.4................................................................................................. 99
Exercise 7.5................................................................................................. 100
8. The Article
Exercise 8.1.................................................................................................. 104
Exercise 8.2.................................................................................................. 107
Exercise 8.3.................................................................................................. 109
Exercise 8.4.................................................................................................. 111
Exercise 8.5.................................................................................................. 112
Exercise 8.6.................................................................................................. 113
Exercise 8.7.................................................................................................. 114
Exercise 8.8.................................................................................................. 115
Exercise 8.9.................................................................................................. 116
Exercise 8.10................................................................................................ 117
Exercise 8.11................................................................................................ 118
Exercise 8.12................................................................................................ 119
Exercise 8.13................................................................................................ 120
Exercise 8.14................................................................................................ 121
Exercise 8.15................................................................................................ 122
9. Articles
The................................................................................................................ 123
a/an and The................................................................................................. 124
Exercises 9.1................................................................................................. 124
Exercises 9.2................................................................................................. 125
Exercises 9.3................................................................................................. 126
Exercises 9.4................................................................................................. 126
Exercises 9.5................................................................................................. 127
Exercises 9.6................................................................................................. 127
Exercises 9.7................................................................................................. 128
Exercises 9.8................................................................................................ 128
10. Quantifiers
A lot of, much and Many............................................................................... 129
Exercise 10.1.................................................................................... 129
Exercise 10.2.................................................................................... 129
Little and Few................................................................................................ 130
Exercise 10.3..................................................................................... 131
Exercise 10.4..................................................................................... 131
Exercise 10.5..................................................................................... 132
Exercise 10.6..................................................................................... 132
11. The Past Perfect

Exercise 11.1................................................................................................. 134
Exercise 11.2................................................................................................. 134
Exercise 11.3................................................................................................. 135
12. Short Story

Developing Narrative...................................................................................... 139
Exercise 12.1.................................................................................................. 142
Exercise 12.2.................................................................................................. 143
Exercise 12.3.................................................................................................. 144
Exercise 12.4.................................................................................................. 145
Exercise 12.5.................................................................................................. 146
Exercise 12.6.................................................................................................. 147
Exercise 12.7.................................................................................................. 148
Exercise 12.8.................................................................................................. 149
Exercise 12.9.................................................................................................. 150
Exercise 12.10................................................................................................ 151
Exercise 12.11................................................................................................ 152
13. Relative Clauses

Exercise 13.1.................................................................................................. 153
Exercise 13.2.................................................................................................. 154
Exercise 13.3.................................................................................................. 154
Exercise 13.4.................................................................................................. 155
Appendix 1: List of Irregular Verbs
Appendix 2: List of regular Verbs
Appendix 3: Phrasal Verbs Bank
Bibliography
1
Past Simple and Past Continuous in Contrast
PAST SIMPLE
Look at this example:
Cesar Vallejo was a Peruvian writer and journalist. He lived from

1892 1938. He wrote several books, poems, stories and essays
but only published three books in his lifetime. He died in Paris
France when he was 46 years old
Was / lived / wrote / published / died are all in past simple
There are two types of verbs regular and irregular verbs:
Regular verbs are followed by an ed at the end:
I study at the University now, before I studied at secondary school.

John worked in a Bank from 1982 to 2009
We enjoyed the party last night. We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people.
There are two spelling rules:
1. If a verb finishes in Y and before there is a constant (e.g. study, carry, try), we
change the Y for an I and then we add ed
Study studied
Carry carried
Try tried.
If the verb finihes in Y and before there is a vowel (play, enjoy), we only add ed
Play played
Enjoy enjoyed
2. If a verb has one syllable and the last three letters and consonant + vowel +
consonant (stop, plan, rub), we double the last consonant and then we add ed.
Stop stopped
Plan planned
Rub rubbed
Irregular verbs do not end in ed, they change completly:
Write wrote Cesar Vallejo wrote several books.

See saw We saw Kevin at the supermarket
Go went I went on vacation last month
There are some verbs which do not change to make the past simple:
Read read
Cut cut
Cost cost
Hit hit
Let let
Put put
Shut shut
For negative and questions we use the auxiliary did / didnt + the verb in present.
A: Did you go out last night?

B: Yes, I went to Cineplanet, but I didnt like the movie
They didnt invite me to the party
The past tense of be (am, is, are) is was / were
I / he / she / it was / wasnt Was I / he / she / it ?
We / you / they were / werent Were we / you / they ?

PAST CONTINUOUS
Look at this example
Yesterday Ann and Robert played tennis. They began

at 8.00 and finished at 10.00
So, at 9.00 they were playing tennis
They were playing = they were in the middle of the

action. They had not finished playing
Was / were + -ing is the past continuous
I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The
action or situation had already started before this time, but had not finished.
I started doing I was doing I finished doing
past past now
This time last year, I was living in Lima

What were you doing at 8.00 pm last night?
Exercise 1.1.
What were you doing at these times? Write true sentences:
1. (at 8.00 yesterday evening) I was reading a book.

2. (at 5.00 last Monday) _______________________________________
3. (at 10.15 yesterday morning) _______________________________________
4. (at 4.30 this morning) _______________________________________
5. (at 7.45 yesterday evening) _______________________________________
6. (half an hour ago) _______________________________________
Exercise 1.2
Look at the pictures. Where were thse people at 3.00 yesterday afternoon? What were they
doing?
1. Ann was at home. She was watching TV.

2. Sue and Jack ____________________________________________________
3. Tom ___________________________________________________________
4. Linda __________________________________________________________
5. Sam and Liz _____________________________________________________
Exercise 1.3
Joanne did a lot of things yesterday morning. Write a sentence for each picture.
1. At 9.45, she was washing her car.

2. At 11.45 ___________________________________________________________
3. At 09.00 __________________________________________________________
4. At 12.50 __________________________________________________________
5. At 8.15 ___________________________________________________________
6. At 10.30 __________________________________________________________
Exercise 1.4
Write the questions using was / were + -ing
1. (what / Tim / do / when you saw him?)

What was Tim doing when you saw him?
2. (what / you / do / at 11,00?)

__________________________________________________________________
3. (what / she / wear / yesterday?)

_________________________________________________________________
4. (it / rain / when you went out?)

_________________________________________________________________
5. (where / you / live / in 1991?)

_________________________________________________________________
Exercise 1.5
Write questions and answers using the past continuous
Q: what was Rob doing on Sunday at

11.00?
A: He was listening to a CD
Q: __________________________
A: ___________________________
Q: __________________________
A: ___________________________
Q: __________________________
A: ___________________________
Exercise 1.6
Read the text and correct the information.
Craig was sitting in front of the TV

yesterday evening. He wasnt watching
the program because he was putting a
new battery on his mobile phone. He was
feeling angry because he was waiting for
his girlfriend Jennifer to come to dinner
and as usual, she was late.
Suddently he heard the name Jennifer

Murray. He looked at the TV and he saw his girlfriend. Jennifer was stanging on the
beach. She was wearing shorts and a t-shirt but they were wet. She was holding a
little boys hand and she was smiling. The TV man said Four-year-old Martin Mulligan
cant swim. He was playing on the beach when a big wave pulled him out to the sea.
Jennifer saved him. She swam out to him and brought him back.
1. Craig was sitting in front of his computer

He wasnt sitting in front of his computer. He was sitting in front of the TV.
2. He was feeling happy.

__________________________________________________________
3. He was waiting for his parents to come to dinner

__________________________________________________________
4. Jennifer was standing outside a bank

__________________________________________________________
5. She was wearing a party dress.

__________________________________________________________
6. She was crying

__________________________________________________________
PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS IN CONTRAST
Look at the example
What happened? The phone rang (simple past)

What was Jack doing when the phone rang? He was reading a book (past continuous)
What did he do when the phone rang? He stopped reading and answered.
Jack began reading before the phone rang, so:
When the phone rang, he was reading.
He began The phone He stopped He answered

reading rang reading the phone
He was reading
We often use the past simple and the past continuous to say that soething happened in the
middle of something else:
John phone while we were having dinne

It was raining when I got up
Exercise 1.7
Look at the pictures and write the sentences. Use the past continuous or the past simple.
1. (Tom / walk / down the street) ________________________________________

(He /see / Jack) ___________________________________________________
(He / say / hello) __________________________________________________
2. (They / sit / in the garden) ___________________________________________

(It / start / to rain) __________________________________________________
(They / go / into the house) __________________________________________
3. (Mary / paint / the room) _____________________________________________

(She / fall / off the ladder) ____________________________________________
(She / break / her arm) _______________________________________________
Exercise 1.8
Complete the sentences in past continuous or past simple.
1. When we went (go) out, it was raining (rain)

2. I wasnt hungry last night. I ________________ (not / eat) anything
3. ___________________ (you / watch) television when I _______________ (phone) you?
4. Jane was busy when I went to see her. She _______________________ (work)
5. I _______________ (get) up early this morning. ________________ (wash),
______________ (get) dressed and then I ________________ (have) breakfast
6. The mail _______________(come) while I ___________________ (have) lunch
7. We ______________ (meet) Joan at the party. She ____________(wear) a red dress
8. The boys____________ (break) the window while they _____________ (play) baseball
9. I was late, but my friends ____________(wait) for me when I ______________ (arrive)

10. I ___________ (get) up at 7 oclock. The sun _____________ (shine), so I
__________ (go) for a walk
11. He ________________ (not / drive) fast when the accident ______________ (happen)
12. What ______________ (you / do) on Saturday evening? I went to the movies
Exercise 1.9
Put the verb into the correct form, past simple or past continuous
I _____________ (see) Sue in town yesterday, but

she ______________ (not/see). She
______________ (look) the other way
I _____________ (meet) Tom and Jane at the

airport a few weeks ago. They _______________
(go) to Paris and I ______________ (go) to Rome.
We ______________ (have) a chat while we
________________ (wait) for our flights.
I _______________ (cycle) home yesterday when a

man _______________ (step) out into the road in
front of me. I _______________ (go) quite fast, but
luckily I _________________ (manage) to stop in
time and ______________ (not / hit) him.
Exercise 1.10
Put the verbs into the correct form, past simple or past continuous
1. Jenny ________________ (wait) for me when I ________________ (arrive)

2. What ___________________ (you / do) at this time yesterday? I was asleep
3. __________________ (you / go) out last night? No, I was too tired
4. How fast ___________________ (you /drive) when the accident __________ (happen)?
5. Sam __________________ (take) a photograph of me while I ___________ (not / look)
6. We were in a very difficult position. We ____________________ (not / know) what to do
7. I havent seen Alan for ages. When I last ______________ (see) him, he ____________
(try) to find a job
8. I _______________ (walk) along the street when suddenly I ______________ (hear)
footsteps behind me. Somebody ________________ (follow) me. I was scared and I
_______________ (start) to run
9. When I was young, I __________________ (want) to be a pilot.
10. Last night I ________________ (drop) a plate when I _______________ (do) the
washing up. Fortunately it _________________ (not / break)
Exercise 1.11
Write the sentences using the prompts.
1. I / in the Red Sea / when / I / a shark (swim, see)

