UNIT IV INTRODUCTION TO LINEAR PROGRAMMING

PART - A

1. What is OR? Give some applications.

Operations Research has been variously described as the Science of Use,
Quantitative Common sense Scientific approach to decision making
problemetc. But only a few are commonly used and accepted namely
(i) Operations Research is the application of scientific methods
techniques and tools to problems involving operations of a system so
as to provide those in control of the system with optimum solutions to
the problem.
(ii) Operations Research is the art of giving bad answers to problems
which otherwise have worse answers.
(iii) O.R. is a scientific method of providing executive department with a
quantitative basis for decisions regarding the operations under this
control.
(iv) O.R. is applied decision theory. It use any scientific mathematical or
logical means to attempt to cope with the problems that confront the
executive when he tries to achieve a thorough going rationality in
dealing with his decision problems.
(v) O.R. is a scientific approach to problems solving for executive
management.
(vi) O.R. is a scientific knowledge through interdisciplinary team effort for
the purpose of determining the best utilization of limited resources.
2. What do you mean by general LPP?
Linear Programming is a mathematical technique for choosing the best alternative
from a set of feasible alternatives, in situations where the objective function as
well as the restrictions or constraints can be expressed as linear mathematical
function.
3. Give the standard form and canonical form of a LPP
Canonical Form: The general linear programming problem can always be
expressed in the following form.
Max. Z = C1X1 + C2X2 + C3X3 + . + CnXn

Subject to Constraints

a11x1 +a12x2 + a13x3 + + a1nxn b1

a21x1 +a22x2 + a23x3 + + a2nxn b2
a31x1 +a32x2 + a33x3 + + a3nxn b3

..

..

..
 am1x1 + am2x2 + am3x3 + . + amn xn bm
and non-negativity restrictions x1 , x2, x3 xn 0

This form of LPP is called Canonical form of LPP. In matrix notation the
Canonical form of LPP can be expressed as

Max. Z = CX (Objective Fn.)

Subject to AX b(Constraints)
And X 0 (Non negativity restrictions)
Where C = (C1, C2, C3, C4 . Cn)

A= a11 a12 a13 . a1n

a21 a22 a23 . a2n
a31 a32 a33 . a3n
. .
. .
. .
.
am1 am2 am3 . amn

Standard form: The general linear programming problem in the form

Max. Z = C1x1 + C2x2 + C3x3 + .. + Cnxn

Subject to the constraints

c
And x1 , x2, x3 , .. >= 0 is known as standard form.
4. Specify the components of a LPP (OR) Specify the basic assumptions of LPP
(i) Proportionality (ii) Additively (iii) Divisibility (iv) Certainty (or)
Deterministic
(iv) Finiteness (vi) Optimality.
5. Write any two situations where LPP is applied.
Linear Programming technique is used in many industrial and economic
problems. They are applied in product mix, blending, diet, transportation and
assignment problems. Oil refineries, airlines, railways , textiles, industries ,
Chemical industries, steel industries, food processing industries and defense
establishments.
6. Graphical solution is not possible for LPP problem with more than two constraints
True or False? Justify your answer
Which is false. We can solve the LPP by graphical solution with more than two
constraints.
7. What is the use of artificial variable in LPP
The purpose of introducing artificial variables is just to obtain an initial basic
feasible solution.
8. Define Slack, Surplus variables
 Slack Variable: If the constraints of a given LPP be aij xj bi then the non-
negative variable Si which are introduced to convert the inequalities to equalities
aij xj + Si = bi are called slack variables.
Surplus variable: If the constraints of a given LPP be aij xj bi then the
nonnegative variable Si which are introduced to convert the inequality
constraints to the equations aij xj - Si = bi are called surplus variables.
9. What do you mean by degenerate solution in LPP
A basic solution is said to be a degenerate basic solution if one or more of the
basic variables are zero
10. Define a feasible region in graphical method.
A region or a set of points is said to be convex (or) feasible region if the line
joining any two of its points lies completely within the region
11. What is meant by an optimal solution?
Any feasible solution, which optimizes (maximizes or minimizes) the objective
function of the LPP is called its optimum solution or optimal solution.
12. What is the difference between feasible solution and basic feasible solution?
Feasible solution: Any solution to a LPP, which satisfies the non-negativity
restrictions of the LPP is called its feasible solution.
Basic solution: A basic solution is said to be a degenerate basic solution if one
or more of the basic variables are zero.
Basic feasible solution: A feasible solution, which is also basic, is called a basic
Feasible solutions.
13. Define non-degenerate solution
A basic solution is said to be a non-degenerate basic solution if none of the basic
variables is zero.
14. Define unbalanced solution and infeasible solution
Let there exists a basic feasible solution to a given LPP if for at least one j, for
which aij 0 Zj Cj is negative, and then there does not exists any optimum
solution to this LPP
Infeasible solution: If some values of the set of values x1,x2,x3,x4 ..xn
are negative which satisfies the constraints of the LPP is called its infeasible
solution
15. Which are decision variables in the construction of OR problems?
Linear programming problem deals with the optimization ie maximization or
minimization of a function of decision variable. The variables whose values
determine the solution of a problem are called decision variables of the problem.
16. How many basic feasible solutions are there to a given system of m equations in
n Unknowns
Here n > m . There are nCm basic solutions are possible.

