2/17/2012

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
Spring 2010

Yrd. Do. Dr. Burak Kelleci

OUTLINE
| Band-pass Transmission of Digital Signals
| Band-pass
Band pass Transmission Model
| Transmission of Binary PSK and FSK

| Coherent Detection of FSK and PSK signals

1
 2/17/2012

BAND-PASS TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL

SIGNALS
| In baseband pulse transmission, a data stream in
the form of a discrete pulse
pulse-amplitude
amplitude modulated
signal is transmitted directly over a low-pass
channel.
| In digital pass-band transmission, the incoming
data stream is modulated onto a carrier with
fixed frequency limits imposed by a band-pass
channel of interest.
| The modulation is performed by switching
(keying) the amplitude, frequency or phase of a
sinusoidal carrier in some fashion in accordance
with the incoming data.

BAND-PASS TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL

SIGNALS
| There are three basic signaling schemes
y ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying
y FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
y PSK: Phase Shift Keying

| FSK and PSK signals have constant envelope.

| This feature enables transmission of FSK and
PSK through nonlinear channels.
| The
Th demodulation
d d l i off these
h signals
i l are categorized
i d
into coherent demodulator and noncoherent
demodulator.
| In coherent demodulator the receiver is locked to
transmitter phase, whereas in noncoherent
demodulator there is no phase lock.

2
 2/17/2012

BAND-PASS TRANSMISSION MODEL

| In analog communication, the band-pass signals are
analyzed using their equivalent complex envelope
representation.
| Consider a general signal

g (t ) = a(t ) cos[2f c t + (t )]
a(t) is the envelope and (t) is the phase of the signal.
| We may rewrite this equation in terms of cosine and
sine
g (t ) = g I (t ) cos(2f c t ) g Q (t )sin (2f c t )
g I (t ) = a (t ) cos( (t )) g Q (t ) = a (t )sin ( (t ))
| are called in-phase and quadrature components of g(t)

BAND-PASS TRANSMISSION MODEL

| The in-phase and quadrature components, gI(t)
and gQ(t) are used to modulate the orthogonal
carriers cos(2fct) and sin(2fct) to produce the
band-pass signal g(t).

3
 2/17/2012

BAND-PASS TRANSMISSION MODEL

| It is assumed that the band-pass communication
channel has the following characteristics
y The channel is linear. The channel bandwidth is wide
enough to pass the band-pass signal without any
distortion.
y The received signal is perturbed by an additive
stationary Gaussian noise process of zero mean and
power spectral density N0/2.
y This
Thi id
idealized
li d channel
h l iis called
ll d as additive
ddi i white
hi
Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel.
| For the situation, where the channel attenuates
the signal and adds noise
x(t ) = s (t ) + w(t )
= AC g (t ) + w(t )

BAND-PASS TRANSMISSION MODEL

| The received signal is band-pass filtered with a filter
bandwidth of equal to the signal bandwidth.
| This band-pass filtering operation converts the white noise
to narrowband noise n(t).
| The in-phase and quadrature components of this band-
pass signal plus narrowband noise are downconverted
using I-Q down converter.

4
 2/17/2012

BAND-PASS TRANSMISSION MODEL

| The receiver will observe the complex representation of
g
the received signal [gI((t)+n
) I((t)]+j[g
)] j[gQ((t)+n
) Q((t)]
)] for a
duration of T seconds and make the best estimate of the
corresponding transmitted signal gI(t)+jgQ(t) or
equivalently the data symbol 0 or 1 for binary data.
| The hardware shown previous slide may be simplified
depending on the transmission strategy.
y Some methods use only in-phase signaling, so the quadrature path
can be removed.
removed
y A noncoherent receiver recovers the symbols directly from the
band-pass signal without deriving in-phase and quadrature
components.
y In modern receivers, the in-phase and quadrature oscillators are
not phase locked to the transmitter. This creates a phase rotation
or even a small frequency error. These problems are corrected by
digital signal processing algorithms.

TRANSMISSION OF BINARY PSK AND FSK

| Three basic signaling techniques are ASK, FSK
and PSK.
| ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying
y Symbol 1: transmitting a sinusoidal carrier wave of
fixed amplitude and fixed frequency for the bit
duration Tb seconds.
y Symbol 0: switching off the carrier for Tb seconds.

5
 2/17/2012

TRANSMISSION OF BINARY PSK AND FSK

| FSK: Frequency Shift Keying
y Symbol 1: transmitting a carrier with fixed amplitude
and at f1 frequency.
y Symbol 0: transmitting a carrier with fixed amplitude
and at f0 frequency.
| A FSK signal can be generated by applying the
bipolar form of the input data to the voltage-
controlled oscillator.

TRANSMISSION OF BINARY PSK AND FSK

| PSK: Phase Shift Keying
y When transmitting symbol 0 the carrier phase is
shifted by 180 degrees compared symbol 1 phase.
| A PSK signal may be generated by multiplying
bipolar input data the carrier wave.