I was swimming in the Red Sea when I saw a shark
2. While / I / on the phone / the cat / my dinner (talk, eat)
While I was talking on the phone, the cat ate my dinner
3. I / in the garden / when / it / to rain (sit, start)
__________________________________________________
4. Where / you / when / you / your earring? (run, lose)
__________________________________________________
5. She / to work / when / she / an old school friend (walk, meet)
__________________________________________________
6. Where / you / when / you / the spaceship? (see, stand)
__________________________________________________
7. Dave / on the phone / when / his girlfriend / into the room (talk, walk)
__________________________________________________
8. Who / when / they / the accident? (drive, have)
__________________________________________________
9. We / TV / when / we / a loud scream (watch, hear)
__________________________________________________
10. I / a shower / when / you (have, arrive)
__________________________________________________
11. While / we / in the garden / a big dog / over the wall (work / jump)
__________________________________________________
12. While / you / in America / they / married (live, get)
__________________________________________________
13. While / Mark / the room / he / off the ladder (paint, fall)
__________________________________________________
14. While / Eva / tennis / she / down (play, fall)
__________________________________________________
15. While / Steve and Sandra / in the lake / somebody / their clothes (swim, take)
__________________________________________________
16. While / I / an e-mail / the computer / suddenly / down (write / crash)
__________________________________________________
Exercise 1.12
Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or past continuous
I ______________ (have) an accident last week. I ______________ (play) football on the

beach with my friends and I ______________ (not wear) shoes. I ______________ (run)
after the ball when suddenly I ______________ (stand) on a piece of glass and I
______________ (cut) my foot.
I ______________ (sit) down on the sand and ______________ (start) to scream. My

friend Andy ______________ (come) to help me. He ______________ (look) at my foot
and ______________ (see) the glass in it.
While Andy ______________ (get) the glass out of my foot, he ______________ (tell) me
funny stories. Then he ______________ (take) me to hospital in his motorbike. At the
hospital, the nurse ______________ (ask) m lots of questions while she ______________
(clean) my foot. One question was Where ______________ (you play) football when it
______________ (happen)? Her next question was havent you got any shoes, dear? I
______________ (not answer) her.
Exercise 1.13
Write the sentences using the verbs in brackets into past simple or past continuous
1. She (wait) to pay for her shopping when somebody (steal) her purse
She was waiting to pay for her shopping when somebody stole her purse.
2. Who fast (he/drive) when he (hit) the other car?

__________________________________________________________
3. The phone (ring) while we (watch) a program about surfing
__________________________________________________________
4. As she (get) ready to dive, somebody (push) her in

__________________________________________________________
5. I (not go) very fast when I (fall) off my motorbike.

__________________________________________________________
6. When you (pull) her out of the water (she / breathe)?
__________________________________________________________
7. (You / live) in Spain when you (meet) your girlfriend?

__________________________________________________________
8. She (drown) when he suddenly (see) her and (rescue) her.

__________________________________________________________
9. He (take) my bag while I (not look)

__________________________________________________________
Exercise 1.14
Complete the text by writing the verbs in parentheses in past simple or past continuous
Last summer, I
_________________ (go) to stay
with a friend in Scotland. Her
family lives in a very old house
next to a lake. One evening, while
my friend _________________
(talk) on the phone and her
parents _________________
(watch) television, I _______________ (decide) to go for a walk around the lake. I
_________________ (walk) down the stairs from my room when I _________________
(see) a girl in a long white dress.
She _________________ (carry) an old lamp and she _________________ (sing) quietly. I
_________________ (smile) at her and _________________ (say) Hello, but she
_________________ (walk) past me quickly. While I _________________ (walk) around
the lake. I suddenly _________________ (notice) a strange light in my bedroom window I
_________________ (look) at the window when it suddenly _________________ (open)
and I _________________ (see) the girl from the stairs. She _________________ (wear)
my green hat and scarf. I _________________ (run) back to the house and
_________________ (ask) my friend about her. Dont worry she _________________
(say). That girl is Dora. She _________________ (die) in your room 100 years ago, but
she sometimes comes back and tries on peoples clothes. Most people dont see her. You
were luck. Lucky? I wasnt sure about that!
2
Present Perfect and Past Simple in Contrast
PRESENT PERFECT
Look at the following examples:
John is looking for his keys. He cant find them.

He has lost his keys
He has lost his keys = He lost the keys recently and
he cant find them now.
Have / has + participle is the present perfect.
The present perfect is have / has + participle. We say that something has happened when
something started in the past and has a connection with the present
Look at the following two examples:
His shirt is dirty He is washing his shirt He has washed his shirt
(The shirt is clean now)
They are at home They are going out They have gone out
(= they are not home now)
The action in the past has a result now:

Where is your key? I dont know. I have lost it (I cant find it now)
He told me his name, but I have forgotten it (I cant remember now)
Is Sally here? No, she has gone out (she is out now)
Exercise 2.1
Read the situations and write the sentences using the verbs from the box
Arrive break fail go up

Improve lose grow
1. Tom is looking for his key He cant find it

_________________________________________________________________
2. Margaret cant walk and her leg is in plaster
_________________________________________________________________
3. Last week the bus fare was 2 soles. Now it is 3.
_________________________________________________________________
4. Marias English wasnt very good. Now it is better
_________________________________________________________________
5. Dan didnt have a beard before. Now he has a beard
_________________________________________________________________
6. This morning I was expecting a letter. Now I have it
_________________________________________________________________
7. The temperature was 20 degrees. Now it is only 12
_________________________________________________________________
Exercise 2.2
Look at the pictures. What has happened?
He / wash / his shirt

He has washed his shirt
She / close / the door

She ____________________________
They / go / to bed
They ___________________________
It / stop / raining
It ______________________________
He / take / a bath
He_______________________________
Exercise 2.3.
Complete the sentences with a verb from the list. Use the present perfect
Break buy do finish go

Go lose paint read take
1. Are they still eating dinner? No, they ______________________

2. I _______________ some new shoes. Do you want to see them?
3. Is Tom here? No, he ______________________ to work
4. __________ you ________________ the shopping? No, Im going latter
5. Where is your key? I dont know, I __________________ it
6. Look! Somebody ________________ that window
7. Your house looks different. ___________ you ____________ it?
8. I cant find my umbrella. Somebody _____________________ it
9. Im looking for Maria. Where ________________ she ___________________?
10. Do you want the newspaper? No thanks. I _________________ it
Exercise 2.4.
Write the answers to this questions Use the present perfect and one of the verbs
Be have hear see tell write
1. Did you enjoy the party?

I dont know. He _____________________________ me.
2. Whats their new album like?

I dont know. I _____________________________ it
3. Did he like the film?

He ______________________ it yet. Hes going to see it this week.
4. Is Stella enjoying her holiday?

I dont know. She ________________________ to us
5. Whats Ireland like?

I dont know. I _____________________________ there
6. Are you hungry?

Yes. They _________________ anything to eat today.
Exercise 2.5.
Match the statements to the questions. Then write the questions in the present perfect.
Statements
I cant see anything.

F Have you lost your glasses?
1. My exam is this afternoon

___________________________________________________________
2. Were going on holiday tomorrow

___________________________________________________________
3. Its Rubys birthday

___________________________________________________________
4. Do you want to come out on my motorbike?

___________________________________________________________
5. Im not coming to school tomorrow

___________________________________________________________
6. Lets go out
___________________________________________________________
7. I feel really healthy

___________________________________________________________
8. That was delicious

___________________________________________________________
Questions
a) (you pass) your driving test?

b) (it stop) raining?
c) (you have) enough to eat?
d) (you learn) your vocabulary?
e) (you make) her a cake?
f) (you lose) your glasses?
g) (you tell) the teacher?
h) (you be) to the gym today?
i) (your brother find) his passport?
Exercise 2.6
Complete the dialogues with the correct form of the present perfect
1. A: Its Julies birthday on Saturday?

B: ____________________ (you make) her a cake?
A: No, I _____________, but Suzy _______________ (make) her one. I
____________ (buy) her a nice present.
B: I ________________ (not buy) her anything. Can you give me some ideas?
A: ___________________ (you see) the blue earrings in Pretty Things?
B: Yes, ______________________ They are really nice.
A: Why dont you buy them for Julie?
2. A: Weve got our Geography exam this morning

B: ____________________ (you learn) everything in the book?
A: No, ____________________. I ___________________ (look) at the book,
but I ______________________(forget) all the important things!
B: James _______________________ (work) really hard this year.
A: Yes, ________________ Im sure hes going to get a good mark.
3. A: Im going to go to New York in the summer

B: _______________________ (you buy) your plane ticket?
A: No, ______________________ but I _________________ (write) to my
American cousins and they ______________________ (say) I can stay with
them.
B: _______________________ (you look) at any books about New York?
A: yes, _________________ but there is one problem. I think I ____________
(lose) my passport
B: Dont worry! Youve got three or four months to find it.
Exercise 2.7
Complete the sentences using the verbs from the box
See spend meet do finish

Go lose buy find
1. I _______________ my book Can I read it now?

2. He cant see the board. He ______________________ his glasses.
3. I __________________________ Carolines telephone number. Lets phone her
4. She doesnt want to watch that video. She _______________ it three times.
5. My parents _______________ to work. They left at 8.00 am
6. Rosie _______________ all her homework. Shes going out now
7. Im sure you ________________ my boyfriend, her name is John
8. We __________________ three new CDS. Do you want to listen to them?
9. Can you lend me some please? I ________________ all mine
PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE IN CONTRAST
We use the past simple with a finished time, for example yesterday, last month, in 1982, six
months ago. We dont use the present perfect with time expressions
Compare:
Time until now Specific Time
Past Now Past Now
I have lost my keys or I lost my keys yesterday

Bill has gone home Bill went home ten minutes ago
Have you had lunch? Did you have lunch yesterday?
Exercise 2.8
Complete the dialogues using the verbs in parentheses
1. A: Have you lost your key?

B: (yesterday) Yes, I lost it yesterday
2. A: Have you seen Bob?

B: (ten minutes ago) _______________________________________
3. A: Have you painted the room?

B: (last week) ____________________________________________
4. A: Has Jane gone to France?

B: (on Friday) ____________________________________________
5. A: Have the children had dinner?

B: (at 9.00) ______________________________________________
6. A: Has he started his new job?

B: (yesterday) ___________________________________________
Exercise 2.9
Put a check if the sentence is correct. Correct the wrong sentences.
1. Tom arrived last week. __________

2. Have you seen Pam last week? Did you see
3. I have finished my work _________________
4. I have finished my work at 2.00 pm _________________
5. When have you finished your work? _________________
6. George has graduated from school last year _________________
7. Wheres Ann? Shes gone to bed _________________
8. Napoleon has died in 1821 _________________
9. Have you been to Argentina? _________________
10. The weather has been very good last week _________________
11. My mother has grown up in Scotland _________________
12. How many plays has Shakespeare written? _________________
13. Ive cut my finger! Its bleeding! _________________
14. Drugs have become a big problem everywhere _________________
15. The Chinese have invented paper _________________
16. Where have you been born? _________________
17. Mary isnt at home. Shes gone shopping _________________
18. Albert Einstein has been a scientist _________________
Exercise 2.10
Complete the sentences using the verbs in parentheses. Use the past simple or the present
perfect.
1. It __________________ raining for a while, but now its raining again (stop)
2. The town is very different now It __________________ a lot (change)
3. I did German at school, but I ____________________ most of it now (forget)
4. The police _________________ three people, but later they let them go (arrest)
5. What do you think of my English? Do you think it __________________? (improve)
6. A: Are you still reading the paper?
B: No, I ________________ with it. You can have it (finish)
7. I __________________ for a job as a tourist guide, but I wasnt successful (apply)
8. Wheres my bike? It _______________ outside the house, but its not here now
(be)
9. Look! Theres an ambulance over there. There _______________ an accident (be)
10. A: Have you heard about Ben? He _____________ his arm (break)
B: Really? How ___________ that ____________________? (happen)
A: He ______________________ off a ladder (fall)
11. My friend is a writer. He ___________________ many books (write)