17. What is key column and how is it selected ?

By performing the optimality test we can find whether the current feasible
solution can be improved or not. This can be done by performing Cj Ej. If
Cj Ej is positive under any column, at least one better solution is possible. To
find the incoming variable take the highest positive integer in the row Cj Ej,
the variables belongs to highest positive integer column is the incoming
 variable and that column is a key column K
18. What is key row and how is it selected?
To find the outgoing variable divide the elements of the column b by the
element of the key column. The row containing the minimum positive ratio is
marked. The variable belongs to that row is the outgoing variable. That row is
called key row.
19. How will you find whether a LPP has got an alternative optimal solution or
not, from the optimal simplex table ?
If Cj Ej is positive under any column, the profit can be increased ie the
current basic feasible solution is not optimal and a better solution exists. When
no more positive values remain in the Cj Ej row, the solution becomes
Optimal.
20. What are the advantages of duality?
(i) If the primal problem contains a large number of rows (Constraints)
and a smaller number of columns (Variables), the computational
procedure can be considerably reduced by converting it into dual and
then solving it. Hence it offers advantages in many applications.
(ii) It gives additional information as to how the optimal solution changes
as a result of the changes in the coefficients and the formulation of the
problem.
(iii) Duality in LP has certain far-reaching consequences of economic
nature.
(iv) Calculations of the dual checks the accuracy of the primal solution.
21. State the existence theorem of duality
If either problem has an unbounded solution then the other problem has no
Feasible solution
22. State fundamental theorem of duality
If either the primal or dual problem has a finite optimal solution, then the
other problem also has a finite optimal solution and also the optimal values of
the objective function in both the problem are the same. I.e., Max Z = Min Z
23. What are the advantages of dual simplex method?
The dual simplex method is used to solve the problems, which start dual
Feasible ie the primal is optimal but infeasible. The advantages of this
Method is avoiding the artificial variables introduced in the constraints along
With the surplus variables as all >= constraints are converted into <=
Type.
24 What do you meant by shadow prices?
The values of the decision variable of dual of a LPP represents shadow
price of a resource.
25.What is the advantage of dual simplex method?
The advantage of dual simplex method is to avoid introducing the artificial
variables along with the surplus variable as the type constraint is converted into
type.

PART-B
(1) A firm produces 3 products. These products are processed on 3 different machines.
The time required to manufacture one unit of each of the 3 products and the daily
capacity of the 3 machines are given below:

Machine Time per unit (minutes) Machine

Capacity
Product1 Product2 Product3 (Minutes/day)
M1 2 3 2 440
M2 4 - 3 470
M3 2 5 - 430
It is required to determine
the number of units to be manufactured for each product daily. The profit per unit for
product 1,2 and 3 is Rs4, Rs3, Rs6 respectively. It is assumed that all the amounts
produced are consumed in the market. Formulate the mathematical model for the
problem.
Solution: Maximize Z = 4x1+3x2+6x3
Sub to the constraints
2x1+3x2+2x3 440
4x1+3x2 470
2x1+5x2 430 & x1,x2,x3 0

(2)A firm produces an alloy having the following specifications:

(i) Specific gravity 0.98
(ii) Chromium 8%
(iii) Melting point 450C
Raw materials A, B, C having the properties shown in the table can be used to make the
alloy.
Property Raw material
A B C
Specific
gravity 0.92 0.97 1.04
Chromium 7% 13% 16%
Melting
point 440C 490C 480C

Cost of the various raw materials per unit ton are: Rs.90 for A, Rs.280 for B and
Rs.40 for C. Find the proportions in which A,B and C be used to obtain an alloy of
desired properties while the cost of raw materials is minimum.
Solution: Minimize Z = 90x1 + 280x2 + 40x3
Sub to
0.92x1 + 0.97x2 +1.04x3 0.98
7x1 + 13x2 +16x3 8
440x1 +490x2 +480x3 450 & x1, x2, x3 0

