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Part Families
Grandular hairs (Trichomes) Mint Family; Lamiaceae (Labiatae)
Modified parenchyma cells Pepper Family; Piperceae
Oil tubes (Vittae) Dilweed Family; Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)
Lysigenous and schizogenous passages Pine Family; Pinaceae; Citru Family; Rutaceae
1. TERPENE DERIVATIVES
Formed via acetate-mevalonic acid pathway
2. AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
Formed via the shikimic acid-phenylprop route.
Physical Characteristics:
I. DISTILLATION
Applied to dry and fresh samples that is subjected or may be injured by boiling
Example: CINNAMON OIL AND CLOVE OIL
III. EXPRESSION
is puncturing the oil glands by rolling the fruit or the fruit to a trough lined sharp projection
Ex: Lemon Oil and Orange oil (Rutaceae family)
III.2. ENFLEURACE
IIII. EXTRACTION
Done using solvent systems based on such volatile solvents as petroleum ether or benzene.
3 CATEGORIES
A. TOP NOTES
o most volatile poducts, they leave the skin readily
o Examples: Lemon , lavender and Anise oils
B. MIDDLE NOTES
C. BASE NOTES
Musk - Dried secretion from the prepuhal follicles of the mate musk deer of Asia (Mochus spp.)
Civet a glandular secretion appearing in an outwardly discharging pockets of civet cats
(Peradoxunus hermaphoditus)
AMBERGRIS - Most valuble material - Pathologic product formed in the stomach of spermwhale
when it feeds on squid or cuttlefish Ambrein - Most expensive perfumerie
STEREOPTENE
o Solid oxidized hydrocarbon portion
o Examples: Menthol, Anethole, Thymol
ELEOPTENES
o Liquid hydrocarbon
o Examples: Methylsalicylate, Eucalyptol, Eugenol
1. Low temperatures
2. Fractional distillation
3. Fractional crystallization
4. Chromatography
5. Removal by chemical action\
TERPENES
Natural products whose structures may be divided into isoprene units. They also serves as a
basis for the classification of volatile oils.
1. Monoterpenes 2 isoprene units C 10H16
2. Sesquiterpenes 3 isoprene units C15H24
3. Diterpenes 4 isoprene units C 20H32
4. Triterpenes 6 isoprene units C 30H48
1. Turpine oil
Other name: Spirits of Turpentine
It is the volatile oil distilled from the oleoresin of Pinus palustris (Pinnacea)
Characteristics: Colorless liquid having a characteristic odor and taste
2 forms of Turpentine oil.
Forms of Turpine oils
A. RECTIFIED TURPENTINE OIL - is a turpentine oil rectified by distillation from aqueous
solution of NaOH.
B. TERPIN HYDRATE (TERPINOL) - formed by the action of nitric acid on rectified turpentine
oil in the presence of alcohol.
1. Peppermint Oil
Is the oil obtained from the distilled with steam dried leaf and flowering tops of Menths
piperita (Labiatae) or Mentha arvensis (Japanese peppermint)
Constituent: MENTHOL
Uses: flavorant, anti-pruritic , carminative, stimulant and counter-irritant
Characteritics: Colorless or pale yellow liquid that has a strong, penetrating odor of
peppemint and a pungent taste that is followed by a sensation of cold when air is drawn
into the mouth.
Characteristics of the Menthol: Colorless, hexagonal crystals that are usually needlelike,
as fused masses of a crystalline powder. It has a pleasant, peppermint-like odor.
Aldehydes occurring in volatile oils may be divided into acyclic and cyclic.
Cyclic: CITRAL (mixture of Geranial to Netal and Citronellal)
Aromatic: Cinnamaldehyde, Vanillin, Benzoin, Tolu, Peru balsams
Cinnamic Aldehyde
Other name: Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamyl aldehyde
Obtained naturally from Cassia oil or synthetically from a mixture of
benaldehydeand acetaldehyde by the action of NaOH
Storage condition: Stored in a well-filled, tight, light resistant containers and
protected from excessive heat
2. Lemon Peel Oil
Is the volatile oil obtained by expression, without the aid oh heat, from the outer, yellow
rind of the fresh ripe fruit of Citrus limon
Constituent: Limonene and Citral
Uses: Flavoring agent, stimulant, carminative and stomachic properties
3. Cintronella Oil (Lemongrass oil)
Is the oil obtained from Cymbopogon winterianus
Constituent: Citronellal
Uses: Insect repellant (Anti-mosquito)
4. Hamamelis Oil
Is thevolatile oil obtained from Hamamelis virgiana
2-hexanal
Uses: Hemorrhoids preparation
3. Spearmint Oil
Is the distilled with steam from fresh, overground parts of the flowering plant of Mentha spicata or
Mentha cardiac
Constiituent: Carvone
Uses: Flavorant, Carminative, Chewing gum
Characteristics: Colorless, yellow or greenish yellow liquid that has the characteristics odor and taste
of spearmint
4. Buchu Oil
Is the volatile oil obtained from the dried leaf of Barosma betulina (Rutaceae)
Constituent: Diosphenol
Uses: Menstrual problem, carminative, anti-rheumatic
Is the volatile oil distilled with steam from the leaves of Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae)
Constituent: (+) thujone, (+) fenchone and -pinene
Uses: Counter-irritant