12. We ____________________ a vacation last year (not take)
13. _____________________ Tony last week? (you see)
14. I ____________________ tennis this afternoon (play)
15. What time ___________________________ (you go) to bed last night?
16. I ________________________ my hair before breakfast this morning (wash)
17. When I was a child. I __________________ sports (not like)
18. Kathy loves traveling. She _____________________ many countries (visit)
19. John works in a bookstore. He ___________________ there for three years (work)
20. Last year we __________________ to Thailand for vacation. (go)9
3
Present Perfect Modifiers
EVER & NEVER
We can use the present perfect with ever in questions and with never in answers.
Have you ever been to New York?
Time from the past until now
Past Now
Have you ever been to Singapore? (in your life) No, I have never
Ive been to Canada, but I have never been to the US.
Has your mother ever played Golf? Yes, once
I have never ridden a camel (in my life)
Exercise 3.1
Write the questions for the following answers
1. (Montreal? Have you ever been to Montreal No, never

2. (play / golf) _________________________________________? Yes, twice
3. (Poland) ___________________________________________ ? No, never
4. (lose your passport) __________________________________ ? Yes, once
5. (ride a horse) _______________________________________ ? No, never
6. (eat Chinese food) ___________________________________ ? Yes, a lot
7. (travel by train) ______________________________________? Yes, twice
8. (Break your leg)______________________________________? Yes, once
Exercise 3.2
Write the sentences about Anns answers in exercise 3.1 and about you.
Ann
1. Ann has never been to Montreal
2. Ann has played golf twice
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
You
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
Exercise 3.3
Complete the answers using the verbs from the box
Be be eat happen have meet

Play read see see try
1. Whats Mark sister like? Ive got no idea. Ive never met her
2. How is Diane these days? I dont know. I ______________________ her recently
3. Are you hungry? Yes, I ____________________________ much today
4. Can you play chess? Yes, but I ____________________________ for ages
5. Are you enjoying your holiday? Yes, Its the best holiday ______________________
6. Whats that book like? I dont know. I _______________________________it
7. Is Brussels a good city? Ive no idea. I ____________________________there
8. Mike was late again. Again? He _______________________ late everyday
this week
9. Do you like caviar? I dont know. I_______________________________ it
10. I hear you car broke down Yes, Its the second time_______________________
this week
11. Whos that woman? I dont know. I____________________ see her before
Exercise 3.4
Read the situations and write the questions and the answers.
1. Jack is driving a car, but hes very nervous and not sure what to do.
You ask: Have you ever driven a car?
He says: No, this is the first time Ive driven a car.
2. Ben is playing tennis. Hes not good at it and he doesnt know the rules
You ask ______________________________________________________
He says ______________________________________________________
3. Sue is riding a horse. She doesnt look very confident or comfortable

You ask ______________________________________________________
He says ______________________________________________________
4. Maria is in London. She has just arrived and its very new for her
You ask ______________________________________________________
He says ______________________________________________________
Exercise 3.5
Write true sentences with never about you, your family or your friends
A Game Ive never played rugby

(play)
1. Food _________________________________
(eat)
_________________________________
(try)
(make) _________________________________
_________________________________
2. A place _________________________________
(be to)
(visit) _________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
3. Clothes _________________________________
(wear)
_________________________________
(buy)
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
4. Car
(drive) _________________________________
(travel by)
_________________________________
(ride in)
_________________________________
5. A sport or activity _________________________________

(do)
(swim) _________________________________
(run)
_________________________________
_________________________________
Exercise 3.6
Jessica Dale is having an interview for a new job with a travel company. Write the
interviewers questions using ever.
1. ____________________________________________________________abroad?
Yes, Ive been to Spain, Italy, the USA and Australia
2. ________________________________________________ for a travel company?

No, but Ive worked as a tourist guide in London.
3. _________________________________________________ German or Spanish?

Ive never learnt German, but I learnt Spanish at school.
4. ________________________________________________________ seriously ill?

No, Ive never been ill for more than a week
5. _______________________________________________________ a computer?
Yes, I use a computer all the time at home.
Exercise 3.7
Write the questions and your answers to the quiz. Use the expressions from the box
Dance hold watch sing in front of jump off

Make wear write spend
Have you ever held a snake?

Yes, I have
1. ________________________________________________ a crazy hat to school?

____________
2. _______________________ a love letter to the most popular guy or girl at school?

____________
3. ________________________________________a video of Scream on your own?

____________
4. _________________________________________________ on a table at a party?

____________
5. ______________________________________________ supper for thirty people?

____________
6. _________________________________ the highest board at the swimming pool?

____________
7. ____________________________________________ the night alone in a forest?

____________
8. ___________________________________________________ the whole school?

____________
HOW LONG, FOR & SINCE
Look at the following situation
Mary is on Vacation in Rio.

She arrived in Rio on Monday.
Today is Friday
How long has she been in Rio de Janeiro?

She has been in Rio since Monday
She has been in Rio for four days
Compare:
She is in Rio now (is = present)
She has been n Rio since Monday (has been = present perfect)
For four days
She is in
Rio now
She has been in Rio since Monday
For four days
Past
Monday Now
(Friday)
We use for or since to say how long
We use for + a period of time

Four days Ten
An hour minutes
For four days A week Two hours
A month Three
For Five years weeks
1 2 3 4
Six months
A long
time
Past Now
We use since + the start of the period of time.
Start of the
period Monday Wednesday
9 oclock 12.30
July 26th October 13th
Since Monday Since
December Christmas
Monday 1982 I got up
I was 10
Past Now
Compare
David has been in The USA since June (= from June to now)
David has been in The USA for three months ( not since three months)
Ive known my wife since I was in primary (= from primary to now)
Ive known my wife for a long time (not since a long time)
Exercise 3.8
Complete the sentences
1. Mary is in Rio. She has been in Rio since Monday

2. I know Bob. I have known him for a long time
3. They are married. They___________________________ ___ married since 1988
4. Ted is sick. He ______________________________________ for a week
5. We live in this house. We ______________________________ here for ten years
6. I know Tom very well. I ____________________________ him since we were kids
7. Jane works in a bank. She __________________________ in a bank for five years
8. She has a headache. She _____________________ a headache since she got up
Exercise 3.9
Make the questions with how long
1. Mary is in Rio. Have long has she been in Rio?

2. I know Bob. How long have you known him?
3. Mike and Judith are in Indonesia _______________________________________?
4. My brother lives in Greece _______________________________________?
5. Bill is a teacher _______________________________________?
6. I know Nancy _______________________________________?
7. I have a motorcycle _______________________________________?
8. Linda and Frank are married _______________________________________?
9. Allan works in Vancouver _______________________________________?
Exercise 3.10
Read the situations and write the questions with the words in brackets
1. John tells you that his mother is in hospital. You ask him:
(be in hospital) How long has your mother been in hospital?
2. You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English. You ask her:
(teach English) _____________________________________________________
3. You know that Jane is a good friend of Carolines. You ask her
(know Caroline) _____________________________________________________
4. Your friends brother went to Australia some time ago and hes still there. You ask
(be in Australia ) _____________________________________________________
5. Time always wears the same jacket. Its a very old jacket. You ask him
(have that jacket) ____________________________________________________
6. You are talking to a friend about Joe. Joe now works at the airport. You ask:
(work at the airport) __________________________________________________
7. A friend of yours is learning to drive You ask him:

(Learn to drive) _____________________________________________________
8. You meet somebody on a plane. She says that she lives in Chicago. You ask
(Live in Chicago)
_____________________________________________________
Exercise 3.11
Complete the dialogues
1. A: Bill is in hospital, isnt it?

B: Yes, he has been in hospital since Monday
2. A: Do you see Ann very often?

B: No, I havent seen her for three months
3. A: Is Margaret married?
B: Yes, she __________________________________ married for ten years
4. A: You know Linda, dont you?

B: Yes, we ____________________________________ each other for a long time
5. A: Do you still play tennis?

B: No, I __________________________________________ tennis for years
6. A: Do you watch TV a lot?

B: No, I _________________________________________________ TV for ages
7. A: Have you got a headache?

B: Yes, I _______________________________________ a headache all morning
8. A: George is never ill, is he?

B: No, he _____________________________________- ill since Ive known him
9. A: Sue lives in London, doesnt she?

B: Yes, she _______________________________ in London for the last few years
10. A: Do you go to the cinema a lot?

B: No, I _______________________________________ to the cinema for ages
11. A: Would you like to go to New York one day?

B: Yes, I ______always_______________________________ to go to New York
Exercise 3.12
Complete the sentences with for or since
1. Shes been in Rio ______________ Monday

2. Shes been in Rio _____________ four days
3. Mike has been sick ____________ a long time. Hes been in the hospital
____________ October
4. My aunt has live in the USA ____________ 15 years
5. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty ____________ many years
6. Mrs. Harris is in her office. Shes been there ____________ 7 oclock
7. India has been an independent country ____________ 1947
8. The bus is late. Weve been waiting ____________ 20 minutes
9. Its been raining ____________ lunchtime
10. Sarah has live in Paris ____________ 1995
11. I0m tired of waiting. Ive been here ____________ an hour
12. Kevin has looked for a job ____________ he left school
13. I havent been to a party ____________ ages
14. Jane is away. Shes been away ____________ Friday
15. I wonder where Joe is. I havent seen him ____________ last week
16. The weather is dry. It hasnt rained ____________ a few weeks
Exercise 3.13
Complete the sentences with for... or since...
1. She is in Rio now. She arrived there four days ago.

She has been there for four days
2. Jack is here. He arrived here on Thursday.

He has ____________________________________________________________
3. It is raining. It started an hour ago.

Its been __________________________________________________________
4. I know Sue. I first met Sue two years ago.

Ive ____________________________________________________________
5. I have a camera. I bought it in 2008.

Ive ____________________________________________________________
6. They are married. They got married six months ago.

Theyve __________________________________________________________
Exercise 3.14
Use the prompts to write questions and answers with for and since.
1. Q: Annabel / be / an actress How long has Annabel been an actress?