(3)ABC manufacturing company can make 2 products P1 and P2.Each of the product
require time on a cutting machine and a finishing machine relevant data are
 Product
P1 P2
Cutting
hrs (per
unit) 2 1
Finishing
hrs (per
unit) 3 3
Profit
9per
unit) Rs.6 Rs.4
Max.
sales
(per
week) - 210

The number of cutting hours available per week is 390 and the number of finishing hours
available per week is 810.How much of each product should be produce in order to
maximize the profit ? Nov/Dec 2003
Solution: Max Z = 6x1 +4x2
Sub to
2x1 +x2 390
3x1 + 3x2 810 & x1, x2 0

(4)Old hens can be bought at Rs.2 each and young ones at Rs.5 each. The old hens lay 3
eggs per week and the young ones lay 5eggs per week, each egg being worth 30 paise. A
hen costs Rs.1 per week to feed. A person has only Rs.80 to spend for hens. How many of
each kind should he buy to give a profit of more than Rs.6 per week, assuming that he
cannot house more than 20 hens. Formulate this as a L.P.P.
Solution: Max Z = 0.5 x2 0.1x1
Sub to
2x1 + 5x2 80
x1 + x2 20
0.5x2 0.1x1 6 & x1, x2 0

(5) A television company operates 2 assembly sections, section A and section B. Each
section is used to assemble the components of 3 types of televisions : Colour, standard
and Economy. The expected daily production on each section is as follows :

T.V Model Section A Section B

Colour 3 1
Standard 1 1
Economy 2 6
The daily running costs for 2 sections average Rs.6000 for section A and Rs.4000 for
section B .It is given that the company must produce at least 24 colours, 16 standard and
40 Economy TV sets for which an order is pending. Formulate this as a L.P.P so as to
minimize the total cost.
Solution : Minimize Z = 6000x1 + 4000x2
Sub to
3x1 + x2 24
x1 + x2 16
2x1 + 6x2 40 & x1 , x2 0

(6) An electronics company produces three types of parts for automatic washing machine.
It purchases costing of the parts from a local foundry and then finishes the part of
drilling, shaping and polishing machines.
The selling prices of parts A,B and C respectively are Rs. 8,Rs.10 and Rs.14.All parts
made can be sold.Casing for parts A,B and C respectively cost Rs.5,RS.6 and
Rs.10.The shop possesses only one of each type of machine. Costs per hour to run
each type of three machines are Rs.20 for drilling, Rs.30 for shaping and for
polishing.The capacities for each part on each machine are shown in the following
table.
Machine/Capacity per hour Part A Part B Part C
Drilling 25 40 25
Shaping 25 20 20
Polishing 40 30 40
(MAY/JUNE 2007)

(6) Solve Graphically: Maximize Z = 3x1 + 9x2

sub to x1 + 4x2 8
x1 + 2x2 4 & x1, x2 0
Solution : Z = 18 , x1 = 0, x2 = 2 , x3 = 0, x4 = 0.

(7)Solve graphically : Maximize Z = 2x1 + 4x2

sub to x1 + 2x2 5
x1 + x2 4 & x1, x2 0
Solution : Alternate solution
x1 = 0 , x2 = 5/2 and Z = 10 & x1 = 3, x2 = 1 , Z = 10.

(8)Solve Graphically: Maximize Z = 2x1 + x2

sub to x1 x2 10
2x1 40 & x1,x2 0.
Solution : Unbounded solution

(9) Solve graphically : Maximize Z = 3x1 + 2x2

sub to 2x1 + x2 2
3x1 + 4x2 12 & x1,x2 0.
Solution : Infeasible solution.

(10)Solve graphically : Maximize Z = 100x1 + 40x2

5x1 +2 x2 1000
3 x1 +2 x2 900
 x1 + 2x2 500 & x1 , x2 0 (MCA,MAY/JUNE 2007)

(11)Solve by Simplex Method: Maximize Z = 3x1 + 9x2

sub to x1 + 4x2 8
x1 + 2x2 4 & x1,x2 0
Solution : Z = 18 ,x1 = 0, x2 = 2 , x3 = 0, x4 = 0.

(12)Solve by Simplex Method : Maximize Z = 2x1 + 4x2

sub to x1 + 2x2 5
x1 + x2 4 & x1,x2 0
Solution : Alternate solution
x1 = 0 , x2 = 5/2 and Z = 10 & x1 = 3, x2 = 1 , Z = 10.

