Biology (Chapter 1: Cell Structure and Organization)

OBJECTIVES:
1) examine under the microscope an animal cell (e.g. from fresh liver) and a
plant cell (e.g. from Elodea, a moss, or any suitable locally available
material)
2) identify and describe the structures seen, (cell membrane, nucleus and
cytoplasm for animal cells; cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm,
sap vacuole and chloroplasts for plant cells)
3) compare the visible differences in structure of the animal and plant cells
examined
4) state the function of the cell membrane in controlling the passage of
substances into and out of the cell
5) state, in simple terms, the relationship between cell structure and cell
function for
a) root hair cells absorption
b) red blood cells transport of oxygen
6) identify these cells from diagrams and from photomicrographs

Plant Cell and Animal Cell

 Liver cell and Elodea under the microscope

Differences between PLANT CELL and ANIMAL CELL:

PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL

Cell Wall X
Vacuole X or Small Vacuole
Chloroplast X
Shape Regular Irregular

Basically, plant and animal cells have only THREE structures in common, which is
they both have Cell Membrane, Cytoplasm and Nucleus.

Cell Membrane is a Semi-Permeable Membrane, a type of membrane which allows

certain particles to pass through, while others cannot.

Specialized Cell

They are many different types of cells in organisms. They differ in size and shape
and are adapted to perform specific functions. Below are few examples of cells chosen
to illustrate the relationship between cell structure and their functions within the organisms.
 Long, narrow and tube-like
structure
So it can transport water and
minerals from the roots to the
stem and leaves
Think wall of lignin/thick cell wall
To support the plant

Xylem Vessel
No nucleus
The cytoplasm can more
haemoglobin
So that the cell can carry more
oxygen
Biconcave shape
To increase the surface area
For faster diffusion of oxygen
Increase the uptake of oxygen
Increased the release of oxygen
Small size / flexible
So that the cell can pass through
the capillaries rapidly

Red Blood Cell

Grows outwards from the
root/elongated plant cell.
Large surface area
For absorption of water/minerals
Large vacuole
So it can absorbs as much water
as it can
No chloroplast
The root hair cell receives no
light
Root Hair Cell Chloroplast cannot be used/it
cannot carry out photosynthesis
So, in conclusion:
A root hair cell is modified from plant cell to absorb water and minerals from the soil
A red blood cell is modified from animal cell to transport oxygen to all parts of the
body
A xylem vessel is modified from many plant cell for support and to transport water
and minerals from the root
Exercises:

Which diagram shows the positions of the chloroplast and the nucleus in a cell?

What are found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells?

1 Cell Membrane
2 Nucleus
3 Cell Wall
4 Chloroplast

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 3 and 4

A human cheek cell and a spongy mesophyll cell from a leaf are examined under a
microscope
Which structures are seen in both cells?

A cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm

B cell wall, cell membrane and nucleus
C cytoplasm, cell wall and cell membrane
D nucleus, cytoplasm and cell wall
The diagram below shows some liver cells as they appear under a microscope

How many cell walls can be seen?

A 0 B 2 C 5 D 10

Which features are possessed by ALL plant cells?

Cell wall Chloroplast

B X

C X

D X X

Which structures are found in liver cell?

Cell Cell Large

Chloroplast Cytoplasm Nucleus
membrane wall vacuole

A X X X X

B X X X X

C X X X

D X X X X
Which pair of statements best explains why plant cells are more angular in shape
than animal cells?

Plant cells Animal cells

A Cell wall present Cell wall absent

B Chloroplast present Chloroplast absent

C One or more large vacuoles Small or no vacuoles

D Thin layer of cytoplasm Dense cytoplasm throughout cell

The table shows some characteristics of four type of cell

Which cell could be a root hair cell?

Nucleus Chloroplast

B X

C X

D X X

Which cell structure contains the light-absorbing pigments in plants?

A chloroplast
B cytoplasm
C nucleus
D vacuole
The diagram shows a plant cell

Cell membrane Cell wall Cytoplasm

A 1 2 3
B 1 2 4
C 2 1 3
D 2 1 4
The diragram shows a plant cell as seen under a microscope

Which of the numbered parts carry out these functions?

Controlling entry of Formation of

dissolved substances carbohydrates
A 1 3
B 2 1
C 3 2
D 3 1
Which of these structures does an animal cell have?

Cell surface membrane Cell wall

B X

C X

D X X
Exercise Paper 2

(5 Marks) Figure below shows a root hair cell

i) Use the letters A and B to label these parts of the root hair cell in the figure
above
A the structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell
B a structure that is not present in animal cells

ii) Describe how the structure of the root hair cell helps it to carry out its functions

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(10 Marks) Fig. 6.1 shows an animal cell as seen using a microscope

a) i) In the table below, name each of the labelled parts

letter name
A
B
C

ii) State the function of A

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(b) The structure of a red blood cell is different from that of the cell shown in Fig. 6.1.
State two ways in which the structure is different.
Explain how each difference helps the red blood cell to carry out its function.

Difference 1
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 Explanation 1
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Difference 2
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Explanation 2
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(9 Marks) Figure 12.1 shows a section through a leaf cell

a) Three of the structures labelled in Fig. 12.1 are also present in animal cells.
State the three letters representing these structures and name the structures.
Write your answers in table below
letter name

b) State two ways in which the structure of a root hair cell is different from the structure
of the leaf cell shown in Fig. 12.1.
Explain the reason for each difference.

Difference 1
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____________________________________________________________________
Explanation 1
____________________________________________________________________
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Difference 2
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Explanation 2
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(7 Marks) Figure 7.1 is a diagram of a plant cell

a) i) State the letters of two parts of the cell in Fig. 7.1 that show it is a plant
cell.
_________ and __________
ii) State the names of these two parts
_________________________ and ________________________
b) State the names of three parts that are found in both plant cells and animal
cell
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

(5 Marks)
a) Both animal and plant cells contain a nucleus
State two other features found in
 i) Animal Cells
___________________________________
___________________________________
ii) Plant Cells
___________________________________
___________________________________

b) Figure 1.1 shows a cell

State whether this is a plant cell or an animal cell

_______________________
(3 Marks) Some red blood cells, as seen through a microscope, are shown in Fig.
7.1.

a) i) Name one structure, normally present in cells, that is not present in red
blood cell
____________________________________
ii) Name two other structures, not present in these cells that would
normally be present in plant cells
____________________________________
____________________________________
(3 Marks) Figure 15.1 shows some plant tissue

a) i) Name the type of cell marked X

_____________________________________
ii) Suggest why cell X is better at taking in water than cell Y
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(7 Marks) Fig. 1.1 shows the unicellular animal, paramecium.

a) i) How does Fig. 1.1 show that paramecium is not a plant?

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______________________________________________________
ii) What is the function of cell membrane?
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______________________________________________________
b) Fig. 1.2 shows a specialised plant cell.

i) What is this cell?

______________________________________________________
ii) Explain how the structure of this cell related to its function?
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