A: two years. She has been an actress for two years
2. Q: She/have/a mobile __________________________________________

A: three months __________________________________________
3. Q: you/know/Steve __________________________________________
A: December __________________________________________
4. Q: your grandma/ live /there __________________________________________

A: 1995 __________________________________________
5. Q: you/have/black eyes __________________________________________

A: more than a week __________________________________________
6. Q: that cafe / be /open __________________________________________

A: three days __________________________________________
7. Q: you work / at the store __________________________________________

A: January 21st __________________________________________
Exercise 3.15
Complete the letter by writing the verbs in brackets in present perfect and complete the
remaining spaces with for or since
Hello Tom:
Im sorry I havent written (write) for a month. Life ________________________

(be) very different __________ I moved to the USA. ___________ my last letter, I
________________________ (find) an apartment to share with a girl named
Debbie. I ________________________ (move) twelve boxes of clothes and books,
and I ________________________ (not have) time for anything except for
organizing my life. __________ we talked on the phone. I
________________________ (paint) the apartment white and Debbie and I
________________________ (give) a party. That was fun. We invited about 15
people.
Luckily, _____________ the beginning of term, we ___________________ (make)

quite a few friends. But sadly I never have time to do any sport. I
____________________ (not play) tennis and I ______________________ (not
go) swimming ____________ three months. I think I ______________________
(get) heavier ____________ August!
________________________ (you see) Kelly __________ the summer? I

________________________ (not hear) from her ______________ a very long
time. If you see her, please tell her to write me.
Love
Ellie
4
The Formal Letter
Letters are the most common form of written communication. There are many ways of
planning and drafting a formal letter. All of them vary according to the country or even
companies and organizations. Each place has its own rules.
A formal or business letter may look like this:
Mr. John Doe

555 Pilgrim Street
Beverly Hills
CA. 90210
USA
Mr. Martin Anderson
320 Cypress Hill Road
Kent
CT34 0BL
United Kingdom
June 23rd, 2010
Reference: business partnership.
Dear Sirs,
I am writing to introduce our organization in hope we may form a business partnership with
you.
We are a marketing company based in the United States with offices worldwide. We have
been in the business for more than 30 years and are one of the top marketing companies in
the Top One Hundred Ranking listed in the Wall Street Journal.
We work with many different companies designing strategies for all marketing needs. We
pride ourselves on consistent, reliable and economic solutions to marketing problems.
I am enclosing information on us and our company and hope to hear from you.
Yours faithfully.
Mr. Joe Doe

Managing Director
Formal letters always follow a common layout with the following characteristics
Address:
Addressee (recipients) on the left;
Addresser (sender) on the right
Date:
Separated by a line under the address,
Always follow the same format: Month day, year.
Reference:
On the left
Maximum three word summary of your letter
Greeting:
On the left,
Dear Sir,
Dear Sir or Madam
If you use Mr. or Mrs, they go followed by the last name, not the first or full name.
Introductory Paragraph:
State the reason for the letter and should not have a lot of information.
The Body:
Two or three paragraphs
Explain with clarity why you write for.
Be concise.
The concluding paragraph

Ask the recipients to do something, to reply or to act on the information place on the
letter body.
Closing
Use: yours faithfully if you do not know the name of the person you are writing to
Use: Sincerely yours, if you know who you are writing to.
Use: Best regards, if you are writing a business email
Signature
Write your name and last name in pen, never write your rubric.
On the next page, complete the letter plan with the name of each section
Date
Exercise 4.1
Read the following letter. Change the expressions in bold with a more formal expression
from the list below
Dear (1) whatever your name is
(2) Im writing about your (3) advert for pieces of land on the Moon, which I saw in Planet
Monthly last Tuesday. (4) Im thinking of buying one. (5) But I (6) want some more
information first.
(7) Tell me how much they cost.
(8) Also, I (9) want you to send me further information (10) about transportation to the
Moon.
(11) Can you also me know (12) if Ill be able to build a swimming pool on the land?
(13) Please write back!
(14) Lots of love
(15) Annabel
a. However f. I would be k. I am interested in

b. Would like grateful if you l. Could you
c. Secondly could tell me m. Annabel Davis
d. I am writing with g. Whether I will n. Advertisement
regard to h. Sir or madam o. I wonder if you
e. I look forward to i. Regarding could
hearing from you j. Yours faithfully,
Exercise 4.2.
Based on the information of the following advertisement, complete the letter plan
Using the notes you wrote on the previous page and the information of the advertisement,
write your letter in about 120 words
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.3.
Write a letter containing the following information
You are Paula Davis, human resources manager for Omicron Consultants LTD, a company
based in London. You write a letter to Vanessa Robinson, who you want to hire after her
interview the day before. You tell her about the job conditions, salary and benefits and ask
her to send in her details for the personnel office.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.4.
Read the advert for the Safari and Leisure Park and the notes you have written on it. Write
a letter asking for more information. Write between 120 180 words.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.5.
Read the advert for Ocean Safari and the notes you have written on it. Write a letter asking
for more information. Write between 120 180 words.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.6
You work or your school magazine. A local chef has agreed to do an
interview but wants more information. The editor of the school magazine
has sent you this article from the local newspaper and asked you to write a
letter to the chef. Using the information in the article and the notes you have
made write your letter of between 120 180 words.
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.7.
You have read an article in your local newspaper in which your local MP talks about
environmental problems. Read the extract from the article on which you have made some
notes. Then write a letter to the editor of the newspaper, using all your notes.
Then I asked Mrs. Collins about the environmental problems Not true
in her local area.
We have made a lot of progress recently, she replied. Our
loca river, for example, is now much cleaner than it was two
years ago. We have made a real effort to support local
Tourism still environmental groups and we help them in whatever we can.
falling sea dirty! Our beach-cleaning scheme has also been a great success, Didnt help
with local young people helping to attract tourism. My party Greenpeace with
is proud of our record on these problems in my area. advertising costs
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.8
You have seen this interview with a local businessman in your local paper. Write a letter to
the newspaper editor including all your notes.
Not true
Mr. Frank Yates, a local businessman, agrees. The local still lots of
council has done a lot in your area. Theyve done a very good garbage!
job of cleaning up the city centre. Theyve also done all the
They only work they promised to do on the local park, including They promised a
organized building a new basketball court. Im sure young people will new youth club but
one welcome that. They have also worked very closesly with local didnt build it
meeting people to plan for the future
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.9.
A friend has given
you the address of
Greenpeace and
you are interested
in the possibility of
joining. You have
decided to write
them a letter to
find out more
about the
organization
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.10
Your basketball team is interested n
taking part in an international sports
tournament for young people but only
has the advertisement shown below
and need more information.
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.11
Your debating team at school is
interested in attending an
International Youth Conference
Debate on global warming but you
only have the advert below and so
need more information.
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_____________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.12
You are staying in Britain and have recently been to a music festival. You enjoyed the
festival but you have some suggestions to make so that next one will be better. Read the
advertisement for the festival and the notes you have made. Then write a letter to the
organizer giving your opinion of this years festival and making your suggestions for next
year.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.13
You and your family are considering going on a cruise around the Mediterranean. You have
seen the advertisement below and would like more information. Read the advertisement
and the notes which you have made. Then write your letter to the travel agent covering the
points in your notes and adding any relevant information about your family
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.14
The editor of your school magazine has asked you to
arrange an interview with a local sportswoman. On the
right there is part of a letter the sportswoman has sent
you.
Read the letter and the notes from the magazine editor
on the right. Then write a letter to Ms. McDougal
arranging the interview and answering her questions.
____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.15
You help to run a basketball team for young

people. A similar team from England is coming to
Peru on a tour, during which they would like to
arrange a match with your team. You have sent a
letter to the manager of the team Leroy Donovan,
saying that you are interested in having a match.
Leroy has written back to you with some

questions, and you have made notes about these
questions. Read the extract from Leroys letter
and read the notes. Then write a reply to Leroy,
giving all the necessary information.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
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________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Exercise 4.16
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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5
Letter of Application
A letter of application also known as a cover letter is a document sent along with your
resume to provide additional information on your skills and experience.
A letter of application typically provides detailed information on why are you are qualified for
the job you are applying for. Effective application letters explain the reasons for your
interest in the specific organization and identify your most relevant skills or experiences.
Our application letter should let the employer know what position you are applying for, why
the employer should select you for an interview, and how you will follow-up.
When writing an application letter you should include:
First Paragraph: Why you are writing - mention the job you are applying for and
where you found the listing.
Middle Paragraph(s): What you have to offer the employer - mention why your
skills and experience are a good fit for the job.
Last Paragraph: Say thank you to the hiring manager for considering you and note
how you will follow up.
Look at the following situation:
Do you speak English?

Do you like being with children?
Do you want a job for the summer holidays?
Im looking for someone to help look after my 2 children ages 10 and 8, during the
summer holidays.
You must have some previous experience of looking after children, and you must be
able to organize sports and games and ofther fun, healthy activities. My kids love
sports!
Please contact Mrs. Green
Look at the application letter Helen wrote on the next page and answer the questions:
Dear Mrs. Green
I am writing in response to your advertisement, which I saw in the Daily news

yesterday. I would be very interested in applying for this position.
I am a nineteen year-old student, currently studying Maths at Warwick

University. I love being with children. I have three younger brothers and
sisters who I regularly look after when my parents are at work They also love
sports and games basketball, swimming, tennis , hide-and-seek and I would
be very happy to organize similar activities for your children.
I speak English very well. I was awarded an A grade in the Cambridge

Certificate in Advanced English examination last year.
I would be very grateful if you could let me know what the rate of pay per hour
would be, and which hours during the summer I would be expected to work. I
could be free everyday if necessary from the beginning of June until the end
of September.
If you require further information, or wish me to attend an interview, please

do not hesitate to let me know.
Yours sincerely,
Helen Taylor
1. The advertisement asked for someone who:

a. Speaks English
b. Likes being with children
c. Wants a job for the summer
d. Has previous experience
e. Can organize sports and games
Underline the parts of the letter where Helen responds to these points. Write the
letters a e next to them.
2. Hellen also gives three other pieces of relevant information about herself. What are
they? Find and underline them.
3. Helen gives two pieces of information about the advertisement. What are they?
Find and underline them.
4. She asks Mrs. Green two questions. Can you find them?
Exercise 5.1
Write a word from the box in each gap to complete the phrases.
Advertised apply attend contact Forward

grateful position require Wonder experience
1. I am writing to__________ for the _________ of _______ as ________in ________

2. I have ______________ at/in______________
3. I ____________ if you could let me know / tell me ________________
4. I would (also) be _______________ if you could
let me know / tell me __________
5. I would be more than happy to ____________
an interview
6. Please do not hesitate to ___________ me if
you need any further information
7. I look ____________________ to hearing from
you.
Look at the following advertisement. Before you start

writing your letter, complete the letter plan.
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Exercise 5.4
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Exercise 5.5
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Exercise 5.6
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Exercise 5.8
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Exercise 5.9
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Exercise 5.10
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6
Letter of Complaint
An effective complaint letter is short and to the point and includes documentation.
Written correctly it can also help make your voice heard and achieve your goals.
How to write a complaint letter that gets results
Keep in mind that most errors are unintentional: and realize that most businesses
and organizations want to address and clear up complaints quickly in order to have
satisfied customers or members.
Address your letter to a specific person: Letters addressed to "Dear Sir" or "To
Whom it May Concern" are not as effective and will likely not reach the right person.
Call ahead and ask for the name of the manager and his or her administrative assistant.
Writing to the assistant may ensure your letter reaches the manager.
Begin your letter on a positive tone. Consider how you'd react if an angry customer
approaches you and shouts obscenities versus someone who smiles who begins the
conversion with compliments.
Be brief: Keep your complaint letter to one page, and write short paragraphs rather
than long ones.
Be honest and straightforward Include sufficient detail to back up your claim and to
show that you have thoroughly researched the subject. However, omit irrelevant details.
Maintain a firm but respectful tone, and avoid aggressive, accusing language
Keep your complaint letter concise and professional.
Do not threaten! If a company has repeatedly given you bad service and refuses to
correct the situation and you feel that your only recourse is to pursue legal action, voice
your feelings in a tactful but firm way. However, don't threaten legal action unless you
are willing to follow through with it.
Avoid making generalizations: about the company or organization if your complaint

letter focuses on a single individual.
Use tact, and be direct, but respectful If you need to make a complaint to or about
people that you will still have contact with on a regular basis, your complaint needs to
accomplish its purpose without destroying the relationship.
With a well-written complaint letter you can:
Clearly make your complaint to the person(s) involved.

State plainly and directly your reason(s) for making the complaint.
Indicate what the reader can or should do to address your complaint, and specify
how long you are willing to wait to have your complaint resolved. (Be reasonable.)
Communicate clearly, but respectfully, that you are dissatisfied with the service you
have received.
Explain why your suggestion or request for retribution should be granted (if you
made one).
Make your concerns known to politicians and bureaucrats. (Note: Your letter is
more likely to be answered if you discuss specific concerns rather than political
issues.)
Exercise 6.1
Read the following advertisement and answer the questions
1. What is the cost for two people?