(13) Solve by Simplex Method : Maximize Z = 2x1+ x2

sub to x1 x2 10
2x1 40 & x1,x2 0.
Solution : Unbounded solution

(14) Solve by Simplex Method: Maximize Z = 3x1 + 2x2

sub to 2x1 + x2 2
3x1 + 4x2 12 & x1,x2 0.
Solution : Infeasible solution.

(15) Solve by Simplex Method : Maximize Z = 20 x1 + 30x2

Sub to 2x1 + 3x2 120
x1 + x2 35
2x1 + 1.5x2 90 & x1, x2 0. Apr/May 2004

Solution : Z = 1050 ,x1 = 0 , x2 = 35.

(16)Maximize Z = 15x1 +6 x2 +9 x3+2x4

Sub to 2x1 +x2 + 5x3 +6x4 20
3x1 +x2 + 3x3 +25x4 24
7x1 + x4 70 & x1, x2,x3, x4 0. (MCA,MAY/JUNE 2007)

(16) Solve by Simplex Method : Minimize Z = 8x1 2x2

Sub to -4x1 + 2x2 1
5x1 4x2 3 & x1, x2 0.
Solution : Min Z = -1, x1 = 0, x2 = .

(17)Use Big-M OR Penalty Method to solve

Maximize Z = 2x1 + x2 + x3
Sub to 4x1 + 6x2 + 3x3 8
 3x1 6x2 4x3 1
2x1 + 3x2 5x3 4. & x1, x2,x3 0.
Solution: Max Z = 64/21, x1 = 9/7, x2 = 10/21 , x3 = 0

(18)Use Big-M OR Penalty Method to solve

Minimize Z = 4x1 + 3x2
Sub to 2x1 + x2 10
-3x1 + 2x2 6
x1 + x2 6 & x1,x2 0.
Solution : Min Z = 22, x1 = 4, x2 = 2.

(19)Use Two-phase method to solve

Maximize Z = 5x1 + 8x2
Sub to
3x1 + 2x2 3
x1 + 4x2 4
x1 + x2 5 & x1,x2 0.
Solution : Max Z = 40, x1 = 0, x2 = 5.

(20) Use Two-phase method to solve

Minimize Z = -2x1 x2
Sub to
X 1 + x2 2
X1 + x2 4 & x1,x2 0.
Solution: Min Z = -8, x1 = 4, x2 = 0.

Variants of the Simplex Method:

(21`) Solve the L.P.P by Simplex Method :

Maximize Z = x1 + 2x2 + x3
Sub to
2x1 + x2 x3 2
-2x1 + x2 5x3 -6
4x1 + x2+ x3 6 & x1,x2,x3 0.
Solution : Max Z = 10, x1 = 0, x2 = 4, x3 = 2.

(22) Solve the L.P.P by Simplex Method :

Maximize Z = 3x1 x2
Sub to
X1 x2 10
X1 20 & x1,x2 0.
Solution : Unbounded solution.
(23) Solve the L.P.P by Simplex Method :
Maximize Z = 6x1 + 4x2
Sub to
 2x1 + 3x2 30
3x1 + 2x2 24
x1 + x2 3 & x1,x2 0.
Solution : Max Z = 48, x1 = 8, x2 = 0 & Max Z = 48, x1 = 12/5, x2 = 42/5

(24) Solve the L.P.P by Simplex Method :

Maximize Z = 3x1 + 2x2
Sub to
2x1 + x2 2
3x1 + 4x2 12 & x1,x2 0.
Solution : Infeasible solution.

(25) Solve the L.P.P by Simplex Method :

Maximize Z = 2x1 + 3x2
Sub to
-x1 + 2x2 4
x1 + x2 6
x1 + 3x2 9 & x1, x2 are unrestricted.
Solution : Max Z = 27/2, x1 = 9/2, x2 = 3/2.

(26)Solve by Dual Simplex Method:

Minimize Z = 3x1 + x2
Sub to
3x1 + x2 3
4x1 + 3x2 6
x1 + x2 3 & x1,x2 0.
Solution : Min Z = 21/5, x1 = 3/5, x2 = 6/5.

(27) Solve by Dual Simplex Method:

Minimize Z = 2x1 + 3x2
Sub to
2x1 + 2x2 30
x1 + 2x2 10 & x1, x2 0.