6
 2/17/2012

TRANSMISSION OF BINARY PSK AND FSK

| In binary PSK (BPSK), the in-phase component
of the complex baseband signal is modulated
using the input data. The quadrature component
equals to zero.
| For BPSK, the band-pass
signal is defined as

s1 (t ) = AC cos(2f c t ) symbol 1
s 0 (t ) = AC cos(2f c t ) symbol 0
= AC cos(2f c t + )

TRANSMISSION OF BINARY PSK AND FSK

| For binary FSK, the complex baseband
equivalent is represented by gI(t) and gQ(t).
| Lets define the carrier frequency fC as the
midpoint between f1 (frequency for symbol 1) and
f0 (frequency for symbol 0), fC=(f1+f2)/2 and
assuming f1>f0 also define f=(f1-f0)/2.
s1 (t ) = AC cos[2 ( f c + f )t ]
= Re {
R AC e j 2 ( f c + f )t } symbol
b l1
g I (t ) + jg Q (t ) = AC e j 2ft
s 0 (t ) = AC cos[2 ( f c f )t ]
{
= Re AC e j 2 ( f c f )t } symbol 0
g I (t ) + jg Q (t ) = AC e j 2ft

7
 2/17/2012

COHERENT DETECTION OF
FSK AND PSK SIGNALS
| Let s0(t) and s1(t) denote the symbols 0 and 1,
respectively.
| In practice, in FSK signals the frequencies f0 and
f1 are both large compared the bit rate 1/Tb,
whereas in PSK signals, fC is large compared
with 1/Tb.
| The signal energy Eb within a bit interval Tb is

Tb Tb
Ac2Tb
Eb = s (t )dt = s12 (t )dt =
2
0
0 0
2

COHERENT DETECTION OF
FSK AND PSK SIGNALS
| Assuming that the transmitted carrier phase and
frequency are known exactly, the receiver can be
built using two matched filters, one for s0(t) and
the other for s1(t).

Coherent receiver for FSK signals

8
 2/17/2012

COHERENT DETECTION OF
FSK AND PSK SIGNALS

Coherent receiver for PSK signals

| For PSK, the receiver reduces two single path.

| Obviously, for these receivers, the receiver is
perfectly
f tl synchronized
h i d to
t the
th transmitter.
t itt InI
other words, the receiver knows when the bit
interval starts and end.

COHERENT DETECTION OF
FSK AND PSK SIGNALS
| To evaluate the performance of the receiver, we
will assume that the additive noise is white zero
zero-
mean Gaussian noise with a spectral density of
N0/2.
| The received signal is defined by

x(t ) = s 0 (t ) + w(t ) symbol 0

x(t ) = s1 (t ) + w(t ) symbol 1
| The FSK receiver output l is given by
Tb

l = x(t )[s1 (t ) s 0 (t )]dt

0

9
 2/17/2012

COHERENT DETECTION OF
FSK AND PSK SIGNALS
| The output l is compared with a decision level of zero
volts. If l is greater than zero, the receiver chooses
symbol 1; otherwise it chooses symbol 0.
| Suppose that symbol 1 is transmitted, the output
Tb Tb

l = s1 (t )[s1 (t ) s 0 (t )]dt + w(t )[s1 (t ) s 0 (t )]dt

0 0

| Since the noise w(t) has zero-mean,

zero mean the random
variable L, whose value is l, has the conditional mean
Tb

E [L Symbol 1] = s1 (t )[s1 (t ) s 0 (t )]dt = Eb (1 )

0

COHERENT DETECTION OF
FSK AND PSK SIGNALS
| The parameter is the correlation coefficient of the
signals s0(t) and s1(t)
Tb

s (t )s (t )dt
0 1 Tb

s (t )s (t )dt
1
= Tb
0
Tb
= 0 1
Eb
s (t )dt s (t )dt
2 2 0
0 1
0 0

which has an absolute value which is less than or equal

to unity.
| Conditional mean of L, when symbol 0 is transmitted is

E [L Symbol 0] = Eb (1 )

10
 2/17/2012

COHERENT DETECTION OF
FSK AND PSK SIGNALS
| The variance of the random variable L is the same
regardless of whether symbol 1 or 0 was transmitted.
[
Var [L ] = E {L E [L ]}
2
]
Tb Tb

= E w(t )w(u )[s1 (t ) s 0 (t )][s1 (u ) s 0 (u )]dtdu
0 0
Tb Tb

= [s (t ) s (t )][s (u ) s (u )]R (t , u )dtdu

0 0
1 0 1 0 W

| where RW(t,u) is the autocorrelation function of w(t).

Since w(t) is white noise of spectral density N0/2
N0
RW (t , u ) = (t u )
2

COHERENT DETECTION OF
FSK AND PSK SIGNALS
| The variance of l is
Tb Tb

Var [l ] = 0 [s (t ) s (t )][s (u ) s (u )] (t u )dtdu

N
1 0 1 0
2 0 0
Tb

[s (t ) s (t )] dt
N0
=
2
1 0
2 0

= N 0 Eb (1 )

11
 2/17/2012

COHERENT DETECTION OF
FSK AND PSK SIGNALS
| Assuming that symbol 1 and 0 occur with equal
probabilities.
| The probability of error is

Pe = P(l > 0 symbol 0 ) = P(l < 0 symbol 1)

Eb (1 )
= Q
N0

| For coherent PSK receiver, s0(t) = -s1(t), so the

correlation coefficient = -1
| The probability of error for PSK is 2 Eb
Pe = Q
N
0

COHERENT DETECTION OF
FSK AND PSK SIGNALS
| For FSK signals, f0 and f1 are spaced far enough,
so s0(t) and s1(t) are orthogonal signals.
| Therefore the correlation coefficient = 0.

| The probability of error become

Eb
Pe = Q
N
0

12