2. Do you have to buy another train ticket?
3. What kind of hotel can you stay in?
4. Which meals are included in the price?
5. Can someone in France go on one of these breaks?
Look at the advertisement again and answer T for true or F for False
1. They can always get your tickets for the London show you want to see
2. The train leaves at nine oclock on Saturday morning
3. You have to leave London before nine oclock on Sunday evening
4. The weekend costs more if you live a long way from London
5. The advert suggests that the hotels are close to the theatres
6. The advert says which hotel you will stay in
7. You can choose to travel by train or bus

8. +breakfast means you have to pay extra for breakfast
You recently went on a minibreak to

London with Thornton travel. You were not
happy with the service. Look again at the
advertisement on the previous page and
the notes you made on the right. Fill in the
Letter plan and then write your letter.
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Exercise 6.2
You attended a summer course at
the Queens School of English.
Look at the advert and the notes
you made on it when you got back
home. Write your complain letter
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Exercise 6.3
You recently bought a CD throw a magazine promotion. Look at the advertisement and the
notes you have made. Write your complain note
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Exercise 6.4
You have returned from a
Thomsuns Holiday camp which
was very disappointing. You
decided to write a letter to complain
to the company about the holiday
and ask for your money back.
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Exercise 6.5
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Exercise 6.6
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Exercise 6.7
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Exercise 6.8
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Exercise 6.9
Read the following advertisement with the notes you have made. Then using the
information write a letter to the coach company complaining about the excursion and asking
for some money back
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Exercise 6.10
You bought a computer game
from a mail-order catalogue
but you were disappointed
when it arrived. Read the
advertisement carefully and
the notes which you have
made. Then write a letter to
the manager of the company,
complaining about the game
and asking for your money
back, or a better game.
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Exercise 6.11
You recently bought a pair of
jeans from a mail-order
catalogue, but you are not
happy with them. Read the
advertisement carefully and
the notes you have made.
Then write a letter to the
manager of the company,
complaining about the jeans
and asking for your money
back
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7
Gerunds & Infinitives
When we need to write two verbs together, there are two different patterns:
Verb + to + verb
Want decide hope try need offer

expect forget plan refuse promise
Deserve agree manage afford threaten
Arrange fail learn would love would like
What do you want to do tonight?

I hope to go to college next year?
You have decided to leave tomorrow morning
You forgot to turn off the lights when you went out
I tried to work but I was too tired.
Verb + ing
Postpone admit avoid imagine finish

consider deny risk fancy go on
Carry on keep keep on enjoy mind
Suggest
I enjoy dancing (not I enjoy to dance)

Mary suggested going to the cinema (not suggested to go)
He tried to avoid answering my question
Verbs with two patterns
like love Start continue prefer

hate begin
Exception:
Stop:
I stopped to play soccer = I finished what I was doing to start playing soccer
I stop playing soccer = I dont play soccer anymore.

Exercise 7.1
Complete the sentences with the verbs at the end of each sentence
1. I enjoy __________________________ DANCE

2. Where do you want ___________________? GO
3. What have you decided _____________________? DO
4. I learned ____________ when I was five years old SWIM
5. Would you prefer __________ now or later? LEAVE
6. Im trying ___________, please stop ___________ WORK TALK
7. Have you finished ___________ the kitchen? CLEAN
8. Im tired. I want _______________ to bed GO
9. The weather was nice, so I suggested _______ for a walk GO
10. Dont forget _________ me a postcard when youre away SEND
11. Id love ____________ you, but its impossible HELP
12. Wheres Bill? He promised ____________ here on time BE
13. Do you enjoy _______________ books? READ
14. I dont mind _________ by bus, but I prefer________ TRAVEL FLY
15. We invited Jane to the party but she didnt want ______ COME
16. You should stop ____________ so hard, its not good WORK
17. They were very angry and refused __________ to me SPEAK
18. Do you like ______________? COOK
19. Why did he start ___________________? CRY
20. He wasnt happy when he lost the game. He hates ____ LOSE
Exercise 7.2
Complete the sentences for each situation.
Exercise 7.3
Complete the sentences with one of the verbs of the box
Answer apply be forget listen live

Lose make read try use write
1. He tried to avoid _____________________ my question

2. Could you please stop ______________________ so much noise?
3. I enjoy ____________________ to music
4. I consider _______________ for the job, but in the end. I decided against it
5. Have you finished ________________ the newspaper yet?
6. We need to change your routine. We cant go on __________________ like this
7. I dont mind you ____________________ the phone as long as you pay for all your
calls.
8. My memory is getting worse. I keep ____________________ things
9. Ive put off ________________ the letter so many times. I really must do it today
10. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anyone _______________ so stupid?
11. Ive given up _______________ to lose weight its impossible
12. If you invest your money on the stock market, you risk ______________ it
Exercise 7.4
Complete the sentences for each situation
Exercise 7.5
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs
1. When Im tired, I enjoy _______________ television. Its relaxing WATCH

2. It is a nice day. Does anyone fancy__________ for a walk? GO
3. It was a nice day, so we decided ____________ for a walk GO
4. Im not in a hurry. I dont mind ______________ WAIT
5. They dont have much money. They cant afford __________ out
Very often GO
6. I wish that dog would stop _____________ Its driving me mad BARK
7. Our neighbor threatened _____________ the police if we didnt
Stop making noise CALL
8. We were hungry, so I suggested _____________ dinner early HAVE
9. Hurry up! I dont want to risk _______________ the train MISS
10. Im still looking for a job, but I hope ___________ something soon FIND
8
The Article
Articles expand on an idea or theme. They are published in magazines, newspapers or

local newsletters. They are usually about a specific subject and try to show different sides
of the story or argument. Articles can be written in a formal or casual tone, depending on
the context and in what kind of publication it is published in.
Read the following writing types and match them to who are going to read them.
1. A letter applying for a job a. The hotel manager

2. A composition about a project youve done in b. A friend or relative
class
c. Someone interested in reading
3. A letter describing a film youve just seen
4. An article for an international young peoples fiction
magazine d. A manager in a company
5. A letter complaint to a hotel
e. A student in another country
6. A short story for a national magazine.
f. Your teacher
Read the extracts from the writing tasks and decide

a. who the target reader is for each one b. what style the writing will be
Read the following writing tasks and answer the questions
You have just seen the following announcement in a young peoples magazine
Have you ever taken part in a talent contest? If you have, wed love to hear at your
experience. What kind of act did you do? What happened? How did you feel? Did
you win? Well publish the best article in the next months issue.
Write your article
1. Where was the talent contest (school, club, TV?

2. When (last year, last week)?
3. What did you do (sing, dance, tell jokes)?
4. How did you feel (before, during, after)?
5. Was it a success? (did people laugh, clap, etc)
6. Did you win? (If yes, what was the prize)
After answering the questions, complete the composition planner

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Exercise 8.1
Read the writing task and complete the composition planner
You saw the following

advertisement in a young
peoples magazine. Write
your article for the magazine
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Exercise 8.2
Match the connectors in list A with the words which have a similar meaning in List B.
A B
1. Nowadays a. In my view
2. In addition b. Therefore
3. In conclusion c. Today
4. So d. First of all
5. In my opinion e. To sum up
f. As well
Now complete this composition with the appropriate connector
A good neighbor neither noisy nor nosy!
A good neighbor is someone who respects other people and helps them if necessary.
(1)______________________, good neighbors are rare and some people do not know who
their neighbors are!
(2)_________________, a good neighbor is not nosy or noisy: they do not ask you
personal questions or gossips about you; (3)_______________, they do not make a lot of
noise when you want to relax or sleep.
Of course, they should invite you to the party because good neighbors are also friendly!
(4)___________________, you should be able to pop in and chat to your neighbor and
have a cup of coffee together. Good neighbors are also willing to help you if you need
them, (5) ________________, if you need a doctor urgently, they are happy to call one for
you.
(6)_______________________, a good neighbor knows when to be friendly but also when

to leave you alone. As the saying goes: good fences make good neighbors!
Read the article again and label the paragraphs

Introduction topic
Develops the topic (use this twice)
Conclusion.
You are going to answer the questions below. Before you write, make notes about your
ideas.
An international young magazine has asked for articles on: What makes a good friend?
1. What does it mean to be a good friend to someone?

2. What does a good friend do and not do?
3. Think of one of your good friends. Why do you like them?
Vocabulary box:
Good listener give support need help find solutions

Share things lend money feel jealous
Make you laugh give advice stay loyal
Now write your article using the following plan and the notes you make
Paragraph 1: What makes a good friend? Do you have a good friend?

Paragraph 2: Give two examples of what good friends do
Paragraph 3: Give two examples of what good friends do not do
Paragraph 4: Conclusion: So what is the most important thing about good friends?
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Exercise 8.3
An international young peoples magazine has asked its readers to write an article
describing their perfect day. First look at the photos and then decide which of these things
you would like to do in your perfect day.
Write your article using the following plan
Paragraph 1: My perfect day. What it would be like

Paragraph 2: How are you going to spend the morning? When? What would you do? Who
would you be with? Is your dream based on reality of fantasy?
Paragraph 3: In the afternoon. Where would you have lunch? What would you eat? What
would you do then?
Paragraph 4: In the evening. How and where would you end your perfect day?
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Exercise 8.4
You have been asked by an international students magazine to write an article about
problems caused by the weather n your country.
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Exercise 8.5
Look at the note your editor has
sent you. Write your article
about an athletic club for the
school magazine.
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Exercise 8.6
A students magazine has asked you to write an article imagining the advantages and
disadvantages of being famous. Before you write here are some ideas:
You can buy whatever you want
You have no privacy
You travel all over the world
People are jealous of your success
You are recognized wherever you go
People want your autograph
You need bodyguards
You meet lots of other famous people
People are interested in your opinions
Journalists and photographers follow you around
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Exercise 8.7
Your school magazine is running a series of articles under the title: Why Im a fan of
modern technology. Write an article to appear in the series expressing your opinion.
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Exercise 8.8
Your school magazine has invited you to suggest ways in which ordinary people can help
to protect the environment. Write an article for the magazine giving your suggestions.
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Exercise 8.9
Your school magazine has invited you to suggest ways in which your school could be more
environmentally friendly. Write an article for the magazine, giving your suggestions.
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Exercise 8.10
A national student magazine has asked you to write an article on how young people might
choose a career. Write your article for the magazine
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Exercise 8.11
Your school magazine is running a series of articles under the title my dream job. Write
your article to appear in the series describing your ideal job
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Exercise 8.12
A local newspaper has invited readers to write short articles about how they imagine the
world of work will change over the decades. The best articles will be published in the
newspaper
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Exercise 8.13
You have just seen this announcement in an international student magazine
Does TV entertain us, or is it informative too?
We are looking for articles on this subject. Write and tell us what you think
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Exercise 8.14
Your favorite magazine is running a writing competition this month. This prize is a tour
round a televisions studio. To enter the competition, you have to write an article describing
your favorite television program and explaining why you would recommend it to others.
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Exercise 8.15
Your school magazine is running a series of articles under the title Radio and Young
people. You have been asked to write an article to appear in the series giving your views
on how popular radio is with your people today.
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9
Articles
THE
We use the when it is clear which thing or person we mean:
Rome is the capital of Italy (there is only one capital of Italy)

What is the name of this town? (the town has only one name
Excuse me, where is the nearest bank?
Who is the president of the US?
Can you tell me the time, please?
My office is on the first floor of that building.
We also use the for specific location:

Write your name at the top of this page.
The Beginning of the movie was not very good
My house is at the end of this street
The table is in the middle of the room.
We use the before the word same