(28)Write down the dual of the following LPP and solve it.
Max Z = 4x1 + 2x2
Sub to
-x1 x2 -3
-x1 + x2 -2 & x1, x2 0.
Solution : Infeasible solution

(29)Use duality to solve the following LPP

Minimize Z = 2x1 + 2x2
Sub to
 2x1 + 4x2 1
-x1 2x2 -1
2x1 + x2 1 & x1, x2 0.
Solution : Min Z = 4/3, x1 = 1/3, x2 = 1/3.

(30)Use duality to solve the following LPP

Maximize Z = 3x1 + 2x2
Sub to
X 1 + x2 1
X 1 + x2 7
X1 +2x2 10
X2 3 & x1, x2 0.
Solution: Max Z =21, x1 = 7, x2 = 0.

(31)Use duality to solve the following LPP

Minimize Z =x1 x2+x3
Sub to
x1 x3 4
x1 x2 + 2x3 3 & x1, x2,x3 0.
Solution: Infeasible solution.

(32) Consider the LPP

Max Z = 2x1 + x2 + 4x3 x4
Sub to
X1 +2x2 + x3-3x4 8
-x2 + x3+2x4 0
2x1 + 7x2 5x3 10x4 21 & x1, x2, x3, x4 0.
(a) Solve the LPP
(b) Discuss the effect of change of b2 to 11.
(c) Discuss the effect of change of b to [3,-2,4].
Solution: (a) Max Z =16, x1 = 8, x2 = x3 = x4 = 0.
(b) Max = 87/2, x1 = 49/2, x2 = x3 = 0, x4 = 11/2.
( c) Infeasible solution.

(33)Consider the LPP

Max Z = 3x1 + 4x2 + x3 + 7x4
Sub to
8x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 + x4 7
2x1 + 6x2 + x3 + 5x3 3
x1 + 4x2 + 5x3 + 2x4 8 & x1, x2, x3, x4 0.
(a) Solve the LPP.
(b) If a new constraint 2x1 + 3x2 + x3 + 5x4 4 is added to the above LPP, discuss the
effect of change in the solution of the original problem.
 (c) If a new constraint 2x1 + 3x2 + x3 + 5x4 2 is added (or) if the upper limit of the
above constraint is reducd to 2, discuss the effect of change in the otimum solution
of the original problem.
Solution : (a) Min Z = 83/19, x1 = 16/19, x2 = 0, x3 = 0, x4 = 5/19.
(b) Redundant.
( c) Max Z = 113/38, x1 = 33/38, x2 = x3 = 0, x4 = 1/19.

(34)Consider the LPP

Max Z = 2x1 + x2 + 4x3 x4
Sub to
X1 + 2x2 + x3 3x4 8
-x2 +x3 + 2x4 0
2x1 + 7x2 5x3 10x4 21 & x1, x2, x3, x4 0.
(a) Solve the LPP.
(b) Discuss the effect of change of c1 to 1.
(c) Discuss the effect of change of (c3, c4) to (3, 4).
(d) Discuss the effect6vcof change of (c1, c2, c3, c4) to (1, 2 , 3 , 4)
Solution :
(a) Max Z = 16, x1 = 8, x2 = x3 = x4 = 0.
(b) Max Z 40/3, x1= x4 = 0, x2 = 8/3, x3 = 8/3.
(c) Max Z = 163/5, x1 =0, x2 = 21/2, x3 = 11/10, x4 = 47/10.
(d) Max Z = 431/10, x1= 0, x2 = 21/2, x3 = 11/10, x4 = 47/10.

(35)Consider the LPP

Max Z = 5x1 + 12x2 + 4x3
Sub to
X1 + 2x2 + x3 5
2x1 x2 + 3x3 = 2 & x1, x2, x3 0.
(a) Discuss the effect of changing a3 to (2,5) from (1,3)
(b) Discuss the effect of changing a3 to (-5,2) from (1,3).
(c) Discuss the effect of changing a3 to (-1,2) from (1,3).
Solution :
(b) Unbounded solution.
(d) Max Z = 60, x1 = 0, x2 = 4, x3 = 3.

(36)Consider the LPP

Max Z = 3x1 + 5x2
Sub to
X1 4
3x1 + 2x2 18 & x1, x2 0.
(a) Solve this LPP.
(b) If a new variable x5 is added to this problem wih a column (1,2) and c5 = 7 find the
change in the optimal solution.

Solution :
(a) Max Z = 45, x1 = 0, x2 = 9.
 (b) Max Z = 53, x1 = 0 , x2= 5, x5 = 4.

(37)Consider the optimal table of a maximization problem

Cj 3 5 0 0 7
CB YB XB x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
7x5 4 1 0 1 0 1
5x2 51/2 1 -11/2 0
Zj - Cj 5313/2 0 2 5/2 0
Find the change in the optimal solution, when the basic variable x2 is deleted.
Solution : Max Z = 28, x1 = 0, x2 = 0 & x5 = 4.

UNIT - IV TRANSPORTATION AND ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM

1 . What do you understand by Transportation problem ?

 It is a special type of linear programming model in which th goods are shipped from
various origins to different destinations. The objective is to find the best possible
allocations of goods from various origins to different destinations such that the total
transportation cost is minimum.
2. Write the mathematical form of Transportation Problem

m n
Min Z = Cij xij subject to the constraints
i=1 j=1
n
xij = ai i = 1,2, .., m
j=1

m
xij = bj j = 1,2, .., n Where
i=1
ai = Number of units available in iththe origin
bj = Number of units required in jth destination
Cij = transportation cost from iththe origin to jth destination
3. What is an unbalanced transportation problem ? How to solve it?
A transportation problem is said to be unbalanced if the total supply is not equal to
the total demand ie
m n
ai bj
i=1 j=1
the unbalanced transportation problem is converted in to a balanced one by adding a
dummy row or dummy column whichever is necessary. The unit transportation cost
for the dummy row or column elements are assigned zero. Then the problem is solved
by the usual procedure.
4. Define (i) Feasible solution (ii) Basic feasible solution (iii) Non-degenerate solution
 Feasible solution : A set of non-negative values xij satisfies the constraint
equation is called a feasible solution.
Basic feasible solution : A basic feasible solution is said to be basic, if the
number of positive allocations are m+n-1 . If the number of allocations are equal
to m+n-1, it is called non-degenerate basic feasible solution.
5. What do you understand by degeneracy in a transportation problem
If the number of occupied cells in a m x n transportation problem, is less than
(m+n-1) , then the problem is said to be degenerate.
6. When does a TP have a unique solution ?
While doing optimality test, if a empty cell evaluations ie ij = Cij (ui + vj) are
positive, then the problem is said to be have an unique solution.
7. What is the purpose of MODI method ?
MODI method is the test procedure for optimality involves examination of each
unoccupied cell to determine whether or not making an allocation in it reduce the
total transportation cost and then repeating this procedure until lowest possible
transportation cost is obtained.
8. List any three approaches used with TP for determining the starting soloution (or) the
initial basic feasible solution.
a. North West corner rule (ii) Least cost entry method (iii) Vogels
approximations method.
9. How will you identify that a TP has got an alternate optimal solution ?
While doing optimality test, if any empty cell evaluation ie
ij = Cij (ui + vj) = 0 then the problem is said to have an alternate optimal
solution.
10. When do you say that the occupied cell is in independent position ?
When it is not possible to draw a closed loop from the allocations, the occupied
cell is in independent position .
11. What is maximization type transportation problem and how these problems are
solved?
The main objective of transportation problem is to minimize the transportation
cost. In maximization type problems, the objective is to maximize the profit or
 maximize the total sales. To solve these problems, we have to convert all the cell
entries by multiplying 1. Then the problem is solved by the usual method.
12. Write down the basic steps involved in solving a transportation problem.
a. To find the initial basic feasible solution
b. To find an optimal solution by making successive improvements from the
initial basic feasible solution.
13. State the necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a feasible
solution to a transportation problem?
The necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of feasible solution is a
solution that satisfies all conditions of supply and demand.
14. What is an assignment problem ? Give two applications ?
It is a special type of transportation problem in which the number of jobs
allocated for different machines or operators. The objective is to maximize the
overall profit or minimize the total cost for a given assignment schedule.
a. It is used in production environment in which the number of jobs are assigned
to number of workers or machines in such a way that the total time to
complete all the jobs will be minimum.
b. It is used in traveling salesman.
15. What do you mean by an unbalanced AP?
Since the assignment is one to one basis the problem have a square matrix. If the
given problem is not a square matrix ie the number of rows and columns are not
same then it is called unbalanced assignment problem. To make it a balanced
assignment add a dummy row or dummy column and then convert it into a
balanced one. Assign zero cost values for the dummy row or column and solve it
by usual assignment method.
16. State the difference between TP & AP

Assignment Transportation
Allocations are made one to one More than one allocation is possible in each
basis.Therefore only one occupied cell row and each column . Hence it neet not be
will be Present in each row and each a square matrix.
 column. Hence the table will be a
square matrix.
It will always provide degeneracy It will not provide degeneracy

The supply at any row and demand at The supply and demand may have any
any column will be equal to 1 positive quantity.