It is on the same street (not on same street)
Note:
The sun / the moon / the world / the sky / the ocean / the ground / the country
The sky is blue and the sun is shinning
The
I like swimming in the ocean
They live in a big city, but they want to live in the country
The police / the fire department / the army
The My brother is a soldier. He is in the army
Call the police! Theres been a robbery
The piano / the guitar / the trumpet, etc (musical instruments
The
Tom is learning how to play the piano
The radio, but television (without the)
The I listen to the radio a lot
I like watching television (not the television)
Breakfast / lunch / dinner
The I never have breakfast (not the breakfast)
What are you going to have for lunch?
Dinner is ready
A/AN AND THE
We use a/an when there are many of the things we are talking about. We use the, when we
refer to some of them specifically. Look at the examples:
Rome is a big city in Italy (there Rome is the capital of Italy (there
are many big cities in Italy and is only one capital of Italy)
Rome is one of them)
When we were in Japan, we We didnt enjoy our vacation. The

stayed in a small hotel (there are hotel was awful (the specific
many small hotels in Japan) hotel we stayed in)
Tim sat down on a chair when he Tom sat down on the chair next
arrived (there are many chairs in to me.
the room)
Exercise 9.1
Complete the sentences with a/an or the
1. I wrote to her but ________ letter never arrived

2. Tahiti is ________ island
3. What is ________ name of this town?
4. Jane is ________ very nice person. You must meet her
5. Montreal is ________ large city in Canada
6. What is ________ largest city in Canada?
7. What time is it? I dont know. I dont have ________ watch
8. When I went to Rome. I stayed with ________ Italian friend of mine
9. You look very tired. You need ________ vacation
10. Dont sit on ________ floor. Its dirty
11. Lets go to ________ restaurant this evening Thats ________ good idea. Which
restaurant shall we go to?
12. Can you turn on ________ radio please? I want to listen to some music
13. This house is very nice. Has it got _________ garden?
14. Its a beautiful day. Lets sit in _________ garden
15. I like living in this house, but its a pity that _________ garden is so small
16. Can you recommend _________ good restaurant?
17. We had dinner in _________ very nice restaurant
18. We had dinner in _________ best restaurant in town
19. She ahs _________ French name, but in fact shes English, not French
20. Whats _________ name of that man we met yesterday?
21. We stayed at a very nice hotel - I cant remember _________ name now
22. There isnt _________ airport near where we live. _________ nearest airport in 70
kilometers away
23. Our flight was delayed. We had to wait at _________ airport for three hours
24. Excuse me please. Can you tell me how to get to _________ airport?
25. Are you going away next week? No, _________ week after next
26. Im going away _________ week in September
27. Gary has a part-time job. He works three mornings _________ week.
28. Tom is in ________ bathroom. Hes taking ________ shower
29. This is a nice room, but I dont like ________ color of ________ carpets
30. We live in ________ old house near ________ train station. Its two miles from
________ city center.
31. This morning. I bought _________ newspaper and _________ magazine. _________
newspaper is in my bag but I cant remember where I put _________ magazine
32. I saw _________ accident this morning, _________ car crashed into _________ tree.
_________ driver of _________ car wasnt but but _________ car was badly
damaged.
33. There are two cars parked outside _________ blue one and _________ grey one.
_________ Blue one belongs to my neighbors, I dont know who _________ owner of
_________ grey one is.
34. My friends live in _________ old house in _________ small village. There is
_________ beautiful garden behind _________house. I would like to have _________
garden like this
Exercise 9.2
Put a/an or the where necessary in these sentences:
1. I turned off light, opened door and went out

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2. Excuse me, can I ask you question, please?
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3. Tim is best player on our soccer team
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4. How far is it from here to airport?
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5. Have a good vacation, and dont forget to send me postcard!
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6. Do you have ticket for concert tomorrow night?
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7. What is name of director of movie we saw last night?
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8. Yesterday I bought jacked and shirt Jacket was cheap, but shirt was expensive
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9. Peter and Mary have two children, boy and girl. Boy is seven years old and girl is
three.
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Exercise 9.3
Complete the sentences using a/an or the and one of the words from the box
Bicycle capital cigarette play kitchen

Difficult language nice day next train roof small hotel
1. Rome is _________________________________ of Italy

2. When we were in Japan, we stayed at ________________________
3. Can you ride_________________________________?
4. Whats that man doing on _______________ of that house? Is he repairing
something?
5. We went to the theater last night, but _____________________ wasnt very good
6. Do you think English is _____________________ for people to learn?
7. Would you like__________________? No, thanks, I dont smoke
8. Where is Jack? Hes in ____________________. Hes cooking something
9. Excuse me, what time is _________________________ to Toronto?
10. Its _____________________ today, lets go outside.
Exercise 9.4
Put a if the sentence is correct, write THE where necessary
1. Sky is blue and sun is shinning

2. What are you going to have for lunch?
3. Our apartment is on third floor
4. Help! Fire! Somebody call fire department
5. Who was first person to walk on moon?
6. Which city is capital of your country?
7. What is largest city in world?
8. Would you like to be in army?
9. Do you live near ocean?
10. After dinner we watched television
11. Where is your dictionary? Its on shelf on right
12. We live in country about five miles from nearest town
13. Ann is coming to see us at end of May
14. Is this book cheaper than that one? No, theyre same price
15. Prime Minister is most important person in Canadian government

16. I dont know everybody in this photograph. Who is man on left?
17. It was a very nice hotel, but I dont remember name
18. I didnt like her first time I met her
19. What do you usually have for breakfast?
20. Do you have any milk? Yes, theres some in refrigerator
Exercise 9.5
Complete these sentences with the same and one of the words from the box
Age color day problem street time
1. I live on Water Street and you live on Water Street. We live on ______________
2. I arrived at 8.30 and you arrived at 8.30. We arrived at ____________________
3. I have no money and you have no money. We have _____________________
4. Hes 25 and shes 25. They are ______________________________
5. My shirt is dark blue and my jacket is dark blue. They are ___________________
6. Im leaving on Monday and youre leaving on Monday. Were leaving on _________
Exercise 9.6
Complete the sentences with THE and one word from the box
Breakfast dinner lunch police radio sky

Sun television time trumpet
1. Can you tell me __________ please? Yes, Its six thirty

2. We had ___________ at a restaurant last night
3. _____________ is star. It gives us light and warmth
4. Did you see the movie on ________________ last night?
5. I was hungry this morning because I didnt have _____________
6. _____________stopped me because I was driving too fast
7. Can you play___________? No, I cant play any musical instrument
8. What did you have for _______________? Just a salad
9. When Im working at home I like to listen to ____________________
10. _______________ is very clear tonight. You can see all the stars.
Exercise 9.7
Write a/an if necessary. If the sentence is correct write a
1. Would you like apple?

2. How often do you to dentist?
3. Could you close door, please?
4. Im sorry. I didnt mean to do that. It was mistake
5. Excuse me, where is bus station, please?
6. I have problem. Can you help me?
7. Im just going to post office. I wont be long
8. There were no chairs, so we sat on floor
9. Have you finished with book I lent you?
10. My sister has just got job in bank in Manchester
11. We live in small flat in city centre
12. Theres supermarket at end of street I live in.
Exercise 9.8
Complete the sentences with a/an or the where necessary. If no word is needed write a
1. Where did you have ___________lunch? We went to _________ restaurant

2. Youll find _________information you need at _________top of _________page 15
3. Did you have _________nice holiday? Yes, it was _________holiday ever
4. Sarah spends most of her free time watching _________television
5. Wheres _________nearest shop? Theres on at _________end of the street
6. Do you often listen to _________radio? No. In fact I havent got _________radio
7. Would you like to travel in _______space? Yes, Id love to go to ________moon
8. Do you go to _________cinema very often? I watch films on _________TV
9. I lay down on _________ground and looked up at _________sky
10. I was _________nice day yesterday Yes. We went for walk by _________sea
11. _________television was on, but nobody was watching t
12. What did you have for _________breakfast? I never eat _________breakfast
13. Where is room 505, please? Its on _________fifth floor
14. Lisa and I arrived at _________same time
15. We spent all our money because we stayed at _________most expensive hotel in
town Why didnt you stay at _________cheaper hotel?
16. Have you had _________dinner yet?
17. Whats _________capital city of Canada?
18. I havent been to _________cinema for ages
10
Quantifiers
A LOT, MUCH AND MANY
We use much + uncountable nouns
Do you drink much coffee?

How much money do you have?
She doesnt have much time to answer these questions.
We use much in questions and negative sentences. We do not normally use Much in
positive sentences
We use many + plural nouns
Do you know many people?

How many photographs did you take?
He doesnt have many friends.
We use a lot of + uncountable nouns or plural nouns

I drink a lot of coffee
We spent a lot of money
We took a lot of pictures
We use many and a lot of in all kinds of sentences.
Exercise 10.1
Complete the sentences with How much or how many
1. How ___________ photographs did you take?

2. How___________ money did you lose?
3. How___________water did you drink?
4. How___________mistakes did you make?
5. How___________letters did you write?
6. How___________food did you buy?
Exercise 10.2
In some of these sentences the word much is incorrect or unnatural. Change much to
many or a lot (of) where necessary. Write a if the sentence is correct.
1. We didnt spend much money.

2. Sue drinks much tea.
3. Joe always put much salt on his food
4. Well have to hurry. We havent got much time

5. It cost much to repair the car
6. Did it cost much to repair the car?
7. I dont know much people in this town
8. I use the phone much at work
9. There wasnt much traffic this morning.
10. You need much money to travel round the world.
LITTLE AND FEW
We use a little + uncountable noun to refer there is some but not much:
She didnt eat anything, but she drank a little water.
I speak a little French.
Little (without a) means nearly nothing.
There was little food in the refrigerator

She eats very little food.
A little is a positive idea, little is a negative idea

They have a little money (some but not much)
They have little money (the are poor, nearly no money)
We use a few + plural noun to refer there is some but not many
Last night I wrote a few emails
Were going away for a few days
I speak a few words of Polish
Few (without a) means nearly nothing

There were few people in the class
A few means a positive idea and few means a negative idea

I have a few friends (some but not many)
I have few friends (nearly no friends, Im unsocial)
Exercise 10.3
Complete the sentences with a little or a few and one word from the box
Air chairs days friends houses

Letters milk Russian times
1. Last evening I wrote _____________ to my family and friends

2. Can I have ______________ in my office please?
3. When did John go away? ____________ ago
4. Do you speak any foreign languages? Yes, Italian and ____________
5. Are you going out alone? No, Im going with ________________
6. Have you ever been to Taiwan? Oh, yes__________________
7. I live in a very small town. There is one store, a post office and __________________
thats all.
8. Im going out for a walk. I need ______________ fresh _____________
9. There wasnt much furniture in the room just a table and ________________
Exercise 10.4
Complete the sentences with Little, a little, few or a few
1. There was ____________ food in the refrigerator. It was nearly empty

2. When did you see Kim? ____________ days ago
3. Hes very lazy. He does ____________work
4. Theyre not rich, but they have ____________money enough to live
5. Last night I went to a restaurant with ____________ friends
6. The TV stations arent very good. There are ____________good programs
7. I cant decide now I need ____________ time to think about it
8. Nearly everybody has a job. There is ____________ unemployment in this town
9. Hes not well known ____________ people have heard of him
10. Gary is very busy with his job. He has ____________ time for other things
11. Listen carefully. Im going to give you ____________ advice
12. Do you mind if I ask you ____________questions?
13. Its not a very interesting place to visit, so ____________ tourists come here.
14. I dont think Jull would be a good teacher. Shes got ____________ patience
15. Would you like milk in your coffee? Yes, ____________
16. This is a very boring place to live. There is ____________ to do
17. Have you ever been to Paris? Yes, Ive been there ____________ times.
Exercise 10.5
Complete the sentences with much, many, few, little
1. She isnt very popular. She has ____________ friends