17. How do you convert the maximization problem in to a minimization one ?

To solve the maximization problem in to minimization assignment problem, first
convert the given maximization matrix in to an equivalent minimization matrix
form by multiplying 1 in all the cost elements. Then the problem is a
maximization one and can be solved by the usual assignment method.
18. Give the linear programming form of A.P.
Objective is to minimize the total cost involve.

n n
Min Z = Cij xij subject to the constraints
i=1 j=1

x11 +x12 + x13 + + x1n = 1

x21 +x22 + x23+ + x2n = 1
x31 +x32 + x33 + + x3n = 1

xn1 + xn2 + xn3 + . + xnn = 1

19. What is the name of the method used in getting the optimum assignment ?
Hungarian method.
20. What is the indication of an alternate solution in an assignment problem ?
If the final cost matrix contains more than the required number of zero for
assignment at independent position then it indicated that the problem has an
alternate optimal solution.
21. What do you inderstand by resticted assignments ? Explain how should one
overcome it ?
In assignment problems, it is assured that the performance of all the machines
and operators are same. Hence any machine can be assigned to any job. But in
practical cases, a machine cannot do all the operations of a job and operator
cannot do all kinds of tasks. Therefore a high processing time is assigned to the
impossible cell (M or ) and then it will be solved by the usual assignment
method. In the final assignment the restricted cell will not be present.
22. Write two theorems that are used for solving assignment problems
Theorem 1 : The optimum assignment sschedule remains unaltered if we add or
subtract a constant to / from all the elements of the row or column of the
assignment cost matrix.
Theorem 2 : If for an assignment problem all Cij 0, then an assignment
schedule (xij) which satisfies Cij xij = 0 , must be optimal.
23. Write the mathematical formulation of an assignment problem.

n n
Min Z = Cij xij subject to the constraints
i=1 j=1
n
xij = 1
i=1

n
xij = 1
j=1
 xij = 1, if i th job is assigned to j th operator
0, otherwise
Cij = Cost of assigning the n th job to m th machine.
24. What is traveling salesman problem and what are its objectives ?
In this model a salesman has to visit n cities. He has to start from a particular
city, visit each city once and then return to his starting point. The main objective
of a salesman is to select the best sequence in which he visited all cities in order
to minimize the total distance traveled or minimize the total time.
25. Why assignment problem will always provide degeneracy ?
In assignment problem, the allocation is one to one basis therefore, the number of
occupied cells in each row and each column will be exactly equal to 1. Hence
assignment problem will always provide degeneracy.
26. Why a transportation technique or the simplex method cannot used to solve an
assignment problem
The transportation technique or simplex method cannot be used to solve the
assignment problem because of degeneracy .

PART-B

1. Obtain the initial solution for the following TP using NWCR, LCM, VAM
 Source
Destination
A B C Supply
1 2 7 4 5
2 3 3 1 8
3 5 4 7 7
4 1 6 2 14
Demand 7 9 18 34

2. Solve the TP where the cell entries denote the unit transportation costs.
Source

Destination
A B C D Supply
3. P 5 4 2 6 20 Solve the following
Q 8 3 5 7 30 TP.
R 5 9 4 6 50
Source

Demand 10Destination
40 20 30 100
1 2 3 Capacity
1 2 2 3 10
2 4 1 2 15
3 1 3 1 40
Demand 20 15 30

4. Find the minimum transportation cost.

Factory

Warehouse
D1 D2 D3 D4 Supply
F1 19 30 50 10 7
F2 70 30 40 60 9
F3 40 8 70 30 18
Demand 5 8 7 14

5. Find the optimal solution by using VAM.

Factory

Warehouse
A B C D E F Available
1 9 12 9 6 9 10 5
2 7 3 7 7 5 5 6
 3 6 5 9 11 3 11 2
4 6 8 11 2 2 10 9
Requirement 4 4 6 2 4 2

6. Solve the TP.

Source Destination
A B C D Supply
1 11 20 7 8 50
2 21 16 20 12 40
3 8 12 8 9 70
7. Demand 30 25 35 40 Solve the following
TP to maximize the
profit.
Source

Destination
A B C D Supply
1 40 25 22 33 100
2 44 35 30 30 30
3 38 38 28 30 70
Demand 40 20 60 30

8. Solve the following unbalanced TP.

FROM

TO
1 2 3 Supply
1 5 1 7 10
2 6 4 6 80
3 3 2 5 15
Demand 75 20 50

9. Consider the following transshipment problem involving 4 sources and two

destinations. The supply values of the sources S1, S2, S3 and S4 are 200 units,
250 units, 200 units and 450 units respectively. The demand values of the
destinations D1 and D2 are 550 units and 550 units, respectively. The
transportation cost per unit between different sources and destination
10. ns are summarized in the following table. Solve the transshipment problem.
Source

Destination
S1 S2 S3 S4 D1 D2
S1 0 6 24 7 24 10
S2 10 0 6 12 5 20
S3 15 20 0 8 45 7
S4 18 25 10 0 30 6
D1 15 20 60 15 0 10
 D2 10 25 25 23 4 0

11. A firm having 2 sources S1 & S2 wishes to ship its products to 2 destinations
D1 & D2. The number of units available at S1 & S2 are 5 & 25 resp. and the
product demanded at D1 & D2 are 20 & 10 units respectively. The firm
instead of shipping directly decides to investigate the possibility of
transshipment. The unit transportation costs (in rupees) are given in the
following table. Find the optimal shipping schedule.

Source Destination Available

S1 S2 D1 D2
Source S1 0 2 3 4 5
S2 2 0 2 4 25
Destination D1 3 2 0 1 -
D2 4 4 1 0 -
Demand - - 20 10

12. Solve the AP:

A B C D
I 1 4 6 3
II 9 7 10 9
III 4 5 11 7
IV 8 7 8 5

13. Solve the AP:

A B C D
I 10 25 15 20
II 15 30 5 15
III 35 20 12 24
IV 17 25 24 20

14. Solve the Assignment problem:

Tasks

Men
A B C D E
I 1 3 2 8 8
II 2 4 3 1 5
III 5 6 3 4 6
 IV 3 1 4 2 2
V 1 5 6 5 4

15. Solve the Assignment problem:

Jobs
Machine
1 2 3 4 5
A 11 17 8 16 20
B 9 7 12 6 15
C 13 16 15 12 16
D 21 24 17 28 26
E 14 10 12 11 15

16. A company is faced with the problem of assigning 4 machines to different

jobs (one machine to one job only). The profits are estimated as follows.
Job

Machine
A B C D
1 3 6 2 6
2 7 1 4 4
3 3 8 5 8
4 6 4 3 7
5 5 2 4 3
6 5 7 6 4

Solve the problem to maximize the profit.

17. Determine the optimum assignment schedule for the following assignment
Problem. The cost matrix is given below.
Job

Machine
1 2 3 4 5 6
A 11 17 8 16 20 15
B 9 7 12 6 15 13
C 13 16 15 12 16 8
D 21 24 17 28 2 15
E 14 10 12 11 15 6
If the job C cannot be assigned to machine 6, will the optimum solution change?

18. A company has four machines to do three jobs. Each job can be assigned to
one and only one machine. The cost of each job on each machine is given in
the following table.

1 2 3 4
A 18 24 28 32
B 8 13 17 19
C 10 15 19 22
 What are job assignments which will minimize the cost.

19. Write the algorithm for Hungarian method.

20. There are four machines in a machine shop. On a particular day the shop got
Orders for executing five jobs (A, B, C, D & E). the expected profit for each
job on each job on machine is as follows:

1 2 3 4
A 32 41 57 18
B 48 54 62 34
C 20 31 81 57
D 71 43 41 47
E 52 29 51 50
Find the optimal assignment of job to machines to maximize the profit. Which
job should be rejected.

21. A marketing manager has five salesmen working under his control to be
assigned to five sales territories. Taking into account the sales potential of the
territories and the capabilities of the salesman, the marketing manager
estimated the sales per month(in thousands of Rs.) for each combination and is
presented as below. Find the assignment of salesmen to sales Territories to
maximize the sales value per month.

Salesmen Sales Territories

A B C D E
1 32 38 40 28 40
2 40 24 28 21 36
3 41 27 33 30 37
4 22 38 41 36 36
5 29 33 40 35 39

22. Solve the following assignment problem using Hungerian method. The matrix
entries are processing times in hours.

Job Operator
1 2 3 4 5
1 20 22 35 22 18
 2 4 26 24 24 7
3 23 14 17 19 19
4 17 15 16 18 15
5 16 19 21 19 25

23. Five wagons are available at five stations 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. These are required
at five stations I, II, III, IV and V. the mileages between various stations are
given by

From To
I II III IV V
1 10 5 9 18 11
2 13 29 6 12 14
3 3 2 4 4 5
4 18 9 12 17 15
5 11 6 14 19 10

How should the wagons be transported so as to minimize the total mileage

covered?