2. Ann is very busy these days. She has ____________ free time
3. Did you take ____________ photographs when you were on holiday?
4. Im not very busy today. I havent got ____________ to do
5. This is a very modern city. There are ____________ old buildings
6. The weather has been very dry recently. Weve had ____________ rain
7. Do you know Rome? No, I havent been there for ____________ years
Exercise 10.6
Write A where necessary, if the sentence is correct, write a
1. Shes lucky. She has few problems

2. Things are not going to well for her. She has few problems
3. Can you lend me few dollars?
4. Here was little traffic, so the journey didnt take very long.
5. I cant give you a decision yet. I need little time to think
6. It was a surprise that he won the match. Few people expected him to win
7. I dont know much Spanish only few words
8. I wonder how Sam is. I havent seen him for ages
11
The Past Perfect
Look at this situation
The past perfect is had + past participle. We use the past perfect to talk about something
that happened before another past action.
When Sarah arrived to the party, Paul had gone home. (Paul left the party before
Sarah arrived).
When we got home last night, we found somebody had broken into the flat.
Karen didnt want to go to the cinema with us because she had seen the film
At first we thought I had done the right thing, but I soon realised that I had made a
big mistake.
Compare the Present perfect and the past perfect

Exercise 11.1
Read the situations and write sentences from the words
1. You went to Sues house, but she wasnt there

(she go out) She had gone out when I went to her house
2. You went back to your home town after many years. It wasnt the same as before
(it change a lot) _____________________________________________________
3. I invited Rachel to the party, but she couldnt come.

(She arrange to do something else)______________________________________
4. You went to the cinema last night. You got to the cinema late
(The film begin)______________________________________________________
5. It was nice to see Dan again after such a long time

(I not see him for five years) ____________________________________________
6. I offered Sue something to but she wasnt hungry.

(She just have breakfast) _______________________________________________
Exercise 11.2
Complete the text with the past perfect
We left the village of Moreton 15 years go. Last week, I went back there for the first time. I
was shocked. It _______________________(change) a lot. It wasnt a village any more. It
_______________________(grow) into a town. They _______________________(close)
my old school. In its place, they _______________________(build) a sports centre. A lot of
new shops _____________(open) on the main street. My favourite toy shop
______________(become) a mobile phone shop. They _________________(plant) trees
around the market square. They _____________________(make) Park Street wider. The
cup and Saucer face _____________________(move) from Park Street to New Road. The
New Inn _____________________(become) The Moreton Hotel. The people living in our
old house _______________________(paint) it pink. And they
_______________________(put) a stupid sign on the front door The Pink House. I didnt
like the new Moreton, so I only spent an hour there. Then I got back on the train and came
home.
Exercise 11.3
Complete the sentences with verbs from the box in past perfect
Leave see eat break rain

Fly do practise miss
1. My mother was angry with my little brother because he _________________ her

coffee pot
2. There wasnt anything for lunch because the cat _________________ everything
3. Suzie couldnt come out on Sunday evening because she _________________ her
homework
4. My friend was nervous on the plane because she _________________ before
5. I played badly in my piano lesson because I _________________
6. She took a taxi home because I _________________
7. She took a taxi home because she _________________ the last bus
8. It was easy to get into the house because they _________________ a window
open on the ground floor.
9. All the plants in the garden were dead because it _________________ for months
12
The Short Story
1. Structure of Your Short Story: Novice writers are often given this advice on how
to structure their short stories:
Put a man up a tree
Throw stones at him
Get him down
When you come to think of it, it's good advice for any writer. So follow the steps in
the plan below to start writing great short stories.
2. Short Story Plan :
Start with a situation - a problem to be resolved for your protagonist (the man up the
tree).
Then present the problems that can occur (throw some stones): Misunderstandings
/ mistaken identity / lost opportunities etc
The final step is to show how you can solve the problem - get the man down from
his leafy perch - safely. Love triumphs / good conquers evil / honesty is the best
policy / united we stand
3. Short Story Theme: Every piece of writing must have a message or thread of
meaning running through it, and this theme is the skeleton or framework on which
you hang your plot, characters, setting etc.
As you write, make sure that every word is related to this theme.
It's tempting to use your short story to show off your talents at characterization,
descriptive writing, dialogue or whatever, but every excess word is a word that
dilutes the impact of your story.
The best stories are the ones that follow a narrow subject line. Decide what the
point of your story is and even though it's tempting to digress, you must stick to the
point otherwise you end up with either a novel beginning or a mish-mash of ideas
that add up to nothing.
4. Time Span for Your Short Story: An effective short story covers a very short time
span. It may be one single event that is momentous in the life of your main
character or the story may take place in a single day or even an hour. Try to use
the events you depict to illustrate your theme.
5. Setting for Your Short Story Because you have such a limited number of words to
convey your message, you must choose your settings carefully ... there's no room
for free-loaders in a short story!
That doesn't mean you have to be trite or predictable when deciding on settings.
For example, some of the most frightening settings for thrillers are not cemeteries
or lonely alleys, but normal places where readers can imagine themselves. Appeal
to your readers' five senses to make your settings more real.
6. Characters in Your Short Story: Around three main characters are all a short
story can effectively deal with because too many will distract you from your theme.
Don't give in to the urge to provide detailed background on your characters, decide
on the characteristics that are important for your theme and stick to those. If you fall
in love with your character, use him/her as the basis for a novel later on.
7. Short Story Dialogue: Never underestimate the power of dialogue in conveying

character, but it must contribute to the main focus of the story - don't just use it to
pad out your characters. Every word you put into the mouth of your characters must
contribute to revealing your theme, if it doesn't, be ruthless and cut it.
8. Vivid Imagery for Your Short Story: Capture the reader's interest in, and empathy
for, your characters. You need to paint such a vivid picture that the reader can
imagine himself or herself to be in the scene. Again this goes back to placing
yourself there and transposing this into your writing as we discussed earlier.
9. Plot for Your Short Story: Begin with an arresting first paragraph or lead, enough
to grab the readers and make them curious to know what happens next.
Make sure your plot works - there must be a beginning, middle and an end. But
don't spend too much time on the build-up, so that the climax or denouement (as in
the twist ending) is relegated to one sentence, leaving the reader bothered and
bemused but sadly, not bewitched.
And don't signal the twist ending too soon - try to keep the reader guessing until the
last moment. If you're telling a fast-moving story, say crime, and then keep your
paragraphs and sentences short. It's a trick that sets the pace and adds to the
atmosphere you're conveying to the reader.
DEVELOPING NARRATIVE
You have decided to enter to short story competition. The rules of the competition states
that your story must begin with the following phrase
It was fools day so I decided to play a practical joke
Before you write your story, complete the composition plan

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Exercise 12.1
Write a description of an unforgettable day when you saw a great show. The story must
end with the sentence
It had been an unforgettable evening.
Use the following plan:
Paragraph 1: Background information. How old were you? Which show did you see? How
did you feel?
Paragraph 2: Where did the show take place? How did you feel as you arrived?
Paragraph 3: What happened on stage? How did the audience react?
Paragraph 4: How did the show end? How did the audience react? How did you feel?
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Exercise 12.2
You have decided to enter to a short story competition. The competition rules say that the
story must begin or end with the following words:
If I had stayed at home, none of this would have happened
Follow this plan:

Paragraph 1: Set the scene, say what happened before
Paragraph 2: Start the main part of the story, add more background
Paragraph 3: Continue the story
Paragraph 4: End the story
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Exercise 12.3
You have decided to enter to a short story competition. Before you begin, choose one of
these phrases to finish your story
I didnt want to show I was afraid

Now finally it was time to go into the house
Suddenly, I heard a noise behind him,
They had caught one of the most dangerous criminals
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Exercise 12.4
Write a story starting with the following phrase
Matt picked up his brush and began to paint.
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Exercise 12.5
Write a story whose last phrase is:
Finally I had managed to explain the mystery
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Exercise 12.6
You have decided to enter to a short story competition. The rules state that your story must
end with the following words
We got off the ferry and looked around
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Exercise 12.7
Your teacher has asked you to write a story for the English Magazine. It must begin with
the following words:
When I first saw Louise, I got completely the wrong impression of her
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Exercise 12.8
Write a story beginning with the following phrase:
As the door slowly opened, I was surprised to see Tom standing there.
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Exercise 12.9
Your school magazine has asked students to write a series of stories. Each story must
begin with the following phrase:
Martha knew she would never be the same after everything that had happened
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Exercise 12.10
A travel company is organizing a short story competition. To enter to the competition you
have to write a story about an exciting journey. The story must begin like this:
Rebecca knew from the beginning that this would be a journey to remember
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Exercise 12.11
Write ka story beginning with the following expression
How are you going to get home? Asked Tim with a worried expression
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13
Relative Clauses
Look at the following example:
I met a woman. She can speak six languages

2 sentences
She who
1 sentence
I met a woman who can speak six languages
Jim was wearing a hat. It was too big for him

2 sentences
It which
1 sentence
Jim was wearing a hat which was too big for him
Who is for people (not for things)
A thief is a person who steals things

Do you know anybody who can play the piano?
I know somebody who knows you
The people who work in the office are very friendly.
Which is for things

An airplane is a machine which flies
Jack lives in a house which is 100 years old.
Exercise 13.1
Write sentences about the people in box A is a person who chose an ending from B to
complete the sentences:
A B
A thief a dentist Takes photographs is very intelligent
A butcher A genious Sells meat plays a musical instrument
A musician A liar Is sick in the hospital doesnt tell the truth
A patient A photographer Steals things takes care of your teeth
1. __________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________________________
7. __________________________________________________________________
8. __________________________________________________________________
Exercise 13.2
Make one sentence using who or which
1. A man called. He didnt give this name

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2. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital
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3. A waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient
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4. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt
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5. Some people were arrested. They have now been released
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6. A bus goes to the airport. It runs every half hour.
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7. The woman opened the door. She was wearing a yellow dress
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8. Some people live next door to us. They are very nice
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9. A police officer stopped our car. He wasnt very friendly
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10. A boy broke the window. He ran away
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Exercise 13.3
Complete with who, which or where
1. I met a woman ____________ can speak six languages

2. Whats the name of the man ____________ lives next door?
3. Whats the name of the river ____________ flows through the town?
4. Everybody ____________ went to the party enjoyed it very much
5. Do you know anybody ____________wants to buy a car?
6. Where is the picture ____________was on the wall?
7. She always asks me questions ____________are difficult to answer
8. I have a friend ____________is very good at fixing cars
9. The London Eye, _________ takes thirty minutes to go around, will give you an
amazing view of the city
10. A coffee marker is a machine ____________ makes coffee
11. I dont like people ____________never stop talking
12. Have you seen the money ____________was on the table?
13. Why does he always wear clothes ____________ are too small for him?
14. Tate Modern is the art gallery _________ you can see the most exciting modern
art.
15. Big Ben is the cock _________every visitor wants to photograph
16. Convent Garden _________musicians and actors perform at weekends is very
popular with tourists
17. People _________are interested in fashion will love the clothes at Portobello
Market
18. In London, there are parks _________ you can swim, ride horses or have boat
rides
19. Camden Market _________you can shop, eat or look at people is a great place to
go on Sunday
20. The writer Samuel Johnson _________was born in 1709 said: When a man is tired
of London, he is tired of life.
Exercise 13.4
Complete the sentences. Choose one ending from the box and change it into a relative
clause
He invited the telephone it makes furniture

She runs away from home it gives you the meaning of words
They stole my car it can support life
They were on the wall it cannot be explained
1. Barbara works for a company_________________________________________

2. The book is about a girl _____________________________________________
3. What happened to the pictures _______________________________________
4. A mystery is something _____________________________________________
5. The police have caught the men ______________________________________
6. A dictionary is a book _______________________________________________
7. Alexander Bell was the man _________________________________________
8. It seems that earth is the only planet ___________________________________
Appendix 1:
List of Irregular Verbs
Infinitive Simple Past Tense Past Participle
awake awoke awoken

Be was, were been
bear bore born
beat beat beat
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bid bid/bade bid/bidden
bind bound bound
bite bit bitten
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
build built built
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
cast cast cast
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
creep crept crept
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
dive dived/dove dived
do did done
draw drew drawn

dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
drive drove driven
drink drank drunk
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fit fit fit
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
Forsake forsook forsaken
Freeze froze frozen
Get got gotten
Give gave given
Go went gone
Grind ground ground
Grow grew grown
Hang hung hung
Hear heard heard
Hide hid hidden
Hit hit hit
Hold held held
Hurt hurt hurt
Keep kept kept
Kneel knelt knelt
Knit knit knit
Know knew know
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leap leaped/leapt leaped/leapt
Learn learned/learnt learned/learnt
Leave left left
Lend lent lent
Let let let
Lie lay lain
Light lighted/lit lighted
Lose lost lost

Make made made
Mean meant meant
Meet met met
misspell misspelled/misspelt misspelled/misspelt
Mistake mistook mistaken
Mow mowed mowed/mown
overcome overcame overcome
Overdo overdid overdone
overtake overtook overtaken
overthrow overthrew overthrown
Pay paid paid
Plead pled pled
Prove proved proved/proven
Put put put
Quit quit quit
Read read read
Rid rid rid
Ride rode ridden
Ring rang rung
Rise rose risen
Run ran run
Saw sawed sawed/sawn
Say said said
See saw seen
Seek sought sought
Sell sold sold
Send sent sent
Set set set
Sew sewed sewed/sewn
shake shook shaken
shave shaved shaved/shaven
shear shore shorn
shine shone shone
shoe shoed shoed/shod
shoot shot shot
show showed showed/shown
shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat

sleep slept slept
slay slew slain
slide slid slid
sling slung slung
slit slit slit
smite smote smitten
sow sowed sowed/sown
speak spoke spoken
speed sped sped
spend spent spent
spill spilled/spilt spilled/spilt
spin spun spun
spit spit/spat spit
split split split
spread spread spread
spring sprang/sprung sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank stunk
stride strod stridden
strike struck struck
string strung strung
strive strove striven
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swell swelled swelled/swollen
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
thrive thrived/throve thrived
throw threw thrown
thrust thrust thrust
tread trod trodden
understand understood understood
uphold upheld upheld

upset upset upset
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
weave weaved/wove weaved/woven
wed wed wed
weep wept wept
wind wound wound
win won won
withhold withheld withheld
withstand withstood withstood
wring wrung wrung
write wrote written
Appendix 2:
List of Regular Verbs
The list below contains the 600 more common regular verbs in English
accept battle cause cough doubt

add beam challenge count drag
admire beg change cover drain
admit behave charge crack dream
advise belong chase crash dress
afford bleach cheat crawl drip
agree bless check cross drop
alert blind cheer crush drown
allow blink chew cry drum
amuse blot choke cure dry
analyse blush chop curl dust
announce boast claim curve
annoy boil clap cycle earn
answer bolt clean educate
apologise bomb clear damage embarrass
appear book clip dance employ
applaud bore close dare empty
appreciate borrow coach decay encourage
approve bounce coil deceive end
argue bow collect decide enjoy
arrange box colour decorate enter
arrest brake comb delay entertain
arrive brake command delight escape
ask branch communicate deliver examine
attach breathe compare depend excite
attack bruise compete describe excuse
attempt brush complain desert exercise
attend bubble complete deserve exist
attract bump concentrate destroy expand
avoid burn concern detect expect
bury confess develop explain
back buzz confuse disagree explode
bake connect disappear extend
balance calculate consider disapprove
ban call consist disarm face
bang camp contain discover fade
bare care continue dislike fail
bat carry copy divide fancy
bathe carve correct double fasten
fax heal laugh object preserve

fear heap launch observe press
fedex heat learn obtain pretend
fence help level occur prevent
fetch hook license offend prick
file hop lick offer print
fill hope lie open produce
film hover lighten order program
fire identify like owe promise
fit list own protect
fix ignore listen provide
flap imagine live pack pull
flash impress load paddle pump
float improve lock paint punch
flood include long park puncture
flow increase look part punish
flower influence love pass push
fold inform paste
follow inject man pat question
fool injure manage pause queue
force instruct march peck
form intend mark pedal race
found interest marry peel radiate
frame interfere match peep rain
frighten interrupt mate perform raise
fry introduce matter permit reach
invent measure phone realise
gather invite melt pick receive
gaze irritate memorise pinch recognise
glow itch mend pine record
glue mess up place reduce
google jail milk plan reflect
grab jog miss plant refuse
grate joke mix play regret
greet juggle moan please reign
guarantee jam move plug reject
guard join mug point rejoice
guess judge multiply poke relax
guide jump murder polish release
pop rely
hammer kick nail possess remain
hand kiss need post remember
handle knit nod pour remind
hang kill notice practise remove
happen kneel name pray repair
harass knock nest preach repeat
harm note precede replace
hate label number prefer reply
haunt land prepare report
head last obey present reproduce
request shelter squeeze test visit

rescue shiver stain thank
retire shock stamp tick wait
return shop stare tickle walk
rhyme shrug start tie wander
risk sigh stay time want
rob sign step tip warm
rock signal stir tire warn
roll sin stitch touch wash
rub ski stop tour waste
ruin skip store trace watch
rule slap strap trade water
rush slip strengthen train wave
slow stretch transport weigh
sack smash strip trap welcome
sail smell stuff travel whisper
satisfy smile subtract treat whistle
save smoke succeed tremble wink
saw snatch suck trick wish
scare sneeze suffer trip wonder
scatter sniff suggest trot work
scold snore suit trouble worry
scorch snow supply trust wrap
scrape soak support try wreck
scratch sound suppose turn wrestle
scream spare surprise twist
screw spark surround type x-ray
scribble sparkle suspect
scrub spell suspend undress yawn
seal spill switch unite yell
search spoil unpack
separate spot talk use zip
serve spray tap unfasten zoom
settle sprout taste unlock
shade squash tease untidy
share squeak telephone
shave squeal terrify vanish
Appendix 3:
Phrasal verbs Bank
Bibliography
Barker C et al (2003) New Snapshot Elementary. Essex: Longman
Barker C et al (2003) New Snapshot Pre Intermediate. Essex: Longman
Bolton D & Goodey D. (1997) Grammar Practice in Context London: Richmond
Mann M. & Taylore Knowles S. (2004) Laser FCE Oxford: Macmillan
Mann M. & Taylore Knowles S. (2003) Skills for First Certificate: Writing. Oxford:
Macmillan
Murphy R (1993) Basic Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Murphy R (2004) English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Norris R. (2001) Ready for First Certificate. Oxford: Macmillan
Prodromou L. (2000) Rising Star: A Pre First Certificate Course. Oxford:

Macmillan
Prodromou L. (2000) Rising Star: An Intermediate Course. Oxford: Macmillan
Stanton A. & Stephens M. (2001) Fast Track to FCE. Essex: Longman
Taylore-Knowles S. (2004) Laser Pre FCE. Oxford: Macmillan

Dr. Gianfranco Catanzaro, Ph.D
Bachelor Degree of Education in English Language Teaching,

Bachelor Degree of Arts in History, Bachelor Degree of
Humanities in Philosophy and Master Degree of Education in
Teaching English as a Foreign Language from The University
of Piura, Peru. Diploma of Education in Distance Education
Management from the Pontificia Universidad Catolica del
Peru. Doctorate of Philosophy in Education from the Atlantic
International University, USA. He holds The University of
Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English and Teaching
Knowledge Test and The University of Michigan Examination
for the Certificate of Proficiency in English. Currently working on a Master Degree in
Educational Theories and Practice at the University of Piura.
Several years of experience in EFL teaching, teacher training, coordinating and designing
language programmes in General English, Business English and Cambridge ESOL
Examinations preparation courses at different prestigious schools and Universities in Peru.
He has been the Academic Consultant for Macmillan Publishers for northern Peru; The
Head of English Department for the three schools sponsored by Southern Peru Copper
Corporation and The Centre Exams Manager for the University of Cambridge ESOL
Examinations for southern Peru. He is a regular contributor to the Language, Literature and
Cultural Studies at the Military Technical Academy Publishing House in Bucharest,
Romania. Currently he is an internal Assessor and script marker for English B High Level at
the International Baccalaureate Organization.

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English Grammar and

ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION 2: A HANDBOOK

UNIVERSIDAD CESAR VALLEJO

Catanzaro Vargas, Gianfranco English Grammar and Composition 2: A Handbook,

Gianfranco Catanzaro Vargas. 2010. Primera compilacin.

1. Past Simple and Past Continuous in Contrast

2. Present Perfect and Past simple in Contrast

3. Present Perfect Modifiers

4. The Formal Letter

7. Gerunds and Infinitives

Exercises 9.8................................................................................................ 128

11. The Past Perfect

12. Short Story

13. Relative Clauses

Appendix 1: List of Irregular Verbs

Appendix 2: List of regular Verbs

Appendix 3: Phrasal Verbs Bank

Look at this example:

Cesar Vallejo was a Peruvian writer and journalist. He lived from

Was / lived / wrote / published / died are all in past simple

There are two types of verbs regular and irregular verbs:

Regular verbs are followed by an ed at the end:

I study at the University now, before I studied at secondary school.

There are two spelling rules:

Irregular verbs do not end in ed, they change completly:

Write wrote Cesar Vallejo wrote several books.

A: Did you go out last night?

They didnt invite me to the party

The past tense of be (am, is, are) is was / were

I / he / she / it was / wasnt Was I / he / she / it ?

We / you / they were / werent Were we / you / they ?

Look at this example

Yesterday Ann and Robert played tennis. They began

So, at 9.00 they were playing tennis

They were playing = they were in the middle of the

Was / were + -ing is the past continuous

I started doing I was doing I finished doing

past past now

This time last year, I was living in Lima

1. (at 8.00 yesterday evening) I was reading a book.

1. Ann was at home. She was watching TV.

1. At 9.45, she was washing her car.

1. (what / Tim / do / when you saw him?)

2. (what / you / do / at 11,00?)

3. (what / she / wear / yesterday?)

4. (it / rain / when you went out?)

5. (where / you / live / in 1991?)

Q: what was Rob doing on Sunday at

Craig was sitting in front of the TV

Suddently he heard the name Jennifer

1. Craig was sitting in front of his computer

2. He was feeling happy.

3. He was waiting for his parents to come to dinner

4. Jennifer was standing outside a bank

5. She was wearing a party dress.

6. She was crying

PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS IN CONTRAST

Look at the example

What happened? The phone rang (simple past)

Jack began reading before the phone rang, so:

When the phone rang, he was reading.

He began The phone He stopped He answered

9. I was late, but my friends (wait) for me when I __ (arrive)

1. Jenny (wait) for me when I (arrive)

I (have) an accident last week. I (play) football on the

I (sit) down on the sand and (start) to scream. My